Ma-Ps04-1st-Public Administration PDF

1
yksd ç'kklu
(Public Administration)
,e- ,- jktuhfr 'kkL=k ¼iwokZ)Z½

M.A. Political Science (Previous)
Paper-IV
nwjLFk f’k{kk funs’kky;

egf”kZ n;kuUn fo’ofo|ky;
jksgrd&124 001
2
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3
fo"k; lwph
v/;k; 1 ,d fo"k; ds :i esa yksd ç'kklu dk fodkl 5
v/;k; 2 yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ] çd‘fr ,oa {ks=k 11
v/;k; 3 yksd iz'kklu ,oa futh iz'kklu 22
v/;k; 4 uohu yksd ç'kklu 28
v/;k; 5 fodkl ç'kklu 38
v/;k; 6 fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k i)fr% gjcVZ lkbZeu 45
v/;k; 7 O;oLFkkoknh mikxe 54
v/;k; 8 ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k 61
v/;k; 9 laxBu dh fl)kUr 72
v/;k; 10 laxBu ds fl)kUr 78
v/;k; 11 fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k 86
v/;k; 12 dsUnzhdj.k cuke fodsUnzhdj.k 92
v/;k; 13 izR;k;kstu 99
v/;k; 14 leUo; 106
v/;k; 15 lw=k ,oa LVkQ vfHkdj.k 110
v/;k; 16 laxBu % vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd 124
v/;k; 17 foHkkx 134
v/;k; 18 lkoZtfud fuxe 141
v/;k; 19 izeq[k dk;Zikfydk 153
v/;k; 20 HkrhZ 161
v/;k; 21 çf'k{k.k 176
v/;k; 22 izkUs ufr@inksUufr 190
v/;k; 23 fu;ksDrk&deZpkjh lEcU/k 201
v/;k; 24 ukSdj'kkgh% fl)kUr] izdkj] eSdl oscj ds fopkj vkSj muds vkykspd 212
v/;k; 25 eU=kh&yksd lsod lEcU/k 227
v/;k; 26 foÙkh; iz'kklu 234
v/;k; 27 fu"iknd ctV vkSj dk;ZØe ctV 247
v/;k; 28 foÙk ij lalnh; fu;U=k.k 254
v/;k; 29 iz'kklfud laLÑfr 262
v/;k; 30 ç'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj 265
v/;k; 31 ç'kklfud lq/kkj 282
v/;k; 32 f'kdk;r fuokZj.k laLFkk,¡ 308
v/;k; 33 iapk;rh jkt vkSj fodkl pqukSfr;ka 323
v/;k; 34 mnkjhdj.k dk yksd iz'kklu ij izHkko 333
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M.A. (Previous)
Public Administration
Paper-IV
Max. Marks : 100
Time : 3 Hours
Note : 10 questions will be set 2 from each Unit. The candidate is required to attempt 5 questions, selecting one
from each unit.
Unit-I Development of Public Administration as a discipline; Public and Private Administration;
New Public Administration; Development Administration; Approaches to the study of Public
Administration: Decision-making, Ecological and Systems.
Unit-II Theories of organisation, Principles of organisation; Hierarchy, span of control, centralisation and
decentralisation, delegation, coordination, Line and Staff Agencies; Types of organisation; formal
& informal; Forms of orgnisation; department, Public corporation and board; Chief Executive;
Types, functions and role.
Unit-III Personnel Administration : Recruitment, Training Promotion, Employee-Employer Relations.
Bureaucracy: Theories, Types and Rule; Max Weber and his critics: Civil Servant-Minister
relationship.
Unit -IV Financial Administration: Budget and Budgetary process; performance and Programme Budgeting;
Legislative and Administrative Control over finance with special reference to India and U.K.
Unit-V Administrative Culture, Administrative corruption, Administrative Reforms, Grievance-Redressal
Institutions: Ombudsman, Lokpal and Lokayukt; Panchayati Raj and Challenges of Development
Impact of Liberalization on Public Administration.
,d fo"k; ds :i esa yksd ç'kklu dk fodkl 5
v/;k;&1
,d fo"k; ds :i esa yksd ç'kklu dk fodkl
(Development of Public Administration as a
Discipline)
,d O;ofLFkr v/;;u ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dk fodkl vHkh vk/kqfud gh gSA yksd&ç'kklu ds 'kSf{kd v/;;u dk
çkjEHk djus dk Js; oqMjks foYlu (Woodrow Wilson) dks tkrk gS ftlus vius ys[k ^n LVMh vkWQ ,sMfefuLVªs'ku (The
Study of Administration) tks 1887 esa çdkf'kr gqvk] esa bl 'kkL=k dh oSKkfud cqfu;knksa dks fodflr djus dh
vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA bl ys[k esa jktuhfr rFkk ç'kklu ds chp Li"V fHkUurk fn[kkbZ xbZ vkSj ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k
fd ç'kklu dh jktuhfr ls nwj jguk pkfg,A blh dks rFkkdfFkr ^jktuhfr&ç'kklu&f}Hkktu* (dichotomy) dgrs gSaA
xqMuks (Goodnow) us foYlu dk vuqdj.k fd;kA mlus ljdkj ds nks i‘Fkd~ dk;ks± dh /kkj.kk dh vkSj mudks ^jktuhfr*
rFkk ^ç'kklu* uke fn,A ^jktuhfr* dk lEcU/k uhfr;ksa ls vFkok jkT; dh bPNk dks çdV djus ls gS] ç'kklu dk
lEcU/k bu uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus ls gSA ç'kklu esa fof/k dks ykxw djus ds lkFk&lkFk v/kZ&oSKkfud v/kZ&oSKkfud]
v/kZ&U;kf;d rFkk v/kZ&O;kikfjd ;k okf.kfT;d dk;Z Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
yksd ç'kklu dk bfrgkl fuEufyf[kr 5 pj.kksa esa foHkkT; gS&
çFke pj.k (1887 - 1926) & ,d fo"k; ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dk tUe 1887 esa gqvkA vesfjdk ds fçUlVu ;wfuoflZVh
esa jktuhfr'kkL=k ds rRdkyhu çk/;kid oqMjks foYlu dks bl 'kkL=k dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus 1887 esa çdkf'kr
vius ys[k ^ç'kklu dk v/;;u* (The Study of Administration) esa jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu dks vyx&vyx crkrs gq,
dgk&ß,d lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k ljy gS ij bls pykuk cM+k dfBu gSAÞ mUgksaus bl ^pykus* ds {ks=k ds v/;;u ij cy
fn;k tks Li"Vr% ^ç'kklu* gh gSA mUgksaus jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu esa Hksn fd;kA lu~ 1887 esa foYlu ds ys[k ds çdk'ku
ds lkFk okLro esa ,d ,sls u, ;qx dk tUe gqvk ftlesa /khjs&/khjs yksd&ç'kklu v/;;u ds ,d u, {ks=k ds :i esa fodflr
gqvkA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa yksd&ç'kklu ds v/;;u ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k tkus yxkA ogk¡ ç'kklu ,d foKku ds :i esa fodflr gqvk gS ftlds v/;;u ds fy, yksx çcU/k fo|ky;ksa
(Management Schools) esa ços'k ysrs gSaA
bl fo"k; ds vU; egÙoiw.kZ ç.ksrk ÝSd

a s xqMukm (Frank J. Goodnow) gSa ftUgksaus 1900 esa çdkf'kr viuh iqLrd ^jktuhfr
vkSj ç'kklu* (Politics and Administration) esa ;g rdZ çLrqr fd;k fd jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu vyx&vyx gSa D;ksfa d tgk¡
jktuhfr jkT;&bPNk dks çfrikfnr djrh gS ogka ç'kklu dk laca/k bl bPNk ;k jkT;&uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ls gSA
okLro esa ;g og le; Fkk tc vesfjdk esa ljdkjh {ks=k esa f'kfFkyrk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dk cksyckyk Fkk vkSj QyLo:i
ljdkj&lq/kkj ds vkUnksyu py jgs FksA bl lq/kkj&vkdka{kh okrkoj.k esa vusd fo|ky;ksa esa yksd&ç'kklu dk v/;;u&
v/;kiu 'kq: gks x;kA 1914 esa vesfjdh jktuhfr foKku la?k us viuh ,d fjiksVZ esa dgk fd ljdkj esa dke djus ds
fy, dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk jktuhfr'kkL=k ds v/;;u dk ,d y{; gSA QyLo:i yksd&ç'kklu jktuhfr foKku
dk ,d çeq[k vax cu x;k vkSj blds v/;;u&v/;kid dks Hkkjh çksRlkgu feykA lu~ 1926 esa ,y-Mh- àkbV (L.D.
White) dh iqLrd ^yksd&ç'kklu ds v/;;u dh Hkwfedk* (Introduction to the Study of Public Administration) çdkf'kr
6 yksd ç'kklu
gqbZA og yksd&ç'kklu dh çFke ikB~;iqLrd Fkh ftlesa jktuhfr&ç'kklu ds vyxko esa fo'okl O;Dr fd;k x;k vkSj
ys[kd us viuh ;g ekU;rk çdV dh fd yksd&ç'kklu dk eq[; y{; n{krk vkSj ferO;;rk gSA àkbV dh iqLrd ds vusd
laLdj.k çdkf'kr gks pqds gSa vkSj og vkt Hkh çpyu esa gh ugha gS] cfYd bls yksd ç'kklu dh egÙoiw.kZ d‘fr ekuk tkrk
gSA
yksd&ç'kklu ds fodkl ds bl çFke pj.k dh nks çeq[k fo'ks"krk,a jgha & yksd&ç'kklu dk mn; vkSj jktuhfrd ,oa
ç'kklu ds vyxko esa fo'oklA
f}rh; pj.k (1927-1937) & yksd&ç'kklu ds bfrgkl esa f}rh; pj.k dk çkjaHk ge MCY;w-,Q- foyksch (W.F.
Willoughby) dh iqLrd ^yksd&ç'kklu ds fl)kar* (Principles of Public Administration) ls eku ldrs gSaA foyksch us ;g
çfrikfnr fd yksd&ç'kklu esa vusd fl)kUr gSa ftudks fØ;kfUor djus esa yksd&ç'kklu dks lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA okLro
esa ;g dgus esa dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd àkbV vkSj foyksch ds nksuksa çorZd xzUFkksa us yksd&ç'kklu laca/kh ikB~;
iqLrdksa ds ç.k;u vkSj mls v/;;u dh i)fr dk fu/kkZj.k fd;kA bu nksuksa gh iqLrdksa dk :i rduhdh gS ftuesa mu
lHkh çdkj dh lkekU; leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftUgsa îksLMdkcZ* 'kCn esa lekfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu
iqLrdksa esa ç'kkldh; v/;;u ds fof'k"V {ks=k essa mBus okyh fo"k;&oLrq laca/kh leL;kvksa dk o.kZu ugha feyrk gSA ;s nksuksa
gh çoÙkZd xzUFk bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gSaA yksd&ç'kklu dks jktuhfr ls i‘Fkd~ vkSj Lora=k gksuk pkfg, rFkk blds
fl)kUrksa dks eksVs rkSj ij lgt gh igpkuk vkSj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
foyksch dh mijksDr iqLrd ds ckn vusd fo}kuksa us yksd&ç'kklu ij iqLrdsa fy[kuh 'kq: dha] ftuesa dqN mYys[kuh;
uke gSa&esjh ikdZj QksysV (Marry Parket Follet), gsujh Qs;ksy (Henry Fayol), ewus (Mooney), jk;yh (Reiley) vkfnA
1937 easa ywFkj xqfyd (Luther Gullick) rFkk mfoZd (Urwick) us feydj yksd&ç'kklu ij ,d egÙoiw.kZ iqLrd dk
lEiknu fd;k ftldk uke gS ^ç'kklu foKku ij fucU/k* (Papers on the Science of the Administration) A f}rh; pj.k
ds bu lHkh fo}kuksa dh ;g ekU;rk jgh fd ç'kklu esa fl)kUr gksus ds dkj.k ;g ,d foKku gS vkSj blhfy, blds vkxs
^yksd* 'kCn yxkuk mfpr ugha gSA fl)kUr rks lHkh txg ykxw gksrs gSa] pkgs og ^yksd&{ks=k* gks ;k ^futh&{ks=k* gksA
bl f}rh; pj.k dh çeq[krk fo'ks"krk ;gh jgh fd vc bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd ç'kklu ds dqN fl)kUr gSA blls
bl fo"k; dk lS)kfUrd Lo:i mHkjkA ;g fLFkfr fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks le‘) djus ds fy, vko';d ekuh tkrh gSA
r‘rh; pj.k (1938-1947) & vc ç'kklu esa fl)kUrksa dks pqukSrh nsus dk ;qx çkjEHk gqvkA lu~ 1938 ls 1947 rd dk pj.k
yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa /oaldkjh vf/kd jgkA lu~ 1938 esa psLVj cukZMZ (Chaster Bernard) dh ^dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z*
(The Functions of the Executive) uked iqLrd çdkf'kr gqbZ ftlesa ç'kklu ds fdlh Hkh fl)kUr dk o.kZu ugha fd;k
x;kA lu~ 1946 esa gjcVZ (Herbert A. Simon) us vius ,d ys[k esa yksd&ç'kklu ds rFkkdfFkr fl)kUrksa dks udkjrs gq,
bUgsa ^fdonafr;ka*as dh laKk nhA lu~ 1947 esa jkcVZ Mgky (Robert Dahl) us vius ,d ys[k esa ;g fl) djus dk ç;Ru fd;k
fd yksd&ç'kklu foKku ugha gS vkSj bldks fl)kUr dh [kkst esa eq[;r% rhu ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS&çFke]
foKku êwY;&'kwU;* gksrk gS tcfd ç'kklu êwY;&cgqy* gS( f}rh;] euq";ksa ds O;fDrRo leku ugha gksrs vkSj QyLo:i
ç'kklu ds dk;ksZa esa fofHkUurk vk tkrh gS( ,oa r‘rh;] og lkekftd <kapk Hkh ,d ck/kk gS ftlds vUrxZr yksd&ç'kklu
iuirk gSA
bl r‘rh; pj.k dh ç/kkurk ;gh jgh fd yksd&ç'kklu dk v/;;u pqukSfr;ksa vkSj vkykspukvksa dk f'kdkj cuk] ftlls
bl fo"k; dh ubZ laHkkouk;sa mtkxj gqbZA
prqFkZ pj.k (1948-1970) & ;g pj.k bl :i esa Økafrdkjh vFkok ^ladV dk dky* jgk fd yksd&ç'kklu ftu&ftu
miyfC/k;ksa dk xhr xk jgk Fkk mu lHkh dks csdkj Bgjk fn;k x;kA gcZVZ lkbeu us tks ;qfDrlaxr vkykspuk dh mlds
QyLo:i ^fl)kUroknh* fopkj/kkjk vfo'oluh; çrhr gksus yxhA yksd&ç'kklu ds Lo:i ds laca/k esa vusd lansg mB
[kM+s gq,] ;g fookn dk fo"k; cu x;kA blfy, 1948 ls 1970 ds pj.k dks yksd&ç'kklu ds ^Lo:i dh ladVkoLFkk*
(Crisis of Identity) dgk x;k gSA bl ;qx esa yksd&ç'kklu us eksVs rkSj ij nks jkLrs viuk, & çFke] dqN fo}ku
jktuhfr'kkL=k ds vUrxZr vk x,( f}rh;] yksd&ç'kklu ds fodYi dh [kkst gqbZA tks fo}ku jktuhfr'kkL=k ds vUrxZr
vk, mudk rdZ Fkk fd yksd&ç'kklu jktuhfr ls fudyk gS vkSj mldk vax gSA bl le; jktuhfr'kkL=k Hkh dqN
ifjorZuksa ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk Fkk vkSj mlesa yksd&ç'kklu dks igys okyk egÙo ugha fn;k tk jgk FkkA LokHkkfod Fkk
fd bl fLFkfr esa yksd&ç'kklu lkSrsysiu vkSj vdsysiu dk vuqHko djus yxkA yksd&ç'kklu ds ftl fodYi dh [kkst
gqbZ] og Fkk&^ç'kklfud foKku* (Administrative Science) A yksd&ç'kklu] O;kikj çca/k (Business Administration)
vkfn us feydj ç'kklfud foKku dh uhao MkyhA ;g rdZ çLrqr fd;k x;k fd ç'kklu rks ç'kklu gh gS] pkgs og futh
{ks=k esa gks ;k lkoZtfud {ks=k esaA 1956 esa ^,MfeLVªsfVo lkbUl DokVZjyh* (Administrative Science Quarterly) uked
if=kdk dk çdk'ku çkjaHk gqvkA okLro esa ;g cgqr v[kjus okyh ckr Fkh fd yksd&ç'kklu ds vius ^futh Lo:i* dks
vk?kkr igqapsA
iape pj.k ¼ 1971 ls vc rd py jgk gS½&prqFkZ pj.k dh vkykspuk,¡] çR;kykspukvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa us dqy feykdj
yksd&ç'kklu dk Hkyk fd;kA yksd&ç'kklu dk v/;;u cgqpfpZr gks x;k] u,&u, n‘f"Vdks.k fodflr gq, vkSj
QyLo:i yksd&çdk'ku pgqaeq[kh çxfr ds ekxZ ij vkxs c<+kA vFkZ'kkL=k] lekt'kkL=k] ekuo'kkL=k] euksfoKku vkfn
fofHkUu 'kkL=kksa ds fo}ku vkSj v/;srk yksd&ç'kklu esa :fp ysus yxsA jktuhfr'kkL=k ds v/;srk rks çkjaHk ls gh
yksd&ç'kklu ds v/;;u esa :fp ys jgs FksA bu fofHkUu v/;;uksa vkSj ç;Ruksa ds QyLo:i yksd&ç'kklu ^vUrfoZ"k;h*
(Interdisciplinary) cu x;k vkSj vkt ;g rF; gS fd lekt'kkL=kksa esa ;fn dksbZ fo"k; lcls vf/kd ^vUrfoZ"k;h* gS rks
og yksd&ç'kklu gh gSA blls yksd&ç'kklu ds oSKkfud Lo:i dk fodkl gqvkA bruk gh ugha blls yksd&ç'kklu
ds {ks=k dk foLrkj gksrk x;k vkSj rqyukRed yksd&ç'kklu (Comparative Public Administration) rFkk fodkl ç'kklu
(Development Adminstration) dk çknqHkkZo gqvkA ijEijkxr n‘f"Vdks.k dh vi;kZIrrk] vuqla/kku ds u, midj.kksa vkSj
uohu lkekftd lanHkZ] vUrjkZ"Vªh; fuHkZjrk vkfn us rqyukRed yksd&ç'kklu dks tUe fn;k vkSj mls vkxs c<+k;kA
yksd&ç'kklu ds rqyukRed v/;;u ds ifj.kkeksa vkSj çfof/k;ksa dk lexz yksd&ç'kklu ds Lo:i ij xaHkhj çHkko iM+kA
;g rF; mRlkgo)Zd vkSj g"kZo)Zd gS fd yksd&ç'kklu esa vkt if'peh ns'kksa dk gh v/;;u ugha gksrk gS] oju~ lkE;oknh
rFkk vÝhdk vkSj ,f'k;k ds ns'k Hkh bldh ifjf/k esa vk x, gSaA yksd&çdk'ku ,d laLd‘fr fo'ks"k ds ?ksjs ls fudy dj
vU; laLd‘fr;ksa dh vksj Hkh mUeq[k gqvk gS ftlus bls vf/kd ykHk igqapk;k gS vkSj yksd&ç'kklu ds f{kfrt dk foLrkj
fd;k gSA uohu yksd&ç'kklu us bl egÙoiw.kZ ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd yksd&ç'kklu ds f{kfrt dk foLrkj fd;k gSA
uohu yksd&ç'kklu us bl egÙoiw.kZ ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd yksd&ç'kklu dks lh/ks lekt ls tqM+k gksuk pkfg,A uohu
yksd&ç'kklu fo'kq) :i ls ,d vesfjdh /kkj.kk gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa uohu yksd&çdk'ku dh /kkj.kk ;k fopkjksa dk
çlkj O;kid :i ls ugha gqvk gSA
Jh jke egs'ojh us yksd ç'kklu fo"k; ds fodkl dks Ng pj.kksa esa ckaVk gS tks bl çdkj gSa&
çFke pj.k 1887 – 1926
f}rh; pj.k 1927 – 1937
r‘rh; pj.k 1938 – 1947
prqFkZ pj.k 1948 – 1970
iape~ pj.k 1971 – 1990
"k"Ve~ pj.k 1990 – py jgk gS

çFke pj.k % 1887 - 1926
,d fo"k; ds :i esa yksd ç'kklu dk tUe la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa gqvk] rFkk bldh tUe&frfFk 1887 gSA oqMjks foYlu
(Woodrow Wilson), tks ml le; fçlUVl ;wuhoflZVh easa jktuhfr'kkL=k ds çk/;kid Fks] bl 'kkL=k ds tud ekus tkrs
8 yksd ç'kklu
FksA mUgksaus 1887 esa ,d ys[k çdkf'kr fd;k ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk ç'kklu dk v/;;u (The Study of Administration)A bl
ys[k esa mUgksua s jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu dks vyx&vyx crk;k] rFkk dgk% ß,d lafo/kku dh jpuk ljy gS ij bldks pykuk
cM+k dfBu gSAÞ mUgksaus bl ^pykus* ds {ks=k ds v/;;u ij cy fn;kA vkt foYlu dh [;kfr nks dkj.kksa ls gSA ,d rks
os yksd ç'kklu 'kkL=k ds tud ekus tkrs gSa( nwljs] o jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds i‘FkDdj.k esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA
jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds i‘FkDdj.k ds lkFk ,d nwljk uke tqM+k gqvk gSA og uke gS Ýsad xqMukm (Franh J. Goodnow)
dkA xqMukm us 1900 esa viuh iqLrd jktuhfr rFkk ç'kklu (Politics and Administration) fy[kh] ftlesa mUgksu
a s rdZ fn;k
fd jktuhfr jkT;&bPNk dks çfrikfnr djrh gS] tcfd ç'kklu bl bPNk ;k uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ls lEcfU/kr gSA
bl le; vejhdk esa ljdkj esa lq/kkj ds vkanksyu py jgs FksA ogk¡ dh ljdkj esa dkQh Hkz"Vkpkj Fkk] vkSj <hykiu Hkh
de u FkkA bl rjg ds okrkoj.k esa lq/kkj dh ygj mBuk LokHkkfod FkkA vusd fo|ky;ksa esa yksd ç'kklu dk fo"k;
[kqyus yxk] vkSj fo}ku bl {ks=k esa fy[kus&i<+us yxsA 1914 esa vejhdh jktuhfr foKku la?k us viuh ,d fjiksVZ çdkf'kr
dh] ftlesa dgk x;k fd ljdkj esa dke djus ds fy, n{k O;fDr;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk jktuhfr'kkL=k ds v/;;u dk ,d
y{; gSA QyLo:i yksd ç'kklu jktuhfr foKku dk ,d çeq[k vax cu x;k] vkSj blds v/;;u dk çlkj.k fnu nqxuk
vkSj jkr pkSxquk c<+us yxkA bl pj.k dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ nks jgh gSa % yksd ç'kklu dk tUe rFkk jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu
esa i‘FkDdj.kA
1926 esa
yksd&ç'kklu dh çFke ikB~;&iqLrd çdkf'kr gqbZA ;g Fkh ,y-Mh- àkbV (L.D. White) dh yksd ç'kklu ds
v/;;u dh Hkwfedk (Introduction to the Study of Public Administration)A ;g iqLrd jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds
i‘FkDdj.k esa vkLFkk j[krh gS] rFkk blds ys[kd dh ekU;rk gS fd yksd ç'kklu dk eq[; y{; n{krk ,oa ferO;;rk gSA
f}rh; pj.k % 1927 - 1937
yksd ç'kklu ds bfrgkl esa f}rh; pj.k vR;f/kd egÙo dk gSA bl pj.k dh ç/kku vkLFkk ;g gS fd ç'kklu ds dqN
^fl)kUr* gSa rFkk yksd ç'kklu ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk dke bu fl)kUrksa dk irk yxkuk vkSj buds fØ;kUo;u dks çksRlkgu
nsuk gSA bl pj.k dh çFke Fkh MCY;w-,Q- foyksch (W.F. Willoughby) dh yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kUr (Principles of Public
Administration)A foyksch dh iqLrd dk 'kh"kZd /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA os bl ckr esa iw.kZ fo'okl j[krs Fks fd yksd ç'kklu
esa vusd fl)kUr gSa vkSj budks dk;kZfUor djus ls yksd ç'kklu esa lq/kkj gks ldrk gSA foyksch ds ckn vusd fo}kuksa us
iqLrdasa fy[kuk 'kq: fd;kA buesa çeq[k uke gSa % esjh ikdZj QkWysV (Mary parker Follet), gsujh Qs;ksy (Henry Fayol),
ewuh (Mooney), jSys (Reiley) vkfnA 1937 esa ywFkj xqfyd (Luther Gulick) rFkk mfoZd (Urwick) us feydj ,d xzUFk
lEikfnr fd;k ftldk uke gS ç'kklu foKku ij ys[k (Papers on the Science of Administration)A
bu fo}kuksa dk nkok Fkk fd ç'kklu easa fl)kUr gksus ds dkj.k ;g ,d foKku gSA D;ksafd ç'kklu ,d foKku gS] blds
vkxs ^yksd* 'kCn yxkuk O;FkZ gSA fl)kUr rks lHkh txg dk;kZfUor gksrs gSa] pkgs og {ks=k ^yksd* gks ;k ^futh* gksA xqfyd
vkSj mfoZd us bu fl)kUrksa dks iksLMdkscZ (Posdcorb) esa yisVkA ;g ;qx yksd ç'kklu esa fl)kUrksa dk Lo.kZ&;qx jgk gSA
r‘rh; pj.k % 1938 - 1947
ç'kklu esa fl)kUrksa dks 'kh?kz gh pqukSrh feyus yxh] vkSj 1938 ls 1947 dk pj.k yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa /oaldkjh jgkA
1938 esa usLVj cukZMZ (Chester Barnard) dh dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z (The Functions of the Executive) çdkf'kr gqbZA bl
iqLrd easa ç'kklu ds O;kid eqíksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS tSls vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd çdk;Z] çdk;ZRed QSyko]
laxBukRed bdkb;ksa ds e/; lkE;d ,oa çyksHku ;ksxnkuA psLVj cukZMZ us] tks Lo;a ,d vR;Ur vuqHkoh ç'kkld Fks] viuh
iqLrd esa ,sls fdlh Hkh fl)kUr dk o.kZu ugha fd;kA 1946 esa gcZVZ lkbeu (Herbert A. Simon) us viuk ,d ys[k
çdkf'kr fd;k ftlesa mUgksaus rFkkdfFkr fl)kUrksa dk migkl fd;k vkSj mudks fdaonfUr;kasa dh laKk nhA ,d lky ckn
gh mUgksaus viuh iqLrd ç'kkldh; O;ogkj (Administrative Behaviour) fy[kh ftlesa mUgksaus ;g HkyhHkkafr fl) fd;k
fd ç'kklu esa fl)kUr uke dh dksbZ pht ugha gSA mUgksaus çfrcfU/kr foosd'khyrk ds lkFk&lkFk ç'kklu ds foosdiw.kZ
fl)kUr dk fodkl fd;kA bl iqLrd ij mUgsa 1978 esa ukscy iqjLdkj çnku fd;k x;kA 1947 esa jkWcVZ MSy (Robert
Dahl) us vius ys[k esa ;g fl) fd;k fd yksd ç'kklu foKku ugha gSA mUgksu
a s ;g Hkh crk;k fd yksd ç'kklu dks fl)kUr
dh [kkst esas rhu ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
loZçFke] foKku ewY; 'kwU; gksrk gS tcfd ç'kklu esa ewY;ksa dk ckgqY; gSA nwljh ck/kk ;g gS fd euq";ksa ds O;fDrRo]
vyx&vyx gksrs gSa] ftlls ç'kklu ds dk;ksZas esa fofHkUurk vk tkrh gSA yksd ç'kklu ds foKku gksus ds ekxZ esa rhljh
ck/kk gS fd lkekftd <k¡pk] ftlds vUrxZr yksd ç'kklu vius dks ikrk gSA
bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd yksd ç'kklu dk rhljk pj.k pqukSfr;ksa rFkk vkykspukvksa ls Hkjk gqvk jgkA
prqFkZ pj.k % 1948 - 1970
prqFkZ pj.k yksd ç'kklu ds bfrgkl esa ladV dk dky jgk gSA yksd ç'kklu ftu&ftu miyfC/k;ksa dh ckr dj jgk
Fkk os lkjh ukdke fl) dj nh x;hA ^fl)kUroknh* fopkj/kkjk gcZVZ lkbeu dh vkykspuk ds QyLo:i vfo'oluh;
çrhr gksus yxhA bl 'kkL=k ds foKku gksus dk nkok Hkh pqukSfr;ksa o vkykspukvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk FkkA yksd ç'kklu
dk D;k Lo:i gS] ;gh vc lUnsg dk fo"k; cu x;k] vkSj blh ij okn&fookn gksus yxkA bls ^Lo:i dh ladVkoLFkk*
(Crisis of Identity) dgk x;k gSA
prqFkZ pj.k esa yksd ç'kklu us eksVs rkSj ij nks jkLrs viuk;kA dqN fo}ku jktuhfr'kkL=k ds vUrxZr vk x;sA vkf[kj]
yksd ç'kklu jktuhfr ls fudyk gS vkSj mldk vax Hkh gSA jktuhfr'kkL=k esa bl le; dqN ifjorZu vk jgs FksA yksd
ç'kklu dk jktuhfr'kkL=k esa ftruk egÙo igys Fkk mlesa fxjkoV vk x;hA yksd ç'kklu ,slh voLFkk esa lkSrsykiu o
vdsykiu vuqHko djus yxkA
yksd ç'kklu dks ,d fodYi dh [kkst djuh iM+hA ;g fodYi Fkk ^ç'kklfud foKku* (Administrative Science)A yksd
ç'kklu] O;kikj çcU/k (Business Administration) vkfn 'kkL=k feydj ç'kklfud foKku dh uhao Mky jgs FksA bldk
fopkj Fkk fd ç'kklu rks ç'kklu gh gS] pkgs feyksa esa gks ;k ljdkjh n¶rjksa esaA 1956 esa ,MfefuLVªsfVo lkbUl DokVZjyh
(Administrative Science Quarterly) uked if=kdk dk çdk'ku gqvkA bl fodYi esa Hkh yksd ç'kklu dks vius futh
Lo:i dks R;kxuk iM+kA cgqrksa dks ;g v[kjrk FkkA
iape~ pj.k % 1971 - 1990
prqFkZ pj.k us yksd ç'kklu dks fgyk fn;k FkkA ;g ,d ojnku Hkh fl) gqvkA pqukSfr;ksa ls euq"; egku~ gksrk gS( 'kkL=k
Hkh Å¡ps mBrs gSaA ;gh yksd ç'kklu esa gqvkA bldh lokZaxh.k mUufr gqbZA vusd 'kkL=kksa ds foKku yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k
esa vk;s rFkk bldh lsok djus yxsA vFkZ'kkL=k] euksfoKku] lekt'kkL=k] ,sUFkzksiksykWth vkfn 'kkL=kksa ds foKku bl fo"k;
esa :fp ysus yxsA jktuhfr'kkL=k ds fo|kFkhZ rks lnSo ls gh yksd ç'kklu esa :fp ysrs jgs gSAa bu lcds ç;Ruksa ds QyLo:i
yksd ç'kklu ^vUrfoZ"k;h* vFkkZr~ 'Interdisciplinary' cu x;kA lekt'kkL=kksa esa ;fn dksbZ lcls vf/kd vUrfoZ"k;h gS rks og
yksd ç'kklu gh gSA
rqyukRed yksd ç'kklu (Comparative Public Administration) rFkk fodkl ç'kklu (Development Administration) dk
çknqZHkko Hkh u Hkqyk;h tkus okyh /kVuk,¡ gSaA vHkh rd yksd ç'kklu esa if'peh ns'kksa dk gh v/;;u gksrk jgk gSA yksd
ç'kklu laLd‘frc) (culture-bound) rks gS ghA vr% ;g vko';d Fkk fd yksd ç'kklu ,d laLd‘fr ds ?ksjs ls fudydj
vU; laLd‘fr;ksa dh vksj pyk Hkh vk;k gSA vr% ;g fo"k; vkSj Hkh vyad‘r gks mBk gSA
"k"Ve~ pj.k % 1990 ls py jgk gS
Hkkjr us 1990 esa iqu% djoV yh vkSj usg: th }kjk of.kZr lektokn ds eksg dks NksM+ mnkjhdj.k o fo'ohdj.k dh ufr
viuk yhA vHkh rd jkT; dk cksyckyk FkkA vc jkT; ds lkFk cktkj ;k ekdsZV Hkh vk x;k gSA çfr;ksfxrk esa ukxfjd
dks ykHk gksrk gS] phtsa vPNh o de dher ij feyrh gSA cktkj ds vkxeu ds lkFk vU; ifjorZu Hkh lekt esa vk; gSaA
10 yksd ç'kklu
dbZ dk;Z lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vius gkFk esa ys jgh gSaA dsjy esa eNyh m|ksx dks eNqvkjksa dh lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ l¡Hkky
jgh gSaA [ksrh ds fy, ikuh dh O;oLFkk dqN jkT;ksa esa fdlkuksa us vius gkFk esa ys yh gSaA ,sls lkekU; dk;Z ftuesa xk¡o
ds taxy] pjus ds fy, NksM+h x;h tehu (grazing ground), eNyh idM+uk vkfn vk tkrk gS] CPR ds uke ls tkus tkrs
gSaA CPR dk vFkZ Common Property ResourcesA ,sls çlk/kuksa dk çcU/k dE;qfuVh ds gkFk esa gSA ;g c<+rk gqvk {ks=k
,d le; Fkk tc ge jkT; dh vksj gh ns[krs FksA 1990 ds i'pkr~ cktkj vk;k vkSj lkFk gh ,d rhljk {ks=k Hkh CPR
laLFkkvksa ds :i esa mHkjkA
geus bl iqLrd esa ;g crk;k gS fd yksd ç'kklu ds fodkl esa NBk pj.k 1990 esa çkjaHk gqvkA gk¡] Hkkjr esa ;g blh
le; çkjaHk gqvkA vkj- osadVjeu dh ljdkj ds le; 1990 esa mnkjhdj.k o fo'ohdj.k dh uhfr mn~?kkf"kr dh x;hA
ysfdu fo'o Hkj easa mnkjhdj.k dh ygj 1970 ls gh çLQqfVr gksrh tk jgh FkhA lalkj ds lHkh ns'kksa esa ljdkj o
vf/kdkjh rU=k (bureaucracy) ds fo:) fopkj çcy gksrs tk jgs FksA lkFk gh] futh ç'kklu ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa cktkj
(market) dh vksj vkd"kZ.k c<+rk tk jgk FkkA blh le; ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa uohu yksd çcU/ku (New Public Management)
dk fopkj mRiUu gqvkA yksd ç'kklu dks yksd çcU/ku (Public Management) esa cny tkuk pkfg,] ;g fopkj çfrikfnr
fd;k x;kA uohu çcU/ku yksd ç'kklu esa çcU/kuokn (Managerialism) dk vU/kk/kqU/k c<+kok nsrk gSA ;g blfy, fd
ikjEifjd yksd ç'kklu esa yksd fu.kZ; 'kh?kz gks] vkSj ferO;;rk ds lkFk gksA NBs pj.k esa uohu yksd çcU/ku ,d çcy
vkUnksyu ds :i esa mHkjk gSA
yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ] çd‘fr ,oa {ks=k 11
v/;k;&2
yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ] çd‘fr ,oa {ks=k
(Meaning, Nature and Scope of Public
Administration)
yksd ç'kklu vk/kqfud lekt dk ,d vko';d vax vkSj thou dk ,d çeq[k rRo gSA yksd ç'kklu dk ftu dk;ksZa dks
lEikfnr djuk iM+rk gS] muesa o‘f) gqbZ gS vkSj fujUrj gks Hkh jgh gSA blh dkj.k vkt ds jkT; dks ^ç'kklh jkT;* ;k
Administrative State dgk tkrk gSA ç'kklh jkT; ml jkT; dks dgk tkrk gS ftlesa dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk dk çHkqRo gksrk
gS ;|fi blesa O;oLFkkfidk rFkk U;k;ikfydk Hkh LFkkfir jgrs gSaA orZeku esa yksd ç'kklu ekuo thou dh vla[;
vko';drkvksa] tSls f'k{kk] LokLF;] euksjatu] LoPNrk] lkekftd lqj{kk vkfn dks iwjk djrk gSA vr% bldh fo"k;&oLrq
ldkjkRed gS] lq[kh thou ds fy, vko';d gSA ;g l‘tukRed Hkh gS D;ksafd bldk mís'; êkuo dY;k.k* gSA jkT;
ds ;s dk;Z lekt esa 'kkfUr vkSj lqO;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds mlds ewyHkwr dk;ksZa ds vfrfjDr gSaA bldh çd‘fr] fo"k;&oLrq
rFkk {ks=k lHkh feydj bls ,y-Mh- àkbV ds 'kCnksa esa ^vk/kqfud 'kklu&O;oLFkk dk dsUnz&fcUnq* cuk nsrs gSaA
ç'kklu ds ewy egÙo dks czwDl ,MEl us rks 1913 esa gh lqLi"V dj fn;k FkkA mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk% ßlkekftd lesdhdj.k
vFkok n‘<+hdj.k dksbZ ljy leL;k ugha gS] D;ksafd lkekftd lesdhdj.k vFkok n‘<+hdj.k dk vFkZ gksrk gS ç'kklu ds
fy, lerqY; {kerkA ç'kklu esa iw.kZr% ç'kkflr tulewg ds ifjek.k vkSj laosx ds vuqikr esa gksuh pkfg,] vU;Fkk
dsUnzkilkjh cy dsUnzkfHklkjh cy ij gkoh gks tk;sxk vkSj tulewg fo?kfVr gks tk;sxk vFkkZr~ lH;rk foyhu gks tk;sxhA
yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ

(Meaning of Public Administration)
ljy Hkk"kk esa yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ ljdkj dh mu lHkh çdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls gSa ftuds }kjk og yksxksa dh ns[kHkky
djrh gSA 'kkL=kh; n‘f"V ls blds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa us vius&vius fopkj çdV fd, gSaA ijUrq bu lHkh fopkjksa
dk v/;;u djus ls igys gesa ^yksd* rFkk ^ç'kklu* nksuksa 'kCnks]a ftu ds lqey
s ls ^yksd ç'kklu* curk gS] dk vFkZ tkuuk
vko';d gSA
yksd (Public): yksd 'kCn ls vfHkçk; fdlh fo'ks"k Hkw&Hkkx ij jgus okys yksxksa ds tu&lewg ls gSA D;ksafd ,d jkT;
ds yksxksa dk çfrfuf/kRo ogka dh ljdkj djrh gS blfy, yksd ç'kklu esa yksd 'kCn dk ç;ksx ljdkj ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA tc ljdkj }kjk 'kklu lapkyu dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS rks bls yksd ç'kklu dgrs gSa rFkk tks ç'kkldh; dk;Z
fdlh O;fDr ;k O;fDr lewg }kjk O;fDrxr fLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gS rks mls futh ç'kklu (Private Administrtion) dgrs
gSaA bl ls iwoZ fd ge yksd ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk dh O;k[;k djsa gesa ç'kklu dk vFkZ tkuuk t:jh gSA
ç'kklu (Administration): 'Administer' 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'ad+ministiare' 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS] ftu ds vFkZ gSa
lsok djuk ;k O;fDr;ksa dh ns[kHkky djuk vFkok dk;ksZa dh O;oLFkk djukA blfy, yksxksa ds lkewfgd dk;ks± ds
çcU/k dks ç'kklu dgk tkrk gSA
12 yksd ç'kklu
ßljyre 'kCnksa esa] ç'kklu ,d fuf'pr dk;Z gS] tks fdlh fu/kkZfjr ç;kstu dh çkfIr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yksd
dk;ksZa dh Øec) O;oLFkk rFkk lk/kuksa dk leqfpr ç;ksx gS] ftldk y{; gekjs oafNr dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djuk vkSj lkFk
gh ,sls dk;ksZa dks jksduk gS] tks gekjs vfHkçk;ksa ls esy ugha [kkrsA miyC/k Je rFkk lk/kuksa dk ;g ,d ,slk esy gS] rkfd
de ls de 'kfDr] le; rFkk /ku ds O;; ls okafNr y{; dh çkfIr gks ldsAÞ&ekLVuZ ,Q- ekDlZ (In simplest terms,
administration is the determined action taken in pursuit of conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs
and the calculated use of resources, aimed at making those things happen which we want to happen and simultaneously
preventing developments that fail to square without intentions. It is the marshalling of available labour and materials
in order gain that which is desired at the lowest cost in energy, time and money.)
O;kid vFkZ esa ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj ls dh tk ldrh gS fd ;g lkekU; mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, lkewfgd
ç;Ru gSA &lkbeu (In its broadest sense, adminstration can be defined as the activities of groups co-operating to
accomplish common goals.)
ßç'kklu fdlh mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, euq";ksa vkSj inkFkkZas dk laxBu gSA &uhxzks (Administration is the organisation and
use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose.)
okafNr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ekuoh; vkSj HkkSfrd lk/kuksas dk la?kVu rFkk funsZ'ku gh ç'kklu gSA *fQQuj
(Administration may be defined as the organisation and direction of human and material resources to achieve desired
ends.)
ç'kkluksa fofHkUu çdkj dh lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa dks ,d lw=k esa leUo; djus dh og {kerk gS fd os ,d bdkbZ ds :i
esa dke djrh gSA &czqd ,MEl (Administration is the capacity of co-ordinating many and often conflicting social
energies in a single organism, so adroitly that they shall operate as unity.)
bl çdkj ç'kklu euq"; rFkk lkexzh dk ,slk ç;ksx ,oa laxBu gS ftlls y{; dh çkfIr gks ldsA blesa dk;Z djuk vkSj
nwljksa ls dk;Z djokuk gSA tc dHkh Hkh vkSj gk¡ dgha Hkh euq"; feydj jgrs gSa] ç'kklu dh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSA tSlk
fd ge ekurs gSa] euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS] vr% ekuo dh lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa dk lqpk: :i ls laxBu o
çcU/k gksuk vko';d gSA lqfuf'pr laxBu o çcU/k ds vHkko esa euq"; dk bdës jguk dfBu gksxkA vr% ç'kklu çR;sd
ekuo lewg dh ,d vR;ko';d çfØ;k gSA bls ^lkekftd lEcU/kksa dh rduhd* Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA
mi;qZDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd ç'kklu] futh Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj ljdkjh HkhA tc bldk
lEcU/k ?kj&x‘gLFkh] Dyc] fuxe ;k dEiuh ¼tks futh laxBu gS½ ds fØ;k&dykiksa ls gksrk gS] rks bls futh ç'kklu dgrs
gSaA ysfdu tc bldk lEcU/k jkT; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ¼pkgs os dsUnz ljdkj dh gksa] jkT; ljdkj dh ;k LFkkuh; ljdkj
dh½ ls gks rc ;g yksd ç'kklu dgyk,xkA bl iqLrd dk v/;;u {ks=k ckn okyk vFkZ vFkkZr~ yksd ç'kklu gSA
yksd ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Definitions of Public Administration)
yksd&ç'kklu ^mu lHkh dk;ksZa dks dgrs gSa ftudk mís'; mi;qä lÙkk ds }kjk ?kksf"kr dh xbZ uhfr dks ykxw djuk ;k
,y-Mh0 okbV (L.D. White)A
iwjk djuk gksrk gSA* &,y-Mh0
yksd ç'kklu fof/k dh foLr‘r rFkk O;ofLFkr ç;qfä gSA fof/k dh çR;sd fo'ks"k ç;qfä ç'kklu dk dk;Z gSA* &oqoqMjks foYlu
(Woodrow Wilson)A
ilhZ eSdDohu (Percy McQueen)A

ßdsUnzh; vFkok LFkkuh; ljdkj ds dk;ksZa ls lEcfU/kr ç'kklu gh yksd&ç'kklu gSAÞ &ilhZ
ßç'kkld dk;Z djokrk gS vkSj ftl çdkj jktuhfr foKku loksZÙke lk/kuksa dh ftKklk gS] rkfd uhfr&fuekZ.k ds fy,
turk dh bPNk dk laxfBr fd;k tk lds] mlh çdkj yksd&ç'kklu dk foKku ftKklk gS fd fdl çdkj uhfr;ksa dks
elZu (Merson)A
loksZÙke dk;kZfUor fd;k tk ldsAÞ &elZ
ßç'kklu dk;Z djokus ls lEcfU/kr gS------ yksd&ç'kklu foKku dk og Hkkx gS ftldk ljdkj ls lEcU/k gS] vr% eq[;r;k
;g dk;Zdkfj.kh 'kk[kk] tgk¡ ljdkj dk dk;Z gksrk gS] ls gh lEcfU/kr gS] ;|fi ,slh leL;k,¡ Hkh gksrh gS ftudk
ywFkj xqfyd (Luther Gullick)A
lEcU/k fo/kkue.Myh; rFkk U;kf;d 'kk[kkvksa ls gksrk gSAÞ &yw
ßç'kklu dk lEcU/k ljdkj ds ^D;k* vkSj ^dSls* ls gSA ^D;k* fo"k; oLrq gS] fdlh {ks=k dk rduhdh Kku gS ftlds }kjk
,d ç'kkld vius dk;ksZa dks iwjk dj ikrk gSA ^dSls* çcU/k dh rduhd ;k i)fr gS] ;g og fl)kUr gS ftuds vuqdwy
lapkfyr dk;ZØe dks lQyrk rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gh vfuok;Z gS] nksuksa dk leUo; gh ç'kklu dgykrk gSAÞ
ek'kZy bZ0 fMekWd (Marshall E. Dimock)A
&ek'kZ
ßlk/kkj.k ç;ksx ls yksd&ç'kklu dk vFkZ jk"Vªh;] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh dk;Zdkfj.kh 'kk[kkvksa dh fØ;k,¡ gSaA
lkbeu (Simon)A
&lkbeu
ßO;fä;ksa ds ;Ruksa esa rky&esy mRiUu djds ljdkj dk dk;Z djokuk gh yksd&ç'kklu gS] rkfd iwoZ fu/kkZfjr dk;ksZa dks
iwjk djus ds fy, os feydj dke dj ldsaA ç'kklu esa os fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSa tks vR;f/kd rduhdh vFkok fof'k"V gks ldrh
gS] tSls&yksd&LokLF; vkSj iqy&fuekZ.kA blesa gtkjksa gh ugha] vfirq yk[kksa Jfedksa dh fØ;kvksa dh fuxjkuh] funsZ'ku rFkk
çcU/k Hkh lfEefyr gksrk gS] rkfd muds ç;Ruksa ls dqN O;oLFkk vkSj dq'kyrk mRiUu gksAÞ &fQQuj fQQuj (Pfiffner)A
viuh çfl) jpuk êkWMuZ ifCyd ,sMfefuLVªs'ku* esa fuxzks us fy[kk gS fd yksd ç'kklu dk lEcU/k ljdkj dh rhuksa
'kk[kk,¡&fo/kk;h] U;k; lEcU/kh vkSj dk;Zdkjh rFkk budh ijLij lEc)rk ds lkFk gSA ;g ifjHkk"kk vf/kd O;kid ekuh
tkrh gSA
bu ifjHkk"kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k (Analysis of these Definitions)
bu ifjHkk"kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls irk pyrk gS fd fo}kuksa ds erHksn nks egÙoiw.kZ ckrksa ij dsfUnzr gSa%
1. D;k ç'kklu fdlh /;s; ls lEcfU/kr lewph fØ;kvksa ds lewg dks dgrs gSa] ;k çcU/k dh fo'ks"k fØ;k dks tks /;s;
ls Lora=k lg;ksxh ç;kl ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa n‘f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
2. D;k yksd&ç'kklu ljdkjh dh ,dhd‘r dk;Zfof/k;ksa dk lekukFkZd gS] ;k ;g dsoy dk;Zdkfj.kh 'kk[kk vFkok
dk;Zdkjh dk;Z rd gh lhfer gSA eksVs rkSj ij yksd&ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa vkrh gSa%
i. dqN os ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSa tks ç'kklu dh çd‘fr dk O;kid vFkZ ysrh gSa] fdUrq yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks=k dk ladh.kZ
n‘f"Vdks.kA tSls ,y-Mh- okbV dh ifjHkk"kk] ftlds vuqlkj yksd&ç'kklu essa ßos lHkh dk;Z lfEefyr gSa
ftudk mís'; lkoZtfud uhfr dks iwjk djuk ;k ykxw djuk gksrk gSAÞ ;gk¡ ç'kklu dsoy çcU/kdh;
fØ;k ugha] D;ksfa d blesa ^lHkh dk;Z* lfEefyr gS]a fdUrq bldk mís'; dsoy uhfr dks ykxw djus rd gh lhfer
gSA
ii. nwljh os ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSa tks ç'kklu dh çd‘fr rFkk yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks=k nksuksa dks gh ladh.kZ n‘f"Vdks.k ls ns[krh
gS] tSls elZu dh ifjHkk"kk] ftlds vuqlkj ç'kklu ^dk;Z djokus* esa gS vkSj ftldk lEcU/k ;g ns[kuk gS fd
fdl çdkj uhfr;ksa ds loksZÙke <ax ls dk;kZfUor fd;k tk,A
iii. rhljh os ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSa tks ç'kklu dh çd‘fr dk ladh.kZ] fdUrq yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks=k dk O;kid vFkZ ysrh
gSA bl çdkj dk mnkgj.k ywFkj xqfyd dh ifjHkk"kk gS ftlds vuqlkj ç'kklu dk vfHkçk; ^dk;Z dks
djokuk* gSA ;g Lohdkj djrh gS fd ç'kklu dh leL;k,¡ dk;Zdkfj.kh 'kk[kk ds ckgj Hkh gksrh gSA
iv. vUr esa os ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSa tks ç'kklu dh çd‘fr rFkk yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks=k nksuksas dk gh O;kid vFkZ ysrh gS]
tSls ek'kZy bZ0 fMekWd o fQQuj dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ ;|fi ;s O;kid vkSj ladh.kZ nksuksa n‘f"Vdks.kksa ds chp ?kwerh
gSA
14 yksd ç'kklu
^yksd ç'kklu* ds vFkZ dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>us ds fy, ^ç'kklu* vkSj ^yksd ç'kklu* esa foHksn le>uk vko';d gS%
ç'kklu yksd ç'kklu
(Administration) (Public Administration)
1. ç'kklu ,d lkekU; 'kCnkoyh gS ftldk ifjçs{; O;kid gSA yksd ç'kklu dk ifjçs{; ladqfpr gS] D;ksafd ;g lkoZtfud
uhfr;ksa ls gh lEcfU/kr gSA
2. ç'kklu dk lEcU/k dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djkus ls gS ftlls fd yksd ç'kklu nksgjs Lo:i okyk gSA ;g v/;;u] v/;kiu
fu/kkZfjr y{; iwjs gks ldsaA ,oa vuqla/kku dk 'kS{kf.kd fo"k; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk fØ;k'khy
foKku Hkh gSA
3. vkerkSj ls ç'kklu ,d fØ;k (activity) Hkh gS vkSj çfØ;k yksd ç'kklu dk lEcU/k lkoZtfud uhfr ds fuekZ.k] fØ;kUo;u
(process) Hkh gSA ls gSA ;g uhfr foKku vkSj çfØ;k gksrh gSA
4. ç'kklu ,d lkoZykSfdr fØ;k gS ftls leLr çdkj ds lewg yksd ç'kklu dk lEcU/k fof'k"V :i ls ljdkjh fØ;kdykiksa
ç;Ruksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] pkgs og lewg ifjokj] jkT; ;k ls gSA blds vUrxZr os lHkh ç'kklu vk ldrs gSa ftudk
vU; lkekftd la?k gksA turk ij i;kZIr çHkko iM+rk gSA
5. ç'kklu mu leLr lkewfgd fØ;kvksa dk uke gS tks lkekU; yksd ç'kklu ljdkj ds dk;Z dk og Hkkx gS ftlds }kjk
y{; dh çkfIr ds fy, lg;ksxkRed :i esa çLrqr dh tkrh gSA ljdkj ds mís';ksa ,oa y{;ksa dh çkfIr gksrh gSA
6. ç'kklu ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa }kjk fo'ks"k mís'; dh iwfrZ ds yksd ç'kklu ,sls mís';ksa dk fØ;kUo;u gS] ftUgsa turk
fy, lg;ksxh <ax ls fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z gSA }kjk fuokZfpr çfrfuf/k;ksa us fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA bu mís';ksa dh
çkfIr yksd lsokvksa }kjk lg;ksxh <ax ls dh tkrh gSA
7. ç'kklu ds vUrxZr yksd ç'kklu vkSj futh ç'kklu nksuksa yksd ç'kklu dk lEcU/k ^lkoZtfud* ¼turk ls lEcfU/kr½
lekfo"V gSaA ç'kklu ls gSA
yksd ç'kklu dh çÑfr

(Nature of Public Administration)
yksd ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk dh HkkfUr bl dh çd‘fr ds fo"k; esa Hkh nks rjg ds n‘f"Vdks.k gSaA O;kid n‘f"Vdks.k ftls iw.kZ
vFkok ,dhd‘r fopkj dgk tkrk gS vkSj ladqfpr n‘f"Vdks.k ftls çcU/kdh; fopkj dgk tkrk gSA
,dhd‘r fopkj (Integral View)
bl fopkj ds leFkZdkssa ds erkuqlkj] yksd ç'kklu yksd uhfr dks ykxw djus vkSj ml dh iwfrZ ds fy, ç;ksx dh xbZ
xfrfof/k;ksa dk ;ksx gSA bl çdkj fuf'pr y{; dh çkfIr gsrq lEikfnr dh tkus okyh fØ;kvksa dk ;ksx gh ç'kklu gS]
pkgs os fØ;k,a] çcU/kdh; vFkok rduhdh gh D;ksa u gksA foLr‘r :i ls ljdkj dh lHkh xfrfof/k;k¡ pkgs os dk;Zikfydk
gks rFkk pkgs fo/kk;d vFkok U;kf;d] yksd ç'kklu esa 'kkfey gSaA ,y-Mh- àkbV] foylu] Mhekd vkSj fQQuj vkfn
ys[kdksa us bl fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k gSA ,y-Mh- àkbV (L.D. White) us Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk gS] ßyksd ç'kklu dk
lEcU/k mu lHkh dk;ks± ls gS ftu dk ç;kstu lkoZtfud uhfr dks iwjk djuk ;k mls fØ;kfUor djuk gksrk gSAÞ bl
ifjHkk"kk esa 'kklu lEcU/kh lHkh {ks=kksa dh fo'ks"k fØ;k,a vk tkrh gS] tSls i=k&forj.k] lkoZtfud Hkwfe dk foØ;] fdlh
lfU/k dh okrkZ] ?kk;y deZpkjh dks {kfriwfrZ nsuk] laØked jksx l chekj cPps dks vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lEidZ ls jksduk]
lkoZtfud ikdZ esa ls dwM+k&ddZV gVkuk] IywVksfu;e dk fuekZ.k rFkk v.kq 'kfDr ds ç;ksx dk vuqikyuAÞ
bl n‘f"Vdks.k dks viukrs gq, fQQuj (Pfiffner) us dgk gS] ßyksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ gS ljdkj dk dke djuk pkgs og
dk;Z LokLF; ç;ksx'kkyk esa ,Dljs e'khu dk lapkyu gks vFkok Vdlky esa flDds cukuk gksA yksd ç'kklu ls rkRi;Z
gS yksxksa ds ç;klksa eas leUo; LFkkfir djds dk;Z dks lEiUu djuk rkfd os feydj dk;Z dj ldsa vFkok vius fuf'pr
dk;ksZa dks iwjk dj ldsAÞ
çcU/kdh; fopkj (Managerial View)
bl fopkj ds leFkZd dsoy mUgha yksxksa ds dk;ksZa dks ç'kklu ekurs gSa tks fdlh m|e lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dks iwjk djrs gSaA
çcU/kdh; dk;Z dk y{; m|e dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dk ,dhdj.k] fu;U=k.k rFkk leUo; djuk gksrk gS ftlls lHkh
fØ;kdyki ,d lefUor ç;Ru (Co-ordinated Effort) tSls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa lkbeu] fLeFkcxZ rFkk FkkWelu bl n‘f"Vdks.k
ds leFkZd gSAa muds erkuqlkj] ßç'kklu 'kCn vius ladfq pr vFkksaZ esa vkpj.k ds mu vkn'kksaZ dks çdV djus ds fy, ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS] tks vusd çdkj ds lg;ksxh lewgksa esa leku :i ls ik, tkrs gSa] vkSj u rks ml y{; fo'ks"k ij gh
vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa ftl dh çkfIr ds fy, os lg;ksx dj jgs gSa] vkSj u mu fo'ks"k rduhdh jhfr;ksa ij gh voyfEcr gSa
tks mu y{;ksa ds gsrq ç;ksx dh tkrh gSaAÞ bl fopkj dk i{k ysrs gq, ywFkj xqfyd us Hkh fy[kk gS] ßç'kklu dk
lEcU/k dk;Z iwjk fd;s tkus vkSj fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh ifjiwfrZ ls gSAÞ nwljs 'kCnksa esa bl fopkj ds leFkZd yksd ç'kklu
dks dsoy dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk dh xfrfof/k;ksa rd gh lhfer dj nsrs gSaA
bu nksuksa fopkjksa esa dbZ igyqvksa ls fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA ,dhd‘r fopkj esa ç'kklu ls lEcfU/kr lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds dk;Z
'kkfey gSa] tcfd çcU/kdh; fopkj ç'kklu dks dsoy dqN ,d Åij ds O;fDr;ksa ds dk;ksZa rd gh lhfer djrk gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa ,dhd‘r n‘f"Vdks.k esa çcU/kdh;] rduhdh rFkk xSj&rduhdh lc çdkj dh xfrfof/k;ka 'kkfey gSa tc fd
çcU/kdh; n‘f"Vdks.k vius vki dks ,d laxBu ds çcU/kdh; dk;ksZa rd gh lhfer j[krk gSA
,dhd‘r n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu ljdkj dh rhuksa 'kk[kkvksa&dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkuikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk ls
lEcfU/kr gSA ijUrq çcU/kdh; n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu dk laca/k dsoy dk;Zikfydk dk;ksZa ls gSA
bu nksuksa fopkjksa esa ls fdlh dh Hkh iw.kZr% mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA ç'kklu dk Bhd vFkZ rks ml çlax ij fuHkZj djrk
gS ftl lanHkZ esa 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fMekWd rFkk dksbZfuax (Koening) us lHkh i{kksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, yksd
ç'kklu dh çd‘fr dk lkjka'k fudkyus dk ç;Ru fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj] ßv/;;u&fo"k; ds :i esa ç'kklu dh çd‘fr
dk lkjka'k fudkyus dk ç;Ru fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj] ßv/;;u&fo"k; ds :i esa ç'kklu mu ljdkjh ç;Ruksa ds çR;sd
igyw dh ijh{kk djrk gS rks dkuwu rFkk yksduhfr dks fØ;kfUor djus gsrq fd, tkrs gSaA ,d çfØ;k ds :i esa blesa os
lHkh ç;Ru vk tkrs gSa tks fdlh laLFkku esa vf/kdkj&{ks=k çkIr djus ls ysdj vfUre bZaV j[krs rd mBk, tkrs gSa ¼vkSj
dk;ZØeksa dk fuekZ.k djus okys vfHkdj.k dk çeq[k Hkkx Hkh blesa lfEefyr gksrk gS½ rFkk O;olk; ds :i esa ç'kklu fdlh
Hkh lkoZtfud laLFkku ds fØ;k&dykiksa dk laxBu rFkk lapkyu djrk gSAÞ
Scope of Public Administration
yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k laca/kh fopkj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS&
1. ,d oxZ ds fopkj yksd ç'kklu dh O;k[;k brus O;kid vFkZ esa djrs gSa fd yksd ç'kklu dh lhek ds vUnj ljdkj
ds lHkh foHkkx rFkk dk;Zikfydk] O;oLFkkfidk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds {ks=k vk tkrs gSaA bl ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj djus
ij ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa os lHkh dk;Z 'kkfey gksaxs tks ljdkj dh lEiw.kZ lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus rFkk
mu uhfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, fd, tkrs gSa ijUrq bl ifjHkk"kk esa yksd ç'kklu dh viuh fof'k"Vrk ugha
jg tk,xhA
2. yksd ç'kklu ds laca/k esa nwljk fof'k"V fopkj gh vf/kd xzká gSA buds vUrxZr yksd ç'kklu dk v/;;u
dk;Zikfydk ds ml i{k ls lacaf/kr gS tks O;oLFkkfidk ds }kjk fuf'pr dh xbZ uhfr;ksa dk O;ogkj esa ykus dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro xzg.k djrk gSA blfy, yksd ç'kklu dk;Zikfydk ls gh lacaf/kr gS vkSj mlh ds usr‘Ro esa dke djrk
gSA ,Q ekDlZ ds vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu ds vUrxZr os leLr fo"k; vkrs gSa ftudk lac/a k lkoZtfud uhfr ls gS] LFkk;h
ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj] yksd ç'kklu ds dk;Z vlSfud laxBu] deZpkfj;ksa ,oa çfØ;kvksa ls yxk;s tkrs gS]a tks ç'kklu
dks çHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, dk;Zikfydk dks fn, tkrs gSaA
foyksch ds vuqlkj] yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k dk laca/k bu ckrksa ls gS&
1. lkekU; ç'kklu]
16 yksd ç'kklu
2. laxBu]
3. deZpkjh oxZ]
4. lkexzh] rFkk
5. foÙkA
O;kogkfjd n‘f"Vdks.k ls Hkh yksd ç'kklu esa ljdkj ds vlSfud òksr] jktuhfrd y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, ç;ksx
esa yk, tk ldrs gSaA yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k dks ge fuEu :i esa of.kZr dj ldrs gSa&
1. bldk laca/k ljdkj ds ^D;ksa* vkSj ^dSls* ls gS (It deals with 'how' and 'what' of the government): yksd ç'kklu
dk laca/k ljdkj ds ^D;k* ls gS ftudk vFkZ mu leLr y{;ksa dh mifLFkfr gS ftudks ge lkexzh dgrs gSa] vkSj
ftudks iw.kZ djus ds fy, og ç;Ru'khy jgrh gSA ^dSl*s dk lac/a k mu lk/kuksa ls gS ftudk ç;ksx ljdkj mu y{;ksa
dh çkfIr ds fy, djrh gSA foÙk] deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] funs'Z ku] usr‘Ro bR;kfn blds mnkgj.k gSAa blds vUrxZr
ç'kklu ds nksuksa igyw vk tkrs gSa&fl)kUr rFkk O;ogkjA
2. dk;Zikfydk dh fØ;k'khyrk dk v/;;u (It is study of executive in action): yksd ç'kklu ç'kklu dk og vax
gS tks dk;Zikfydk ds fØ;k'khy rRoksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA yksd ç'kklu dk laca/k dk;Zikfydk dh mu leLr
vlSfud fØ;kvksa ls gS ftuds }kjk og jkT; ds fuf'pr y{;ksa dks çkIr djus dh ps"Vk djrk gSA yksd ç'kklu dk
;g ladh.kZ :i gSA ç'kklu dk okLrfod mÙkjnkf;Ro dk;Zikfydk ds Åij gS] pkgs og jk"Vªh;] jktdh; vFkok
LFkkuh; Lrj dh D;ksa u gksA
3. yksd ç'kklu dk laca/k laxBu leL;kvksa ls gS (It deals with the problems of organization): yksd ç'kklu esa ge
ç'kklfud laxBu dk v/;;u djrs gSAa ljdkj ds foHkkxh; laxBu dk v/;;u blds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA yksd
ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa ukxfjd lsokvksa ¼vlSfud½ ds fofHkUu lw=kksa mlds laxBuksa rFkk {ks=kh; laxBuksa dk O;kid v/;;u
djrs gSaA
4. inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u (It deals with the problems of personnel): yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa
inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ] çf'k{k.k] lsokvksa dh n'kk] vuq'kklu rFkk deZpkjh la?k vkfn leL;kvksa dk O;kid :i ls
xgu v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
5. bldk laca/k lkekU; ç'kklu ls gS (It deals with problems of general administration): y{; fu/kkZj.k] O;oLFkkfidk
,oa ç'kklu laca/kh uhfr;ka] lkekU; dk;ksZa dk funsZ'ku] LFkku ,oa fu;a=k.k vkfn yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k eas lfEefyr
gSaA
6. lkexzh çnk; laca/kh leL;k;sa (It deals with problems of material supply): yksd ç'kklu ds vUrxZr Ø;] LVksj
djuk] oLrq çkIr djus ds lk/ku rFkk dk;Z djus ds ;a=k vkfn dk Hkh foLr‘r v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
7. foÙk laca/kh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u (Study of the Problems of Finance): yksd ç'kklu esa ctV foÙkh; vko';drkvksa
dh O;oLFkk rFkk djkjksi.k vkfn dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
8. ç'kkldh; mÙkjnkf;Ro (Administrative Accountability): yksd ç'kklu dh ifjf/k esa ge ljdkj ds fofHkUu
mÙkjnkf;Ro dk foospu djrs gSaA U;k;ky;ksa ds çfr mÙkjnkf;Ro] turk rFkk fo/kku&eaMy vkfn ds çfr ç'kklu
ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
9. ekuo&rRo dk v/;;u (Study of human-element): yksd ç'kklu ,d ekuo 'kkL=k gSA ekuoh; rÙo ds vHkko esa
og viw.kZ gSA vesfjdh ys[kd lkbeu rFkk ekDlZ us yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;u esa ekuoh; rÙo ds v/;;u dks fo'ks"k
egÙo fn;k gSA O;fDr gh leLr ç'kkldh; O;oLFkk dk lapkyd] òksr] vk/kkj rFkk ekxZ funsZ'kd gksrk gSA
ekuo&euksfoKku ds v/;;u ds fcuk yksd ç'kklu dh fofo/k leL;kvksa dks ugha le>k;k tk ldrkA ç'kklu ij
ijEijkvksa] lH;rk] laLd‘fr ,oa cká okrkoj.k dk çHkko iM+rk gSA yksd ç'kklu dh fofo/k leL;kvksa dks gesa
ekuoh; O;ogkj dh i‘"BHkwfe esas ns[kuk pkfg,A yksd ç'kklu ,d lkewfgd ekuoh; fØ;k gSA
lkewfgd laca/kksa dk vk/kkj D;k gS rFkk O;fDr mu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ fdl çdkj dj ikrk gS] ;g fopkj.kh; fo"k;
yksd ç'kklu dk gSA ç'kkldh; fu.kZ;ksa ij fdu&fdu rRoksa dk O;kid :i ls çHkko gksrk gS] bldk v/;;u ge yksd
ç'kklu esa djrs gSaA
yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;u&{ks=k ds ckjs esa fopkjdksa esa cM+k Hksn gSA ewyr% erHksn bu ç'uksa dks ysdj gS fd D;k yksd ç'kklu
'kkldh; dkedkt dk dsoy çcU/kdh; va'k gS vFkok ljdkj ds leLr vaxksa dk lexz v/;;u\ D;k yksd ç'kklu
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u gS vFko ;g uhfr&fu/kkZj.k esa Hkh çHkkoh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gS\
yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa eksVs :i ls pkj n‘f"Vdks.k çpfyr gSa%
O;kid n‘f"Vdks.k (Broader View)
dfri; fo}kuksa tSls] fuxzks] ,y-Mh- OgkbV] ekDlZ] foyksch] lkbeu vkfn us yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k ds laca/k esa O;kid
n‘f"Vdks.k viuk;k gSA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa&O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa
U;k;ikfydk ls lacaf/kr gSA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa os lHkh fØ;kdyki lfEefyr gSa ftudk
ç;kstu yksd uhfr dks iwjk djuk ;k fØ;kfUor djuk gksrk gSA çks- OgkbV us yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esas os lHkh fØ;kdyki
lfEefyr gSa ftudk ç;kstu yksd uhfr dks iwjk djuk ;k fØ;kfUor djuk gksrk gSA çks- OgkbV us yksd ç'kklu dh O;kid
n‘f"Vdks.k ls ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, fy[kk gS] ßyksd ç'kklu esa os lHkh dk;Z vkrs gSa ftudk mís'; lkoZtfud uhfr dks iwjk
djuk vFkok ykxw djuk gksrk gSAÞ foyksch us fy[kk gS] ßvius O;kidre vFkZ esa yksd ç'kklu ml dk;Z dk çrhd gS tks
fd ljdkjh dk;ksZa ds okLrfod lEiknu ls lEc) gksrk gS] pkgs os dk;Z ljdkj dh fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk ls lacaf/kr D;ksa u
gks--------------AÞ
yksd ç'kklu ds fo"k;&{ks=k ds ckjs esa uhxzks dh O;k[;k vf/kd O;kid gSA D;ksafd blesa vU; lHkh i{kksa ds vykok yksd
ç'kklu rFkk jktuhfrd o lkekftd ç.kkyh ds vkilh laca/k dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA uhxzks us yksd ç'kklu dh
O;k[;k bl çdkj dh gS%
1. yksd ç'kklu yksd lekt esa lg;ksxh ,oa lkewfgd ç;kl gS(
2. yksd ç'kklu esa dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk rFkk U;k;ikfydk vkSj bu rhuksa ds ijLij laca/k 'kkfey gSa(
3. yksd ç'kklu dh yksd uhfr dh jpuk esa çeq[k Hkwfedk gS vkSj bl çdkj ;g jktuhfrd çfØ;k dk vax gS(
4. yksd ç'kklu lekt dh lsok djus ds Øe esa futh lewgksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+k gSA
futh fu/kkZj.k vkt ds yksd ç'kklu dk vfHkUu vax gSA ç'kkldksa dk lcls eq[; nkf;Ro ;g gS fd os uhfr laca/kh ekeyksa
esa eaf=k;ksa dks lykg nsa vkSj pwafd os vius fo"k; esa fo'ks"kK gksrs gSa vr% mudh lykg vkerkSj ij eku yh tkrh gSA nwljs]
uhfr laca/kh fu.kZ;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa yxs gksus ds ckotwn ç'kkldksa dks vfuok;Zr% fofHkUu egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa vkSj Lrjksa
ij lgk;d uhfr;ksa dk Hkh fu/kkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA vafre] lHkh çdkj dh jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa esa vkt v/khuLFk dkuwu
ç'kkldksas dh egÙoiw.kZ xfrfof/k gS( vr% vkt ds ;qx esa uhfr vkSj ç'kklu vyx&vyx ugha gSA vFkkZr~ yksd ç'kklu dk
{ks=k bruk O;kid gks tkrk gS fd flfoy vf/kdkjh uhfr fuekZ.k esa gh yxs jgrs gSaA
ijUrq vusd vU; fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj O;kid vFkZ esa yksd ç'kklu dk v/;;u vO;kogkfjd gS D;ksafd ,slk djus ls yksd
ç'kklu dk Li"V gks tkrk gSA
ladfq pr n‘f"Vdks.k (Narrow View)
dfri; fo}kuksa tSl]s ywFkj xqfyd] lkbeu vkfn us yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k ds lac/a k esa ladfq pr n‘f"Vdks.k viuk;k gSA muds
vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu dk laca/k 'kklu dh dsoy dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk ls gSA lkbeu fy[krs gSa] ßyksd ç'kklu ls vfHkçk;
mu fØ;kvksa ls gS tks dsUnz] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kkvksa }kjk laikfnr dh tkrh gSAÞ ywFkj xqfyd
ds vuqlkj] ßbldk fo'ks"k laca/k dk;Zikfydk ls gSAÞ fleksu vkfn ys[kd yksd ç'kklu ds dk;Z{ks=k dh O;k[;k bl çdkj
18 yksd ç'kklu
djrs gSa fd og fu"iknd ;k ç'kkldh; 'kk[kk ds fØ;kdykiksa ds gh vuq:i gksA la{ksi esa] yksd ç'kklu esa dk;Zikfydk
ds laxBu] mldh dk;Z&ç.kkyh ,oa dk;Z&i)fr dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
bl n‘f"V ls yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa vkrh gSa%
1. lkekU; ç'kklu dk v/;;u (Study of the General Administration): yksd ç'kklu lkekU; ç'kklu ds leL;kvksa
ls lacfa /kr jgrk gSA blds {ks=k esa ç'kklfud uhfr;ka] y{; fu/kkZj.k] ç'kklu ds Åij funs'Z ku] fujh{k.k rFkk fu;a=k.k
vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
2. dk;Zjr dk;Zikfydk dk v/;;u (Study of the Executive in Action): yksd ç'kklu ç'kklu dh og 'kk[kk gS tks
dk;Zikfydk dk v/;;u djrh gSA dk;Zikfydk ls ;gk¡ rkRi;Z dsoy vlSfud dk;Zikfydk ls gSA yksd ç'kklu
dk;Zikfydk dh mu leLr vlSfud fØ;kvksa ls lacaf/kr jgrk gS tks fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, dh tkrh gSA
;FkkFkZ esa jk"Vªh;] jkT;h; ,oa LFkkuh; & çR;sd çdkj ds ç'kklu ds fy, dk;Zikfydk gh mÙkjnk;h jgrh gSA
3. lsfooxZ dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u (Study of the Problems of Personnel): yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa inkf/kdkfj;ksa
dh HkrhZ] çf'k{k.k] lsokvksa dh n'kk] vuq'kklu rFkk deZpkjh la?k] vkfn leL;kvksa dk foLr‘r v/;;u fd;k tkrk
gSA
4. la?kVu laca/kh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u (Study of the Problems of Organisation): yksd ç'kklu bldk Hkh v/;;u
djrk gS fd fofHkUu ç'kklfud fØ;kvksa dks lqpk: :i ls djus ds fy, lsok,a fdl çdkj laxfBr dh tk;sa\ yksd
ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa vlSfud lsokvksa ds fofHkUu lw=k] muds laxBuksa rFkk {ks=kh; laxBuksa dk v/;;u djrs gSaA
5. lkexzh çnku laca/kh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u (Study of the Problems of Supply of Material): yksd ç'kklu dh
ifjf/k esa fofo/k lkexzh dh [kjhnnkjh] mls LVksj djuk vkSj dk;Z djus ds ;a=k rFkk lkt&lTtk] vkfn leL;k,a
lfEefyr gSaA
6. ç'kkldh; mÙkjnkf;Ro dk v/;;u (Study of Administrative Responsibility): yksd ç'kklu ds vUrxZr ç'kkldksa
ds fofHkUu çdkj ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk i;kZZIr v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ç'kkld LoPNUn vkpj.k ugha dj ldrs gSaA
os turk] fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk ds çfr fdl çdkj mÙkjnk;h jgrs gSa] bldk v/;;u Hkh yksd
ç'kklu dk egÙoiw.kZ igyw gSA
7. foÙk laca/kh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u (Study of the Problems of Finance): yksd ç'kklu ds vUrxZr ctV] djkjksi.k
vkSj foÙk ls lacaf/kr vU; ç'uksa dk Hkh leqfpr v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
iksLMdkscZ n‘f"Vdks.k (PSODCORB View)
D;k yksd ç'kklu dk lac/a k ek=k ljdkj dh ^dSl*s ls gh gS\ ^dSl*s dk vFkZ çfØ;k ;k çfØ;k,a gSA yksd ç'kklu ^ç'kklu*
dh ^çfØ;kvksa* dk v/;;u gSA yksd ç'kklu ds dk;Z&{ks=k ds laca/k ywFkj xqfyd us ftl er dks çfrikfnr fd;k gS mls
îksLMdkscZ* dgk tkrk gSA ywFkj xqfyd ls igys mfoZd rFkk gsujh Qs;ksy bR;kfn fo}kuksa us Hkh îksLMdkscZ* n‘f"Vdks.k
viuk;k Fkk] ijUrq bu fopkjksa dh lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls çLrqr djus dk Js; xqfyd dks gh tkrk gSA îksLMdkscZ* 'kCn vaxzsth
ds lkr 'kCnksa ds çFke v{kjksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;k gSA os 'kCn bl çdkj gSa%
P–Planning = ;kstuk cukuk
O–Organisation = laxBu cukuk
S–Staffing = deZpkfj;ksa dh O;oLFkk djuk
D–Direction = funs'Z ku djuk
Co–Co-ordination = leUo; djuk
R–Reporting = jiV nsuk
B–Budgeting = ctV rS;kj djuk
bu 'kCnksas ls fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa dk cks/k gksrk gS%

ih ;kstuk cukuk% Iykfuax vFkkZr~ fu;kstuk dk;ksZa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuk vkSj fuf'pr /;s; dh çkfIr ds fy, jhfr;ksa
ih&;ks
dk fu/kkZj.k djukA
vks&laxBu cukuk% vkjxsukbts'ku vFkkZr~ laxBuA bldk mís'; ç'kkldh; <kaps dh bl çdkj laxfBr djuk gS rkfd
ç'kkldh; dk;ksZsa dk foHkktu mfpr <ax ls fd;k tk lds vkSj foHkkx easa leUo; fd;k tk ldsA
,e deZpkfj;ksa dh O;oLFkk djuk% LVkQ vFkkZr~ lEiw.kZ deZpkjh oxZ dh fu;qfDr] çf'k{k.k vkSj muds fy, dk;Z djus
,e&deZ
dh vuqdwy n'kkvksa dk fuekZ.k djukA
Mh funs'ku djuk% blds vUrxZr os fu.kZ; vkrs gSa tks fu.kkZ;dksa }kjk deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;ksZa ds laca/k esa fy, tkrs gSaA ;s
Mh&funs
fu.kZ; lkekU; vkns'kksa ds :i esa lfUufgr djds ç'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa rd igqapk;s tkrs gSaA
dks &leUo; djuk% dk;Z ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks ijLij lacaf/kr djuk vFkok muesa leUo; LFkkfir djukA
vkj jiV nsuk% fjiksfVZax vFkkZr~ jiV nsukA bldk mís'; ofj"B rFkk fuEu deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;ksZa ds laca/k esa fujh{k.k
vkj&jiV
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lwfpr j[kuk gSA bldk mís'; fujh{k.k ds fy, vfHkys[k rS;kj djuk Hkh gSA
ch ctV rS;kj djuk% blds vUrxZr ge foÙk O;oLFkk dk laf{kIr v/;;u djrs gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls bldk v/;;u ctV
ch&ctV
rS;kj djus ls gSA
mi;qZDr îksLMdkcZ* fØ;k,a lHkh laxBuksa esa lEiUu dh tkrh gSaA ç'kklu dk pkgs dksbZ Hkh {ks=k gks rFkk dksbZ Hkh mís';
gks ;s çcU/k lac/a k lkekU; leL;k,a lcesa ,d tSlh ,oa vfuok;Z gksrh gSA yksd ç'kklu ds dk;Z&{ks=k ds lac/a k esa îksLMdksc*Z
fopkj dks lkekU;r;k Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
bl n‘f"Vdks.k rFkk fopkj/kkjk dh vkykspuk fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksas ij dh tkrh gS&
1. ekuoh; laca/kksa dh mis{kk% ekuoh; lac/a kksa ds n‘f"Vdks.k ds ys[kd dk dguk gS fd iksLMdkscZ dks yksd ç'kklu dguk
ç'kklu dk ,d vR;Ur] futhZo] 'kq"d&lk] e‘r&fp=k çLrqr djuk gSA gksFkkuZ ç;ksx ds ckn yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k
esa ;g Lohd‘r gksrk tk jgk gS fd ç'kklu ,d ekuoh; dyk gS] ,d lkekftd foKku gS] ftls dsoy ûV* (Nut)
vkSj ^cksYV* (Bolt) dh rjg ugha i<+k tk ldrkA Jfed Hkh ç'kkld dh Hkkafr ,d euq"; gSA ç'kklu esa bl rF;
dh mis{kk djuk vuqfpr gSA iksLMdkscZ fopkj/kkjk bl rRo ds çfr mnklhu gSA bl çdkj ekuoh; laca/kksa dk
n‘f"Vdks.k viukus okys îksLMdkscZ* fopkj dks Lohdkj ugha djrsA
2. ikB~; fo"k; ds Kku dh mis{kk% iksLMdkcZ fl)kUr ds vkykspdksa dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd og vR;Ur LosPNkpkjh rFkk
dkYifud fl)kUr gS vkSj ftlds vUnj ç'kklu ds okLrfod rÙo dk R;kx djds dkYifud fparu fd;k tkrk
gSA blds fo:) ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd çca/k ls ijs dk;ksZa dks ç'kklu ds {ks=k ls fu"dkflr djuk Bhd mlh
çdkj gS ftl çdkj uhps dh bZaVksa dh nhokj dk ,d Hkkx badkj djukA iksLMdkcZ dks ;fn ç'kklu dk lkekU;
rRo Lohdkj dj fy;k tk;s rks mlds vFkZ gksaxs ç'kklu ds ân; dks ckgj fudky Qsaduk] D;ksafd mldk laca/k
çca/k rd gh lhfer ugha gS oju~ f'k{kk] fpfdRlk rFkk lqj{kk vkfn ls Hkh gS ftuds fy, çkfof/kd ;ksX;rk dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA iksLMdkcZ dh bUgha dfe;ksa ds dkj.k rFkk mls vHkkoksa dks nwj djus dh n‘f"V ls eSfj;e vkfn
ys[kdksa us bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd çHkko'kkyh ç'kklu çfr&LFkkfir djus ds fy, ml fo"k; oLrq dk vPNk
Kku vftZr djuk vko';d gS ftlls dh vfHkdj.k dk xgjk lac/a k gSA ç'kklu dk ewy lac/a k Js.kh fØ;kvksa ls gksrk
gSA tks fofo/k çdkj dh tu lsokvksa dks laxfBr djrs gSaA ;s lsok;sa vius esa fo'ks"k rduhdh Kku j[krh gSa ftldk
lekosk iksLMdkcZ esa ugha gSA eSfj;e us ç'kklu dks ,d dSaph ds leku nks Qydksa okyk ;a=k dk Hkkx dgk gSA bl
;a=k dk Hkkx iksLMdkcZ ds vUrxZr vkrk gS nwljs Hkkx esa fo"k;&oLrq dk Kkuy lekfo"V gksrk gSA dq'ky ç'kkld
ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd nksuksa gh Hkkx Bhd çdkj ls djrs jgsaA vr% iksLMdkcZ dk laca/k ç'kklu ds O;kogkfjd
Kku ls gS rFkk oLrq&fo"k; ds fl)kar dk laca/k mlds lS)kfUrd i{k ls gSA
20 yksd ç'kklu
4. yksd dY;k.kdkjh n‘f"Vdks.k (Idealistic or Welfare View): yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k ls lacaf/kr ,d vU; n‘f"Vdksa.k gSA
bls vkn'kZoknh n‘f"Vdks.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bls vkn'kZoknh n‘f"Vdksa.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd
jkT; vkSj yksd iz'kklu esa vf/kd vUrj ugha ekursA muds ekrkuqlkj orZeku le; esa jkT; yksd dY;k.kdkjh gSA]
vr% yksd iz'kklu Hkh yksd dY;k.kdkjh gSA nksukas dk y{; ,d gh gS&tufgr vFkok turk dks gj izdkj ls lq[kh
cukukA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds leFkZ dgrs gSa fd Þvkt yksd iz'kklu lH;l thou dk j{kd ek=k gh ugha] og lkekftd
U;k; rFkk lkekftd ifjorZu dk Hkh egku lk/ku gSAß blls Li"V gksrk gS fd yksd iz'kklu dk {ks=k turk ds fgr
esa fd, tkus okys lHkh dk;ks± rd QSyk gqvk gSA ,y0 Mh0 OgkbV yksd iz'kklu dks ^vPNh ftanxh* ds y{; dh izkfIr
dk lk/ku ekurs gSaA
^la;qDr fo'ofo|ky; v/;;u vkSj yksd iz'kklu ifj"kn~ dh yksd iz'kklu lfefr* us yksd iz'kklu ds v/;;u&{ks=k
dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k gS%
¼d½ blesa iz'kklu ds Åij fofo/k izdkj ds fu;a=k.kksa dk v/;;u gksrk gSaA
¼[k½ yksd iz'kklu eas yksdra=kkRed 'kklu&O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj iz'kkldh; izfØ;k dk v/;;u gksrk gSA
¼x½ yksd lsok] LFkkuh; 'kklu lsok rFkk ,slh gh vU; deZpkfj;ksa ls lacaf/kr dkfeZd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u gksrk
gSA
la;qDr fo'ofo|ky; v/;;u vkSj yksd iz'kklu ifj"kn~ dk fooj.k fooj.k% ^la;qDr fo'ofo|ky; v/;;u vksj yksd iz'kklu
ifj"kn~ dh yksd iz'kklu lfefr* us yksd iz'kklu ds v/;;u&{ks=k dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k gS%
1. yksd iz'kklu esa yksdrU=kkRed 'kklu&O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj iz'kkldh; izfØ;k dk v/;;u gksrk gSa
2. blesa iz'kklu ds Åij fofo/k izdkj ds fu;U=k.kksa dk v/;;u gksrk gSaA
3. yksd lsok] LFkkuh; 'kklu lsok rFkk ,slh gh vU; deZpkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr dkfeZd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u gksrk gSA
4. fu;kstu] vuqlU/kku] lwpuk rFkk lkoZtfud lEidZ ,oa iz'kkldh; Lofoosd ds iz;ksx ls lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dk
vè;;u gksrk gSA
vkt vkerkSj ij ;g Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd yksd iz'kklu vU; lkekftd foKkuksa dh gh Hkkafr ,d iw.kZ fo"k;
gS] blds vUrxZr v/;;u ds ikap izeq[k fo'ks"k {ks=k gSaA
(i) iz'kklfud vFkok laxBukRed fl)kUrksa dk v/;;u (Study of Administrative or Organization Theory)
(ii) lkoZtfud dkfeZd iz'kklu dk v/;;u (Study of Public Personnel Administration)
(iii) lkoZtfud foÙkh; iz'kklu dk v/;;u (Study of Public Financial Administration)
(iv) rqyukRed yksd iz'kklu dk v/;;u (Study of Comparative Public Administration)
(v) lkoZtfud uhfr dk v/;;u (Study of Public Policy)
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku ;qx esa yksd iz'kklu dh fØ;kvksa dk {ks=k vR;Ur O;kid gks x;k gS vkSj
lektoknh o tudY;k.kdkjh fopkj/kkjk dh izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk og fujUrj c<+rk gh tk jgk gSaA yksd iz'kklu ds
vUrxZr dsUnz] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; lHkh Lrjksa dh ljdkjksa ds laxBu ,oa dk;Ziz.kkyh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] iksLMdkscZ
}kjk n'kkZ;h x;h rduhdksa dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSa vkSj ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk HkhA Þyksd iz'kklu ds vUrxZr dsoy
iz'kklu ds vUrxZr dsoy iz'kklu dh rduhdksa ,oa fof/k;ksa dk gh v/;;u ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, cfYd bldks viuk
/;ku mu euq";ksa ij Hkh dsfUnzr djuk pkfg, tks fd mu rduhdksa ,oa fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj tks iz'kklfud laxBuksa
esa dke djrs gSaAß
^yksd iz'kklu* ds fodkl ij o"kks± dks cnyrh gqbZ lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa vU; lEcfU/kr lkekftd foKkuksa dk xgu
izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA yksd iz'kklu esa vc eq[; :i ls iz'kklfud ,oa izcU/kdh; lk/kuksa vkSj fl)kUrksa tSls] ctV
cukus] izcU/k rduhdksa rFkk lfØ;kRed vuqlU/kku fof/k;ksa dk ykxw djus vkSj dE;wVj foKku] vkfn ds mi;ksx ij cy
fn;k tk jgk gSA izcU/kdh; izÑfr dh vksj bruk vf/kd >qdus ds dkj.k ;g vius lkekftd foKku okys Lo:i ls nwj
gksrk tk jgk gSaA vc ;g yxHkx izcU/k f'k{kk esa foyhu gksrk tk jgk gSA blus /khjs&/khjs O;kolkf;d :i xzg.k dj fy;k
gSA bldk izeq[k /;s; yksd izcU/kdksa dks rS;kj djuk gS] ftl izdkj ls izcU/k laLFkku O;kikfjd txr ds fy, izcU/kd
rS;kj djrk gSA
1960 ds n'kd ls ûohu yksd iz'kklu* vkUnksyu us bls iqu% vius ^lkekftd foKku* okys Lo:i dh vksj /kdsyuk izkjEHk
fd;kA ,slk eglwl fd;k tkus yxk fd yksd iz'kklu fo"k; dk O;olk; dh vksj >qdko bls daVhys jkLrs ij ys tk jgk
gS tks bldh ^;FkkiwoZ* fLFkfr dk leFkZd gS xgu ladV vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dh le; tcfd lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lekèkku
ds fy, uwru laons u'khy lkekftd fo/ys"k.k dh vko';drk gks] rc ,d :f<+oknh izcU/k dh vksj >qdk gqvk yksd iz'kklu]
neudkjh vkSj lkekftd iru dh rkdrksa dk vutkus gh vkSj vf/kd etcwr dj ldrk gSA
22 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&3
yksd iz'kklu ,oa futh iz'kklu
(Public Administration and Private Administration)
iz'kklu dks lkekU; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS& yksd iz'kklu (Public Administration) rFkk futh iz'kklu (Private
Administration) fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj }kjk fd, tkus okys vkSj lewph turk ls lEcU/k j[kus okys dk;ks± dks ^yksd
iz'kklu* ds vUrxZr le>k tkrk gSA blds izfrdwy &futh iz'kklu* ls rkRi;Z gS os dk;Z tks O;fDrxr ;k xSj&ljdkjh
laLFkk }kjk futh ykHk ds fy, fd, tkrs gksaA buesa yksdfgr dh Hkkouk ugha gksrhA
iz'u ;g gS fd D;k ,slk Hksn djuk mfpr gS\ ns[kk tkrk gS fd iz'kklu rks ,d ,slh lkoZykSfdd fØ;k gS tks euq";ksa ds
izR;sd lgdkjh iz;kl esa ik;h tkrh gSA Ldwy] vLirky] jktuhfrd ny] fxjtk?kj] rSjkdh Dyc vkSj ifjokj lHkh dks
vius y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, iz'kklu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fQj ljdkjh dk;ks± ds iz'kklu ls mudk iz'kklu fdl ckr
esa fHké gS\
yksd iz'kklu vkSj futh iz'kklu ds vkilh lEcU/kksa ds ckjs esa nks fofHké izdkj ds n‘f"Vdks.k ik, tkrs gSAa igyk n‘f"Vdks.k
bu nksuksa esa fdlh izdkj dk Hksn ugha ekurk gS] nksuksa dks ,d gh le>rk gS fdUrq nwljs n‘f"Vdks.k dks vuqlkj nksuksa esa iz;kZIr
Hksn gSaA
yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu% lekurk dk n‘f"Vdks.k

(Public Administration and Private Administration: Similiarities)
yksd iz'kklu ,oa futh iz'kklu ds chp dkQh lekurk,a gSaA fu%lUnsg vusd ,sls fopkjd gSa tks yksd iz'kklu esa futh
iz'kklu dh rduhd o blds rkSj&rjhdkas ds vf/kdkf/kd bLrseky djus ds fgek;rh gSAa ;gh dkj.k gS fd if'pe ds vusd
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa yksd iz'kklu ,oa O;kolkf;d iz'kklu ds ,d lkekU; foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh fn'kk esa ekxZ iz'kLr gqvkA
fglkc&fdrkc] Qkbysa] bR;kfn j[kus tSls dke esa nksuksa izdkj ds iz'kkluksa esa lekurk gSA blh izdkj futh iz'kklu {ks=k
dh dk;Z&i)fr yksd iz'kklu dks izHkkfor djrh jgh gS vkSj yksd iz'kklu us bu i)fr;ksa dks viuk Hkh gSA Hkkjr ds
gSnjkckn uxj esa ^,sMfefuLVªfVo LVkQ dkWyt s * dh LFkkiuk ls Hkh bl lekurk dh iqf"V gks tkrh gS tks bu nksuksa gh izdkj
ds iz'kkldksa esa vusd leku y{k.k ekStwn gSa vkSj ;g fd vk/kqfud lekt esa tu&dY;k.k esa vfHko‘f) djus ds fy, yksd
,oa futh iz'kkluksa ds chp ijLij le> o lg;ksx t:jh gSA
Ýasp fopkjd gsujh Qs;ksy] esjh ikdZj QkysV vkSj mfoZd ds vuqlkj iz'kklu ds ewy rRo izk;% ,d ls gh jgrs gSa] pkgs
og futh {ks=k esa gksa ;k lkoZtfud {ks=k esaA gsujh Qs;ksy us fy[kk gS] ÞeSaus iz'kklu 'kCn dks tks vFkZ iznku fd;k gS vkSj
ftls lkekU; :i ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] mlls iz'kklu }kjk dh tkus okyh lsokvksa dk {ks=k dkQh foLrh.kZ gks tkrk
gSA blesa u dsoy lkoZtfud lsok,a] vfirq izR;sd vkdkj&izdkj vkSj izk;kstu dks iwjk djus okys lHkh izdkj ds m|ksx
lfEefyr gSaA bu lHkh esa ;kstuk cukus ] laxBu] vkns'k] leUo;] fu;a=k.k ds dk;ks± dh vko';drk gksrh gSA leqfpr :i
ls dk;Z djus ds fy, lHkh esa ,d tSls lkekU; fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z ds vkdkj&izdkj vkSj iz;kstu dks iwjk djus okys
lHkh izdkj ds m|ksx lfEefyr gSaA bu lHkh esa ;kstuk cukus] laxBu] vkns'k] leUo;] fu;a=k.k ds dk;ks± dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA leqfpr :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy, lHkh esa ,d tSls lkekU; fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA vc gekjs
yksd iz'kklu ,oa futh iz'kklu 23
lkeus vusd izdkj ds iz'kklu foKku ugha gS] vfirq dsoy ,d gh ,slk iz'kklu gS ftls lkoZtfud vkSj futh ekeyksa eas
leku :i ls vPNh rjg mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSAß mfoZd us Hkh blh i{k dk izcy leFkZu djrs gq, dgk gS] ß;g
ckr xEHkjhrkiwoZd lkspuk dfBu gS fd cSad esa dke djus okys O;fDr;ksa dk ,d vyx tho jlk;ufoKku gksrk gS]
izk/;kikdksa dk ,d i‘Fkd~ 'kjhj&fØ;k Kku rFkk jktuhfrKksa dk ,d vyx jksx euksfoKku gksrk gSA oLrqr% ;s lc O;fDr;ksa
ds fy, leku :i ls ,d tSlh gh gksrs gSaAß
fu'p; dh yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu ds chp cgqr lh ckrsa leku gSAa mfoZd lkoZtfud vkSj futh iz'kklu esa fdlh
Hkh izdkj ds Hksn djuk mfpr ugha le>rs gSa vkSj bu nksuksa dh fuEufyf[kr lekurkvkas ij cy nsrs gSa%
1- laxBu dh vko';drk% iz'kklu pkgs 'kkldh; rkSj ij fd;k x;k tk, ;k futh rkSj ij] laxBu dh vko';drk
nksuksa esa iM+rh gSA laxBu iz'kklu dh 'kjhj gSA ;fn ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk mfpr laxBu u fd;k tk,]
rks iz'kklu ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr ugha dh tk ldrhA
2- dk;Z&iz.kkyh esa lekurk% cM+s iSekus ds ,d O;kolkf;d m|e dk iz'kklu rFkk ,d cM+h ljdkjh lsok dk iz'kklu
U;wukf/kd :i esa ,d gh jhfr ls lEié fd;k tkrk gSA ,d cM+s m|e] pkgs og ljdkjh gks ;k xSj ljdkj] ds lpqfpr
iz'kklu ds fy, fu;kstu] laxBu] vkns'k] leUo; rFkk fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA iz'kklu pkgs ljdkjh dk;ks±
dk gks vFkok futh O;olk; dk] mlds y{;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, dqN lkekU; fl)kUrksa rFkk dk;Z&fof/k;ksa dk
ikyu djuk gksrk gSA izcU/k ,oa laxBu lEcU/kh vusd rduhdsa ljdkjh rFkk xSj&ljdkjh] nksuksa gh izdkj ds iz'kklu
esa leku :i ls viuk;h tkrh gSaA vkadM+s miyC/k djuk] fglkc&fdrkc j[kuk] Qkbysa j[kuk] fjiksVZ rS;kj djus
vkfn ls lEcfU/kr vusd fuiq.krk,a nksuksa gh izdkj ds iz'kklu esa ik;h tkrh gSa bu fnuksa O;kikfjd laxBu dh dbZ
fof/k;ksa us yksd iz'kklu dks vR;f/kd izHkkfor fd;k gSA
- vf/kdkfj;ksa ds leku mÙkjnkf;Ro% nksuksa ds iz'kklu ds mÙkjnkf;Ro leku gksrs gsaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd
inkfèkdkfj;ksa ds /;s; ,d tSls jgrs gSa& vius fu;r dk;Z&{ks=k esa dke djrs gq, miyC/k ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lkexzh
dks bl izdkj iz;qDr djuk rkfd ;FkklEHko vPNs ifj.kke izkIr d, tk ldsaA nksukas izdkj ds iz'kkluksa esa ftl
dkS'ky dh vko';drk gS og cgqr dqN ,d tSlh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dbZ ckj vusd ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa
dks O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd m|eksa esa LFkku izkIr gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj fczVsu esa xSl] dks;yk] fo|qr] ;krk;kr
m|ksxksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k rks ml le; dk;Z dj jgs vf/kdka'k inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks T;ksa&dk&R;ksa j[kk x;kA
yksd iz'kklu vkSj futh iz'kklu esa leku rRo ik, tkus dk ,d Js"B mnkgj.k gS] gSnjkckn dk ^,MfefuLVªfs Vo LVkQ
dkWyst* ftlesa izf'k{k.k ik jgs izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,d leku f'k{kk nh tkrh gS] pkgs os ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ls vkSj gkas
vFkok xSj&ljdkjh O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa lsA ;gka f'k{kk dk vk/kkj ;g /kkj.kk gS fd fofHké {ks=kksa esa vusd rRo leku
gksrs gSa ,oa vk/kqfud lektksa esa yksd le‘f) dh méfr ds fy, ljdkjh iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu ds chp ikjLifjd
le>kSrk rFkk lg;ksx vfr vko';d gSA
4- tu&lEidZ% tu&lEidZ ds vHkko esa iz'kklu lQy ugha gks ldrkA nksuksa gh izdkj ds iz'kklu esa tu&lEidZ djus
dh vko';drk jgrh gSA izkjEHk esa futh iz'kklu esa tu&lEidZ djus dh vko';drk eglwl dh x;hA ijUrq vc
ljdkjh iz'kklu tu&lEidZ dks vifjgk;Z ekuus yx x;k gSA
5- vUos"k.k% iz'kklfud pqukSfr;ksa ,oa leL;kvkas ds fuokj.k ds fy, nksuksa esa gh vUos"k.k dh vko';drk jgrh gSA u;h
[kkstksa }kjk uhou fl)kUr] izfØ;k] midj.k] vkfn fudkys tkrs gSAa ftuds QyLo:i iz'kklu dks vf/kd {kerk'khy
,oa méfr'khy cuk;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gh izdkj ds iz'kkluksa esa fuiq.k deZpkfj;ksa dks 'kks/k dk;Z esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
oLrqr% vfHkuo dky esa O;kolkf;d iz.kkfy;ka rFkk ekun.M yksd iz'kklu dh jhfr;ksa dks vf/kdkf/kd izHkkfor djrs jgsa
gSaA ;g izHkko fo'ks"kr;k dk;kZy; izcU/k rFkk vkfFkZd vkSj vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa ds {ks=k eas vf/kd jgk gSa lkoZtfud fuxe
dh dYiuk ds ihNs ;gh Hkkouk jgh gS fd O;kolkf;d izcU/k ds laxBu vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa dks yksd iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa ykxw
fd;k tk,A nwljh vksj c‘gr~ O;kolkf;d iz'kklu ij yksd iz'kklu dh iz.kkfy;ksa dk i;kZIr izHkko iM+k gS] fo'ks"kr% dkfeZd
24 yksd ç'kklu
iz'kklu (Personnel Administration), ok/kZd; fuo‘fr (Super-annuation), dkfeZd dY;k.k (Self Welfare)] vkfn {ks=kksa esa
vUrr% dqekjh QkSys] vkfn ys[kdksa us dgk gS fd O;kolkf;d vkSj vkS|ksfxd iz'kklu esa lcls cM+k xq.k ;g jgk gS fd og
gekjs ;qx dh ifjorZu'khy xfr ds lkFk vuqdwyu djus dh fn'kk esa cgqr tkx:d jgk gS rFkk yksd iz'kklu ds fy, ;g
lEHko ugha gS fd ;g iz'kkldh; dkS'ky dk mPp Lrj cuk, j[kus dh n‘f"V ls izcU/k dh u;h izfof/k;ksa dh [kkst eas bu
{ks=kksa esa gksus okys iz;ksxksa dh mis{kk dj ldsA
bl izdkj nksuksa izdkj ds iz'kkluksa esa laxBu ,oa izcU/k lEcU/kh vusd rduhdsa ,oa i)fy;ka ,dleku gh gksrh gSAa iz'kklu
ds bu nksuksa :iksa ds chp dksbZ Li"V foHkktd js[kk [khapuh vkfn vlEHko ugha rks ljdkjh rFkk xSj&ljdkjh dk;ks± ds
lapkyu ds fy, ,dlk gh iz'kklfud izk:i D;ksa u rS;kj fd;k tk,\
yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu % vlekurk dk n‘f"Vdks.k

(Points of Difference between Public Administration and Private Administration)
yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu ds chp vusd lekurk,a gksrs gq, Hkh dbZ ckrksa eas fHkUurk,a ,oa O;frjsd (Contrasts) ik,
tkrs gSAa izk0s gcZVZ lkbeu us fy[kk gS fd ÞlkekU; O;fDr;ksa dh n‘f"V eas lkoZtfud iz'kklu jktuhfr ls ifjiw.kZ ukSdj'kkgh
vkSj ykyQhrk'kkgh okyk gksrk gS tcfd futh iz'kklu jktuhfr 'kwU; vkSj pqLrh ls dke djus okyk gksrk gSAß lj tksf'k;k
LVSEi us fy[kk gS fd fuEufyf[kr pkj fl)kUrksa dk vuqlj.k djus ds dkj.k yksd iz'kklu] futh iz'kklu ls fHkUu gS%
(1) ,d:irk dk fl)kUr] (2) cká foÙkh; fu;U=k.k dk fl)kUr] (3) efU=k;ksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fl)kUr] rFkk (4) lhekUr
ykHk dk fl)kUrA blh izdkj ikWy ,p0 ,fiych us yksd iz'kklu dh ;g fo'ks"krk crk;h gS fd bleas futh iz'kklu dh
vis{kk lkoZtfud vkykspuk vkSj tkap dh vf/kd lEHkkouk gksrh gSA mUgha ds 'kCnksa es]a Þ'kklu dk iz'kklu vU; lHkh iz'kklu
ds dk;ks± ls ,d lhek rd fHkUu gksrk gSA vkSj ckgj ls mldk vkHkkl rd ugha gksrk] D;ksafd lkoZtfud yksd iz'kklu
dk y{k.k gS&turk fujh{k.k ;k leh{kk rFkk mldh ekax dj ldrh gSA 'kklu dh lsok esa vkus ij rqjUr vkSj mlds ckn
Hkh iz'kkld ds thou dh izR;sd xfrfof/k] O;fDrRo rFkk vkpj.k ij lekpkj&i=kksa vkSj lkoZtfud fgrksa dk izHkko iM+rk
jgrk gSA ;gh lkoZtfud fgr izk;% iz'kkldh; dk;ks± dk vk/kkj gksrk gS tcfd futh O;kikj esa dsoy laxBu ds vkUrfjd
fgrksa dks lokZf/kd egÙo fn;k tkrk gSAß Þjktuhfrd ifjos'k ftlesa ljdkj dks viuk dkedkt djuk iM+rk gS rFkk
ljdkjh dkedkt dk foLr‘r {ks=k vkSj ekStwn tfVyrk,a&;s nksukas&;s nksuksa ckrsa yksd iz'kklu dks futh iz'kklu ls fHkUurk
iznku djrh gSaAß futh rFkk yksd iz'kklu ds Hksn dks ge fuEufyf[kr :i eas Li"V dj ldrs gSa%
1. YkkHk dk rRo rRo% ykHk izkIr djus dk y{; tks futh iz'kklu dk ewy vk/kkj gS yksd iz'kklu esa iz;qDÙk ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA ,d O;kikjh dk eq[; iz'u gS fd blls mls D;k feysxk\ bl iz'u ij iwjh rjg fopkj djus ds ckn gh
og fdlh m|e dks izkjEHk djrk gS( ijUrq yksd iz'kklu ds lEeq[k dk;Z izkjEHk djus ;k u djus ds fy, bl izdkj
dk dksbZ ljy ekin.M ugha jgrkA og yksddY;k.k ds laf'y"V y{; ds lUnHkZ eas bu uhfr;ksa dk ijh{k.k djds
ns[krk gSA og rqPN dksfV ds ykHk izkfIr ds ihNs u nkSM+dj yksddY;k.k dh n‘f"V ls dk;Z djrk gSaA
futh iz'kklu ds ekeys esa dk;Zdq'kyrk dh dlkSVh gS&ykHk (Profit)A nwljh vksj yksd iz'kklu ds {ks=k eas dk;Zjr
ljdkjh laxBu esa dk;Zdq'kyrk dk ewY;kadu dj ikuk dfBu gSA vkerkSj ls ljdkjh laxBu ykHk dekus ds fy,
dk;Z ugha djrsA ;s mu dk;ks± esa yxs jgrs ftuls ykHk ugha gksrkA ;s laxBu lsok lEcU/kh xfrfof/k;ka lEiUu djrs
gSaA ;s f'k{kk ds izlkj] yksxksa ds LokLF; ds fy, vLirky pykus] xzkeh.k fodkl] vkfn {ks=kksa esa dk;Z djrs gSaA bu
{ks=kksa eas dk;Zd'q kyrk dk ewY;kadu dj ikuk dfBu gSA fQj] yksd iz'kklu dh dk;Zd'q kyrk futh iz'kklu dh rqyuk
esa de gSA ykHk dk rRo futh {ks=k esa izjs .kk ds :i esa dke djrk gS] ysfdu yksd iz'kklu esa ykHk dk dksbZ fØ;kRed
egÙo ugha gSA ljdkjh laxBuksa esa ^cSysal&'khV dh vuqifLFkfr* ljdkjh dkfeZdksa dks dk;Zdq'kyrk o ferO;f;rk ds
rdZ ds izfr mnklhu cuk nsrh gSA
2. lsok dh Hkkouk
Hkkouk% fuxzks ds ekrkuqlkj] Þturk ds fy, dh tkus okyh lsok,a yksd iz'kklu dk okLrfod ân; gSAß
yksd iz'kklu }kjk ftu lsokvksa dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSa os lsok,a izk;% turk dh ewy vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh
gSa vkSj lkFk gh mudh izÑfr bruh egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gS fd muds fcuk lekt dk thou] lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr dk
fodkl vlEHko gks tkrk gSA yksd iz'kklu ds lEeq[k iz'u ;g jgrk gS fd ^D;k bl ÑR; ls lektlsok gksxh\ bl
izdkj dk izfrc) n‘f"Vdks.k futh iz'kklu esa ugha viuk;k tkrkA yksd iz'kklu dk y{; mu lsokvksa dk izcUèk gS
tks fd turk dh lqj{kk] LokLF; ,oa lqfo/kk ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d gSaA yksd iz'kklu dh dHkh&dHkh ,sls dk;Z
rFkk lsok,a vius gkFk esa ysuh iM+rh gSa ftuls jktdks"k dks ?kkVk gksrk gSaA
3. lkoZtfud mÙkjnkf;Ro
mÙkjnkf;Ro% futh iz'kklu turk ds izfr ml :i esa tokcnsg ugha gksrk ftl izdkj fd ljdkjh foHkkx
gksrs gSaA yksd iz'kklu dks lekpkj&i=kksa rFkk jktuhfrd nyksa dh vkykspukvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA dksbZ Hkh
fof'k"V ix mBkus ls iwoZ iz'kkldksa dks bl ckr ij lko/kkuh ds lkFk fopkj djuk iM+rk gS fd ml ij turk dh
lEHkkfor izfrfØ;k D;k gksxhA izR;sd ljdkjh deZpkjh dks turk dh vkykspuk :ih ck:n ds chp jguk rFkk dk;Z
djuk iM+rk gSA yksd iz'kklu dks turk ds lkeus vius dk;ks± dh U;k;ksfprrk fl) djuh iM+rh gSA ml ij
O;oLFkkfidk vkSj U;k;ikfydk dk fu;U=k.k jgrk gSA bl rjg turk ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro yksd iz'kklu dk ,d
,slk y{k.k gS tks futh iz'kklu eas ugha ik;k tkrkA
4. O;ogkj dh ,d:irk
,d:irk% yksd iz'kklu ds vUrxZr O;ogkj eas dqN ,d:irk vFkok lekurk ik;h tkrh gSA yksd
iz'kklu }kjk fcuk fdlh izdkj dk i{kikriw.kZ vFkok fof'k"V O;ogkj fd, lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks oLrq,a rFkk
lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA futh iz'kklu esa i{kikriw.kZ vFkok fof'k"V O;ogkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d nqdkunkj
ml O;fDr dks m/kkj nsus eas ladksp ugha djrk tks mlls jkst lkSnk ysrk gS ijUrq ,d Mkd DydZ jkstkuk iksLVdkMZ
[kjhnus okys dks m/kkj ugha ns ldrkA futh iz'kklu eas mu O;fDr;ksa ds izfr vxk/k :fp izdV dh tkrh gS ftuls
O;olk; dks vf/kd&ls&vf/kd ykHk gks ldrk gksA
5. ,dkf/kdkj dh n‘f"V ls% yksd iz'kklu esa izk;% 'kklu dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS rFkk mu dk;ks± dks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ?kjsyw
rkSj ij ugha djrkA tSls] Mkd] jsyos] vkfn dk;ks± dk lEiknu ljdkjh rkSj ij gh fd;k tkrk gSa dksbZ Hkh futh
Mkd[kkus o jsyos dh O;oLFkk ugha dj ldrkA ijrq futh iz'kklu eas bl izdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj ugha ik;k tkrkA
,d gh oLrq dk mRiknu vusd O;kikfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSa
6. dkuwuksa o fu;eksa dk izHkko
kko% yksd iz'kklu vis{kkÑr dkuwuksa ,oa fu;eksa ls vf/kd fu;fer gksrk gS] bruk futh
iz'kklu ugha gksrk] blesa [kjhnkjh] Bsd]s Vs.Mj] vkfn lHkh dk;Z dqN fuf'pr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fd, tkrs gSAa futh
m|ksxksa esa lqfo/kkuqlkj O;ogkj u dsoy vkifÙkfoghu gS vfirq iz'kkluh; gSA yksd iz'kklu ds dk;ks± dk vkSfpR;
dsoy mlds ifj.kke ls ugha oju~ mldh Bhd izfØ;k ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA futh iz'kklu esas O;ogkj dh vf/kd
Lora=krk jgrh gSa ;fn yksd iz'kklu dksbZ Hkh ,slk dk;Z djrk gS ftls djus ds fy, dkuwu }kjk vuqefr u nh x;h
gksrks mls U;k;ky; eas pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS rFkk voS/k Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
7. thouko';d ,oa vifjgk;Z lsok,a% yksd iz'kklu dh fØ;kvksa esa ,d izdkj dh vfuok;Zrk gksrh gS ftldh futh
iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa vHkko gksrk gSA 'kkfUr vkSj lqO;oLFkk] f'k{kk] vkfn ,sls dk;Z gSa ftldh ,d Hkh fnu vogsyuk
ugha dh tk ldrhA yksd iz'kklu dk lEcU/k lekt dh mu vko';drkvksa ls jgrk gS ftudh iwfrZ ds fcuk lkekftd
thou lapkfyr gh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
8. fHké vkpkj lafgrk,a% yksd iz'kklu vkSj futh iz'kklu ds {ks=kksa esa vkpj.k ds lw=k fHké izdkj ds gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k]
yksd iz'kklu viuh lsokvksa dk foKkiu ml izdkj ugha dj ldrk ftl izdkj fd O;kolkf;d laLFkku viuh
oLrqvksa dk foKkiu dj ldrs gSaA ljdkjh izpkj vkSj foKkiu dks turk 'kadk vkSj fojks/k dh n‘f"V ls ns[krh gSA
yksd iz'kklu esa uSfrdrk dk ,d U;wure Lrj cuk, j[kuk vfuok;z jgrk gS] futh iz'kklu bl izdkj ds uSfrd
cU/kuksa ls eqDr jgrk gSA
9. ykyQhrk'kkgh ds n‘f"Vdks.k ls% yksd iz'kklu dk laxBu ukSdj'kkgh vk/kkj ij gksrk gS tcfd futh iz'kklu dk
laxBu O;kikfjd vk/kkj ijA yksd iz'kklu esa iz'kkldh; dk;Z dh xfr /kheh jgrh gS rFkk iz'kkldh; izfØ;k ds
26 yksd ç'kklu
ifj.kkeLo:i ykyQhrk'kkgh] Hkz"Vkpkj] vn{krk tSlh iz'kklfud cqjkb;ksa dk cksyckyk gksus yxrk gSa yksd iz'kklu
esa i=kksa ds mÙkj foyEc ls fn, tkrs gSa rFkk iz'kkldh; e'khu esa f'kfFkyrk vk tkrh gSA blds izfrdwy futh iz'kklu
ds {ks=k esa iz'kkldh; dk;Z rst xfr ls lEié fd, tkrs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa foyEc ugha gksrkA
10. foÙkh; fu;a=k.k dh n‘f"V ls vUrj vUrj% yksd iz'kklu esa foÙk rFkk iz'kklu i‘Fkd~ i‘Fkd dk;Z djrs gSaA yksd iz'kklu
eas foÙkh; {ks=k esa cká fu;a=k.k jgrk gS] tcfd futh iz'kklu esas ,slk ugha gksrkA futh O;olk; esa /ku fuos'kdrkZ
ds ikl jgrk gS vkSj og /ku dks fdl izdkj O;; djrk gS] blds ckjs esa ;g fdlh ds Hkh izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrkA
yksd iz'kklu esa tc ljdkjh vf/kdkjh lkoZtfud /ku dks [kpZ djrs gSa rks turk ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa O;oLFkkfidk
mu ij izHkko'kkyh fu;a=k.k j[krh gSA
11. lsok&lqj{kk dh n‘f"V ls% yksd iz'kklu esa futh iz'kklu ds izfrdwy lsfooxZ dh lsok,a vf/kd jf{kr jgrh gSA a ljdkjh
lsokvksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dks lqj{kk dk Hkjkslk gksrk gSA futh lsokvksa eas euksoK
S kfud :i ls deZpkjh vius dks vlqjf{kr
le>rs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gSA futh lsokvksa esa euksoSKkfud :i ls deZpkjh vius dks vlqjf{kr le>rs gSaA
dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd futh {ks=k dk m|e cUn dj fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd vkfFkZd :i ls og vlQy lkfcr
gksrk gSA bl izdkj futh iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dks viuh lsok ds LFkkf;Ro dk dksbZ vk'oklu ughsa
gksrk gSA yksd lsok esa ,d ckj izos'k ik ysus ij vklkuh ls fdlh deZpkjh dks ukSdjh ls ugha fudkyk tk ldrkA
yksd iz'kklu esa deZpkjh dh lsok,a izk;% LFkk;h jgrh gSa D;ksafd yksd iz'kklu ds vk;ke Hkh LFkk;h gksrs gSaA
12. {ks=kksa esa vlekurk
vlekurk% yksd iz'kklu dk fo'kky {ks=k gksrk gS tcfd futh iz'kklu dk {ks=k vR;Ur lhfer gksrk gSA
yksd iz'kklu thou ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa gSa tcfd futh iz'kklu dqN fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa gh dk;Zjr gSA fo'kky {ks=k ;k
/;s; gksus ds dkj.k yksd iz'kklu ds fofHké foHkkxksa esa izfrLi)kZ dh Hkkouk ugha jgrhA blds foijhr] futh
O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa esa lnSo gksM+ dh Hkkouk jgrh gSA
dksbZ Hkh futh laxBu Hkys gh og fo'kky ,oa fofo/krkiw.kZ D;ksa u gks] dkedkt ds {ks=k esa] bldh fofo/krk o blds
vk;ke dh n‘f"V ls yksd iz'kklu dk eqdkcyk ugha dj ldrkA ;gka rd fd cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh] ftudh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk {ks=k fofo/krkiw.kZ gksrk gS] dkedkt ds QSyko dh n‘f"V ls vk/kqfud ljdkj ds lkFk rqyuk ugha dh
tk ldrh gSA 1986 esa izdkf'kr dk;Z ds caVokjs ls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj de&ls&de 2,000
rjg ds dk;Z djrh gSA futh {ks=k dk dksbZ Hkh laxBu brus lkjs dk;Z djus dk nkok ugha dj ldrkA
13. ifjos'k esa fHkérk
fHkérk% yksd iz'kklu vkSj futh iz'kklu eas dkQh fHkérk ik;h tkrh gSA yksd iz'kklu dks vifjgk;Z
:i ls jktuhfrd ifjos'k esa dke djuk iM+rk gSA ljdkjh {ks=k esa dk;Zdyki vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu vkfFkZd
,oa rduhdh dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu vUrr% blesa egRo jktuhfr dk gh jgrk gSA jktuhfrd
ifjos'k esa dke djus ds dkj.k ljdkj turk ds fudV cuh jgrh gS vkSj ukxfjdksa dh vf/kdkf/kd lUrqf"V gksrh
gSA blds foijhr] futh iz'kklu ykxr vkSj equkQs ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij dke gkFk eas ysrk gSA
lkbeu us yksd rFkk futh iz'kklu esa Hksn izeq[kr;k rhu ckrksa ls lEcfU/kr ekuk gS%
1. yksd iz'kklu jktuhfrd gksrk gS vkSj futh iz'kklu O;kolkf;d(
2. yksd iz'kklu jktuhfrd gksrk gS vkSj futh iz'kklu vjktuhfrd( vkSj
3. yksd iz'kklu ykyQhrk'kkgh ls ihfM+rk jgrk gS rFkk futh iz'kklu mlls loZFkk eqä ,fiych dk fopkj gS fd
yksd iz'kklu futh iz'kklu ls rhu izdkj ls fHké gSA
(i) bldk {ks=k] izHkko ,oa fopkj O;kid gksrk gS(
(ii) ;g turk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h jgrk gS vkSj
(iii) bldk pfj=k jktuhfrd gksrk gSa
ikWy ,fiych dk rdZ gS fd iz'kklu gh jktuhfr gS] D;ksafd yksdfgr dh vksj iz'kklu dks /;ku nsuk vko';d gSA ;g
rF; Li"V gS fd yksdfiz; jktuhfrd izfØ;k,a] tks yksdra=k dk lkj gSa] dsoy 'kkldh; laxBuksa }kjk gh dk;Z dj ldrh
gSa vkSj lHkh 'kkldh; laxBu dsoy iz'kkldh; bdkb;ka gh ugha oju~ jktuhfrd thok.kq gSa vkSj mudk ,slk gksuk vko';d
Hkh gSA
la{ksi esa] yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu esa xgjk vUrj gSA yksd iz'kklu rks ml dkap ds ?kj ds leku gS ftlesa dke
djus okys lnSo turk dh fuxkg esa jgrs gSaA yksd deZpkfj;ksa ds lkjs fØ;kdyki turk cM+h mRlqdrk ls ns[krh jgrh
gS vkSj mudh vkykspuk Hkh gksrh jgrh gSA ;g ckr futh iz'kklu esa dke djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa ugha dgh tk
ldrhA
oSls cnyrs ifjizs{; esa futh iz'kklu dk Lo:i Hkh ,slk ugha gS fd blds yksd iz'kklu ls iwjh rjg fHké Bgjk;k tk
ldsA futh iz'kklu dk ^futh* rRo de gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj bl izdkj blds ,oa yksd iz'kklu ds chp dh nwjh de
gksrh tk jgh gSa ;gka ;g mYys[khu; gS fd futh iz'kklu mruk ^futh* ugha gS ftruk izk;% bls le>k tkrk gSA lw{e
n‘f"V ls ns[kus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd yksd iz'kklu futh iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa izos'k dj jgk gSA futh {ks=k ds ikl bl le;
miyC/k /kujkf'k dk fo'kky Hkkx lkoZtfud laLFkkvkas ls izkIr gksrk gS ftuls yksd iz'kklu o futh iz'kklu ds chp dh
lhek js[kk {kh.k iM+rh tk jgh gSA lu~ 1985 esa futh {ks=k dh nks lqfo[;kr dEifu;ksa Mh- lh- ,e- vkSj ,LdksVl~Z ds lEcUèk
esa gq, fookn ds nkSjku ;g irk pyk fd izcU/k ij fu;a=k.k j[kus okys ifjokjksa dh iwath izR;sd dEiuh esa yxkbZ x;h dqy
iwt
a h ds nl izfr'kr ls Hkh de FkhA vf/kdka'k /ku thou chek fuxe] lkekU; chek uhxe] ;wfuV VªLV vkWQ bf.M;k ljh[ks
lkoZtfud laxBuksa rFkk fuf'pr vof/k ds fy, /ku miyC/k djkus okyh vkbZ- Mh- ch- vkbZ- lh- vkbZ-] bR;kfn laLFkkvksa
ls izkIr gqvk FkkA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fd, x, losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj] ftls 1983 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k] 122 dEifu;ksa
dh ldy iznÙk iw¡th dk 25 ls 50 izfr'kr rFkk vU; 26 dEifu;ksa dh ldy iznÙk iwath dk 50 ls 75 izfr'kr lkoZtfud
foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk yxk;k x;k FkkA1
fQj Hkh ;g lR; gS fd yksd iz'kklu dh jhfr;ka o mldk ifjos'k ekSfyd :i ls mldk viuk gh gS rFkk og futh iz'kklu
ls fuf'pr :i ls viuh fHkérk j[krk gSA la{ksi esa] ;g dguk lehphu gS fd ;s nksuksa ,d gh flôs ds igyqvkas ds leku
gSa fdUrq nksuksa dh fo'ks"k rduhdsa rFkk i‘Fkd~ ewY; gSa ftuds dkj.k budh izÑfr ijLij fHké gks tkrh gSA
28 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&4
uohu yksd ç'kklu
(The New Public Administration)
le; vkSj vuqHko ds çHkkok/khu ekuoh; fopkjksa ,oa /kkj.kkvksa esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA çR;sd vuq'kklu vFkok fo"k;
esa le; ds lkFk&lkFk u, fopkjksa dh mRifÙk gksrh jgrh gSA dHkh&dHkh ;s fopkj çpfyr fopkjksa dh rqyuk esa brus
vR;f/kd egÙoiw.kZ ,oa Økafrdkjh gksrs gSa fd mUgsa uohu fopkj ;k /kkj.kk dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA 1960-1970 ds n'kdksa
esa lekt'kkL=k] euksfoKku rFkk jktuhfr'kkL=k dh Hkkafr yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa Hkh u, fopkj mn; gq,A bldk dkj.k
;g Fkk fd ml le; yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa Hkh u, fopkj mn; gq,A bldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ml le; yksd ç'kklu
vfLFkjrk rFkk vLr&O;Lrrk (Confusion) ds okrkoj.k esa ls xqtj jgk FkkA bl dk v/;;u rFkk O;ogkj ml le; dh
vLrO;Lrrk rFkk c<+rh gqbZ uktqd leL;kvksa dk mfpr <ax ls lek/kku djus ds ;ksX; ugha FksA ml le; iqjkru fl)kUrksa
ij vk/kkfjr yksd ç'kklu ds eq[; mís';ksa dq'kyrk ,oa ferO;;rk (Efficiency and Economy) dks vuqfpr ,oa vi;kZIr
le>k tkus yxkA blds LFkku ij ewY;ksa ij cy fn;k tkus yxkA yksd ç'kklu ds lEcU?k esa ;g dgk tkus yxk fd D;ksfa d
lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz euq"; gS] blfy, ldkjkRed mís';ksa dks le{k j[krs gq, yksd ç'kklu dks ewY;ksUeq[k (Value
Oriented) gksuk pkfg,A ;s fopkj brus ØkfUrdkjh Fks fd bUgksaus yksd ç'kklu ds Lo:i dks gh cny fn;kA bl uohu
fopkj/kkjk dks uohu yksd ç'kklu dk uke fn;k x;kA
bl uohu fopkj/kkjk dh mRifÙk 1968 esa vk;ksftr feUuksczqd lEesyu (Minnowbrook Conference) ds fu"d"kks±
ds vk/kkj ij gqbZA ;g ,d ;qok lEesyu Fkk ftlesa bl lEesyu ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d laLFkkid MokbV okYMks (Dwight
Waldo) ds fueU=k.k ij ipkl uo;qod fo'ks"kKksa ¼ç'kklfud dk;ZdÙkkZ rFkk v/;kidksa½ us Hkkx fy;kA os yksd ç'kklu
dh ml le; dh fLFkfr ds çfr mnklhu Fks rFkk bls ;FkkFkZ :i esa vf/kd mi;ksxh cukus ds i{k esa Fks rkfd ;g
ledkyhu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk rFkk leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dj ldsA D;ksafd os leLr O;oLFkk dks cnyuk pkgrs Fks
blfy, mUgsa Økafrdkjh dgk tk ldrk gSA mu }kjk çLrqr fd, x, fopkjksa us uohu yksd ç'kklu dks tUe fn;kA ;|fi
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh mRifÙk 1968 esa feUuksczqd lEesyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqbZ rFkkfi bls ekU;rk 1971 esa ÝSad esjhuh
(Frank Marini) }kjk lEikfnr iqLrd ßuohu yksd ç'kklu dh n'kk esa% feUuksczqd ifjis{; esaÞ (Towards a New Public
Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective) ds çdk'ku esa çkIr gqbZA bl o"kZ MokbV okYMks (Dwight Waldo) }kjk
lEikfnr iqLrd ifCyd ,sMfefuLVªs'ku bu , Vkbe vkQ VjcqysUl (Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence)
çdkf'kr gqbZ ftlls uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk dks vkSj Hkh cy fn;kA bl iqLrd esa okYMks us 1969 esa vesfjdu
jktuhfr'kkL=k leqnk; (American Political Science Association) ds okf"kZd lEesyu esa çLrqr fd, x, ys[kksa dks lEikfnr
fd;kA bu nksuksa iqLrdksa }kjk feUuksczqd lEesyu esa çLrqr fd, x, ys[kksa dks lEikfnr fd;kA bu nksuksa iqLrdksa }kjk
feUuksczqd lEesyu ds fopkjksa rFkk fu"d"kks± dk O;kid çlkj gqvk rFkk uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk dks ekU;rk çkIr
gqbZA
vFkZ (Meaning)
fo;ruke ;q) ds ckn ds o"kZ if'peh ns'kksa esa] fo'ks"kdj la;qDr jkT; vejhdk (U.S.A.) esa] cM+h mFky&iqFky ds jgs gSaA
,f'k;k ds bl NksVs&ls ns'k eas vejhdk us tks ujlagkj fd;k mldh [kcjsa /khjs&/khjs yksxksa rd igq¡pus yxh] rFkk 1960
uohu yksd ç'kklu 29
ds vklikl ds o"kks± esa ,d uohu uSfrd psruk us tUe fy;kA lkjs lkekftd foKku bldh yisV esa vk;s rFkk yksd ç'kklu
esa Hkh ;g ygj rsth ls vk;hA bl ygj dks ûohu yksd ç'kklu* dh laKk nh x;h gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu ds y{;

(Objectives of New Public Administration)
uohu yksd ç'kklu ;|fi y{;ksUeq[kh (Object Oriented) rFkk ifjorZukeq[kh (Change Oriented) gS ijUrq bl dk dksbZ ,slk
fl)kUr ugha ftl ij bl ds lHkh leFkZd lger gksAa blds eq[; eqíksa rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh vlgefr fo|eku
gSA bl vlgefr ds gksrs gq, Hkh jkcVZ Vh- xksyeC;wldh (Robert T. Golembiewski) us uohu yksd ç'kklu ds rhu çfry{;
(Antigoals) ftudks os jí djrs gSa] rFkk ikap y{; (Goals) ¼ftudk os leFkZu djrs gSa½ dh ppkZ dh gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu ds rhu çfry{; gSa&

1. uohu yksd ç'kklu dk lkfgR; çR;{kokn dk fojks/kh gS ftldk vfHkçk; gS&
i. os yksd ç'kklu dh bl ifjHkk"kk dks] fd ;g ewY;jfgr gS] jí djrs gSaA
ii. os ekuo&tkfr ds cqf)oknh rFkk lEHkor% fu'p;oknh n‘f"Vdks.k dks jí djrs gSaA
iii. os yksd ç'kklu dh dksbZ Hkh ,slh ifjHkk"kk tks Bhd çdkj ls uhfr esa fyiVh u gks ¼tSlk fd jktuhfr&yksd
ç'kklu foHkktu eaas Fkk½ jí djrs gSAa uohu yksd ç'kklu rduhd fojks/kh gSA bldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd blds
leFkZd bl ckr dks cqjk le>rs euq"; dks e'khu ds rdZ rFkk O;oLFkk ds fy, cfynku dj nsuk pkfg,A uohu
yksd ç'kklu ukSdj'kkgh rFkk inkuqØe dk Hkh FkksM+k cgqr fojks/k djrk gSA
xksyeC;wLdh (Golembiewski) ds vuqlkj ldkjkRed n‘f"V ls uohu yksd ç'kklu dh ikap fo'ks"krk,a vFkok y{; gSa&
1. uohu yksd ç'kklu ;g ekurk gS fd ekuo tkfr esa lEiw.kZ cuus dh lkeF;Z gSA ;g ml n‘f"Vdks.k ds foijhr gS
tks euq"; dks mRiknu dk dekos'k xfrghu ;k fLFkj rÙo ekurh gSA
2. uohu yksd ç'kklu O;fDrxr rFkk laxBukRed ewY;ksa vFkok uSfrd fu;eksa (Ethics) ij cy nsrk gSA blds vuqlkj
lajpuk rFkk ç'kkldh; ç;klksa dh çfØ;k rFkk muds mís'; ,oa y{;ksa esa vko';d lEcU/k gSA
3. uohu yksd ç'kklu ds leFkZd lkekftd U;k; (Social Equity) dks ekuoh; fodkl dk iFk çn'kZu gsrq loksÙZ ke rÙo
ekurs gSaA vr% lkekftd U;k; dh çkfIr gh yksd ç'kklu dk y{; gksuk lkekftd U;k; dk vFkZ gS fd yksd
ç'kkldksa dks pkfg, fd os lekt ds vYilqfo/kk okys oxksZa ds mRFkku ds leFkZd cusaA mUgasa lkekftd o vkfFkZd
ifjorZu ds lfØ; vfHkdrkZ (Agents) gksuk pkfg,A uhxzks (Nigro) ds vuqlkj] ßHkwrdky esa yksd ç'kklu lekt ds
lkekftd mís';ksa ds lUnHkZ esa mnklhu Fkk rFkk vf/kdkjh lkekftd U;k; dh rqyuk esa dq'kyrk ,oa ferO;f;rk ij
vf/kd cy nsrs Fks-------- vc yksd ç'kkldksa dk ;g uSfrd dÙkZO; gS fd os bl ço‘fÙk dk fojks/k djsaA ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks rVLFkrk dh >wBh /kkj.kk NksM+ nsuh pkfg,A mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ksx fiNM+s oxksZa ds yksxksa ds
mRFkku ds fy, lkekftd ,oa vU; çdkj ds dk;ZØeksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa yxkuk pkfg,AÞ
4. uohu yksd ç'kklu fuf'pr :i ls foosd'khy gSA ;g xzkgd dsfUnzr n‘f"Vdks.k ij cy nsrk gSA ;g u dsoy xzkgdksa
dh vko';drkvksa dks oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ls iwjk djus ij cy nsrk gS cfYd og bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd mUgsa
;g crkus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg, fd mudks D;k] fdl çdkj vkSj dc gksuk pkfg,A uhxzks ,oa uhxzks (Nigro and
Nigro) ds vuqlkj] ßyksd lsokvksa dks vf/kd çHkko'kkyh rFkk ekuoh; forj.k ds fgr esa os bl ckr dh flQkfj'k
djrs gSa fd xzkgd dsfUnzr ç'kklu ds fy, ukSdj'kkgh dh ço‘fÙk dks nwj djus ds lkFk&lkFk yksdrU=kh;
fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k rFkk ç'kkldh; çfØ;k esa fodsUnzhdj.k djuk pkfg,AÞ
5. uohu yksd ç'kklu fuf'pr :i esa uohurk rFkk ifjorZu (Innovation and Change) ij cy nsrk gSA
ijUrq uohu yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kUr ds v/khu dk;Zikfydk rFkk fo/kkuikfydk dh fLFkfr ij dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+kA
muds ijEijkxr dk;ksZa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvkA
30 yksd ç'kklu
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fodkl ;k=kk

uohu yksd ç'kklu dks le>us ds lUnHkZ esa ijaijkxr yksd ç'kklu dk QkSjh rkSj ij voyksdu djuk mfpr gh gksxk]
1887 esa tc yksd ç'kklu dk mn; gqvk rks rRdkyhu ys[kdksa&fopkjdksa ds lEeq[k ;g pqukSrh Fkh fd fdl rjg yksd
ç'kklu dks vU; fo"k;ksa dh Nk;k ls eqDr j[kk tk,] pw¡fd yksd ç'kklu o jktuhfr'kkL=k esa vPNk lkeatL; jgk gSA
blfy, ;g ç;kl fd;k fd jktuhfr o yksd ç'kklu dk ?kksyesy u gksus ik;sA bl gsrq rRdkyhu fopkjdkasa rFkk oqMjks
foYlu] Ýsad ts xqMuks] ,y-Mh- OgkbV vkfn us jktuhfr ç'kklu f}Hkkou (Dichotomy) ij cy fn;kA ,sls ç;kl 1927
rd gksrs jgs] bl le; MCY;w- ,Q- foykch dh iqLrd 'Principles of Public Administration' çdkf'kr gqbZA ,d fo"k; ds
:i esa yksd ç'kklu dks LFkkfir djus dh lQyrk ds i'pkr~ yksd ç'kklu dks foKku fo"k; dk ntkZ fnykus dk ç;kl
fd;k x;k ;g dksf'k'k dh xbZ fd yksd ç'kklu esa dqN fuf'pr fl)karksa dk vUos"k.k fd;k tk, ifj.kker% iksLMdkWcZ]
vkns'k dh ,drk] in lksiku] lapkj dsna hz dj.k] dk;Z foHkktu] ferO;;rk] dk;Zd'q kyrk tSls fl)karksa dh [kkst gqb]Z fl)karksa
ds çfriknu esa Qs;ky] mfrZd] ,e-ih- QkWysV] fiiuj] çsLFkl] ewuh] jSys] ywFkj] xwfyd] lkbeu vkfn us viuk ;ksxnku
fd;kA
fdarq ek=k ,d n'kd ds vYidky esa gh yksd ç'kklu ds mDr fl)kar gkL;kLin fLFkfr ds f'kdkj gks x,A 1938 esa psLVj
cukMZ dh iqLrd 'The Function of Executives' esa crk;k x;k fd yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kar eqgkojksa esa de ugha gSA bl
iqLrd esa dgk x;k fd ç'kklu esa fdlh fl)kar dks dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS] D;ksafd fuf'pr fl)karksa dh mifLFkfr fdlh fo"k;
dks ^foKku* dh Js.kh esa yk nsrh gS] tcfd yksd ç'kklu foKku rks gks gh ugha ldrk fl)karksa dh fuf'prrk dks ekU;rk
ugha fey ldh] D;ksafd lHkh esa dksbZ Hkh Li"V :i ls ykxw ugha gks ldrk FkkA 1948 esa bu rFkkdfFkr fl)karokfn;ksa dh
tedj /kfTt;k¡ mM+kbZ xbZ] fdarq 1948 ds i'pkr~ yksd ç'kklu fo"k; dks xEHkhj pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] D;kasfd
fopkjdksa us ykssd ç'kklu esa fl)karksa dk vHkko rks ?kksf"kr dj fn;k Fkk] fdarq u;k Lo:i D;k gks] ;g ?kksf"kr ugha fd;kA
vleatl dk ;g dky ftls yksd ç'kklu fo"k; ds lUnHkZ esa igpku dk ladV dk dky dgk tkrk gS tks 1968 rd pyrk
jgkA 1968 ds i'pkr~ yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa uohu fopkjksa dk lw=kikr gqvkA lkrosa n'kd ds varjky esa mHkjs fopkjksa
dks gh uohu yksd ç'kklu dh laKk nh xbZA oLrqr% uo yksd ç'kklu dk vkjaHk 196 7 ds çfrosnu ls le>k tk ldrk
gSA çn'kZu ij tcnZLr ij okn&fookn gqvk] dqN fpUrdksa us yksd ç'kklu dks egt ckSf)d fpUru dk dsn a z ekuk rks nwljksa
us mls çfØ;k ekukA dqN fpardksa us bls ç'kklu dks rks dqN us lekt dk vax ekuk] oLrqfLFkfr ;g jgh fd bl lEesyu
esa yksd ç'kklu dk uohu Lo:i fu/kkZfjr ugha fd;k tk ldkA 1968 esa vk;ksftr feUuksczqd dkWUÝsal us yksd ç'kklu dh
çd‘fr esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu yk fn;kA ;g lEesyu uohu yksd ç'kklu dks LFkkfir djus esas ehy dk iRFkj fl) gqvk
gS lEesyu fofHkUu n‘f"Vdks.kksa ls egÙoiw.kZ jgkA çFke rks ;g fd bl lEesyu esa os leLr fcanq okn&fookn dh ifjf/k esa
x, tks chrs nks lEesyuksa esas 'kkfey ugha fd, x, FksA f}rh; gS fd chrs nks lEesyuksa esa ;qok fopkjdksa dk çfrfuf/kRo jgkA
feUuksczqd lEesyu dk fufgrkFkZ ;g gqvk fd ijaijkxr yksd ç'kklu ds LFkku ij uohu yksd ç'kklu ds uke ls çdk'k
esa vk;kA lEesyu ds lkj rÙoksa dks lesVs gq, 1971 esa Ýsd a jhuhd‘r 'Towards a New Public Perspective' ds dk'ku ds
lkFk gh uohu yksd ç'kklu dks ekU;rk çkIr gqbZA blh le; M~okbV okYMks dh d‘fr 'Public Administration in a time
of Turbulence' us uohu yksd ç'kklu dks vkSj vfHk'kDr cuk fn;kA mDr nksuksa iqLrdksa esa uohu yksd ç'kklu dks
lkekftd leL;kvksa ds çfr laosnu'khy ekuk x;k gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu ds fodkl dks fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&
1. lkoZtfud lsokvksa ij mPp f'k{kk lEcU/kh guh çfrosnu] 1967
2. yksd ç'kklu % fl)kar ,oa O;ogkj lEcU/kh lEesyu] 1967
3. çFke feUuksczqd lEesyu] 1968
4. Ýsd esfjuh dh lEikfnr iqLrd( uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fn'kk,¡] feuksczqd ifjis{;] 1971
5. M~okbV okYMks dh iqLrd mFky&iqFky ds dky esa yksd ç'kklu] 1971
6. ,p tktZ ÝsMfjDlu dh iqLrd&yksd ç'kklu] 1980

7. f}rh; feuksczqd lEesyu] 1988
lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds fy, mPp f'k{kk lEcU/kh guh çfrosnu&1967 (The Honey Report on Higher Education
for Public Service, 1967)
1966 esa yksd ç'kklu dh vesfjdu laLFkk (American Society for Public Administration) us fljkdwt fo'ofo|ky;
(Syracuse University) ds Jh tkWu lh0 gu (John C. Honey) dks vesfjdh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa yksd ç'kklu ds Lora=k fo"k;
ds :i esa v/;;u ewY;kadu ds fy, dgkA Jh tkWu us viuk çfrosnu 1967 esa is'k fd;kA bl esa mUgksaus yksd ç'kklu
dh okLrfod fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, blds {ks=k dks vkSj foLr‘r ,oa O;kid cukus ij cy fn;kA mlus yksd ç'kklu
ds {ks=k esa foLrkj djus ds fy, bls leLr ç'kkldh; çfØ;k vFkok leLr ljdkj ds vuq:i crk;kA mlds vuqlkj
yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkuikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk lfEefyr gSaA
guh ds vuqlkj yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k dks O;kid cukus ds ekxZ esa pkj leL;k,a ck/kk Mkyrh gS&
1. vuq'kklu ls lEcfU/kr lk/kuksa ¼fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid rFkk vuqla/kku jkf'k½ dh deh
2. vuq'kklu ds Lrj ds ckjs esa erHksn] fd D;k yksd ç'kklu ,d foKku gS ;k ,d O;olk;
3. laLFkkxr nqcZyrkA yksd ç'kklu ds foHkkxksa dk de gksuk] rFkk
4. yksd ç'kklu ds fo}kuksa rFkk O;kogkfjd ç'kkldksa esa esy&feyki dk vHkkoA
guh us vius çfrosnu esa yksd ç'kklu dh bu leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, dbZ lq>ko fn,] ftu esa ls eq[; lq>ko
fuEu çdkj gSa&
1. yksd lsok f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh tk, rks 'kklu ds fy, vko';d f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dks
miyC/k djokus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksA
2. yksd lsok esa ços'k djus rFkk O;olkf;d fMfxz;ksa ds fy, ekLVª (Master) rFkk MkDVjh; (Doctorate) Lrj ij rS;kjh
djus okys LukrdksÙkj dks Nk=ko‘fÙk;ka nsus dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;ZØe cukuk pkfg,A
3. yksd lsokvksa esas ços'k djus ds fy, rS;kjh djus okys LukrdksÙkj rFkk mxzorhZ iwoZLukrd (Advanced Undergradu-
ates) Nk=kksa ds fy, la?kh;] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij çf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk dk çcU/k fd;k tk,A
4. tks O;fDr Ldwyksa esa yksd ç'kklu ,oa lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa v/;kid cuus dh ;kstuk cuk jgs gksa fd f'k{kko‘fÙk;ka
(Fellowship) nsus dk fo'ks"k dk;ZØe cukuk pkfg,A
5. fo'ofo|ky; ds v/;kidksa dks tks lkoZtfud ekeyksa rFkk vuqla/kku eas yxs gq, gksa dks ljdkjh dk;ksZa dk vuqHko
çkIr djus ds fy, volj çnku ds fy, ,d dk;ZØe cukuk pkfg,A
6. lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa çf'k{k.k ,oa vuqla/kku ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vuqnku fn;k tk,A
7. lkoZtfud ekeyksa ,oa ç'kklu ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k dk;ksaZ esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa dks vkfFkZd rFkk vU; çdkj dh lgk;rk
nh tk,A
8. la?kh;] jkT;] LFkkuh; ljdkjksa rFkk futh m|ksxksa (Private Industry) }kjk f'k{kk dsUnzksa dks yksd ç'kklu rFkk
lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa f'k{kk nsus ds fy, lgk;rk nh tk,A
9. uohu yksd ç'kklu rFkk lkoZtfud ekeyksa ds dk;ZØeksa ds fy, ,d ijke'kZnk=kh lsok dh LFkkiuk dh tk, rkfd
yksd ç'kklu rFkk lkoZtfud ekeyksa ds Nk=kksa dks uohu lwpuk,a ljyrk ls fey ldsaA
10. yksd lsok ls lEcfU/kr çf'k{k.k rFkk f'k{kk dh n‘f"V ls le;≤ ij fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh leh{kk dh tk, rkfd
;g tkudkjh çkIr gks lds fd fofHkUu laLFkk,a fdl çdkj lsok] f'k{kk rFkk vU; nkf;Roksa dh O;oLFkk djrh gSaA
bu ds }kjk fdl çdkj ls uohu fodkl dks çksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gS rFkk budh D;k&D;k leL;k,a gSaA
32 yksd ç'kklu
11. O;olk;ksa] O;olkf;d] f'k{kk rFkk lkoZtfud lsokvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk,A
guh }kjk çLrqr dh xbZ fjiksVZ vesfjdk esa ppkZ dk fo"k; cu xbZA dqN {ks=kksa esa bldk Lokxr fd;k x;k tcfd vU;
{ks=kksa esa ;g fookn dk fo"k; cu xbZA blds lEcU/k esa dbZ çdkj ds ç'u mBk, x,A vkykspdksa us ;g fVIi.kh dh fd
bl çfrosnu }kjk vR;f/kd egÙo dh dbZ ckrksa dh vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA tSls bl çfrosnu esa ml le; ds
vesfjdh foHkkftr rFkk mFky&iqFky gq, lekt ds çfr yksd ç'kklu ds nkf;Ro ,oa Hkwfedk ds lEcU/k esa dqN ugha dgk
x;k vkSj u gh bl ckr dh vksj /;ku fn;k x;k fd yksd ç'kklu dk ledkyhu lkekftd leL;kvksa ls dksbZ
lEcU/k gS fd ughaA ijUrq bu dfe;ksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh guh ds çfrosnu dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA blus yksd ç'kklu ds dbZ fo}kuksa
dk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k rFkk mUgsa bl ckr ij xEHkhjrk ls fopkj djus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k fd ledkyhu lekt esa yksd
ç'kklu dh D;k Hkwfedk gS rFkk ;g lkekftd leL;kvksa dk dSls lek/kku dj ldrk gSA vr% guh çfrosnu dks uohu
yksd ç'kklu dh i‘"BHkwfe dgk tk ldrk gSA
yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj lEcU/kh lEesyu (1967)
yksd ç'kklu esa 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz fodkl vkSj la'ys"k.k dh vko';drk dks vuqHko djus ij vejhdh jktuhfr'kkL=k ifj"kn~
us fnlEcj 1967 esa ,d lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;kA blessa fopkj.kh; fo"k; Fkk&^yksd ç'kklu dk fl)kar ,oa O;ogkj&mldk
{ks=k] mís'; ,oa v/;;u i)fr*A tsEl lh- pkYlZloFkZ us lEesyu dh v/;{krk dh FkhA lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus okys fo}kuksa
dh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ßbl lHkk esa Hkkx ysus okyksa }kjk bl Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gS
fd yksd ç'kklu ds lEcU/k esa n‘<+ ,oa laf{kIr mikxe dks viukuk pkfg, vkSj mUgksaus O;kid nk'kZfud lanHkZ esa yksd
ç'kklu ds egÙo dk vkdyu djus ij cy fn;kA bl ij Hkh fopkj fd;k fd D;k yksd ç'kklu dsoy ekufld flf)
gS ;k 'kklu dk O;kogkfjd ;U=k gS\
bl lEesyu esa fo}kuksa us mijksDr eqíksa ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu er O;Dr fd;s FksA dqN us mls fo'kq) ckSf)d fpUru dk fo"k;
ekuk] rks nwljksa us mls dsoy ,d dk;Z ;k O;olk; ekukA dqN us yksd ç'kklu dh lkoZtfud fgr esa ifjHkk"kk ;k O;k[;k
dhA nwljksa us mldk lEcU/k dsoy ç'kklu ls ekukA Li"V gS fd yksd ç'kklu dh dksbZ loZLohd‘r ifjHkk"kk ugha nh tk
ldh] ysfdu bl lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus okys lHkh fo}ku fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij ,der Fks%
1. yksd ç'kklu dss {ks=k dks Li"V djuk mldh ifjHkk"kk djus ds leku gh dfBu gSA
2. yksd ç'kklu ds fofHkUu vfHkdj.k uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vr% uhfr&fuekZ.k ,oa yksd ç'kklu dk foHkktu xyr
gSA
3. ,d fo"k; ;k vuq'kklu ds :i esa vejhdh yksd ç'kklu dk lEcU/k dsoy vejhdk esa gh yksd ç'kklu ls gksuk
pkfg,A
4. ukSdj'kkgh lEcU/kh v/;;u çdk;kZRed ,oa lajpukRed nksuksa gh rjg ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
5. yksd ç'kklu ,oa okf.kT; ç'kklu dk çf'k{k.k ,dlk ugha gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd nksuksa esa dsoy egÙoghu ckrksa dh
gh lekurk ik;h tkrh gSA
6. yksd ç'kklu dks O;olk; ds :i esa jktuhfr foKku ds vuq'kklu ,oa O;olk; ls i‘Fkd gksuk pkfg,A
7. yksd ç'kklu esa vkn'kkZRed ç'kklu fl)kUr ,oa o.kZukRed@fo'ys"k.kkRed fl)kUr nksuksa gh vO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr
esa gSA
8. laxBukRed lÙkk lEcU/kh fijkfeM ds vkdkj ;k inlksikuh; /kkj.kk vc mfpr ugha gSA ç'kkldksa dks dke djus
okys O;fDr;ksa dks lg;ksxh ekuuk pkfg,] u fd dsoy viuk v/khuLFkA Lej.kh; gS fd ç'kkld dk;Zikfydk ,ao
v/khuLFkksa ds e/; esa gksrk gSA ç'kkldh; vf/kdkjh vius v/khuLFkksa ls vf/kd çHkkfor gksrk gSA
9. yksd ç'kklu esa çcU/k&iVqrk dk LFkku ,oa jktuhfr lEcU?kh ckrsa ysrh tk jgh gSaA Lej.kh; gS fd dEI;wVj ls
miyC/k lwpuk dsoy blfy, Bhd ;k Js"B ugha ekuh tkuh pkfg, fd og dEI;wVj ls çkIr gqbZ gSA ih-ih-ch-,l-
(P.P.B.S.) gh jktuhfrd ç'uksa ds fo'oLr mÙkj nsrk gSA fdlh fo"k; ij fu.kZ; ysrs le; ek=kkRed ,oa
ewY;&fo'ys"k.k dk fu.kZ; ds lUnHkZ esa çHkkfor djus okys rÙoksa esa çeq[k LFkku ugha gksrk gSA
10. Hkkoh ç'kkldksa dks O;kolkf;d fo|ky;ksa esa çf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A yksd ç'kklu ds ikB~;Øe esa dsoy
ç'kkldh; laxBu ,oa i)fr ij gh cy ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg, vfirq euksoK S kfud] foÙkh;] lekt'kkL=kh; ,oa ekuo
'kjhj jpuk ls lEcfU/kr igyqvksa dks Hkh yksd ç'kklu ds ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
11. lekt ls lEcfU/kr dk yksd ç'kklu dksbZ mÙkj ugha ns ldk gSA vusd uohu leL;kvks]a ;Fkk o‘gn~ lSfud vkS|ksfxd
çfr"Bkuks]a naxks]a Je la?kksa ,oa gM+rkyks]a lkoZtfud fo|ky;ksa lEcU/kh fooknks]sa >qXxh&>ksifM+;ks]a foKku ,oa fodkl'khy
ns'kksa lEcU?kh ç'uksa ds ckjs esas yksd ç'kklu ekSu gSA
12. yksd ç'kklu ,d vuq'kklu@fo"k; rks gS ijUrq mlds v/;;u ds fy, ledkyhu lekt'kkL=kksa }kjk çfrikfnr lHkh
v/;;u i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA yksd ç'kklu dk dqN Hkkx rks ,slk gS ftlds lEcU/k esa oSKkfud
i)fr dk ç;ksx lEHko gS ysfdu vU; Hkkx ds lanHkZ esa oSKkfud v/;;u i)fr dk mi;ksx laHko ugha gSA Lej.kh;
gS fd yksd ç'kklu dk ;g Hkkx dkQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA pkYlZoFkZ ds 'kCnksa esa] ßge yksd ç'kklu dk {ks=k dkQh lhfer
dj nsa rks ge oSKkfud i)fr dk ç;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ç'u ;g gS fd fo"k; ds vfr egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx ds
lEcU/k esa D;k mls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ge dqN va'kksa ds lEcU/k esa gh oSKkfud gks ldrs gSaA Lej.kh; gS fd
yksd ç'kklu dk rks ewY;ksa ,oa çLrkoksa ls lEcU?k gS ftUgsa dHkh oSKkfud ugha ekuk tk ldrkA
mi;qZDr fopkjkas esa ls dqN dk feUuksczqd lEesyu eas iwjk leFkZu fd;k x;kA blfy, ;g fQykMsyfQ;k lEesyu feUukczqd
lEesyu dk iwoZxkeh ,oa iFk&çn'kZd lEesyu ekuk tkrk gSA
feUuksczqd lEesyu (1968)
feUuksczqd lEesyu (The Minnowbrook Conference) ds tUe ds fy, nks rRo ç/kkur% mÙkjnk;h gSa&
1. 1960 dk n'kd mFky&iqFky dk dky FkkA vufxur lkekftd leL;k,¡ Fkha ysfdu yksd ç'kklu }kjk bu leL;kvksa
dks lqy>kuk rks nwj dh ckr Fkh] mls mudk Kku rd ugha FkkA 1968 esa çdkf'kr okYMks (Waldo) ds ,d ys[k
^ØkfUrdky esa yksd ç'kklu* esa] tks yksd ç'kklu fjO;w uked if=kdk esa çdkf'kr gqvk Fkk] bl leL;k ij çdk'k
Mkyk x;k FkkA
2. yksd ç'kklu ds ;qok ih<+h ds fo}kuksa dh ckr lquuk Hkh vko';d gks x;k Fkk D;ksafd iqjkus ,oa ;qok fo}kuksa esa ih<+h
dk vUrjky rhozrk ls fn[kk;h ns jgk FkkA fQykMsyfQ;k lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus okys fo}ku vkSlru 35 o"kZ ls
vf/kd vk;q ds FksA mueas vf/kdka'k rks 51 ls 69 o"kZ ds FksA ysfdu feUukscd
qz lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus okys vis{kkd‘r de
vk;q ds vFkkZr~ ;qok FksA ;g yksd ç'kklu dh ;qok ih<+h dk lEesyu FkkA bl lEesyu ds ifj.kkeksa us uohu yksd
ç'kklu dks tUe fn;kA
eSF;e Øsulu (Mathew Cranson) us fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa bl lEesyu ds fu.kZ;ksa dks la{ksi esa O;Dr fd;k gS%
lEesyu ds fu.kZ;ksa dks nks 'kh"kZdksa esa laf{kIr vkSj lkj :i esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa%
1. bl lEiw.kZ okn&fookn dh i‘"BHkwfe esa D;k dksbZ lkekU; fopkj gSa] rFkk
2. D;k fopkj uohu gSa\
çFke] eSa ;g vuqHko djrk gw¡ fd dqN lkekU; ckrsa gSAa çk;% lHkh xksf"B;ksa dk ;g fu"d"kZ gS fd yksd ç'kklu ds vkns'kkRed
igyw ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljh ls lEcfU/kr ,d ç'u ;g gS fd lekt esa ç'kklu dh D;k Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,\
D;k mls iwjh rjg ewY;&fujis{k gksuk pkfg, ;k fdlh uhfr ;k fopkj/kkjk ds çfr çfrc) gksuh pkfg,\ blh ls
lEcfU/kr ,d ç'u vksj gSA ;fn ç'kkld fdlh fopkj ;k ewY;ksa ls çfrc) gS rks og D;k djrk gS ;k djsxk\ bldk mÙkj
dqN O;fDr ;g nsrs gSa fd yksd ç'kklu dks lkekftd ifjorZu ds vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ,d vU; ç'u
blds çR;qÙkj esa mBrk gS fd ifjorZu dh voLFkk esa laxBu dks fdu ckrksa ;k rRoksa ds çfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,(
34 yksd ç'kklu
mnkgj.kkFkZ&okrkoj.kA D;k okrkoj.k ds çfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,\ dqN dk er gS fd okrkoj.k ds çfr vf/kd
laosnu'khyrk ds lkFk ç'kklu esa okrkoj.k ds ifj.kkeksa dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ç'u ;g gS fd bu lc ckrksa
ds lEcU/k esa erSD; gS vFkok ugha\ ;fn erSD; gS rks lgt :i ls ;g ç'u mBrk gS fd D;k os loZFkk uohu gSa\
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh ç/kku fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g lkekftd leL;kvksa ds çfr vR;f/kd laosnu'khy gSA blds eq[;
rÙo gS%a lUnHkZ (relevance), lnkpj.k (morals), uhfr'kkL=k ,oa ewY; (ethics and values), uohurk ;k ekSfydrk (innovation),
lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa dh fpUrk] lkekftd lekurk (social equality) vkfnA uohu yksd ç'kklu ds i{k/kj yksd ç'kklu dh
orZeku voLFkk ls lUrq"V ugha gSaA os mFky&iqFky ds dky esa yksd ç'kklu ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd og lkekftd
leL;kvksa ds çfr tkx:d gksA ;gh ugha] uohu yksd ç'kklu ds i{k/kj ewY;ghu ;k ewY;&fujks/k (value free and value
neutral) 'kks/k&ç;klksa ds R;kxus ij tksj nsrs gSa rFkk lkekftd U;k; ds vuq:i mikxe dks viukus ds leFkZd gSaA
lkekftd U;k; ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd yksd ç'kkldksa dks lekt ds fu/kZu ,oa innfyr oxZ dk leFkZu djuk pkfg,A bldk
vFkZ gS fd yksd ç'kkldksa dks ifjorZu ds lfØ; vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A mUgaa ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[kus esa
;ksx ugha nsuk pkfg,A 'kh?kz ifjofrZr okrkoj.k ds vuq:i laxBu ds uohu :iksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A uohu
yksd ç'kklu esa turk ds dY;k.k ,oa dk;ZØe ds çfr fu"Bk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gSA
uohu yksd ç'kklu ds pkj ewyHkwr çdj.k ;s gSa% çklafxdrk] ekU;rk,¡] lkekftd len‘f"V vkSj ifjorZuA
feUukczqd lEesyu dks ;g xkSjo çkIr gS fd mlds }kjk yksd ç'kklu dk O;ofLFkr O;kdj.k çLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk
yksd ç'kklu dh orZeku esa 'kkspuh; voLFkk ij ljy ,oa Li"V 'kCnksa esa çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA bl lEesyu }kjk gh yksd
ç'kklu dks uohu Nfo çnku dh x;h gS vkSj lekt dh leL;kvksa ds çfr mls tkx:d cuk;k x;k gSA yksd ç'kklu
us bl lEesyu ds ckn gh lq/kkjoknh ço‘fÙk dks vaxhdkj fd;k gSA
feUuksczqd lUnHkZ ,oa mFky&iqFky ds dky esa yksd ç'kklu
esjhuh ,oa okYMks }kjk lEikfnr çeq[k jpukvksa }kjk feUuksczqd lEesyu ds fopkjksa dk O;kid çlkj gqvk gSA uohu yksd
ç'kklu ij esjhuh dh iqLrd dk uke gS uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fn'kk,¡ % feUuksczqd ifjçs{; (Toward a New Public
Administration : Minnowbrook Perspective)A uohu yksd ç'kklu ij fy[kh x;h ;g iqLrd gSA okYMks us mFky&iqFky
ds dky esa yksd ç'kklu (Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence) uked iqLrd dh jpuk dhA blus feUuksczqd
lEesyu dh /kkj.kk dks vkxs c<+k;kA 1968 ds ^vesfjdu jktuhfr foKku ifj"kn* ds okf"kZd lEesyu ds volj ij fofHkUu
xksf"B;ksa esa bl fo"k; ij okn&fookn gqvkA okYMks dh jpuk esa os lc ys[k Fks tks lEesyu esa çLrqr fd;s x;s FksA okYMks
dk ;g ç;kl jgk fd ;qok lewg dks vius fopkjksa dh rjQ vkdf"kZr fd;k tk;A
1971 ds ckn uohu yksd ç'kklu ij dksbZ xaHkhj jpuk çdkf'kr ugha gqbZ gS ysfdu le;≤ ij ys[k çdkf'kr gksrs
jgs gSaA bu ys[kksa esa dqN us uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk dk leFkZu fd;k gS rks nwljksa us mldk [k.MuA
yksd ç'kklu ds 'kkL=kh; ewY; n{krk] ferO;;rk] mRikndrk ,oa dsUnzhdj.k jgs gSaA uohu yksd ç'kklu ewY;ksa ds ,d
u;s lSV dks çJ; nsrk gSA og ekuookn] fodsUnzhdj.k] çR;k;kstu] cgqokn] O;fDrxr o‘f)] oS;fDrd xfjek vkfn dk
i{kiks"k.k djrk gSA og bl er dk vLohdkj djrk gS fd ç'kklu ewY;ksa ds çfr rVLFk gksrk gSA og ukxfjd lgHkkfxrk
vkSj lM+dNki vf/kdkjh ra=k ij çfros'k fu;U=k.k dk i{kiks"k.k djrk gSA og ukSdj'kkgh ds çfr mÙkjnkf;Ro dk leFkZu
djrk gSA
vUr esa ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd yksd ç'kklu ds 'kkL=kh; ewY;&n{krk] ferO;;rk vkfn&furkUr vlaxr ugha
gSA ;g er O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS fd dsoy n{krk ,oa ferO;;rk ls çfrc) ç'kklu vc Hkh vU;k;] vlekurk vkSj
fu/kZurk dks fpjLFkk;h cuk ldrk gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu dk egÙo blh esa gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu ds çeq[k vkjk/;
pkj gSa % ewY; ;k vkn'kZ (values), lkekftd U;k; (social equity), çklafxdrk ;k vuq:irk (relevance), rFkk ifjorZu
(change)A çkphu 'kkòh; ewY;ksa ,oa uohu çsj.kkvksa ds e/; fofue; gksuk gh pkfg,A ,p- tkWtZ ÝsMfjdlu us Bhd dgk
gS fd mRikndrk] n{krk ,oa ferO;;rk ds egRo dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA fdUrq og fu'p;iwoZd dgrk gS fd
ßlokZf/kd mRiknd 'kklu vc Hkh fu/kZurk] volj dh lekurk ,oa vU;k; dks dk;e j[k ldrk gSA 'kkòh; vf/kdkjh
ra=k dk çk:r vkSj uohu vf/kdkjh rU=k dk çk:i ¼gcZVZ lkbeu dk] tks fu.kZ; djus ij dsfUnzr½ nksuksa esa bu ço‘fÙk;ksa
dh {kfriwfrZ ds mik; ugha gSA vr,o vk/kqfud yksd ç'kklu dks ,sls fl)kUrksa rFkk çfrekuksa dh [kkst djuh pkfg, tks
foUls.V vkWLVªe }kjk crk;s x;s ^yksdrkfU=kd ç'kklu* ds vuq:i gksaAÞ blfy, ts- jkYl }kjk dgk x;k êrisfVdk ls
ijs yksdrU=k* yksd ç'kklu ds fo'ks"kr% mlds ewY;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa Hkkjh iquxBZu dks vko';d cukrk gSA
f}rh; feUuksczqd lEesyuu&1988
Second Minnowbrook Conference, 1988
çFke feUuksczqd lEesyu] 1988 ds chl o"kZ i'pkr~ 1988 esa mlh LFkku ij nwljk feUukscdqz lEesyu gqvkA bl lEesyu dk
eq[; mís'; 1960 ds n'kd esa fd, x, fu.kZ;ksa ij iqu% fopkj djuk] fiNys chl o"kksaZ esa yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa gqbZ çxfr
dk fo'ys"k.k djuk rFkk vkxs yksd ç'kklu dk fof/kØe D;k gS ds ckjs esa fopkj djuk FkkA ,p- QSfMªdlu (H.
Frederickson) ds vuqlkj f}rh; feUuksczqd lEesyu dh O;oLFkk djus dk eq[; mís'; yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa fofHkUu
dkyksa essa gq, fodkl esa rqyuk djuk FkkA bl lEesyu }kjk fiNys çtuuksa }kjk fl)kfUrd rFkk vuqla/kku ds {ks=k esa fd,
x, ç;klksa dks 1980 ds n'kd esa fd, x, ç;klksas ls rqyuk djuk rFkk vU; lkoZtfud ekeyksa ij D;k çHkko iM+rk gS
dk rqyukRed fopkj djus dk vf}rh; volj çnku fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa 1968 ds lEesyu ds dbZ fo"k; uSfrdrk
(Ethics), ekuo lEcU/k (Human Relations), yksd ç'kklu rFkk yksdrU=k esa lkeatL; (Reconciling Public Administration
and Democracy) rFkk jkT; ds çfr :fp vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA
uohu yksd ç'kklu fofHkUu çdkj dh lkekftd leL;kvksa ds çfr tkx:d gSaA QSfMªdlu ds vuqlkj fodsUnzh;dj.k
(Decentralisation), vf/kdkjkUrj.k (Devolution), ifj;kstuk,¡ (Projects), lfonk (Contract), lpsruk (Sensitivity),
çf'k{k.k (Training), laxBu (Organisation), fodkl (Development), mÙkjnkf;Ro dk foLrkj (Responsibility Extention),
lEeq[khdj.k (Confrontation) rFkk lsfor yksd dh lgHkkfxrk (Client Involvement), uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fo'ks"krk,a
gSaA ;s /kkj.kk,a vo'; gh ukSdj'kkgh ds fo:) gSaA bu /kkj.kkvksa dk fuekZ.k ukSdj'kkgh rFkk uhfr fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa
ifjorZu vFkok la'kks/ku dks c<+kus ds fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd bll lkekftd U;k; dh laHkkouk esa o‘f) gks ldsA
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh çd‘fr
foxr rhu n'kdksa esa uohu yksd ç'kklu us çca/k fopkjdksa dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfr ifjorZuksa dk çeq[k ,tsUV cuk
fn;k gSA ;g ekuk tkus yxk gS fd gekjk ikjaifjd yksd ç'kklu bl le; oS/k ugha gSA blds usiF; esa loZçFke dkj.k
;g ekuk tkrk gS fd iqjkru yksd 'kklu ds fl)kar mu rÙoksa dks igpkuus eas foQy jgk gS tks lkoZtfud {ks=k esa çHkkfor
o n{krk ds çsjd gSa] iqjkru yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kar Fks&ewY;'kwU;rk] n{krk] fu"i{krk] dk;Zdq'kyrk] tcfd uohu yksd
ç'kklu] uSfrdrk] dk;Zdq'kyrk] lkekftd lkis{krk] ueuh; rVLFkrk o çfrc) ç'kklfud ç.kkyh ij cy nsrk gSA ;g
ekuk tkus yxk gS fd uohu yksd ç'kklu lkekftd ifjorZu dk loZJs"B laokgd gS rFkk ;g y{;ksUeq[kh gSA tSlk fd
ÝsMfjDlu dk fopkj gSA ûohu yksd ç'kklu de O;kid vFkok yksdfç; vkSj vius iwot Z ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd lkoZtfud]
de o.kZukRed vkSj vf/kd ijaijkxr ,oa vkns'kkRed] de laLFkkukseq[k vkSj vf/kd eqofDd ij çHkkoksUeq[k] de rVLFk
,oa vf/kd ekudh; vkn'kZ gSAÞ
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fo'ks"krk,a

(Characteristics of New Public Administration)
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEu çdkj gSa&
1. çklafxdrk (Relevance): ijEijkxr yksd ç'kklu dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa ferO;f;rk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr Fkk tcfd
uohu yksd ç'kklu çklafxdrk ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ijEijkxr yksd ç'kklu lkekftd
36 yksd ç'kklu
leL;kvksa ds çfr mnklhu FkkA ijUrq uohu yksd ç'kklu lEcfU/kr lkekftd leL;kvksa ds çfr xgjh fpUrk j[krk
gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu dk ;g y{; gS fd bls lekt dh vko';drkvksa ds çfr tkx:d gksuk pkfg, rFkk bldk
Kku lkekftd leL;kvksa ds çklafxd gksuk pkfg,A orZeku yksd ç'kklu dsoy iksLMdkscZ dh fØ;kvksa rd gh
lhfer ugha cfYd bldk lEcU/k lekt dh lHkh leL;kvksa ls gS rFkk yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;udrkZvksa dh lekt
dh ewyHkwr fpUrkvksa esa çR;{k Hkkxhnkj gksuk pkfg,A blhfy, M~okbV okYMks (Dwight Waldo) us fujUrj bl ckr
ij cy fn;k gS fd yksd ç'kklu mu ekeykssa ds çfr mnklhu ugha jg ldrk ftudk lEcU/k lekt ls gS vFkok
ftu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk lekt dks djuk gSA
2. ewY;ksUeq[k (Value Oriented): uohu yksd ç'kklu vkn'kZd (Normative) gSA ;g ijEijkoknh yksd ç'kklu ds ewY;ksa
ds çfr mnklhu rFkk çfØ;kRed ijLFkrk dks Lohdkj ugha djrkA feUuksczqd lEesyu esa bl ckr ij fo'ks"k :i
ls cy fn;k x;k fd yksd ç'kklu dks ewY;ksUeq[k gksuk pkfg, vkSj ewY;ksa ds çfr mnklhu yksd ç'kklu vlEHko
gSA bl mís'; ls yksd ç'kklu ds dbZ vk/kqfud fo'ks"kK] yksd ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk ds egÙo ij cy nsrs gSaA muds
vuqlkj ç'kklu esa uSfrdrk ds çfr psruk mRiUu dh tkuh pkfg,A uSfrd ewY;ksa ij cy nsus ds dkj.k dbZ
ldkjkRed ifj.kke fudys gSa ftudk yksd çdklu ds v/;;u ij egÙoiw.kZ çHkko iM+k gSA mnkgj.kr% yksd
ç'kklu esa mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk fu;U=k.k dks fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k tkus yxk gSA
3. lkekftd len‘f"V vFkok U;k; (Social Equity): uohu yksd ç'kklu dk eq[; mís'; lkekftd U;k; dh çkfIr
gSA ijEijkxr yksd ç'kklu lkekftd U;k; dh vogsyuk djds dq'kyrk ,oa ferO;f;rk ij çk;% cy nsrk Fkk rHkh
dqN yksx ijEijkxr yksd ç'kklu dks vekuoh; rFkk ewY; foghu dgrs gSAa ijUrq uohu yksd ç'kklu ekuoh; rF;ksa
dks Lohdkj djrs gq, lekt ds nfyr oxks]aZ efgykvksa rFkk cPpksa dk mRFkku djds mUgsa lkekftd U;k; çnku djus
ds fy, ;Ru'khy jgrk gSA bldk mís'; fo'ks"kkf/kdkj çkIr oxZ ds fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa dks lekIr djds lHkh dks leku
vf/kdkj çnku djrs gq, lkekftd lerk dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA vr% uohu yksd ç'kklu lkekftd U;k; dh
LFkkiuk djds ekuoh; fodkl ds i{k esa gSA
4. ifjorZu (Change): ijEijkoknh yksd ç'kklu fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dk vUr djus rFkk lkekftd lerk ds çfr tkx:d
ugha FkkA uohu yksd ç'kklu lkekftd lerk dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ifjorZu ij cy nsrk gSA ;g lekt esa
;FkkfLFkfrokn] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fo"kerk] lkekftd 'kks"k.k] nfyr oxksZa ls vekuoh; O;ogkj vkfn dk vUr
djds lkekftd U;k; ij vk/kkfjr lekt dh LFkkiuk djus ds i{k esa gSA bl mís'; ls ;g ç'kklfud ;a=k esa
ifjorZu djus ds i{k esa Hkh gSA
5. lsfor yksx&vfHkeq[k ç'kklu (Client Oriented Administration): ijEijkxr yksd ç'kklu ds ckjs esa ;g dgk tkrk
gS fd ;g vekuoh; gS rFkk ;g ekuo;h vko';drkvksa ds çfr mnklhu gSA blds foifjr uohu yksd ç'kklu ds
leFkZd lsfor yksx vfHkeq[k yksd ç'kklu dk leFkZu djrs gSAa blh mís'; ls os fodsUnzhdj.k vFkok yksxksa ds 'kklu
esa Hkkxhnkj gksus] vkfJr yksxksa ls ijke'kZ djds uhfr fuekZ.k djus rFkk mu }kjk uhfr&fuekZ.k rFkk 'kklu lapkyu
dk ewY;kadu djus dh ckr djrs gSaA os mÙkjnk;h ç'kklu rFkk Li"Vhdj.k dk leFkZu djrs gSa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dh
dk;Z i)fr esa lq/kkj djus ij cy nsrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa os fodsUnzhdj.k rFkk uhfr fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk lkoZtfud
lsokvksa dks ekuoh; cukus ds i{k esa gSA blh mís'; ls os vf/kdkjh rU=k ds fo:) gSaA
ewY;kadu
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk us u;s {ks=kksa ,oa fopkjksa dks tUe fn;k gS vkSj yksd ç'kklu dh fo"k;&oLrq dks O;kid
cuk fn;k gSA blh lanHkZ esa uohu ,ts.Mk (agenda) rS;kj fd;k x;k vkSj mls fØ;kfUor djus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA
;g dk;ZØe yksd&fgr ç/kku gSA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd uohu yksd ç'kklu ds leFkZdksa us jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa] çfØ;k
,oa usr‘Ro ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;&oLrq ij vf/kdkj dj fy;k gS] tks ,d çdkj ls vfrØe.k gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu esa dqN
ØkfUrdkjh rRo gSa tks dsoy fo/kkue.My ,oa yksder ds leFkZu ls gh fØ;kfUor fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ,d ckr Li"V gS
fd uohu yksd ç'kklu dh viuh lhek,¡ ,oa nks"k gSaA fQj Hkh uohu yksd ç'kklu ds y{; dh çkfIr ds fy, vko';d
dkS'ky ,oa çfof/k dk vHkko gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk ls yksd ç'kklu lEcU/kh ijEijkxr /kkj.kk ,oa fopkjksa
dks xgjk /kDdk yxk gS vkSj yksd ç'kklu dk {ks=k c<+k gSA yksd ç'kklu dh uohu /kkj.kk ds vuqlkj mldk lekt ls
lh/kk lEcU/k tqM+ x;k gSA ;g dksbZ de miyfC/k ugha gSA Lej.kh; gS fd uohu yksd ç'kklu dh vR;f/kd ç'kalk djuk
gh vO;kogkfjd gSA
Hkkjr esa vHkh uohu yksd ç'kklu lEcU/kh /kkj.kkvksa dk çlkj ugha gqvk gSA ;g fo'kq) :i ls ,d vejhdh /kkj.kk gS vkSj
Hkkjr esa os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ugha ik;h tkrh gSa ftuds QyLo:i uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk dk vejhdk esa fodkl gqvkA
blds vfrfjDr yksd ç'kklu fo"k; dh Hkkjr esa vHkh tM+as xgjh ugha gSAa /ku dk Hkh i;kZIr vHkko gSA u ladk; dh LFkkiuk
gqbZ gSA FkksM+s ls ys[kd gh mldh vksj vkdf"kZr gq, gSaA yksd ç'kklu dh Hkkjr esa çd‘fr lap;h (derivative) gSA ;gk¡ dh
jktuhfrd laLd‘fr esa uohu yksd ç'kklu viuk LFkku ugha cuk ik;k gSA Hkkjr esa yksd ç'kklu ds le{k eq[; pqukSrh
;g gS fd mls ns'k dh ,sfrgkfld] laLFkkxr ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A ns'k ds okrkoj.k ls yksd
ç'kklu dks thou ,oa 'kfDr vftZr djus lEcU/kh vkSj mi;qDr çfrnku ç.kkyh dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A
uohu yksd ç'kklu dh laHkkouk,a

(Possibilities of New Public Administration)
yksd ç'kklu dks uohu O;fDrRo fn;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA ftu uohu leL;kvksa dk mls lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] muesa
ls dqN c<+rh gqbZ lSfud 'kfDr] nkSM+rh gqbZ çfof/k] 'kgjhdj.k] ukxfjd vf/kdkj ,oa lgHkkx rFkk fodkl ls laca/k j[krh
gSA mls uohu dk;kZRed {ks=kksa esa ços'k djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k tk jgk gS] ;Fkk] tula[;k foLQksV rFkk mldk
fu;a=k.k] e|fu"ks/k rFkk vU; vLokLF;dj mRikndksa dh jksdFkke] iqfyl vkSj vijk/k] tula[;k ,oa çnw"k.k ls lacaf/kr
O;oLFkk] fons'kh ekeys rFkk lkaLd‘frd vknku&çnku] lkoZtfud uSfrdrk vkfnA blds fy, yksd ç'kklu fl)kUr esa
uohu laxBu] lajpuk,a] dk;Zfof/k;ka vkfn fodflr djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A vkbZ- 'kjdkULdh us ,sls fl)karksa dh
:ijs[kk bZLVu vkSj vke.M ds çk:iksa ds vk/kkj ij nh gSA mÙkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt dh dfri; loZFkk uohu leL;kvksa
dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ,slk fl)kUr ,d rkRdkfyd vko';drk cu x;k gSA dkbMu us uohu yksd ç'kklu dks mRlkgh
lq/kkjd] ltx uhfr fuekZrk] lkekftd ifjorZu dk vfHkdrkZ] jpukRed] ladV çcU/kd] ekuoh; fu;ksDrk] e/;LFk]
jktuhfrd vkUnksyudrkZ] vk'kkoknh usrk] vkfn Hkwfedk,a çnku dh gSA fuLlUnsg bu Hkwfedkvksa ds fuogZu ds fy, mleasa
uohu xq.kksa ,oa {kerkvksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ,d lkekU; yksd ç'kklu fl)kUr bl fn'kk esa fujUrj ekxZn'kZu djrk
jgsxkA Li"Vr% ,slk yksd ç'kklu fl)kUr yksp'khy] xfreku] vkuqHkkfod ,oa y{;ksUeq[k o l‘tukRed gksxkA yksd ç'kklu
ds orZeku fodkl dks ns[krs gq, mlds ßfuekZ.kÞ vkSj ßfodklÞ dh dkQh laHkkouk gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk us yksd ç'kklu dh fo"k;&oLrq dks O;kid cuk fn;k gSA yksd
ç'kklu dh uohu /kkj.kk ds vuqlkj mldk lekt ls lh/kk laca/k tqM+ x;k gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu dh /kkj.kk ls yksd
ç'kklu laca/kh ijEijkxr /kkj.kk ,oa fopkjksa dks xgjk /kDdk yxk gS vkSj yksd ç'kklu dk {ks=k c<+k gSA ;g vkSj
vf/kd :i esa vkn'kkZRed gksrk tk jgk gS] D;ksfa d ;g vc lkekftd lerk ds çfr mUeq[krk] xSj&ukSdj'kkgh] fodsUnzhdj.k]
yksdrkaf=kd fu.kZ; çfØ;k] vkpkj laca/kh O;ogkj ,oa fujUrj QSyrh gqbZ ç'kklfud O;oLFkkvkaas o ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
ds ç'uksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA uohu yksd ç'kklu us] la{ksi esa ekuoh; fpUrkvkasa ij tksj fn;k gS vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k
çfrfuf/kRo] lkekftd lerk vkSj ,sls Hkh vU; lkekftd xq.kksa ij tksj fn;k gSA
dfri; fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vHkh uohu yksd ç'kklu laca/kh /kkj.kkvkasa dk çlkj ugha gqvk gSA oLrqr% Hkkjr tSls
fodkl'khy ns'k esa yksd ç'kklu dh tM+sa vHkh xgjh ugha gSA Hkkjr esa yksd ç'kklu ds lkeus eq[; pqukSrh ;g gS fd og
ns'k dh ,sfrgkfld] laLFkkxr ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk ds vUrjax esa viuk LFkku dSls cuk;s\ /ku dk Hkh i;kZIr vHkko gS
vkSj vHkh rd cgqr FkksM+h la[;k esa fo}ku] fopkjd ,oa ys[kd mldh rjQ vkdf"kZr gq, gSaA
38 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&5
fodkl iz'kklu
(Development Administration)
fodkl iz'kklu dh vo/kkj.kk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tks vkfFkZd o‘f) ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gSa] esa yksdiz'kklu ds rqyukRed
v/;;u dh lg&mit gSA bl 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx 1995 esa ;w0 ,y0 xksLokeh (U.L. Goswami) us fd;k Fkk ijUrq
bls vkSipkfjd ekU;rk ml le; izkIr gqbZ tc vesfjdu yksd iz'kklu lfefr ds rqyukRed iz'kklu lewg ,oa lkekftd
foKku 'kks/k ifj"kn~ dh rqyukRed jktuhfr lfefr us bldks ckSf)d vk/kkj iznku fd;kA bl vo/kkj.kk dks yksdfiz; cukus
esa ÝsM MCY;w0 fjXl (Fred W. Riggs), ,MoMZ MCY;w0 ohMuj (Edward W. Weidner), tkslsQ ykW0 iksykseckj (Joseph La
Polombara), vYcVZ okVjlu (Albert Waterson) vkfn ds uke izeq[k gSaA
fodkl iz'kklu dh vo/kkj.k ,f'k;k] vÝhdk] ,oa ysfVu vesfjdk ds nwljs fo'o;q) ds i'pkr~ gq, Lora=k ns'kksa ds fy,
vFkZiw.kZ gSA vius vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa ls LorU=krk izkIr djus ds mijkar bu ns'kksa esa vfodflr vFkZO;oLFkk ls fodflr
dh vksj iz;kl vkjEHk fd;s x,A fodkl ds Øe ls xqtjrs gq, bu ns'kksa dks fodkl'khy ns'k dgk x;k ftuds lEeq[k fodkl
lEcU/kh vusd leL;k,¡ FkhA mudk izeq[k dk;Z fu;ksftr ifjorZu }kjk lkekftd&vkfFkZd cnyko ykuk FkkA ijEijh;
yksd iz'kklu iz'kklu iz.kkyh ds lq/kkj ls lacaf/kr Fkk vr,o yksd iz'kklu ds ,d u;s Lo:i dks fodflr djus dh
vko';drk vuqHko dh xbZ tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd ,oa iz'kkluh; leL;kvksa ds v/;;u ij /;ku
dsfUnzr djsxkA bl izdkj] fodkl iz'kklu ds fopkj dks ladYiuk dh xbZA
mn; ds dkj.k
1. lu~ 1950 vkSj 1960 ds n'kdksa ds nkSjku yksd iz'kklu ds fo}kuksa us yksd iz'kklu ds ikjaifjd n‘f"Vdks.kksa ftues
ik'pkR; ewY; mUeq[k Fkk] izÑfr ds izfr dkQh valrks"k O;Dr fd;kA fo}kuksa dks lwpuk ds ,d ek=k vk/kkj ds :i
esa vejhdh vuqHko ij yksd iz'kklu laca/kh v/;;uksa dh vR;f/kd fuHkZjrk ls Hkh vlarks"k FkkA vr% fey&tqydj
bldk ;g vFkZ Fkk fd lkjh ckr dks vejhdh ewY; ra=k ls vk¡dk tkrk gS ftl ra=k esa rhljs fo'o vkSj lkE;oknh
ns'kksa ds ckjs esa ewY; Hkkfjr fopkj jgrk gSA
2. f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn vusd vÝhsdh vkSj ,f'k;kbZ ns'k Lora=k gks x, vkSj os lkekftd&vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa
iz'kklfud fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa FksA pwafd bu ns'kksa dk iz'kklu vfuok;Zr% fodkl mUeq[k FkkA vr% fo}kuksa
esa bu ns'kksa ds iz'kklu dk v/;;u djus dh mRlqdrk iuihA mudk v/;;u oLrqr% fodkl iz'kklu dk v/;;u
cu x;kA
3. f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn ds ;qx esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh dbZ ,tsafl;k¡ ,oa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k
dh ljdkjsa bu u, mHkjrs jk"Vª jkT;ksa dks Hkjiwj rduhdh lgk;rk nsus es tqV xbZA vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k }kjk
bu ns'kksa dks ,slh lgk;rk nsus dk iz;kstu la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa viuh&viuh vksj mudk lkeFkZu izkIr djuk FkkA
bu izks|kSfxd dk;ZØeksa esa tqVs fo'ks"kKksa us 'kh?kz gh eglwl dj fy;k fd if'peh ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud lajpuk,¡ ,oa
fl)kar bu ns'kksa ds fy, Hkh mi;qDr gks]a dksbZ vko';d ugha gSA bu ns'kksa dks nh tkusokyh lgk;rk dk mfpr mi;ksx
djus esa mUgsa leFkZ cukus dh fof/k;ksa dh [kkst djus ds mís'; ls muds iz'kklu ra=kksa dk v/;;u djus dh vko';drk
FkhA
fodkl iz'kklu 39
4. fodkl iz'kklu dh mRifÙk vejhdh O;ogkjiwjd foKkuksa ls gqbZ gSA jktuhfrd'kkL=k esa O;ogkjijd Økafr ls
izksRlkfgr gksdj yksd iz'kklu us Hkh rqyukRed yksd iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa O;ogkjijd v/;;uksa ij cy fn;k ftldk
vFkZ fodkl iz'kklu eas iz'kklu dh Hkwfedk dk v/;;u Hkh FkkA ;|fi mudk mís'; ifjfLFkfr ij cy nsrs gq, dsoy
yksd iz'kklu dk v/;;u djuk Fkk fdarq blds dkj.k LokHkkfod rkSj ij fodkl iz'kklu ds Hkh v/;;u gq,A
5. rhljs fo'o ds ns'kksa es le; vkSj izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh dkQh deh Fkh tcfd mudh vko';drk rqjar vkSj rhoz
lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl dh FkhA ;s y{; fuf"Ø; iz'kklu dh lgk;rk ls ugha izkIr fd, tk ldrs Fks tks can
vkSj ;FkkfLFkfroknh FkkA vr% ,d ,sls iz'kklu ra=k dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ tks fodflr ns'kksa ds iz'kklfud
<k¡ps ls fHkUu gks vkSj bl izdkj fodkl iz'kklu dh ladYiuk dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA
vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk,a
(Meaning and Defintions)
fodkl iz'kklu 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ds ;ksx ls cuk gS&fodkl rFkk iz'kkluA ^fodkl* 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS fujUrj vkxs c<+uk
vkSj îz'kklu* dk vFkZ gS lsok djukA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fodkl iz'kklu es turk dh lsok ds fy,
fodkl dk;ksZ dks djuk fufgr gSA yksd iz'kklu esa fodkl dk rkRi;Z fdlh lkekftd lajpuk dk izxfr dh vksj c<+uk
gSA bl izdkj lekt esa izxfr dh fn'kk esa tks Hkh ifjorZu gksrs gSa mUgsa fodkl dh laKk nh tkrh gSaA fodkl ,d fujUrj
xfr'khy izfØ;k gSA
fodkl iz'kklu dh fo}kuksa }kjk nh x;h dqN ifjHkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaA
1. izks0 ohMuj ds vuqlkj] Þfodkl iz'kklu jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd izxfr ds fy, laxBu dk ekxZn'kZu
djrk gSA ;g eq[; :i ls ,d dk;ksZUeq[k ,ao y{;ksUeq[k iz'kklfud iz.kkyh ij tksj nsrk gSaA
2. izks0 fjXl us blds lEcU/k esa dgk gS fd Þfodkl iz'kklu dk lEcU/k dk;ZØeksa ds iz'kklu] cM+s laxBuksa fo'ks"kdj
ljdkj dh iz.kkfy;ksa] fodkl y{;ksa dh miyfC/k ds fy, uhfr;ksa vksj ;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ls gSaA
3. MksukYM lh0 LVksu dk dguk gS fd Þfodkl iz'kklu fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, la;qDr iz;kl ds :i esa lHkh
rÙoksa vkSj lk/kuksa ¼ekuoh; vkSj HkkSfrd½ dk lfEeJ.k gSA bldk y{; fu/kkZfjr le;Øe ds vUrxZr fodkl ds
iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh izkfIr gSA
mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa esa fHkUurk ds ckotwn Hkh ;g ns[krs dks feyrk gS fd fodkl iz'kklu y{;ksUeq[kh vkSj dk;ksZUeq[kh gSA
ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds ckn fodkl iz'kklu ds lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr rÙo lkeus vkrs gSaA
1. fodkl iz'kklu fujUrj vkxs c<+us dh ,d xfr'khy izfØ;k gSA
2. fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, ;g ,d la;qDr iz;kl gSA
3. ;g rhljh nqfu;k dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA
4. ;g fiNM+s lekt ds ifjorZu] vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj fodkl ds fy, 'kklu&rU=k gSA
rnfi ijEijh; ,oa fodkl iz'kklu ds e/; eq[; foHksnd fuEu gSaA
ijEijh; (Traditional) fodkl (Developmental)
fu;ked ,oa iz'kkldh; vaxhdj.kh; ,oa xfr'khy
n{krk@ferO;f;rk vfHkeq[kh o‘f) vfHkeq[kh
dk;Z vfHkeq[kh laca/k vfHkeq[kh
inlksikukRed lajpuk ueuh; ,oa ifjorZu'khy
dsUnzh;d‘r fu.kZ; fuekZ.k lgHkkxh; fu.kZ; fuekZ.k
izfLFkfr vfHkeq[kh Hkfo"; vfHkeq[kh
40 yksd ç'kklu
fodkl iz'kklu ,oa iz'kklfud fodkl

nksuksa vo/kkj.kk,sa ,d&nwljs ls iwjh rjg lEcfU/kr fdUrq fHkUu gSaA fodkl iz'kklu dk vFkZ fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh O;oLFkk
gS tcfd iz'kklfud fodkl dk vFkZ gS fd iz'kkldh; rU=k dks dq'ky] l{ke rFkk izHkkoh cukukA lekt dY;k.k ;k
lk{kjrk ds fy;s tks rU=k dk;Z dj jgk gS og fodkl iz'kklu gSA vkSj lekt dY;k.k iz'kklu dks lqxfBr djuk o mís';
ds vuqdwy cukuk iz'kklfud fodkl gSA iz'kklfud fodkl dsoy fodkl iz'kklu rd lhfer ugha gSA lkekU; iz'kklu
ds fodkl dks Hkh iz'kkldh; fodkl dgsaxsA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fczfV'k 'kklu ds vUrxZr iqfyl dh dk;Z i)fr tks Fkh
og yksdrU=k ds vuqdwy ugaha gSA mls vuqdwy cukuk iz'kkldh; fodkl gksxkA
izks0 fjXl ds vuqlkj fodkl iz'kklu dk fodflr fd;k tkuk cgqr t:jh gS D;kasfd blds fcuk fodkl dk y{; izkir
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA {kerkghu iz'kklu fodkl dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA lkFk gh iz'kkldh; fodkl ds fy, vko';d
gS fd i;kZoj.k ¼lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd½ dk fodkl fd;k tk;s D;ksafd fodkl iz'kklu dks i;kZoj.k
dh lokZf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA fodkl iz'kklu rFkk iz'kklfud fodkl ds chp ijLij fuHkZjrk dk lEcU/k gSA
fodkl iz'kklu dk egÙo
(Significance)
fodkl iz'kklu esa iz'kklu ds ikjaifjd mikxekssa dh rqyuk eas dbZ ykHknk;d xq.k gSa tSls&
1. fodkl iz'kklu fodkl dh leL;kvksa ,oa buds funku ds vko';d mik;ksa dk O;kid fo'ys"k.k djus ds ,d lkèku
dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA blds iwoZ fodkl ,oa dY;k.k ljdkjh dk;Z&{ks=k esa ugha vkrs FksA
2. fodkl iz'kklu yksd iz'kklu ds fodkl esa ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ rF; gSA blus yksd iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa yksduhfr]
bldk dk;kZUo;u ,oa ewY;ksUeq[k ykdj yksd iz'kklu dh lhekvksa dks foLr‘r fd;k gSA
3. dk;Zjr iz'kkldksa vkSj f'k{kkfonksa ds fy, bldk izR;{k egÙo gSA D;ksfa d os yksd gh fodkl dh leL;kvksa ,oa fodkl
izfØ;k }kjk mRiUu leL;kvksa esa izR;{k :i ls my>s gSaA
4. fodkl iz'kklu us if'peh ekWMy dh vi;kZIrrkvksa dh vksj fo}kuksa us if'peh ekWMy dh vi;kZIrrkvksa dh vksj
fo}kuksa dk /;ku lQyrkiwoZd vkÑ"V fd;k gS vkSj fodkl dk;ks± ds lanHkZ esa mudh vi;kZUrrk lkfcr dh gSA vr%
blus rqyukRed yksd iz'kklu ds rqyukRed v/;;uksa ds lkFk&lkFk yksd iz'kklu ds fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj dh
lfoZdrk ij fopkj [kafMr fd;k gSA
5. fodkl iz'kklu iz'kklfud ra=k ij laLÑfr ds izHkko dks Hkh ekurk gSa vkSj blfy, fodkl ds jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd
,oa lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd i{kksa ds rqY;dkyu ,oa leØe.k ij cy nsrk gSA
6. if'peh ekWMyksa dh vi;kZIrrk dks mtkxj djrs gq, O;ogkjksa iz'kklu mudh iz'kklfud fof/k;ksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dh
vi;kZUrrkvksa dks Hkh mtkxj djrk gSA pwafd if'peh ekWMy iwjc esa iz;ksT; ugha jgs] vr% fodkl iz'kklu ns'kt
iz'kklfud fof/k;ksa ds fodkl dk leFkZu djrk gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr us fodkl dk iapk;rh jktekaM viuk;k
gS rks mldh viuh fof/k gSA
7. fodkl iz'kklu] iz'kklu ds ekuo dkjdksa ij /;ku dsafUnzr djrk gSA ftudh igys mis{kk dh tk jgh FkhA ;g bl
vFkZ es vf/kd yksdrkaf=kd gS fd ;g fupys Lrj ls fopkjksa dks izokg ,ao fodkl izfØ;k esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh Hkh
izksRlkfgr djrk gS tks fd fodkl iz'kklu dh lQyrk ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA
fo'ks"krk,¡
(Features)
fodkl iz'kklu ljdkj dk dk;kZRed igyw gS tks y{;ksUeq[kh gksrk gSa fodkl iz'kklu dsoy turk ds fy, iz'kklu ugh
gS cfYd ;g turk ds lkFk dk;Z djus okyk iz'kklu gSA la{ksi] es fodkl iz'kklu dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA
fodkl iz'kklu 41
1. ifjorZu'khy
'khy% fodkl iz'kklu dk dsUnzfcUnq ifjorZu'khyrk gSA ;g ifjorZu lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd gSA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa iz'kklu dks fujUrj ifjorZuksa ds nkSj ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ifjorZu'khyrk fodkl
iz'kklu dh cgqewY; iw¡th gS ftlds lgkjs og lfØ; cuk jgrk gSA
2. fodklkRed izÑfr fr% QsulksM us Bhd gh dgk gS fd fodkl iz'kklu uohu lq/kkjksa rFkk vfHkuodj.kksa ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA bldh izÑfr fodklkRed dk;ZØeksa dks ysdj pyus dh gksrh gSaA bldk izeq[k mís'; lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuhfrd n‘f"Vdks.k ls fiNMs+ lekt dk fodkl djuk gSA
3. iztkrkfU=kd ewY;ksa ls lEcfU/kr
lEcfU/kr% fodkl iz'kklu tu&vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds izfr iz;Ur'khy jgrk gSA lkFk gh
fodkl iz'kklu iztkrkfU=kd ewY;ksa ls lEc) jgrk gS] D;ksafd blesa ekuo vf/kdkjksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds izfr lEeku]
tufgr dk mís'; rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk fufgr jgrh gSA pw¡fd fodkl iz'kklu dk lEcU/k ljdkjh iz'kklu
}kjk fd;s tkus okys iz;klksa ls gS vkSj ljdkjh iz;kl tudY;k.k vkSj iztkrkfU=kd ewY;ksa ls tqM+s jgrs gSa] vr%
fodkl iz'kklu }kjk fd;s tkus okys iz;klksa ls gS vkSj ljdkjh iz;kl tudY;k.k vkSj iztkrkfU=kd ewY;ksa ls tqM+s
jgrs gSa] vr% fodkl iz'kklu dks iztkrkfU=kd ewY;ksa ls i‘Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
4. vk/kqfud hdj.k
udhdj.k
hdj.k% fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fodkl ds fy, vk/kqfud n‘f"Vdks.k viukuk vo';d gks x;k gSA lkFk gh vkt
ds vk/kqfud mís';ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq fodkl iz'kklu dks vius vkidks ;ksX; cukuk iM+rk gSA blds fy, iz'kklfud
vk/kqfudhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuk iM+rk gSA iz'kklfud vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, fodkl iz'kklu fodflr ns'kksa ls ekin.M
vkSj rduhd izkIr djrk gSaA
5. iz'kklfud dq'kyrk kyrk% dq'kyrk iz'kklu dh lQyrk dh dqt a h gSA fodkl iz'kklu esa iz'kklfud dq'kyrk dks blfy,
egÙo fn;k tkrk gS fd blds vHkko esa fodkl ds mís';ksa dks lQyrkiwoZd izkIr djuk lEHko ugha gSA fodkl
iz'kklu bl ckr ds fy, fujUrj iz;Ru'khy jgrk gS fd iz'kklfud fodkl ds ek/;e ls iz'kklu dh dk;Zdq'kyrk
esa o‘f) dh tk;sA
6. fodkl% vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj fodkl iz'kklu dk ijLij egÙoiw.kZ lEcU/k gSA iz'kklfud fodkl ds fy,
vkfFkZd fodkl
vkfFkZd fodkl Hkh vko';d gSaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh fofHkUu vkfFkZd ;kstuk,a ,oa fodkl lEcU/kh dk;ZØe fodkl
iz'kklu ds lg;ksx ls gh ykxw fd;s tkrs gSaA fodkl iz'kklu ,sls iz'kklfud laxBu dh jpuk djrk gS tks ns'k dh
vkfFkZd izxfr dks lEHko cukrk gS rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy, vkfFkZd
;kstuk,¡ vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSa vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus es fodkl iz'kklu egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSa
7. ifj.kkeksUeq[khkh% fodkl iz'kklu dk ifj.kkeksUeq[kh gksuk bldh ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA fodkl iz'kklu ls
;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og fu/kkZfjr lhek ds vUrxZr dk;ks± dks lEiUu djsa vkSj ifj.kke vPNs gksAa blesa ifj.kke
dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k tkrk gSa
{ks=k
(Scope)
fodkl iz'kklu yksd iz'kklu dh ,d uohu foLr‘r 'kk[kk gSaA bldk tUe fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh u;h&u;h iz'kklfud
;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djus ds lUnHkZ esa gqvk gSa blds {ks=k esa yksd iz'kklu ds os lHkh dk;Z vk tkrs gSa tks
uhfr;ksa] ;kstuk] dk;ZØeksa ds fuekZ.k ls lEcfU/kr gSaA la{ksi esa] blds {ks=k esa os leLr] xfrfof/k;k¡ vkrh gSa tks lkekftd]
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] vks|ksfxd rFkk iz'kklfud fodkl ls lEcfU/kr gksa vkSj tks ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr dh tkrh gksAa ftl
izdkj fodkl ds {ks=k dks fu/kkZfjr djuk lEHko ughsa gS] mlh izdkj fodkl iz'kklu ds {ks=k dks fu/kkZfjr djuk lEHko ugha
gSA blds {ks=k dk v/;;u fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1. iksLMdkWcZ fl)kUr
fl)kUr% pw¡fd fodkl iz'kklu yksd iz'kklu dk gh foLr‘r vax gS blfy, ywFkj xqfyd }kjk izfrikfnr
iksLMdkWcZ fl)kUr fodkl iz'kklu ds {ks=k ds fy, izklafxd gSA ;g 'kCn fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls cuk gS% Planning
¼fu;kstu½] Organisation ¼laxBu½] Staffing ¼deZpkjh½] Direction ¼funsZ'ku½] Coordination ¼leUo;½] Reporting
¼izfrosnu½] rFkk Budgeting ¼ctV½A bu lHkh fl)kUrksa dh fodkl iz'kklu esa vko';drk iM+rh gSA
42 yksd ç'kklu
2. iz'kklfud lq/kkj ,oa izcU/kdh; fodkl

fodkl% bu nksuksa dk fodkl iz'kklu esa vR;Ur egÙo gksrk gS blfy, iz'kklfud
lq/kkj ,oa izcU/kdh; fodkl ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA iz'kklu ds laxBuksa es ges'kk lq/kkj dh vko';drk iM+rh
gSA iz'kkldh; lq/kkj dk eq[; mís'; gS tfVy dk;ksZ vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukuk rFkk mu fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k
djuk ftuls U;wure Je ,ao O;; djds vf/kdre mRiknd ifj.kke izkIr fd;s tk ldsaA blds fy, le;≤
ij fofHkUu vk;ksx ,oa lfefr;k¡ xfBr dh tkrh gSa rFkk iz'kklfud lq/kkj ds lEcU/k esa buds izfrosnu ek¡xs tkrs gSaA
3. yksd lsodksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k
'k{k.k% fodkl iz'kklu dks uohu ;kstukvksa] fo'ks"khdj.k rFkk tfVy iz'kklfud dk;ZØeksa
dks ykxw djuk iM+rk gSA ,sls dk;ks± dks lEiUu djus ds fy, fodkl iz'kklu dks vuqdy w yksd lsodksa dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA blds fy, yksd lsodksa dks izf'k{k.k gsrq fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'ks"khÑr izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Hkstk tkrk gS] tgk¡
mUgsa iz'kkldh; leL;kvksa vkSj laxBukRed izcU/k vkfn ds fo"k; esa crk;k tkrk gSa bl izdkj le; ds lkFk cnyh
gqbZ vk/kqfud ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy vius yksd lsodksa dks izf'kf{kr djuk fodkl iz'kklu dj egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA
4. vk/kqfuud
d izcU/kdh; rduhd dk iz;ksx% fodkl iz'kklu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z mu uohu izcU/kdh; rduhdksa dh
[kkst djuk gS ftuls fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa dk;Zd'q kyrk c<+k;h tk ldsA bl lEcU/k esa fodflr ns'kksa esas viuk;s tkus
okys uohu izcU/kdh; rjhdksa dks ykxw djuk pkfg,A
5. fodkl ds dk;ZØee% tSlk fd fofnr gS] fodkl iz'kklu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa
dks ykxw djuk gSA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, vusd ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe ykxw fd;s tkrs gSA bUgsa vkèkqfud
rduhdh ds ek/;e ls tu&tu rd igq¡pkuk fodkl iz'kklu dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA
6. tu lEidZ dk lg;ksx% iz'kklu dk mís'; tufgr gksrk gS vr% fodkl lEcU/kh dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,
tu lg;ksx ,oa tu lEidZ vR;Ur vko';d gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd fodkl iz'kklu es tu lEidZ vkSj tu
lg;ksx dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA okLro esa tu lEidZ ds }kjk ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd tks tudY;k.k lEcU/kh dk;ZØe
pyk;s tk jgs gSa mudk ykHk vke turk rd igq¡prk gS ;k ugha rFkk turk dh muds izfr D;k izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA
fodkl iz'kklu ds fy, tu lg;ksx u dsoy vko';d gS cfYd blds vHkko esa lQyrk lEHko ughsa gSA
7. vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktuhfrd <k¡ps dk fodkl fodkl% oLrqr% vkfFkZd] lkekftd o jktuhfrd fodkl lEcU/kh dk;Z
fodkl iz'kklu dh jh<+ gksrs gSaA bl fn'kk esa dk;Z djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gksrh gSA ijEijkxr lajpukvksa dh dfe;ksa vkSj
izfØ;kvksa dks lq/kkj dj mudh txg uohu izdkj ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djuk fodkl iz'kklu
ds lkeus ,d cgqr tfVy dk;Z cu x;k gSA bu lajpukvksa dk fodkl o lq/kkj djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA bl
izdkj fodkl iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd <k¡ps dk fodkl djuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA
mijksDr ckrksa ds vfrfjDr fodkl iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa {ks=kh; fodkl ifj"kns]a lkeqnkf;d lsok,¡] izcU/k dk;ZØe] vUrjk"Vªh;
lg;ksx vkfn ckrks dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&tSls ljdkj ds fodkl lEcU/kh dk;ZØe c<+rs tkrs gSa] fodkl
iz'kklu dk {ks=k Hkh foLr‘r gksrk tkrk gSaA
Hkkjr esa fodkl iz'kklu vkSj iz'kklfud fodkl

(Development Administration and Administrative Development in India)
Lora=krk i'pkr~ Hkkjr es ^fodkl iz'kklu* dh vo/kkj.kk viuk;h x;hA iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh lQy fØ;kfUorh ds lkFk
ns'k esa ^fodkl iz'kklu* ds pj.k c<+rs jgsA iz'kklu vkSj turk dh [kkbZ ikVh tk jgh gS] iz'kklu }kjk tu&lEidZ dks
egÙo fn;k tk jgk gS] vkSj ;g fujUrj iz;kl py jgs gSa fd fodkl dk;ks± esa tu&lgHkkfxrk esa o‘f) gksA lkeqnkf;d
fodkl vkSj iapk;rh jkt esa tu&lgHkkfxrk dks tks egÙo fn;k x;k gSA og fodkl iz'kklu ds u, n‘f"Vdks.k dk
ifjpk;d gSa ifj;kstuk {ks=k fodkl iz'kklu dk gh ,d :i gSA Hkkjr esa fofHkUu unh&?kkVh vFkok ugj ifj;kstukvksa
dk foLrkj ns'k esa flapkbZ dh leL;k lqy>kus vkSj fo|qr izkIr djus gsrq fd;k tk jgk gSA bu fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa ds
fudVorhZ {ks=kksa fd fodkl ds fy, lesfdr dk;ZØe okaNuh; ekus tkrs gSa rn~ul
q kj ,d ifj;ksturk ds ek.M {ks=k es Ñf"k]
i'kqikyu] ou] lgdkfjrk] lkeqnkf;d fodkl] 'kfDr] lM+d]as f'k{kk] LokLF;] ihus dk ikuh] nsgkrh x‘g fuekZ.k] de vk;
ds ?kj] ef.M;k¡] y?kq m|ksx vkfn ds {ks=kksa es fodkl dh vksj ,dhÑr :i ls /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA {ks=kh; fodkl dh
fodkl iz'kklu 43
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq ,dhÑr laxBu dh vko';drk gksrh gSa tks fofHkUu dk;Z Lrjksa ij leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA
bl laxBu dks i;kZIr iz'kklfud vkSj foÙkh; vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk foi.ku] lapkj] izkslsflax vkfn 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh
tkrh gSaA
fodkl iz'kklu ds lHkh vfHkdj.k xzke fodkl ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gSaA bl ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd fodkl vf/kdkjh
LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk egÙo le>s vkSj mUgsa xzkeh.k lekt dk fo'ks"kKrkiw.kZ Kku gksA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dk fodkl lHkh
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds loksZPp y{;ksa esa ls ,d jgk gSaA
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa }kjk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, vko';d cqfu;knh HkkSfrd o laLFkkxr <k¡pk
rS;kj gks x;k gSA lesfdr xzke fodkl dk;ZØe] chl lw=kh dk;ZØe rFkk tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls fodkl
iz'kklu ds y{;ksa dks lkdkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
fodkl iz'kklu esa ftyk Lrj ij vfHkdj.kksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa esa ftyk/kh'k] ftyk ifj"kn] iapk;r lfefr;k¡] fodkl
vfèkdkjh] [k.M fodkl vf/kdkjh] izlkj vf/kdkjh] xzke fodkl [k.M] xzke lsod] iz/kku] mi&iz/kku vkfn egÙoiw.kZ gSaA
iapk;rh jkt 1959 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk xzke [k.M ;k ftyk&Lrj ij ykxw fd;k x;k f=kLrjh;
<k¡pk gS ijUrq jkT;ksa dks LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj <k¡ps esa ifjorZu djus dh NwV gSA iapk;rh jkt ds lHkh fudk;
vkafxd :i ls ijLij tqM+s gq, gSaA xzke fodkl ds dk;ZØe dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, xzke Lrj ij iapk;r] lgdkjh lfefr
vkSj fo|ky; cqfu;knh laLFkk,¡ gSaA
fodkl iz'kklu ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud ifjorZu ;k fodkl
Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy ns'k gS vkSj LorU=krk izkfIr ds ckn ljdkj us ns'k dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk es egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZuksa
ds fy, le;≤ ij mfpr dne mBk, gSA izcks/ku vkSj mins'kkRed Lrj ij vusd fu;kstu ns[kus dks feys gSAa fofHkUu
vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa dk xBu gqvk gS ftUgksaus iz'kklfud lq/kkj vkSj ifjorZu ds fy, flQkfj'ksa dh gSaA osru vk;ksxksa
vkSj lfefr;ksa ds v/;;u iz'kklfud ifjorZu dh vis{kkvksa vkSj vko';drkvksa] lsohoxz ds ewY;ksa vkSj visf{kr ifjorZuksa
dks n'kkZrs gSA bu fofHkUu flQkfj'kksa ij vey gqvk gS ysfdu O;ogkj es vkt iz'kklfud O;oLFkk vkSj lekt es nwjh cuh
gqbZ gSA nksuksa ds chp dh [kkbZ dks ikVk ugha tk ldk gSA fodkl'khy jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh ek¡x gS fd iz'kklu dks
vkèkqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku ds :i esa iz;Dq r fd;k tk,A ;fn bl ek¡x dh iwfrZ djrh gS rks iz'kklu O;oLFkk vkSj fØ;k iz.kkyh
esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu djus gksaxsA Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk djrs le; bl fLFkfr dks fo'ks"k /;ku
esa j[kk x;k Fkk] ysfdu izc)
q jktuhfrd ,ao iz'kklfud {ks=kksa esa fujk'kk gqbZ gS fd vk;ksxksa dh flQkfj'kksa es fdUgha vkèkkjHkwr
ifjorZuksa dk izfrfcEc ns[kus dks ugha feyrk gSA fodkl'khy O;oLFkk ds fy, iz'kklu dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djus gsrq bu
iz'uksa ij jpukRed flQkfj'kksa dh vko';drk gS fd iz'kklu esa D;k ifjorZu yk, tk,¡] uohu ifjorZuksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa
dk lkeuk djus ds fy, iz'kklu dks l{ke dSls cuk;k tk, vkfnA vc rd tks flQkfj'ksa vkbZ gSa mues ,sls iz'uksa ij fopkj
rks fd;k x;k ysfdu visf{kr :i ls ;g lUrks"ktud ugha gSA
Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud ifjorZu vk'kkuqdwy ugha gks ik, gSa tks ifjorZu gqvk og lUrks"ktud ugah gSA dqN fodklkRed
ifjorZu iz'kklfud Lrj ds laxBuksa esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSa] ;Fkk&y?kq Lrjh; m|ksx] yksd fuxe] ljdkjh daiuh] inksUufr
xBu vkfnA ^LVfQax* ds u, Lo:i ns[kus es vk, gSa vkSj ,sls iz;Ru fd;s x, gSa fd fodkl rFkk ifjorZu dh vuqdy w fn'kk
esa c<+us ds fy, fo'ks"kK rFkk O;kolkf;d lsokvksa dks fof'k"Vrk iznku dh tk ldsA ijEijkxr ukSdj'kkgh dks cnyus ds
iz;kl fd, x, gSaA iz'kklu dks ,d u;k n'kZu fn;k x;k gS vkSj ;g vkxzg jgk gSA fd iz'kkld Lo;a dks lekt&lsod
le>sa vksj tu&lk/kkj.k ds fudV vk,¡A iz'kklu dks fØ;kRed Lok;Ùkrk izkIr jgs] og jktuhfrd ncko ls ijs jgs& bu
fn'kk esa vusd iz;kl fd, x, gSaA fofHkUu iz'kkldh; laxBuksa esa 'kfDr gLrkarfjd dh tkus yxh gSA laxBukRed vkSj
O;kogkfjd nksuksa Lrjksa ij izdk'ku dks jpukRed :i nsus dh fn'kk es dne mBk, x, gSaA vHkh dqN djuk 'ks"k gSA tks
dne mBk, x, gSa muds visf{kr lUrks"ktud ifj.kke ugha fudys gSaA iz'kklu vkSj turk nksuksa dh eukso‘fÙk ljyrk ls
ugha nck;h tk ldrhA blesa lsoh&oxZ lEcU/kh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dk fo'ks"k egÙo gS D;ksafd lHkh ifjorZuksa dh lQyrk
blh oxZ dh n{krk ij fuHkZj gSaA ;g furkUr vko';d gS fd iz'kklu dh lsoh&oxZ lEcU/kh uhfr;k¡ izsjd vkSj lUrks"ktud
gksa rkfd ;g oxZ fodkl'khy lekt dh ek¡xksa ds izfr vf/kdkf/kd tkx:d cusaA
44 yksd ç'kklu
iz'kklfud fodkl dh vo/kkj.k esa ;g fopkj vUrfuZfgr gS fd iz'kklu dh dksbZ O;oLFkk rHkh izHkko'kkyh vkSj xfr'khy
jg ldrh gS tc mlesa lq/kkj ds fy, fu'p;kRed] O;ofLFkr ,oa laxfBr iz;kl gksrs jgsaA lq/kkj ds }kj cUn djus dk
vFkZ gSA viuh mi;ksfxrk dk Ðkl vkSj lthork dk uk'kA lhfer lzksrksa ls vf/kdkf/kd ykHk rHkh mBk;k tk ldrk gS
tc vko';drk vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ifjorZu fd, tk,¡] izHkkoh lq/kkj&uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k tk,A iz'kklfud izcèa k
esa fujUrj lq/kkj dh vko';drk fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa es Lohdkj dh xbZ gS vkSj f}rh; eg;q)ksÙkj ;qx esa bls vf/kd egÙo
izkIr gqvk gSA Þizcq) lsohoxZ iz'kklu] ifj"Ñr jhfr;k¡ rFkk izfØ;k,¡] O;ofLFkr laxBu] Lopkfyr ;U=kksa dk c<+rk gqvk
iz;ksx] deZpkfj;ksa dks izksRlkgu] iqjLdkj ,oa izf'k{k.k&;kstuk,¡ rFkk fu"ikndh; fodkl dk;ZØe] dqN ,slh ;qfDr;k¡ gSa
tks okafNr ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSAß iz'kklfud lq/kkj ls rkRi;Z] iz'kklu esa ,sls lqfu;ksftr
ifjorZu ykuk gS ftuls ;g viuh {kerk,¡ c<+k lds ,oa lkekftd y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh tk ldsA iz'kklfud fodkl ,d
,slh izfØ;k gS tks la;ksftr ,ao laxfBr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk fujUrjrk ,oa l‘tu'khyrk dh vis{kk djrh gSA
vkykspuk
(Criticism)
orZeku ukSdj'kkgh fodkl iz'kklu ds dk;ks± gsrq vuqi;qDr gSA blesa vusd lajpukRed ,oa O;ogkjoknh nks"k gSaA bldks
fodkl iz'kklu ds vuqdwy cukus gsrq fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu djus gksaxsA
1. in lksikukRed lajpuk dks de egÙo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
2. uhfrfuekZ.k ,oa fofu'p; fuekZ.k esa dkfeZdksa dh Hkkxsnkjh c<+kus gsrq laxBuksa dh ubZ lajpuk djuh gksxhA
3. lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k fd;k tk, rFkk {ks=kh; bdkbZ;ksa dks fu.kZ; ysus ds vf/kd vf/kdkj fn, tk,a¡A
4. laxBu esa izfLFkfr ,oa in dks vf/kd egÙo fn, fcuk lapj.k dk eqDr izokg gksuk pkfg,A
5. dkfeZdksa dh HkrhZ ds fy, ;ksX;rk ,d ek=k vk/kkj gksuk pkfg,A mfpr izf'k{k.k dh mi;qDr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
6. ukSdj'kkgh dks tu&lgHkkfxrk ,oa lg;ksx izkIr djuk pkfg,A
7. ukSdj'kkgh dks turk ds izfr vius O;ogkj dks cnyuk gksxkA mUgsa muesa eqDr :i ls feydj mudh leL;kvksa dks
tkuus dks iz;kl djuk gksxk ,oa vius O;ogkj esa f'k"V ,oa fouez gksuk pkfg,A
8. O;kolkf;d xfr'khyrk dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A
bl rF; ds ckotwn fd fodkl'khyrk ns'kksa esa ukSdj'kkgh fodkl iz'kklu dh vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djus esa vlQy jgh gS]
bl ckr lsa badkj fd;k tk ldrk fd bldh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gSA vko';drk gS u;s lanHkZ esa fodkl dh vis{kkvksa ds
vuqdwy blesa vko';d lajpukRed ,oa O;ogkjoknh ifjorZu djus dhA
fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k i)fr% gjcVZ lkbZeu 45
v/;k;&6
fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k i)fr% gjcVZ lkbZeu
(Decision-Making Approach: Herbert Simon)
izcU/k dh lHkh leL;kvkas eas ls fu.kZ; djus dh leL;k lcls dfBu gSA lk/kkj.k thou esa Hkh dk;Z djus ls igys ;g fu.kZ;
djuk fd ;g dk;Z fd;k tk;s vFkok u fd;k tk;] cgqr dfBu dke gSA O;fDr ijke'kZ] ekxZ&n'kZu rFkk lq>ko ysrk
jgrk gS rFkk tc fu.kZ; ysrk gS rks cgqr nsj gks tkrh gS vkSj fQj mldk eu cny tkrk gSA izk;% ;g ge lHkh ds lkFk
gksrk gSA lj yki xksj cwFk tks dHkh Hkkjr esa fczfV'k gkbZ dfe'kuj Fks] us Bhd gh dgk gS fd fu.kZ; ysuk fdruk dfBu
gS] «Þ;fn vki ;g dk;Z lqxe le>rs gSa rks lwV [kjhnus ij gh bldks ykxw dhft,A fdlh fuf'pr fnu vki ;g fu.kZ;
djsa fd vkxkeh Ms<+ o"kZ esa vkidks ,d lwV dh vko';drk gSA fo|eku lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks n‘f"V esa j[krs gq, lIykbZ
djus okyksa rFkk muds uewuksa] jaxksa rFkk LVkbyksa ds ckjs esa foLr‘r lwpuk okafNr gksxh blfy, vki lHkh njft;ksa ¼mudks
Hkh tks nwj gS½a ls lwpuk eaxok,¡xs rFkk blesa rhu ekl yx tk,axs ftlesa vkidks rhu ekl vkSj yx tk;sxa As rc vki laf{kIr
lwpuk ,d lfefr ekaxsaxs ftleas vkidks rhu ekl vkSj yx tk;saxsA rc vki laf{kIr lwpuk ,d lfefr ds lEeq[k izLrqr
djsaxs ftlesa vkidh iRuh] HkkbZ rFkk vU; fe=k lfEefyr gksaxsA blesa ,d o"kZ vkSj yx tk;sxk rFkk fuLlUnsg vkius ,d
vkn'kZ lwV vkn'kZ dher ij fy;k gS fdUrq rc rd LVkby cny pqdk gsxkAß1
fdUrq ;g dksbZ laxBu gekjh rjg fu.kZ; ys ldrk gS\ D;k os bl rjg fu.kZ; fuyfEcr dj ldrs gS\a O;kikj esa rks fu.kZ;
cgqr 'kh?kz ysus iM+rs gSa] ugha rks O;kikj pkSiV gks tkrk gSA fdUrq yksd iz'kklu esa fu.kZ; ysuk bruk lqxe ugha gS ftruk
O;kikfjd txr~ esa gS pkgs blesa fu.kZ; cgqr nsj rd fuyfEcr ugha fd;s tk ldrsA O;kikj esa 'kh?kz fu.kZ;ksa dh vko';drk
gS fdUrq yksd iz'kklu esa Bhd fu.kZ;ksa dh vko';drk gSA lj bjusLV xksojl (Sir Ernest Gowers) us O;kikfjd rFkk
ljdkjh fu.kZ;ksa ds vUrj dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k gS vkSj dgk gS fd O;kikfjd txr~ esa ;fn fy;s x;s nl fu.kZ;ksa esa
ls lkr vPNs] nks u vPNs u cqjs rFkk ,d cqjk fu.kZ; gks rks o"kZ ds vUr esa 'ks;j gksYMjksa ds fy, ifj.kke larks"ktud gksxkA
nwljh vksj] ;fn ljdkj ;g izfr'krrk izkIr djs rks vPNs fu.kZ;ksa dks misf{kr dj fn;k tk;sxk vkSj ,sls fu.kZ;ksa dh] tks
u vPNs gSa u cqjs] cgqr vkykspuk dh tk;sxh rFkk cqjs fu.kZ; dks fojks/kh ny dHkh n‘f"V ls vks>y ugha gksus nsaxsaA
blds vfrfjDr] yksd iz'kklu esa fu.kZ; ysus dk dk;Z cká izHkkoksa ls eqDr ugha gSA dbZ izdkj ds izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k ncko
Mkys tkrs gSa rFkk dbZ ckj vfuPNk ls fu.kZ; ysuk iM+ tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] O;kikfjd iz'kklu Lora=k gksrk gS rFkk vius
fu.kZ; Lora=krk ls ys ldrk gSA
izHkkoh izcU/k] pkgs og ljdkjh laxBu dk gks vFkok xSj&ljdkjh laxBu dk] dk vUrr% vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd ml ls
lacafèkr Bhd Fkk mÙkjnk;h fu.kZ; fd;s tk,¡A ,d vPNk usrk og gksrk gS tks fu.kZ; ys lds] tks bl leL;k dks
gy dj lds fd dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;Z fd;k tk, vFkok u fd;k tk;s rFkk tks fu.kZ; djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lg"kZ
Lohdkj dj ldsA izk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vkykspuk dh fLFkfr esa ea=kh Hkh dbZ ckj fd;s x;s fu.kZ;ksa dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro Lohdkj ugha djrs rFkk dSfcusV ds lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh vkM+ ysrs gSaA oLrqr% mÙkjnkf;Ro dk Hkkj ge
lg"kZ ugha laHkkyrs] dbZ rks bls Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj gh ugha gksrsA fu.kZ; ysus ysus dh {kerk rFkk bPNk ds fcuk
izcU/k dk;Z pykuk lEHko ugha gSA
dksbZ Hkh euq"; =kqfVjfgr ugha gSA lHkh fu.kZ; O;fDr;ksa dks ilUn ugha vk ldrsA lkbeu (Simon) ds fopkj esa
laxBu dh lkjh leL;k dks lkekftd rFkk euksoSKkfud ifjizs{; esa ns[kus ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd fu.kZ;
46 yksd ç'kklu
ysus dk dk;Z vfuok;Zr% rkfdZd (rational) ughsa gSA Þfdlh laxBu ds lnL;ksa ds dsoy e'khuh ;U=k ugha le>k
tkuk pkfg,A mUgsa O;fDr le>k tkuk pkfg,] ftudh vko';drk,¡] mís';] izsj.kk,¡ gksrh gSa] ftudk Kku lhfer
gksrk gS] lh[k ldus dh {kerk rFkk leL;kvksa ds gy djus dh {kerk lhfer gksrh gSAß blds] vfrfjDr dbZ leL;kvksa
dk lek/kku djuk gksrk gS rc fdlh dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh ds fy, ;g fu.kZ; djuk dfBu gksrk gS fd izR;sd fu.kZ;
ij fdruk le; yxsxkA oLrqr% cgqr lh leL;kvkas ds fy, cgqr vYi le; feyrk gSA ekpZ (March) ds 'kCnksa
esa] ÞO;kikfjd laxBu ds tfVy okrkoj.k esa fdlh dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh dks fu.kZ; ysrs le; rhu voLFkk,¡ ikj djh
iM+rh gSa%
1- vusd leL;kvksa esa ls fdlh leL;k dh vksj og /;ku ns(
2- ml le; dh vfuf'prrk dk lek/kkuk djus ds fy;s og fdruk le;] ;Ru Fkk /ku yxk;s( rFkk
3- leL;k dk D;k lek/kku fd;k tk;sAß
fu.kZ; dk vFkZ
(Meaning of Decision)
'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj ^fu.kZ;* dk vFkZ gS Þvius eu esa fdlh fopkj vFkok dkjZokbZ ds ckjs esa fu/kkZfjr (determine) djukAß
izLrqr dbZ fodYiksa easa ls ,d fodYi pquuk gksrk gSAß oLrqr% fu.kZ; yEch lksp&fopkj dk fu"d"kZ gSA
VSjh ds 'kCnksa esa] Þfu.kZ; izk;% uhfr }kjk fu/kkZfjr lhekvksa ds varxZr fy;k tkrk gSA uhfr vis{kkÑr foLr‘r
rFkk dbZ leL;kvksa dks izHkkfor djus okyh gksrh gSA blds myV fu.kZ; fdlh fo'ks"k leL;k ls lEcfU/kr gksrk
gS rFkk blesa fujUrjrk ugha gksrhß2 fdUrq ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd uhfr Lo;a Hkh fu.kZ; dk ifj.kke gSA fu.kZ;
,d lk/ku gS] vius vki esas lk/; ugha gSA mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSa( dbZ ckj nksckjk fu.kZ; ysuk
iM+rk gSA fu.kZ; LFkk;h ugha gksrs D;ksafd mUgsa ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA vczkge fyadu
}kjk ,d lfefr ds lEeq[k tujy xzkaV ds i{k esa dgs x, 'kCn bldk loksZÙke mnkgj.k gSaA og lfefr tujy xzkaV dh
f'kdk;r dj jgh FkhA lfefr ds v/;{k us dgk] Þjk"Vªifr egksn;] vki tkurs gSa fd tujy xzkaV dbZ fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
og ,d ds ckn nwljk Bhd fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSj dbZ fcYdqy xyr fu.kZ; ysrkAß fyadu us 'kkfUriwoZd lquk vkSj
,d {k.k ekSu jgus ds ckn dgus yxk] Þv/;{k egksn;] vki Bhd dgrs gSa fdUrq esjs fopkj esa ;fn og ,d xyr fu.kZ;
ysrk gS] mls 'kh?kz gh Kku gks tkrk gS] og rqjUr gh bls cny nsrk gSA eSa mls inklhu j[kus dk izLrko j[krk gw¡Aß
fu.kZ; ds fuEufyf[kr rÙo (elements) gSa&
1- fu.kZ; ysuk p;u dh izfØ;k gS rFkk y{; lokZsÙke fodYi p;u djuk gS(
2- fu.kZ; dk mís'; laxBu ds iz;kstuksa dks izkIr djuk gksrk gS(
3- fu.kZ;&fu/kkZj.k eas miyC/k fodYiksa dk ewY;kadu fufgr gS(
4- fu.kZ;&fu/kkZj.k ,d ekufld izfØ;k gS(
5- fu.kZ;&fu/kkZj.k rdZlaxr gksrk gSA
ijUrq dHkh&dHkh fu.kZ; ysrs le; buesa ls fdlh rRo dks misf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa mBk;s tkus okys ix

(Steps in the Process of Decision Making)
fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa mBk;s tkus okys ix fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1- leL;k dh igpku djuk (Problem Identification)% ,d rdZ'khy fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa lcls igyk ix gksrk
gS leL;k dh lgh igpku djukA ,d dk;Zikyd dh leL;k dh igpku djus dh ;ksX;rk dh rqyuk ,d MkDVj
}kjk ekuoh; leL;kvkas dh igpku djus ls dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq MkDVj dks bl ckr dk ykHk gksrk gS fd og
jksxh dh tkap iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkh dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ,d iz'kkldh; laxBu ds dk;Zikyd ds ikl ,slh lqfoèkk ugha
gksrhA dbZ ckj fu.kZ.k ysus okyk fofHké iz.kkfy;ksa dks gh dkj.k le> ysrk gS rks og vius lgh ekxZ ls HkVd tkrk
gS] vkSj tc og vkf[kjdkj (Symptoms) y{k.kksa dk bykt djus yxrk gS] rks og leL;k ds dkj.kksa dks nwj djus
esa vlQy gks tkrk gSA bl fy, ;g vko';d gS fd leL;k dh lgh igpku dh tk;s vkSj dsoy ml ds y{k.kksa
dh igpku djuk gh dkQh ugha gksxkA bl dne ij fu.kZ; djus okys dks çklafxd (Relevant) dks vlafxBr
(irrelevant) ls vyx&djuk pkfg,( rFkk egRoiw.kZ dks xSj&t:jh ls Hkh vyx djuk pkfg, bl fu.kZ; ysus okys
dks leL;k dk o.kZu ljy 'kCnksa esa djuk pkfg,A ,d ckj leL;k dh lgh igpku gks xbZ rks fQj fu.kZ; ysus okys
ds fy, bl dks dkQh gn rd gy djus ds vf/kd volj iSnk gks tk;saxsA
2- leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k (Problem Analysis)% vxyk ix leL;k ds fo'ys"k.k dk gSA ;fn leL;k cM+h gS rks ;gh
vPNk jgsxk fd bldks dbZ Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vdj bl dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;sA blls mldks gy djus esa vklkuh gh
gksxhA leL;k dk oxhZdj.k Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A y{k.kksa dks leL;k ls vyx fd;k tk;s] leL;k dk dkj.k] fdLe
rFkk mldh izÑfr dk Hkh irk yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A leL;k ls lEcfU/kr vkadM+s ,d=k fd;s tk;s rFkk mu dk
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk,A bu vkadM+ksa dk ewY;kadu djds mUgsa leL;k ds y{k.kksa rFkk dkj.kksa ls lEcfU/kr fd;s tk;sA
bl ls leL;k ds izkjfEHkd lek/kku dk fodkl 'kq: gks tk;sxkA
3- lEHkkfor fodYiksa dks fu/kkZfjr djuk (Determine Possible Alternative)% fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa ;g ,d
dfBu ix gSA fu.kZ; ysus okys dks leL;k ds lHkh lEHkkfor vFkok rdZ laxr lek/kkuksa ds fy, vius fnekx dks [kqyk
j[kuk pkfg, vkSj mls u dsoy mUgha lek/kkuksa ds ckjs esa lkspuk pkfg, tks mlds }kjk iwoZ&fu.khZr vFkok mls fiz;
gksA leL;k ds igys fd;s x;s lek/kkuksa ds izHkko dks de djus ds fy, ;Ru fd;k tk,A leL;k ds igys fd;s
x;s lek/kkuksa (Solutions) ij fopkj djuk cqjk ugha] ijUrq fQj Hkh bl ckr ls cpko gh djuk pkfg, fd leL;k
ds igys lek/kku gh fopkjksa ds dsoy ,d ek=k lzksr gSaA u;s fodYiksa dks [kkstus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd lHkh
izdkj ds lEHkkfor fodYiksa dh lwph rS;kj dj yh tkuh pkfg,A okLro esa fodYi lek/kku gh gekjk ,dek=k 'kL=k
gS] ftl ls ge vius vUnktksa dks fØ;kRed :i ns ldrs gSaA
4- fodYiksa ds izHkko dk ewY;kadu djuk (Evaluate the impact of Alternatives)% fu.kZ; djus okyk vc izR;sd
fodYi ds izHkko dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA okLro esa og fofHké fodYiksa dks ykxw fd;s tkus ij mu ds izHkkoksa dk
vuqeku yxkrk gSA ;fn fu.kZ; jk"Vªh; egÙo dk gS rks lkoZtfud lykgdkj lfefr rFkk ncko lewgksa ds fopkj Hkh
tku fy, tkus pkfg,aA bl LVst ij fu.kZ; ysus okys dks fuEufyf[kr pkj ix mBkus pkfg,&
(i) lzksrksa dh igpku djuk% leL;k dks lqy>kus esa lgk;d gks ldus okys ftrus Hkh lzksr gksa mu dh igpku
dh tk;sA
(ii) fodYi lek/kkuksa dks rS;kj djuk% leL;k dks gy djus ds fy, lzksrksa ds fofHké tksM+ (Combinations) rS;kj
djukA bl ls leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, fofHké fodYi rS;kj gks ldsaxsA
(iii) izR;sd fodYi dk ijh{k.k djuk% izR;sd fodYi dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk;sA fo'ys"k.k }kjk bl ckr dk irk
yxk;k tk;s fd izR;sd fodYi leL;k dks iwjh rjg gy djsxk vFkok mlds dqN Hkkx dks gy djsxk\ D;k
og leL;k dks ges'kk ds fy, gy djsxk vFkok dqN le; ds fy,\ D;k ;g O;kogkfjd gks ldsxk\ bl ij
fdruk [kpZ gksxk\ D;k ge bruk [kpZ lgu dj ldsx a \s os yksx tks bl ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksx
a s rFkk tks blls
lEcfU/kr gksaxs D;k os bls Lohdkj djsaxs\
(iv) izR;sd fodYi ds ykHkksa] [kpks± rFkk [krjksa dh lwph rS;kj djuk% D;k izR;sd fodYi ,d lq/kkj gS\ D;k
ykHkksa rFkk fØ;k ij vkus okys [kpZs dks ekik tk ldrk gS\ izR;sd fodYi dh lQyrk dh D;k fo"kerk,a
(Odds) gksaxh\
48 yksd ç'kklu
5- ,d fodYi dk pquko djuk (Selection of an Alternative): ;g fu.kZ; djus dh vfUre LVst gksrh gSA vc
fu.kZ; djus okys dks fofHké fodYiksa esa ls loksZÙke fodYi dk pquko djuk gksrk gSA ,slk djrs le; fuEufyf[kr
pkj ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&
(i) ykHkksa rFkk [krjksa dh rqyuk djuk% fu.kZ; ysus okys dks vc viuh fØ;k }kjk izkIr gksus okys ykHkksa rFkk mlesa
vkus okys [krjksa dh rqyuk djuh pkfg,A ftl fodYi esa mls [krjksa dh vis{kk ykHk vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrs gksa]
mls ml fodYi dk pquk djuk pkfg,A
(ii) iz;Ur esa ferO;f;rk% ml fodYi dks pquk tk;s ftl ds ykxs djus ds fy, iz;Ru de djuk iM+s rFkk mlds
ifj.kke lcls vf/kd gksaA
(iii) le; ds vuqlkj% lgh le; ij lgh fu.kZ; ysuk gh lc ls dfBu dk;Z gSA ij fu.kZ; ysus okys dks ;fn viuk
fu.kZ; lQyrk ls ykxw djuk gS rks mls Bhd le; ij gh fu.kZ; ys ysuk pkfg,A ;fn mlus nsj dj nh rks
lQyrk mlds gkFk ugha yxsxhA
(iv) ekuoh; lzksr% lHkh lzksrksa esa ls lc ls egRoiw.kZ lzksr gS& ekuoh; 'kfDr D;ksafd os ekuo gh gksaxs tks fu.kZ;
dks ykxw djsaxsA blfy, fu.kZ; ysus okys dks laxBu ds vanj rFkk laxBu ds ckj ,sls ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dk irk
ykxkuk gksxk tks mlds fu.kZ; dks dq'kyrkiwoZd ykxw dj ldsaA
vPNk fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;d gksus okys rÙo

(Factors Helpful in Good Decision Making)
vPNk fu.kZ; ysus esa cgqr ls rÙoksa dk gkFk gksrk gSA fu.kZ; ysus okys dks ,d ;ksX;] vPNk rFkk dq'ky fu.kZ; ysus ds
fy, tks rRo lgk;d gksrs gSa] og bl izdkj gSa&
1- fØ;kfof/k dks ljy cukuk (Simplification of Procedures): yEch rFkk tfVy fØ;kfof/k] xSj&t:jh fu;e
rFkk fofu;e i{kikrh; >qdko iSnk djrs gSaA bl fy, ;g t:jh gS fd dk;Zfof/k ds mUur fu;e LFkkfir fd;s
tk;sa rFkk xSj&t+:jh fu;eksa rFkk fofu;keksa dks lekIr fd;k tk;sA
2- cksMZ dh fdLe okys laxBuksa dk iz;ksx (Use of Board Type Organisation): cksMZ dh fdLe okys laxBuksa dk
iz;ksx eu ethZ ds fu.kZ; djus esa deh ykus eas lgk;d gksrk gSA D;ksafd bl izdkj ds laxBu esa lÙkk O;fDr;ksa
ds lewg esa caVh gksrh gS rFkk izR;sd O;fDr ,d&nwljs }kjk i{kikr dks jksdus ds fy, ;Ru djrk gSA
3- ckgjh ncko dh j{kk (Protection from External Pressures): deZpkfj;ksa dks ckgjh ncko ls cpkuk pkfg,]
rkfd os Bhd fu.kZ; dj ldsaA efU=k;ksa] fo/kku e.My ds lnL;ksa] jktuhfrd nyksa ds usrkvksa] dbZ ljdkjh rFkk
xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ij izHkko Mkys tkrs gSaA ;g rjhdk cgqr xyr gSA blls ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dh Lora=krk rFkk muesa igydneh (Initiative) djus dh Hkkouk lekIr gks tkrh gSA blfy, ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks ckgjh ncko ls cpkus ds fy, gj izdkj dk iz;Ru fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4- lykgdkj laLFkkvksa dk iz;ksx (Use of Consultative Bodies): fu.kZ; ysus ls igys lykgdkj laLFkkvkssa ls lykg
ysuk Hkh ykHknk;d fl) gksrk gSa ;s geas fofHké izdkj dh lwpuk,a iznku djrh gSaA ;s fdlh fo'ks"k uhfr ls lEcfUèkr
fofHké n‘f"Vdks.k is'k djrh gSaA vfUre fu.kZ; ysus ls igys bu lq>kokas ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- i{kikr dk ifjgkj djuk (Avoid Bias): fu.kZ; djrs le; i{kikr ls dke ugha ysuk pkfg,A fu.kZ; ysus okys
dks [kqys ân; rFk iw.kZ lksp&fopkj ls fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A mls vius rFkk fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k ds fgrksa rFkk ykHkksa
dks /;ku esa j[k dj fu.kZ; ugha djuk pkfg,A mls i{kikrh; Hkkouk dk ifjgkj djuk pkfg,A
6- fu.kZ;ksa dk izpkj (Publicity of Decisions): fu.kZ; ysus esa cgqr ls i{kikrh; >qdkoksa dks jksdk tk ldrk gS]
;fn fu.kZ; djus ds ;ksX; dkj.kksa dk izpkj djus dk micU/k fd;k tk;sA ,slk izpkj 'kklu dks fofu;fer j[kus
okyh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lEcU/k esa fopkj fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gSA mnkgj.kr;k] ;fn yksxksa dks ljdkjh fjdkMZ
dh tkap djus dh vuqefr izkIr gks rFkk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks viuh fLFkfr Li"V djus ds fy, dgk tk,]
rks os fu.kZ; djrs le; vf/kd psru jgsaxsA xyr fu.kZ; djus ij yksx gh mudk ihNk ugha NksMs+axsA
7- f'k{kk rFkk izf'k{k.k (Education and Training): ;ksX; rFkk lgh fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ;g vfr vko';d gS fd
ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks bl ls lEcfU/kr f'k{kk rFkk izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, vPNs <ax dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA gekjh
ljdkj us ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k ds dbZ izdkj ds izcU/k fd;s gSaA ijUrq ;g i;kZIr ugha gS rFkk
u gh bu ds vUrxZr lHkh ljdkjh vf/kdkjh ,oa deZpkjh vkrs gSaA tks uhfr dks ykxw djus esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA blfy,
;g vko';d gS fd ,sls izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk;s] rkfd ljdkjh deZpkjh vf/kd ;ksX;rk] vuqHko
;k n{krk ls fu.kZ; ys ldsa vkSj mUgsa ns'k ds lkewfgd fodkl ds fy, dq'kyrkiwoZd ykxw dj ldsaA
gjcVZ lkbZeu% fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i)fr

(Herbert Simon’s Decision Making Approach)
1945 esa gcZVZ ,- lkbeu us iz'kklfud O;ogkj (Administrative Behaviour) uke ls ,d iqLrd dk izdk'ku fd;k tks ,d
iz'kklfud laxBu esa fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dk v/;;u gSA blesa dqy 11 v/;k; gSaA v/;k; II ,oa III esa dqN izfoèkh;
elyksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS rkfd ekuoh; rkfdZd p;u dh lajpuk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldsA v/;k; IV vkSj V
esa rkfdZd p;u dk fl)kUr jpk x;k gS rkfd ,d laxBukRed i;kZoj.k esa fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dks le>
ldasA v/;k; VII vkSj X esa bu izHkko izfØ;kvksa dk foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;k x;k gS rkfd fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ij]
laxBu ds izHkkoksa ij fopkj fd;k tk ldsA v/;k; XI esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd bl fo'ys"k.k dk mi;ksx laxBukRed lajpuk
esa fdl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa O;fDr ,oa laxBu ds e/; vfHkizsj.kkRed dM+h izLrqr dh xbZ gS rkfd ;g Li"V
fd;k tk lds fd laxBukRed izHkko vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls lÙkk ds izHkko ekuoh; O;ogkj ds :i esa fu/kkZj.k esa fdruh
izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA
lkbeu dh iqLrd êkuoh; O;ogkj* esa iz'kklfud O;ogkj lEcU/kh tks fo"k; lkexzh miyC/k gksrh gS mldk o.kZu ge la{ksi
esa fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls dj jgs gSaA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj ds v/;;u dk egÙo
(Importance of the Study of Administrative Behaviour)
izks- lkbeu dk er gS fd laxBu dk v/;;u djrs le; /;ku dk eq[; dsUnz&fcUnq dk;Zjr deZpkjh gksrk gSA D;ksafd
lajpuk dh lQyrk bleas mldh dk;Z&lEiérk ds vk/kkj ij tk¡p dh tk,xhA1 ;fn ge fdlh laxBu dh lajpuk vkSj
dk;Z ds fo"k; esa vUrn‘Zf"V pkgrs gSa rks blds fy, Js"B rjhdk ;g gS fd ftl izdkj laxBu esa rFkk laxBu }kjk bu
deZpkfj;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ,oa O;ogkj dks izHkkfor fd;k tkrk gS ml rjhds dk fo'ys"k.k djsAa laxBu ds mís';ksa dks iwjk djus
dk okLrfod dk;Z uhps Lrj ds dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkou dk fuekZ.k dksbZ bUthfu;j ;k vksojlh;j
ds gkFkksa ugha oju~ feL=kh ds gkFkksa gksrk gSA blfy, iz'kklfud inlksiku esa fuEuLrEHk Lrj ij dk;Z djus okys O;fDr
fdlh izdkj de egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrs oju~ mldk laxBu dh y{; izkfIr esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgrk gSA bl fuEure ;k
dk;kZRed Lrj us Åij okys deZpkfj;ksa dk Hkh egRo gksrk gSA os laxbu esa mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSaA ;g lp
gS fd estj }kjk ;q) {ks=k esa okLrfod cUnwd pykus okys ls fdlh izdkj ls de ugha gksrkA tc iz'kklfud izfØ;k dk
bl :i esa o.kZu djrs gSa rks ;g lkekftd euksfoKku dh ,d leL;k cu tkrh gS ftlesa dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ,d lewg ij
i;Zo{s kdksa dk ,d lewg vkSj j[kuk iM+rk gS tk fd dk;Z'khy lewg dks lefUor ,oa izHkko'kkyh O;ogkj dh vksj eksM+ ldsA
O;ogkj djrs le; dÙkkZ }kjk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA lkbeu us fy[kk gS fd leLr O;ogkj drkZ ds fy, rFkk mu yksxksa
ds fy, ftu ij og izHkko ,oa lÙkk dk iz;ksx djrk gS] HkkSfrd :i ls lEHko leLr dk;ks± esa ls fo'ks"k.k dk;kZ±s dk psru
vFkok vpsru :i ls p;u djuk gSA dk;ks± dk p;u dHkh rks vpsru vkSj vutkus :i esa gksrk gS rFkk dHkh ;g fu;ksftr
vFkok fu/kkZfjr fØ;k ds :i esa gksr gSA
50 yksd ç'kklu
O;ogkj ij ewY;ksa ,oa rF;ksa dk izHkko

(Influence of Values and Facts on Behaviour)
vf/kdka'k ekuoh; O;ogkj vksj fo'ks"k :i ls iz'kklfud laxBuksa esa ekuoh; O;ogkj mís';iw.kZ gksrk gS tks y{; vFkok
mís';ksa ds izrr mUeq[k gksrk gSA ;g mís';iw.kZrk mlds O;ogkj ds izfr eku esa ,dhdj.k ykrh gS ftlds vHkko esa iz'kklu
vFkZghu gksrk gSA iz'kklu dk vFkZ dk;Z dk lEié djuk gksrk gS rks ^mís';* D;k dk;Z fd;k tkuk pkfg, blds fy, ,d
izeq[k ekin.M =kLr djrk gSA fof'k"V dk;ks± dks iz'kkflr djus okys NksVs&NksVs fu.kZ; vifjgk;Z :i ls mís'; ,oa iz.kkyh
ls lEcfU/kr O;kid fu.kZ;kssa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA pyus okyk O;fDr ,d dne mBkus ds fy, vius ik¡o dh ek¡l&isf'k;ksa
dks lfØ; djrk gS( og vius mís'; dh vksj vkxs c<+us ds fy, ,d dne mBkrk gS( og vius mís'; dk y{; ^Mkd ds
fMCcs* rd mlesa i=k Mkyus tkrk gS( og i=k blfy, Mkyrk gS rkfd dqN lwpuk vU; O;fDr dks ns lds vkfn&vkfnA
bl izdkj ekuoh; O;ogkj p;u dh ,d u VwVus okyh Ük‘a[kyk gSA ;g rc rd pyrh gS tc rd fd vfUre y{; rd
ugha igqap tkrsA tks fu.kZ; vfUre y{; ds p;u dh vkjs ys tkrs gsa mudks ewY;kRed fu.kZ; dgk tkrk gS rFkk tks fu.kZ;
bl y{; dks dk;kZfUor djkrs gsa os rF;kRed fu.kZ; dgs tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ,d gh mís'; esa ewY; rFkk rF;kRed rRo
feyk fn, tkrs gSaA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj mís';iw.kZ (Purposive) rFkk rkfdZd (Rational) gksrk gSA tgk¡ rd lkekU; y{; vFkok mís'; ls
funZsf'kr gS ogk¡ rd ;g mís';iw.kZ rFkk tc ;g igys ls p;fur y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, mfpr fodYiksa dk p;u djrk
gS ogk¡ rd ;g rkfdZd gSa okLrfod O;ogkj esa izR;sd fu.kZ; ,d izdkj ls le>kSrk gksrk gSA vfUre :i ls ftl fodYi
dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA og y{; dh iw.kZ izkfIr dks dHkh lEHko ugha curk fdUrq og rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
miyC/k loZJs"B lek/kku ek=k ugha curkA fdUrq og rRdkfyu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa miyC/k loZJs"B lek/kku ek=k gksrk gsA
ikfjfLFkfrd fLFkfr;k¡ vifjgk;Z :i ls miyC/k fodYiksa dks lhfer djrh gSaA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj fu.kZ; izfØ;k
(Administrative Behaviour is Decisional Processes)
iz'kklfud fØ;k ,d lkewfgd fØ;k gSA bldks lEié djus ds fy, laxfBr dk;Z vko';d gS ftu rduhdksa ls ;g
dk;Z&lEiérk lqfo/kktud curh gS mudks iz'kklfud fØ;k dgrs gsaA mYys[kuh; gS fd iz'kklfud fØ;k,¡ vFkok O;ogkj
ewy :i ls fu.kZ; fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k gSA blds vUrxZr laxBu ds lnL;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa esa dqN rRo Mkys tkrs gSa] bu rRoksa
ds p;u ,oa fu/kkZj.k ds fy, fu;fer laxBukRed izfØ;k LFkkfir dh tkrh gSa rFkk budh lwpuk ls xBu ds lEcfU/kr
lnL;ksa rd igqp
a kbZ tkrh gSa laxBu O;fDr ls mlds Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus dh dqN Lok;Ùkrk dks Nhu ysrk gS rFkk blds LFkku
ij laxBukRed&fu.kZ; izfØ;k dh LFkkiuk djrk gSA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj tks fd ,d fu.kZ; izfØ;k gS] okLro esa leUo; fo'ks"kKrk vkSj nkf;Ro ls ;qDr gksrk gSA leUo; blfy,
t:jh gS D;ksafd lkewfgd O;ogkj esa dsoy lgh fu.kZ; ysuk gh i;kZIr ugha gS oju~ fu.kZ; ml lewg ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk
ikfjr Hkh gksus pkfg,A lÙkk ;k izHkko ds ek/;e ls ;g dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA dk;kZRed Lrj ij fo'ks"kKrk dk ykHk izkIr
djus dh n‘f"V ls ,d laxBu dk dk;Z bl izdkj foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd lHkh fo'ks"kKrk iw.kZ izfØ;k,¡ oSlh ;ksX;rk
j[kus okys yksxksa }kjk gh lEié dh tk ldsaA blh izdkj fu.kZ;ksa esa ;ksX;rk ykus dh n‘f"V ls fu.kZ; ysus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro
Hkh bl izdkj vkcafVr fd;k tk, rkfd fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dh vis{kk okys fu.kZ; ,slh ;ksX;rk j[kus okyksa }kjk gh fy, tk,¡A
izR;sd laxBu ds lnL;ksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os lewg }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekudksa dk vuq'khyu djsAa v/khuLFk lsohoxZ
dh LosPNk mu uhfr;ksa }kjk lhfer gks tkrh gS tks iz'kklfud inlksiku esa 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr yksxksa }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj ij lxaBuk
ukRRed izHkko
(Organisational Influence over Administrative Behaviour)
laxBu esa mPp Lrjksa ij fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa dk izHkko dsoy rHkh gks ldrk gS tcfd mudks uhps rd lapkfjr fd;k tk,A
;g izHkko nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA izFke] dk;Z djus okys deZpkjh esa Loeso n‘f"Vdks.k] vknrksa ,oa ,slh eu%fLFkfr dh LFkkiuk
dh tkrh gSa rkfd og laxBu] ds fy, mi;ksxh fu.kZ; ys ldsA nwljs] laxBu esa vU; dgha fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa dks dk;Z djus
okys deZpkfj;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh n‘f"v ls lÙkk dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA tc dksbZ v/khuLFk deZpkjh vius mPp vf/kdkjh
ds fu.kZ;ksa dk vuq'khyu djrk gS rks og ,d ls mldh lÙkk ls funZfs 'kr gksrk gSA lÙkk dk iz;ksx djrs le; ;g vko';d
ugha fd mPp vf/kdkjh v/khuLFk dks le>kdj izHkfor djs fdUrq okLrfod O;ogkj eas lq>ko ,oa le>kus&cq>kus dh
dk;Zokgh pyus yxh gSA lÙkk dk iz;ksx Åij] uhps rFkk vxy&cxy esa gksrk gSA lÙkk dk ,d vkSipkfjd :i Hkh fodflr
gks tkrk gSA tks bl laxBu ds fnu&izfrnu ds dk;ks± esa lg;ksx djrk gSA vkSipkfjd lÙkk eq[; :i ls fooknksa ds fuiVkjs
ds fy, lqjf{kr djrh gSA
lkbeu dk dguk gS fd ekuoh; O;ogkj dh ;g izHkkoh fo'ks"krk gS fd ,d laxfBr lewg ds lnL; Lo;a dks bl lewg
ds lkFk le:i cuk ysrs gSaA fu.kZ; ysrs le; laxBu ds izfr LokehHkfä ls izHkkfor gksdj os dk;Z ds fodYiksa esa ls p;u
djus esa vius dk;ks± ds laxBu ij gksus okys ifj.kkeksa dk fopkj djrs gSaA tc dksbZ O;fDr ,d dk;Z blfy, djus dk
fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd og Hkkjr ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gS rks og Lo;a dks Hkkjr ds lkFk ,d :i dj ysrk gSA jk"Vª] oxZ ;k
laxBu ds izfr ,d :i gksuk vk/kqfud lekt dh lajpuk esa ekSfyd egRo dh ckr gSA ,d:irk dk vkHkkl ;k laxBukRed
LokfeHkfä iz'kklu esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z lEié djrh gSA blds dkj.k fu.kZ; ysuk rFkk O;ogkj djuk ljy rFkk lqfuf'pr
cu tkrk gS vU;Fkk izR;sd fu.kZ; ysuk rFkk O;ogkj djuk ljy rFkk lqfuf'pr cu tkrk gS vU;Fkk izR;sd fu.kZ; ds le;
leLr ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij fopkj djuk iM+sA ewY;ksa ds lhfer {ks=k ij dsUnzhÑr gksuk blfy, Hkh ewyHkwr gS rkfd iz'kklu
dks mlds fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk ldsA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj ds vkSfpR; dk ekin.M eq[; :i ls dk;Zdq'kyrk gksrh gSA ;g lHkh rdZiw.kZ O;ogkjksa ij ykxw gksrk
gSA dk;Zd'q kyrk dk vFkZ la{ksi esa ;g gS fd NksVk ls NksVk jkLrk viuk;k tk,] lLrs lk/ku viuk, tk,¡ rkfd y{; izkfIr
esa le; vkSj lk/ku nksuksa de ls de yxsA laxBu ds lnL;ksa ij iM+us okyk izHkko eq[;r% vukSipkfjd izÑfr dk gksrk
gSA lwpuk ,oa ijke'kZ ds ek/;e ls lEiw.kZ laxBu dh lHkh fn'kkvksa esa izHkko Mkyk tkrk gSA
laxBukRed LokfeHkfDr ,oa dk;Zdq'kyrk ds ekin.Mksa dh Hkk¡fr izf'k{k.k }kjk Hkh laxBu ds fu.kZ; ,oa iz'kklfud O;ogkj
dks izHkkfor fd;k tkrk gSA izf'k{k.k }kjk ,d deZpkjh dks Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blesa lÙkk
,oa ijke'kZ ds fujUrj iz;ksx dh vko';drk ugha jgrha izf'k{k.k lsokdkyhu vFkok lsok iwoZ nksuksa izÑfr;ksa dk gks ldrk
gS tc vusd fu.kZ;ksa esa ,d tSls rRo fufgr gksrs gsa rks ml fo"k; esa deZpkjh dks izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSa izf'k{k.k
}kjk izf'k{k.kkFkhZ dks vko';d rF; fi, tkrs gSA mlds fpUru gsrq ,d lnaHkZ fn;k tkrk gS] mls ekU; lek/kku izLrqr
fd, tkrs gSa rFkk mu ewY;ksa dk vkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gS tks fu.kZ; ysrs le; /;ku esa j[ks tkus pkfg,A
iz'kklu esa fu.kZ; ysus dk LFkku

lkbZeu ds fy, iz'kklu Þdk;Z djkusß dh dyk gSA mUgksaus mu izfØ;kvksa rFkk fof/k;ksa ij cy fn;k ftuls dk;Zokgh
lqfuf'pr gksA og dgrs gsa fd iz'kklfud fo'ys"k.k esa ml p;u ij i;kZIr /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gS tks dk;Zokgh ls
igys fd;k tkuk gSA ßoLrqr% dk;Zokghß dh vis{kk ÞD;k djuh gSß ds iz'u ds fu/kkZj.k ij mfpr /;ku ugha feyk afu.kZ;
ysuk p;u dh og izfØ;k gS ftl ij dk;Zokgh vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA lkbZeu us bl vksj /;ku fnyk;k gS fd bl vk;ke
dks Hkyh izdkj le>us ds vHkko esa] iz'kklu dk v/;;u vf/kdka'k :i esa vi;kZIr jgsxk d;ksafd ;gh laxBu esa O;fDr
ds O;ogkj dk lqfLFkj djrk gSA
O;ogkjoknh mikxe esa] dk;Zokgh ls iwoZ dh izfØ;k dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk, bls fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fu.kZ; ysus dh vko';drk ml le; mRié gksrh gS tc O;fDr ds ikl fdlh dk;Z dks djus
ds fy, cgqr ls fodYi gkrs gSaA ijUrq O;fDr dks NVuh dh izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls dsoy ,d gh fodYi pquuk gksrk
gSa vr% fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k vusd fodYiksa dk gVkdj ,d fodYi ij ykus dh izfØ;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ekuo dh cqf)eÙkk blesa gS fd og ,sls fodYi dk pquko djs ftlls vf/kdre ldkjkRed rFkk U;wure udkjkRed
52 yksd ç'kklu
ifj.kke fudysA fdlh laxBu ds iz;RUkksa ij dh dq'kyrk dsoy fdlh laxBu }kjk ,d dk;Z ds dkjxj :i ls lEié
djus ij gh fuHkZj ugha djrh cfYd ;g mu fl)karksa ij Hkh fuHkZj gS tks lgh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k lqfuf'pr djsa tks cnys
esa dk;Z dh lQyrk dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh laxBu esa dk;ksZRiknd Lrj ls Åij ds yksx egRoiw.kZ le>s tkrs gSa D;ksafd mUgsa fu.kZ; ysus ds vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
dk;Z lEié djus iM+rs gSaA mUgsa laxBukRed y{;ksa ;k mís';ksa dks izkIr djus esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk
iM+rk gSA dkfeZdksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus esa mudh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, flikgh ;q) ds eSnku
esa yM+rs gSa vkSj vius Lrj ij dqN fu.kZ; Hkh ysrs gSa ijUrq tujy }kjk cukbZ xbZ O;kid uhfr (Strategy) gh ;q)
dk ifj.kke fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA blh izdkj eksVj m|ksx esa vlSEcyh ykbZu ds dkjhxjksa }kjk dkj cukbZ tkrh gSA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj esa rkfdZdrk
(Rationality in Adminsitrative Behaviour)
Ýk;M ds ckn O;ogkjoknh oSKkfudksa dh vrhr dkyhu larfr }kjk ;g izekf.kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd O;fDr
mruk rkfdZd ugha gksrk ftruk fd ;g le>k tkrk gSA ckn dh larfr;ksa us blds foijhr bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd
O;fDr rkfdZd gksrk gSA izR;sd iz'kkld ;g iz;kl djrk gS fd og lgh fu.kZ; ysA iz'kklfud fu.kZ; dk lgh gksuk ,d
lkisf{kr ckr gSA og rc lgh gS tcfd fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, lgh lk/kuksa dk p;u djrk gksA ,d rdZ'khy
iz'kkld bu izHkko'kkyh lk/kuksa ds p;u ls lEcU/k j[krk gSA fu.kZ; dh izfØ;k esa mu fodYiksa dks pquk tkrk gS tks ok¡fNr
y{;ksa ij igqp
a us ds lgh lk/ku gksrs gSAa y{; Lo;a Hkh izk;% vfUre mís'; ds fy, lk/ku ek=k gh gksrs gSAa bl izdkj mís';ksa
dh ,d Ük‘a[kyk vFkok inlksiku gksrk gSA rkfdZdrk (Ratonality) dk vFkZ lk/ku&lk/; dh dfM+;ksa dh jpuk djuk gSA
euksoKS kfud Lrj ij Hkh lk/ku&lk/; lEcU/k O;ogkj dks ,dhÑr djus dh ps"Vk djrs gSAa lk/ku rFkk lk/; dk inlksiku
ftl izdkj O;fDr ds O;ogkj dh fo'ks"krk gS mlh izdkj ;g laxBu ds O;ogkj dh Hkh fo'ks"krk gSA
izR;sd {k.k esa O;fDr ;k laxBu ds lEeq[k oSdfYid O;ogkjksa dh cgqr cM+h la[;k gksrh gSa buesa ls dqN rks O;fDr ds pruk
iVy ij gksrs gSa vkSj dqN ugha gksrsA p;u vFkok fu.kZ; dk vFkZ ;g gS fd buesa ls izR;sd {k.k ds fy, ,d O;ogkj dks
Nk¡V fy;k tkrk gsA dqN l;e rd O;ogkj dk fu/kkZfjr djus okyh fu.kZ;ksa dks ,slh Ük‘a[kyk dks j.kuhfr (Strategy) dgk
tkrk gSA izR;sd ^j.kuhfr* ds vius dqN lEHkkfor ifj.kke gksrs gSaA rkfdZd fu.kZ; dk dk;Z ,slh j.kuhfr dk p;u djuk
gS tks visf{kr ifj.kkesa dh n‘f"V ls ilUn dh tkrh gSA fu.kZ; dh izfØ;k esas rhu dne gksrs gSaA rkfdZd fu.kZ; dk dk;Z
,slh fu.kZ; dk p;u djuk gS tks visf{kr ifj.kkeksa dh n‘f"V ls ilUn dh tkrh gSA fu.kZ; dh izfØ;k esa rhu dne gksrs
gS& igys lHkh oSdfYid j.kuhfr;ksa dh lwph cuk;h tkrh gS] nwljs] izR;sd j.kuhfr ds lHkh ifj.kkeksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk rhljs] bu ifj.kke iq¡tksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckj tc ,d j.kuhfr viuk yh tkrh
gS rks mls cny dj nwljh j.kuhfr viuk;k tkuk mfpr ughsa gksrk D;ksfa d le; dk cM+k egRo gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
;fn ,d O;fDr MkDVj cuus ds fy, vius thou ds lkr o"kZ izf'k{k.k esa O;rhr fd, vkSj nl o"kZ mlds O;ogkj esa yxk
fn, x, rks blds ckn mlds ;g lkspus dk iz'u ugha mBrk fd mls MkDVj cukuk pkfg,] vFkok bUthfu;j cukuk pkfg,A
;gh ckr iz'kklfud O;ogkj ij ykxw gksrh gSA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj esa Kku dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA Kku ds }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS fd fdu oSdfYid j.kuhfr;ksa ls
dkSu ls ifj.kke izkIr gksx
a As dksbZ O;fDr izR;{k :i ls vius dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa dks ugh tku ldrkA og Hkfo"; ds ifj.kkeksa
dh vis{kk dj ldrk gSA ;s vis{kk,¡ KkrvuqHkokRed lEcU/kksa rFkk orZeku fLFkfr ds ckjs esa lwpuk ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, lsohoxZ ds p;u dh iz'kklfud fu.kZ; izfØ;k dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa izR;sd izR;k'kh dh
fLFkfr ds ckjs eas ijh{kkvksa ls] lsok ewY;k¡du ls rFkk vU; lk/ku lzksrkas ls vk¡dM+s ,df=kr fd, tkrs gsaA bu vk¡dM+ksa ij
dkSu lk izR;k'kh lcls lUrks"ktud dk;Z djsxkA ;fn Hkfo";ok.kh lgh gSa rks lgh fu.kZ; fy;k tk ldsxkA
xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh leL;k ljdkjh izfHkdj.kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ljy gksrh gSA xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa
esa dsoy mUgha ifj.kkeksa dks /;ku eas j[kk tkrk gS tks laxBu dks izHkkfor djrs gSa tcfd ljdkjh vfHkdj.k esa fu.kZ;ksa
dks lkekftd ewY;ksa ds izdk'k esa ns[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ,d xSj&ljdkjh fuxe dk v/;{k vius fdlh
lEcUèkh dks QeZ esa in lkSaiuk pkgrk gS rks mls ;g ns[kuk gksxk fd fu;qfDr dk QeZ dh dk;Z&dq'kyrk ij D;k izHkko
iM+sxkA fdUrq ;fn mlh in ij yksd lsok esa fu;qfDr djuh gks rks mls ;g ns[kuk gksxk fd bl dk;Z dk yksd lsok esa
volj dh lekurk ds fl)kUr ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA
lxBu easa O;fDr dk O;ogkj lkewfgd izÑfr dk gksrk gS blfy, dksbZ fu.kZ; ysrs le; laxBu ds lnL; dks vU; lnL;ksa
ds fu.kZ;ksa ls Hkh izHkkfor gksuk iM+rk gSa izR;sd O;fDr dks vius dk;kZs ds ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa lkspus ds lkFk lkFk nwljksa
ds dk;kZsa ij Hkh fopkj djuk gksrk gSA ;g dkjd lEi.kZ iz'kklfud O;ogkj dh izfØ;k dk ,d ewyHkwr rRo gSA iz'kkld
^d* dks dksbZ j.kuhfr pquus ls iwoZ ;g ns[kuk gksxk fd ^d* us D;k j.kuhfr viuk;h gSA iz'kklfud dk;Z ,d izdkj ls
VheodZ gksrk gSA blesa izR;sd lnL; dks viuk dk;Z rks dq'kyrk ls djuk gh gS lkFk gh vU; ds dk;ks± dh vis{kk dk
/;ku Hkh j[kuk gSA lHkh ds dk;ks± dh vis{kk dk /;ku Hkh j[kuk gSA lHkh ds dk;ks± esa leUo; jgrk gS rFkk izR;sd dks
nwljksa ds fu;ksftr dk;ks± dh lwpuk iznku dh tkrh gSA leUo; ds vHkko esa lg;ksx izHkkoghu cu tkrk gS rFkk vius
y{; izkIr ugha dj ikrkA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj dh lhek,¡
(Limits of the Administrative Behaivour)
fdlh ,d vyx&vyx O;fDr dk O;ogkj rkfdZdrk dh mPp Js.kh rd ig¡qp tk, ;k vlEHko gSA izR;sd O;fDr ds lkeus
fodYiksa dh la[;k bruh vf/kd jgrh gS rFkk mls izkIr lwpuk bruh O;kid gksrh gS fd oLrqxr rkfdZdrk ds djhc&djhc
ig¡puk Hkh vlEHko gksrk gSA O;fDrxr pu dqN îznÙkksa* ds ifjos'k esa gksrk gSA bu iznÙkksa (givens) nkjk fu/kkZfjr }kjk
fu/kkZfjr lhekvksa ds vUrxZr dh O;ogkj dks lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj dh oLrqxr okLrfodrk ds fy, rhu ckrksa dk gksuk vko';d gS&
¼d½ rkfdZdrk ds fy, vko';d gS fd iw.kZ Kku gks rFkk izR;sd p;u ds izR;kf'kr ifj.kkeksa dk iwoZkuqeku gksA okLro
esa ifj.kkeksa dk Kku ges'kk v/kwjk jgrk gSA
¼[k½ ;s ifj.kke Hkfo"; eas izkIr gksrs gSa vr% dYiukRed :i ls muds lkFk layXu ewY;ksa dk /;ku j[kk tk,A bu ewY;ksa
dk vuqeku Hkh dsoy viw.kZ :i ls Hkh yxk;k tkrk gSA
¼x½ rkfdZdrk ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd lHkh lEHkkfor oSdfYid O;ogkjksa esa ls p;u fd;k tk,A okLrfod O;ogkj
esa bu lHkh lEHkkfor O;ogkjksa esa ls dsoy dqN gh fnekx esa vk ikrs gSaA bu dkj.kksa ls iz'kklfud O;ogkj dh
rkfdZdrk lhfer gks tkrh gSA
iz'kklfud fl)kUr dk lEcU/k ewy :i ls ekuoh; lkekftd O;ogkj ds rkfdZd ,oa xSj&rkfdZd igyqvksa ds chp dh
lhek&js[kk ls gksrk gSA iz'kklfud {ks=k esa ;|fi ekuoh; O;ogkj rkfdZd gksrk gS fdUrq mldh ;g rkfdZdrk lhfer gS
vkSj blhfy, laxBu rFkk iz'kklu ds mi;qDr fl)kUr ds fy, ;gk¡ LFkku jgrk gSA
iz'kklfud O;ogkj dks le>us dh n‘f"V ls ;gk¡ vkfFkZd O;ogkj ds lkFk mldh rqyuk dj yh tk; rks mfpr gksxkA lkbeu
us vkfFkZd O;fDr vkSj mlds ppsjs HkkbZ iz'kkflud O;fDr ds e/; vUrj fd;k gSA mlds erkuqlkj vkfFkZd O;fDr mlds
fy, miyC/k lHkh fodYikas esa ls loZJs"B dk p;u djrk gS tcfd iz'kklfud O;fDr dsoy lUrks"ktud ;k Bhd&Bkd
dk;Z ls gh lUrq"V gks tkrk gSA vkfFkZd O;fDr bldh leLr tfVyrkvkssa ds lkFk okLrfod nqfu;k ij fopkj djrk gSA
iz'kklfud O;fDr ;g ekurk gS fd mlds }kjk ns[kh x;h nqfu;k ,d euekuh rFkk Hkze izlkfjr djrh nqfu;k dk ,d
ljyhÑr izfr:i gSA og bl ljyhdj.k ls blfy, lUrq"V gks tkrk gS D;ksafd og ekurk gS fd okLrfod nqfu;k eq[;r%
[kkyh gSA okLrfod nqfu;k ds vf/kdka'k rF; mlds lkeus vkus okyh leL;kvksa ds lUnHkZ esa vf/kd laxfr ugha j[krsA viuh
bu nks fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k iz'kklfud O;fDr lHkh lEHkkfor] O;ogkfjd fodYiksa dh ijh{kk fd, fcuk gh viuk p;u
dj ysrk gSA og vius fu.kZ; vis{kkÑr ljy fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij ys ysrk gSA
54 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&7
O;oLFkkoknh mikxe
(System Approach)
,d O;oLFkk dh ifjHkk"kk oLrqvksa dh O;oLFkk ds ml lSV ds :i esa nh tkrh gS ftlls os bl çdkj tqM+s ;k lacaf/kr gksa
fd ,d ,dhd‘r iw.kZ dk fuekZ.k gksA ,d O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k varjlacaf/kr rFkk vUrfuHkZj rRoksa ls gksrk gS tks var%fØ;k
djrs le; ,dkRed ßiw.kZÞ cukrs gSaA ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh rF; ;k ?kVuk (Phenomenon) dk fo'ys"k.k
O;oLFkkoknh n‘f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;oLFkkoknh mikxe bl fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS fd laxBu ds
lHkh vax vUrlZcaf/kr] ikjLifjd :i ls tqM+s gq, rFkk vUrfuHkZj gksrs gSaA O;oLFkkoknh mikxe vius vki esa u;k ugha gSA
bl mikxe dk loZçFke fodkl çkd‘frd rFkk HkkSfrd foKkuksa esa gqvkA ;gka rd fd ç'kklfud rFkk çca/k&lkfgR; esa
Hkh O;oLFkkoknh vo/kkj.kkvksa dk ç;ksx bl lnh ds çkjafHkd Hkkx esa Vsyj rFkk vU; yksxksa us fd;k FkkA tks ubZ ckr gS
og lkekftd foKku lkfgR; eas bl mikxe ij fn;k x;k cy gS] ftlesa Kku&leUo; vf/kd mtkxj :i esa vuqHko fd;k
x;k gSA VkWydkWV ikjlal us lkekftd lajpukvksa ds v/;;u esa eqDr O;oLFkk mikxe dks viuk;kA blh çdkj euksoK S kfud
vFkZ'kkL=kh] jktuhfr 'kkL=kh rFkk ç'kklfud fo'ys"kd rRo ;k ?kVuk (Phenomenon) ds fo'ys"k.k esa O;oLFkkoknh mikxe
dk ç;ksx djrs jgrs gSaA ç'kklfud fo'ys"k.k esa lkef;d o"kksZa esa O;oLFkkoknh mikxe dk foLr‘r :i ls ç;ksx gks jgk
gSA bl bdkbZ esa vki cjukMZ }kjk dh xbZ laxBu dh lgdkjh O;oLFkk dh vo/kkj.kk dk v/;;u djsaxsA
ijEijkoknh ,oa O;ogkjoknh n‘f"Vdks.k ls fHkUu O;oLFkkoknh n‘f"V (Systems Approach) ,d ,slh n‘f"V gS tks O;oLFkk
dks dsfUnz; rRo ekudj mlh ds pkjksa vksj vius v/;;u dks lkFkZd cukuk pkgrh gSA O;oLFkkoknh n‘f"V yksd ç'kklu
dks ,slk lqfu;ksftr ,oa xfr'khy ;a=k ekurh gS ftldk v/;;u mlh çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, tSls ,d eksVjdkj vFkok
lkbfdy dk fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkj dk ,d ^flLVe* gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh flLVe esa fuEu fo'ks"krk,a eksVs rkSj ij ns[kh
tk ldrh gS&
1. ^flLVe* ,d mís'; fo'ks"k dks /;ku esa j[kdj viuh laxBu&jpuk ,oa O;wg jpuk fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
2. ^flLVe* esa fofHkUu vax fo'ks"khd‘r <ax ls vyx&vyx dk;Z djrs gSa fdUrq mudk lexz dk;Z ^flLVe* dks xfr nsuk
vkSj mís'; rd igqapuk gSA
3. ^flLVe* esa çdk;kZRed fo'ks"khdj.k (Functional Specialisation) ds lkFk&lkFk ,d xaHkhj çdkj dh vUrfuZHkjrk
gksrh gS vkSj ,d vax dh vko';drk ls vf/kd n{krk lkjh O;oLFkk (System) dks rksM+ ldrh gSA ;fn MkWDVj
O;oLFkkoknh n‘f"Vdks.k (System Approach) ds vuqlkj u pys rks og tqdke rks Bhd dj ldrk gS ij rst nok
ls [kwu ds ^flLVe* dks tgjhyk cuk nsxkA
4. ^flLVe* ,d xfr'khy (On going Process) çfØ;k gksrh gSA mlesa fØ;k] çfrfØ;k,a vkSj muds vUrlZEcU/k vf/kd
egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA ^flLVe* dh n‘f"V dh ;g ekax gS fd lexzrk vkSj çfØ;k dks dqy feykdj mldh çHkko'kkyh
n‘f"V ls vkadk tk,A
5. ^flLVe* ds pyus ds fy, dqN vkxr (Inputs) Mkyuh iM+rh gS tks ,d çfØ;k fo'ks"k esa fudydj fuxZr (Output)
esa cny tkrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ dkj esa vkxr ds :i esa Mkyk x;k isVªksy dkj ds flLVe ls xqtj dj ;k=kk dh nwjh
ds :i esa fuxZr nsrk gS vkSj bl çfØ;k esa Lo;a u"V gks tkrk gSA blh çdkj jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu esa dqN vkxr
Mkyh tkrh gS tks lsok] mRiknu] lqj{kk vkfn ds :i esa fuxZr cudj O;oLFkk ls fudyrh gSA
O;LFkkoknh mikxe 55
bl rjg O;oLFkkoknh n‘f"V us dsoy o.kZu gS] u O;ogkj ,oa vkpj.k dk ijh{k.kA ;g yksd&ç'kklu ds <kaps vkSj
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ml çfØ;k vkSj vUrfuZHkjrk ds lanHkZ esa ns[krh gS tks fu;ksftr dk;Z dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSAa O;oLFkkoknh
esa ;ksX;rk] çHkkoksRikndrk vkSj {kerk rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk gksuk t:jh gSA ;g vko';d ugha fd rhuksa gh ,d lkFk fey
ldsaA ,d vPNs ^flLVe* esa rhuksa Lrj ij ;s rhu çHkko ekis tk ldrs gSaA yksd&ç'kklu dk fuEure Lrj çHkko'kkyh]
e/;Lrj dk;Zdq'ky vkSj 'kh"kZLrj LoLFk mikns;rk dk iks"kd gksuk pkfg,A yksd ç'kklu ds çcU/k {ks=k esa vkt
O;oLFkkoknh&v/;;uksa ,oa fo'ys"k.kksa dh /kwe gSA v/;;u ds fopkj ls ;g n‘f"V O;kid] vf/kd mi;ksxh ,oa vf/kd
mís';iw.kZ ,oa O;ogkjd iwjd gSA
O;oLFkkoknh mikxe ij pSLVj cjukMZ ds fopkj (Views of Chester Barnard)
cjukMZ dks ewy :i esa ,d O;ogkjoknh ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd mUgksaus çca/k ds euksoSKkfud i{k ij cy fn;kA mlds lkFk
gh mUgsa O;oLFkkoknh fopkjd ekuk tkrk gSA og laxBu dks ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA cjukMZ] ftlus
viuk thou O;kikj O;oLFkkvksa ds çca/k easa dk;Z djds O;rh; fd;k] bUgksaus nks iqLrdsa fy[kh% n QaD'kal vkWQ n
,DthD;wfVo (1938) rFkk vkxsu
Z kbts'ku ,.M eSut
s esVa (1948)A bu iqLrdksa esa lgdkjh O;oLFkk ds :i esa laxBu ij vius
fo'oluh; fopkj çLrqr fd,A
laxBu&rRo dks le>us esa cjukMZ dk ;ksxnku ç'kklfud fl)kar ds fodkl dh egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/k;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ftl
fl)kar dk 1930 ds ckn ds o"kksZa esa fodkl rFkk çdk'ku fd;k x;k] og vkt Hkh cgl rFkk ppkZ dk fo"k; gSA blls
fl)kar dh çklafxdrk rFkk mldh ckSf)d rFkk vo/kkj.kkRed lkeF;Z dk irk pyrk gSA cjukMZ dk fl)kar ,d vksj
rkfdZdrk ds fl)kar vkSj nwljh vksj vkSipkfjdrk vkSj vukSipkfjd fl)karksa ds lfEeJ.k dk feyu fcUnq vkSj pje fcanq
nksuksa gh gSA muds fl)kar dk mís';] tSlk fd Lo;a cjukMZ us dgk gS] vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa lgdkjh O;ogkj dk ,d
foLr‘r fl)kar çnku djuk gSA bu fl)karksa dk fuekZ.k iw.kZ :i ls 'kSf{kd ;k lS)kafrd ç;ksx ds vk/kkj ij u gksdj cjukMZ
us fofHkUu egÙoiw.kZ inksa ij jgdj çkIr fd;s fofo/k vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij gqvkA ;gh lfEeJ.k cjukMZ ds ;ksxnku dk
dkQh egÙoiw.kZ cukrk gSA
,d lgdkjh O;oLFkk ds :i esa laxBu (Organisation as a means of Co-operation)
cjukMZ vius fl)kar dk fodkl ,d dsn a hz ; ç'u dks ysdj djrk gS&fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;fDr dk lgdkjh O;ogkj laHko
gS\ og laxBu dks ,d lgdkjh O;oLFkk le>rs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd lg;ksx dk tUe mu mís';ksa dh çkfIr dh
vko';drk ls gksrk gS] ftUgsa og vdsys çkIr ugha dj ldrkA ifj.kkeLo:i] laxBu nwljs yksxksa ds lg;ksx dh Hkjrh
cu tkrk gSA pw¡fd cgqr ls O;fDr lg;ksxh O;ogkj easa layXu gksrs gSa] ;g fujarj cnyrk gS rFkk tfVy thou oSKkfud]
euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd dkjd fujarj ikjLifjd fØ;k djrs gSaA lg;ksxh laxBu dks vius vfLrRo ds fy,
laxBu&mís'; çkIr djus ds vFkZ essa çHkkoh ,oa O;fDrxr mís';ksa dks larq"V djus esa O;kogkfjd gksuk pkfg,A bl çdkj
laxBu rFkk O;fDr nksuksa egÙoiw.kZ cu tkrs gSaA dk;Zikfydk laxBu dks O;fDr dh vko';drkvksa rFkk lkekU; okrkoj.k
ds vuqdyw <kyuk pkfg,A çHkko'khyrk rFkk dq'kyrk dk ;gh fpUru muds lg;ksxh O;ogkj ds fl)kar dk ewy vk/kkj gSAS
lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ds O;fDr ,oa laxBu ds chp laca/k ds lanHkZ esa le>us dh vko';drk gSA cjukMZ lcls çFke O;fDr
ds xq.kksa dks le>us dk ç;kl djrs gSaA os xq.k gSa ¼v½ xfrfof/k ;k O;ogkj tks ¼c½ euksoSKkfud dkjdksa ls mRiUu gksrk
gS rFkk ftuesa ¼l½ p;u dh lhfer 'kfDr tksM+ nh tkrh gS ftldk ifj.kke ¼n½ mís'; gksrk gSA ;s pkj ekU;rk,¡ ;k
vk/kkj cjukMZ ds fo'ys"k.k dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA os rdZ nsrs gSa fd futh p;u dh 'kfDr dks c<+k&p<+kdj dgus dh ,d
ço‘fÙk gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr dk;Zokgh Hkh bl fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS fd ,d O;fDr dh :fp D;k gSA cjukMZ
dk dguk gS bl çdkj dh eqDr :fp dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk gSA O;fDr;ksa dk vuqdwy u gksuk xyrh ls laxBu ds çfr
fojks/k le>k tkrk gSA okLro esa ;g fojks/k ugha gksrk] vfirq lajpukRed lhek gksrh gS tgk¡ O;fDr çf'k{k.k rFkk vU;
çksRlkguksa dk tUe nsrh gS ftudk y{; O;fDrxr O;ogkj rFkk laxBukRed vko';drkvksa ds chp le>kSrs dks vklku
cukuk gksrk gSA
56 yksd ç'kklu
cjukMZ ekuo dks nks Lrjksa ij le>us dk ç;kl djrs gSaA ,d laxBu ds Hkhrj rFkk nwljs laxBu ds ckgjA vkarfjd :i
esa mUgsa ßfo'ks"k&lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ds HkkxhnkjÞ ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ mUgsa dsoy dk;kZRed igyqvksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk tkrk
gSA rRi'pkr~ ç;kl fuoS;fDrd gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa vkSipkfjd Hkwfedkvksa ds vuq:i cSBk;k tkrk gSA nwljs n‘f"Vdks.k ls fdlh
fo'ks"k ;k fuf'pr laxBu ls ckgj O;fDr ds vius vyx xq.k gksrs gSaA cjukMZ ds vuqlkj ;s nks igyw le; ds vk/kkj ij
fodYi u gksdj ,d lkFk mifLFkr gksrs gSaA bl çdkj dh fLFkfr ls ,d ,slh ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS tc O;fDr ds
dk;Z ,d n‘f"Vdks.k ls dk;ksaZ dh voS;fDrd ç.kkyh dk ,d fgLlk gksrs gSa rFkk nwljs n‘f"Vdks.k ls O;fDr lg;ksx O;oLFkk
ds ckgj rFkk mlds fo:) gksrs gSaA ikjEifjd :i ls fojks/kh rFkk Vdjkus okys bUgha igyqvksa ds xaHkhj ijh{k.k dh
vko';drk gS ;fn laxBu dks ,d lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ds :i esa le>uk gS] rksA
O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj dh ijh{kk bl iwNrkN ls 'kq: gksuh pkfg, fd O;fDr fdlh lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ;k laxBu esa fdl
çdkj 'kkfey gksA O;fDr nks vk/kkjksa ij p;u djrk gS&
1. mís';] bPNk,¡] rkRdkfyd euksosx (impulses), rFkk
2. O;fDr ds ckgjh fodYi] bu fdUgha Jsf.k;ksa esa ls O;fDr ds dk;Z ij fu;a=k.k ;k çHkko ds QyLo:i gh laxfBr
ç;kl gksrk gSA
;s ekuo O;ogkj dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vk;ke gSA vius /;s; vfHkO;fDr dh çfØ;k esa gh O;fDr dks mudk Kku gksrk gSA
çHkko'khyrk rFkk O;kogkfjdrk ;k dq'kyrk dh tM+sa /;s;kRed çfØ;kvksa esa gSA
cjukMZ dk dguk gS fd ;g dk;Z ßçHkkohÞ dgk tkrk gS ftlls ,d fuf'pr okafNr y{; dh çkfIr gks xbZ gks vkSj ml
le; dk;Z vO;ogkfjd dgykrk gS] tc blds ifj.kke vuisf{kr gksaA fQj Hkh] ;fn vuisf{kr ifj.kke O;fDr dh bPNkvksa
dks larq"V djrs gSa ftls dk;Zokgh ;k dk;Z us vko';d :i ls rFkk lh/ks :i ls ugha lkspk gks] rks dk;Zokgh O;ogkjkRed
;k dq'ky dgyk;sxh ijarq çHkkoh ughaA bl çdkj igys ls u lksps x, ifj.kke fdlh dk;Zokgh ds dq'ky ;k çHkkoh gksus
dk fu.kZ; ns ldrs gSaA vU; 'kCnksa esa og dk;Z çHkkoh gksrk gS tks ;g ml mís'; ds /;s; dks larq"V djrk gS rFkk ml
y{;] ftldh vksj xfrfof/k funsf'kr gS] dh çkfIr esa lgk;rk fd;s fcukA
mi;ZqDr ppkZ ls Li"V gS fd ekuo LoHkko ds fo"k; esa nks nk'kZfud çLrko gS&
1. ,sls n'kZu gSa tks ekuo O;ogkj dh lkoZHkkSfed 'kfDr;ksa dh çLrqfr ds :i esa O;k[;k djrh gSA tks O;fDr dks ek=k
vuqdwy ekurh gSa] tks fodYi ;k bPNk dh Lora=krk dh eukgh djrh gSA tks laxBu rFkk lektokn dks vk/kkjHkwr
crkrh gSA
2. ,slh fopkj/kkjk,¡ gSa tks O;fDr dks Lora=k O;fDrRo cukus dk fodYi çnku djrh gS] tks HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd
okrkoj.k dks xkS.k rFkk vfrfjDr fLFkfr rd vour djrh gSA cjukMZ bu nks erksa esa le>kSrk djkus dk ç;kl u
djds] ßlg;ksxh O;oLFkkÞ esa bu nks erksa dks Li"V djuk pkgrs gSAa lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ls çkIr vuqHko ls dksbZ Hkh le>
ldrk gS fd os nksukasa fopkj/kkjk,¡ fdl çdkj lg;ksxh O;oLFkk dh dk;Z&ç.kkyh ij fuHkZj ekuo ds dk;ksZa dks fdl
çdkj çHkkfor djrh gSA
lg;ksx ds rF;ksa dk ijh{k.k djrs gq, lg;ksx ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst cjukMZ HkkSfrd rFkk fØ;kRed dkj.kksa esa djrs gSaA
O;fDr lg;ksx djrs gSa D;ksafd vdsys os vius y{;ksa dks çkIr djus esa leFkZ ugha gSaA mudh 'kkjhfjd lhek,¡ lg;ksxh
dk;Zokgh dh vksj mUgsa ys tkrh gSaA lg;ksxh rF;ksa dks ij[kus dh ,d nwljh n‘f"V gS fd çd‘fr vdsys O;fDr ij ,sls
çfrca/k yxk nsrh gS fd og mu ij lg;ksxh dk;Zokgh ds vfrfjDr fot; ugha ik ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d iRFkj
gS ftls ,d O;fDr mBkuk pkgrk gS] ijUrq og mBk ugha ldrkA mldh ;g vleFkZrk nks n‘f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kh tk ldrh
gSA ,d] og bruk NksVk gS fd iRFkj mBk ugha ldrk] nwljs] iRFkj bruk cM+k gS fd mls mBk;k ugha tk ldrkA ,d
n‘f"Vdks.k ls lhek 'kkjhfjd gS rFkk nwljs ls ;g HkkSfrd gSA ;fn ,d ckj vkneh iRFkj dks mBkus dk y{; r; dj ys]
rks nksuksa gh çdkj ls lg;ksx vko';d gks tkrk gSA lhek,¡ lnSo ,d O;fDr }kjk fu/kkZfjr y{; ;k /;s; ls lacf)r gksrh
gSA
O;LFkkoknh mikxe 57
Åij crkbZ xbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa tSlh fLFkfr;ksa esa O;fDrxr fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>us dh vko';drk gSA ,d lg;ksxh fLFkfr
tgk¡ lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh eu%'kfDr;ksa dks ,d lkFk j[kk x;k gks futh eu%'kfDr;ksa dk Lo;a esa 'kk;n dksbZ vFkZ u gksA
blhfy, lHkh lg;ksxh xfrfof/k;ksa esa dk;Zokgh dk y{; O;fDr ls gVkdj lkewfgd y{;ksa ls foLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
pwafd lg;ksxh dk;Zokgh ds fofHkUu çdkj ds lk/; gks ldrs gSa] blfy, çR;sd çdkj dk dk;Z lg;ksx dks lhfer djus
okyh fLFkfr cu tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr os y{; ftUgsa O;fDr çkIr djus dk ç;kl djrk gS dHkh fLFkj ugha gksrs D;ksafd
tSls ifjos'k ;k okrkoj.k cnyrk gS] y{; ;k /;s; cny tkrs gSa ftlds fy, u;s çdkj dh lg;ksxh dk;Zokgh dh
vko';drk gksxhA bl çdkj lg;ksxh dk;Zokgh dh lhek,¡ u dsoy O;fDr;ksa dh lhekvksa ls mRiUu gksrh gS] vfirq lg;ksxh
dk;Zokgh dh lajpuk ls Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSA bl çdkj lg;ksxh dk;Zokgh dh çHkko'khyrk cnyrs ifjos'k rFkk lg;ksxh
dk;Zokgh dk lkeuk djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA Åijh ppkZ ls ;g ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd lg;ksx nks varZlEcU)
rFkk vUrfuHkZj çfØ;kvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS&
1. os tks ifjos'k ds lanHkZ esa laiw.kZ lg;ksx&O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr gSa] rFkk
2. os ftudk laca/k O;fDr;ksa ds chp larqf"V iSnk djuk ;k ckaVuk gSA laxBuksa ;k lg;ksxh çfØ;kvksa dh vfLFkjrk rFkk
vlQyrk bu çfØ;kvksa ds vyx&vyx oxksZa esa ls çR;sd dh dfe;ksa ls rFkk muds lfEeJ.k esa dfe;ksa ls mRiUu
gksrh gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu (Informal Organisation)
lg;ksxh O;oLFkk,¡ vkSipkfjd laxBuksa dks tUe nsrh gSA laxBu dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, cjukMZ dgrs gSa fd laxBu tkucw>dj
lefUor dh xbZ O;fDrxr xfrfof/k;ksa ;k 'kfDr;ksa dk uke gSA laxBu ml le; curk gS tc
1. ijLij ckrphr djus esa leFkZ yksx gksa
2. tks dk;Z esa lg;ksx nsus ds bPNqd gksa
3. ftlls lk>k mís'; çkIr gks ldsA
,d laxBu ds rRo gSa&
1. lapkj
2. rRijrk] rFkk
3. lk>k mís';A
bl ckr dks Li"V djrs gq, cjukMZ dgrs gSa fd laxBu dh dk;Z'kfDr lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ds fy, 'kfDr çnku djus dh
yksxksa dh rRijrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA bl rRijrk ds fy, og fo'okl vko';d gS fd mís'; iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ijUrq çHkko'khyrk ds lekIr gksus ij ;ksxnku djus dh rRijrk yqIr gks tkrh gSA rRijrk dh fujarjrk mís'; dks iwjk
djus dh çfØ;k esa O;fDrxr lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk larqf"V ij Hkh fuHkZj gSA ;fn larqf"V vko';d R;kx ls vf/kd u gks rks
rRijrk yqIr gks tkrh gS rFkk laxBu&vdq'kyrk dh fLFkfr cu tkrh gSA ;fn larfq "V R;kx ls vf/kd gks rks rRijrk fujarj
jgrh gS rFkk laxBu fuiq.k vkSj dq'ky cuk jgrk gSA
Åijh ekU;rkvksa dks vk/kkj cukdj cjukMZ fVIi.kh djrs gSa fd ,d laxBu dk vfLrRo ckgjh ifjos'k ds vuqdwy lapkj]
rRijrk ,oa mís'; ds la;kstu ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bldk cuk jguk O;oLFkk ds larqyu cus cui, j[kus ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA lary q u ds vkarfjd rFkk ckgjh nksukaas vk;ke gSA vkarfjd lary
q u bu rhuksa rRoksa ds vuqikr ij fuHkZj gSA ckgjh lary
q u
easa nks 'kCnkofy;k¡ gSaA igyh] laxBu dh çHkko'khyrk ftlesa ifjos'kh; fLFkfr ds lkFk mlds mís'; dh çklafxdrk fufgr
gS rFkk nwljs] bldh dk;Zd'q kyrk tks laxBu rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds chp ijLij&ifjorZu ls cuh gSA nks Lrjksa ij lary q u cuk;s
j[kus esa gh vkSipkfjd laxBu dk LFkkf;Ro cuk jgrk gS rFkk mUufr djrk gSA
lg;ksxh O;oLFkkvksa rFkk çfØ;kvksa dh xgjh le> ds fy, vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBuksa ds chp lac/a k dks le>uk
vko';d gSA cjukMZ dk dguk gS fd O;ofLFkr varfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij euq";ksa ds laca/k dk rkuk&ckuk fodflr djuk
58 yksd ç'kklu
ekuo LoHkko rFkk lkekftd çfØ;k dk ,d fgLlk gSA blls çFkkvksa rFkk laLFkkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA budk lg;ksxh
O;oLFkkvksa ij vR;f/kd çHkko gksrk gSA okLro esa cjukMZ dk cy bl ckr ij gS fd lkekftd çfØ;kvksa ds ifj.kke ds
:i esa çR;sd vukSipkfjd laxBu vkSipkfjd laxBu dks tUe nsrk gS rFkk çR;sd vkSipkfjd laxBu] varoS;fDrd
laca/kksa ds dkj.k vukSipkfjd laxBu dks tUe nsrk gSA lapkj ;k lalfDr rFkk O;fDr;ksa dh bZekunkjh dh j{kk djus ds
lk/ku ds :i esa vukSipkfjd laxBu vkSipkfjd laxBu ds dk;Z djus ds fy, vko';d cu tkrk gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu ds dqN vn~Hkqr rRo gSa tks lg;ksxh O;oLFkkvksa rFkk mudh lajpukRed vko';drkvksa ,oa O;fDrxr
vkdka{kkvksa dk ç;ksx djus ds lkeF;Z dks le>us ds fy, cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA laxBu dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkkvksa esa] Je
foHkktu] tks fo'ks"khdj.k ;k dk;kZRedrk ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] laxBu dk vVwV fgLlk gSA bu nks 'kCnksa dk tc vksj
vkxs fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS rks irk pyrk gS fd O;fDr fo'ks"kKrk çkIr djrk gS ijarq dk;Z fØ;kxr gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh
fLFkfr esa] Je ds foHkktu dk ifj.kke lekuqikfrd :i ls dk;Z ds foHkktu esa gksrk gSA laxBu fo'ks"khdj.k ds 5 vk/kkj
gSaA
1. og LFkku tgk¡ dk;Z lEiUu gksrk gS(
2. dk;Z dk le;(
3. os yksx ftuds lkFk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS(
4. os oLrq,a ftuds Åij dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
5. i)fr vFkok çfØ;k ftlds ek/;e ls dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
lg;ksx dh çfØ;k esa ikapksa vk/kkjksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ij gh laxBu dh dq'kyrk
vf/kdrj fuHkZj djrh gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu esa lg;ksx ç;kl ds mís'; ls çksRlkgu dk ç'u Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA dqy feykdj larqf"V tks ,d dk;Z
dks laxBu gsrq ç;kl djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrh gS] gkfu;kaas ds eqdkcys ldkjkRed ykHkksa dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA çksRlkgu
nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa] HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrdA HkkSfrd çksRlkguksa esa osru dh n'kk,a rFkk inksUufr ds volj vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
vHkkSfrd çksRlkgu Hkh gksrs gSa] ftuesa lEekuksa rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk laxBu dk j[kj[kko] xkSjo] lkeqnkf;drk dh Hkkouk
vkfn ds lkFk inksa dk lksiku 'kkfey gSA cjukMZ dk dguk gS] nksuksa çdkj ds çksRlkgu] vko';d gS vkSj mudk cy bl
ckr ij gS fd fdlh Hkh laxBu dk bu nksuksa çdkj ds çksRlkguksa ds vHkko esa vfLrRo ugha jg ldrkA
lÙkk dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Authority)
,d lkekU; laxBu esa lg;ksxh ç;kl ds fy, ,d vU; rRo] tks lcls vf/kd fu.kkZ;d le>k tkrk gS] lÙkk dk rRo
gSA cjukMZ lÙkk ;k vf/kdkj dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;g ,d vkSipkfjd laxBu esa lapkj ¼O;oLFkk½ dk og xq.k
gS ftlds dkj.k og laxBu ds lnL;ksa }kjk ekU; gksrk gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd cjukMZ ekurs gSa fd lÙkk ds nks igyw
gSaA
igyw lapkj og xq: gS ftlds dkj.k ;g Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr cjukMZ dk ;g rdZ gS ;fn vknsf'kr
lapkj ml O;fDr }kjk] ftls og Hkstk x;k gS] Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks mlds fy, mldh lÙkk LFkkfir ;k lqfuf'pr
gks tkrh gSA ;g dk;Z ds vk/kkj :i esa Lohdkj gks tkrh gSA ,sls vkns'k dk mYya?ku mlds fy, lÙkk dks udkjuk gksrk
gSA blfy, bl ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj ;g fu.kZ; djuk fd fdlh vkns'k esa lÙkk gS ;k ugha mu O;fDr;ksa ij fuHkZj gS] ftUgsa
og vkns'k Hkstk x;k gS] u fd lÙkk/kkjh yksxksa ;k mu vkns'k nsus okys yksxksa ijA blds vfrfjDr og dgrs gSa fd laxBu
lÙkk dh vlQyrk ds dkj.k vlQy gksrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd os çHkkoh gksus ds fy, futh ç;klksa dk i;kZIr ;ksxnku
çkIr ugha dj ldrs ;k mUgsa O;ogkj ij çksRlkfgr ugha dj ldrsA lÙkk blfy, Hkh foQy gksrh gS D;ksafd dkQh la[;k
esa yksx vko';d vkns'kksa ds Lohd‘fr laca/kh cks> dks muds fgr esa gksus okys ykHk ds larqyu dks cnyus dk ç;kl le>rs
gSa vkSj blfy, os ;k rks vius vkidks gVk ysrs gSa ;k viuk ;ksxnku jksd ysrs gSaA bl dkj.k cjukMZ cy nsrs gSa fd lÙkk
O;LFkkoknh mikxe 59
dh LFkkiuk ds fy, O;fDr dh Lohd‘fr dh vko';drk t:jh gSA ,d O;fDr ,d vkns'k dks lÙkkRed Lohdkj dj ldrk
gS vkSj Lohdkj djsxk ;fn pkj 'krsZa ,d lkFk iwjh gks%
1. og vkns'k dks le> ldrk gS ;k le>rk gSA
2. vius fu.kZ; ds le; mldk fo'okl gS fd ;g laxBu ds mís'; ls vlaxr ugha gSA
3. vius fu.kZ; ds le; mldk fo'okl gS fd og dqy feykdj mlds fgrksa ds vuqdwy gS rFkk
4. og ekufld rFkk 'kkjhfjd :i ls mldk ikyu djus ds ;ksX; gSA
Åijh fp=k.k ;k o.kZu ls ,d ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd bl çdkj dk egÙoiw.kZ rFkk fpjLFkk;h lg;ksx çkIr djuk fdl
çdkj laHko gS D;ksafd ge ns[krs gSa fd fl)kar rFkk O;ogkj esa lÙkk dk fu/kkZj.k v/khuLFk O;fDr;ksa ds ikl gksrk gSA ;g
laHko gS D;ksafd O;fDr;ksa ds fu.kZ; fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lEiUu gksrs gSa%
1. fpjLFkk;h laxBuksa esa tkucw>dj fn, x, vkns'k çk;% Åij crykbZ pkj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ikyu djrs gSa(
2. çR;sd O;fDr ds vUnj mnklhurk&{ks=k gksrk gS ftlds vanj lÙkk dks psruk'khy pqukSrh fn, fcuk vkns'k ekU; gksrs
gS(a
3. ,d lewg ds :i esa ,d laxBu ds çfr ;ksxnku djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds fgrksa dk ifj.kke fo"k; ;k O;fDr ds n‘f"Vdks.k
ij çHkko dk og ç;ksx gksrk gS tks bl mnklhurk ds {ks=k dks dqN LFkk;h cuk;s j[krk gSA
mnklhurk dk {ks=k (Zone of Indifference)
iwoZ Hkkx esa geus ;s ppkZ dh gS fd laxBuksa esa lÙkk dh Lohd‘fr mnklhurk ds {ks=k (Zone of Indifference) ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA ;g mnklhurk dk {ks=k D;k gS] ;fn dkQh gn rd O;ogkj ;ksX; dk;Z ds lHkh vkns'k çHkkfor O;fDr;ksa }kjk mudh
Lohd‘fr ds Øe esa j[ks tk;sa rks ,sls vkns'kksa dk ,slk {ks=k ;k lhek gksxh tks Li"V :i ls vekU; gS vFkkZr~ ftudk fuf'pr
:i ls ekU; ;k vekU;A rhljk] lewg fuf'pr :i ls ekU; gks ldrk gSA cjukMZ dgrs gSa fd ;g vafre lewg ßmnklhurk
ds {ks=kÞ esa vkrk gSA bl {ks=k esa iM+us okys vkns'kksa dks çHkkfor O;fDr Lohdkj djsxk rFkk rqyukRed :i esa bl ckr ds
çfr mnklhu gksrk gS fd lÙkk ls lacaf/kr dh laxBu ds çfr >qdko dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys ml Lrj ;k lhek ij fuHkZj
gS] ftl lhek rd mís'; ;k /;s;] cks>ksa rFkk cfynkuksa ls vf/kd gks tkrs gSaA
;fn çyksHkuksa vi;kZIr gS] rks laxBu ds lnL;ksa }kjk laHkor% Lohdkj fd; tkus okys vkns'kksa dh lhek ;k {ks=k lhfer gksxkA
vU; 'kCnksa es]a vki dg ldrs gSa fd {ks=k NksVk gksxkA blfy, dk;Zikfydk dks {ks=k ds ckjs esa lpsr gksuk pkfg,A mls dsoy
os vkns'k gh nsus pkfg, tks {ks=k ds vanj gh vk;sa rFkk ekU; gksaA ;fn dk;Zikfydk bl fo"k; esa lpsr ugha gS] cjukMZ dgrs
gSa] rks dk;Zikfydk viuh lÙkk dk ç;ksx djus dk <ax ugha tkurh ;k og lÙkk dk nq:i;ksx dj jgh gSA
eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z (Function of Chief Executive)
Åij dh çfØ;kvksa rFkk fopkjksa ls] dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z mRiUu gksrs gSaA cjukMZ ds vuqlkj dk;Zikfydk ds vko';d
dk;ksaZ esa igyk gS] lapkj O;oLFkk çnku djuk] nwljs] vko';d ç;kl çkIr djus dk c<+kok nsuk] rhljs] mís'; fuekZ.k rFkk
mís'; ifjHkkf"kr djukA laxBukRed lapkj dks cuk, j[kus laca/kh çFke dk;Z ds nks pj.k gSaA igyk] laxBukRed inksa
dh ifjHkk"kk gS rFkk nwljk] dkfeZd O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kuk gSA igys esa laxBukRed pkVZ] dÙkZO;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k] dk;Z dk
foHkktu vkfn vko';d gS rFkk nwljs esa mfpr ;ksX;rkvksa okys O;fDr;ksa dks çksRlkgu vkfn nsdj HkrhZ djuk 'kkfey gSA
;s nksuksa pj.k ,d nwljs ds iwjd rFkk vU;ksU;kfJr gSaA
O;fDr;ksa ls vko';d lsok,¡ çkIr djus ds nwljs dk;Z ds Hkh nks eq[; i{k gSaA igyk] yksxksa dks laxBu ds lkFk lg;ksxh
lac/a k esa ykuk gS ;k yksxksa dk laxBu ds lkFk lg;ksxh lac/a k LFkkfir djuk gS rFkk nwljk] ,sls yksxksa ls lsok,¡ rFkk ;ksxnku
çkIr djuk ;k lqfuf'pr djuk gSA cjukMZ ds vuqlkj ;s eukscy] f'k{kk rFkk çf'k{k.k çksRlkgu rFkk i;Zo{s k.k rFkk fu;a=k.k
cuk, j[kdj çkIr fd, tk ldrs gSAa rhljk] dk;Zikfydk dk dk;Z gS laxBukRed mís';ksa rFkk /;s;ksa dk fuekZ.kA ;s mís';
laxBu ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk O;kid :i esa ekU; gksus pkfg,A
60 yksd ç'kklu
Åij crk, x, rhu dk;Z ewy :i ls fofHkUu ekuoksa ds chp lg;ksx dh vko';drk ls mRiUu gksrs gSa D;ksfa d çR;sd laxBu
ewyr% ,d lg;ksxh O;oLFkk gS] lg;ksxh ç;kl dks psrukxr :i ls lefUor gksus dh vko';drk gSA laxBukRed çfØ;k
ds ;gh og {ks=k gS ftlesa dk;Zikfydk dks ,d lg;ksxh O;oLFkk ds y{;ksa rFkk /;s;ksa dks çkIr djus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkuh
gSA
,d vkykspukRed ewY;kadu (Critical Evaluation)
dSuFs k ,UMª;t
w ] ftlus ßQaD'kal vkQ n ,DthD;wfVoÞ iqLrd dh çLrkouk fy[kh Fkh] us fVIi.kh dh gS fd cjukMZ ds vuqHko
lkis{k FksA blls mudk fo'ys"k.k xgjh n‘f"V j[krk gSA ;g ,d lhek ;k cka/k ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA fl)kar ;g
ladsr ugha nsrk fd fofHkUu çdkj ds laxBuksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa rd ;g fl)kar fdl çdkj ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mld vkxs Hkh ;g fVIi.kh djrk gS fd cjukMZ us mPp çca/k dh laLFkkvksa dk o.kZu ;k fo'ys"k.k ugha fd;k gSA
cjukMZ /;s; dks ,d dsna hz ; ç'u ekuus ij cy nsrs gSa ijarq os ifjorZu'khy fo'o /;s; ds p;u ij ;k laxBu ds fy, y{;ksa
,oa mís';ksa ds fuekZ.k dh çfØ;kvksa ij dksbZ /;ku ugha nsrsA okLro esa egÙoiw.kZ gS la?k"kZ esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk mls
lefUor djus ds muds ç;klA okLro esa ekuo laxBuksa esa mRiUu gksus okyh fnu&çfrfnu dh leL;kvksa ds çfr mUgksaus
i;kZIr /;ku ugha fn;k gSA mís';ksa ds çfr de /;ku bl rF; ds dkj.k gks ldrk gS fd ftu laxBuksa dk nkf;Ro muds
ikl Fkk] muesa mís'; fLFkj Fks ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd os fuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa ds çfr fooj.kkRed ;k fof/kor~ /;ku
ugha ns ik,A
cjukMZ dk fl)kar tgk¡ viuk /;ku lg;ksx ij dsafnzr djrk gS] ogk¡ og O;fDr ds jpukRed fodkl ij i;kZIr :i ls
/;ku ugha nsrk gSA u gh og bl ç'u ij /;ku nsrk gS fd O;fDr fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa laxBu ds çfr çfrc)rk O;Dr djrk
gS rFkk ;g çfrc)rk fdl çdkj n‘<+ curh gSA
cjukMZ dk lÙkk&fl)kar fuisZ{k fLFkfr;ksa dks de egÙo nsrk gS rFkk O;fDr }kjk EkkU; lkis{k dkjdksa dh vksj T;knk
/;ku nsrk gS u fd mu lÙkk/kkjh yksxksa dh vksj tks bldk ç;ksx djrs gSaA okLro esa] lÙkk dk ,d vkfFkZd vk;ke gSA
vkfFkZd :i ls lkisf{kr fuHkZjrk cktkj lajpuk ij fuHkZj gSA fodYiksa ds cM+s {ks=k okys lekt esa O;fD;ksa ds ikl rqyukRed
Lora=krk gks ldrh gS ijarq tgk¡ volj lhfer gS]a O;fDr ds ikl rqyukRed Lora=krk gks ldrh gS ijarq tgk¡ volj lhfer
gSa] O;fDr dks lÙkk udkjus dh dksbZ dksbZ Lora=krk ugha gksrhA vU; 'kCnksa esa ,d iwathoknh lekt esa tgk¡ mldh O;k[;k
ekU; gS] lkearoknh ;k vYi fodflr lektksa esa ,slh dksbZ Lora=krk ugha gksrhA
lekthdj.k çfØ;k] ifjokj&lajpuk] 'kSf{kd çfØ;k,a lÙkk ds yksxksa ds n‘f"Vdks.k dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA okLro esa ;gh
çfØ;k,¡ ewY; O;oLFkk dk fu:i.k djrh gSA cjukMZ us o‘gÙkj ifjçs{; dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk gS] ml lhek rd mldk
fl)kar ihfM+r gS ;k detksj gSA
ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k 61
v/;k;&8
ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k
(Ecological Approach)
ç'kklu rFkk okrkoj.k vFkok i;kZoj.k esa ?kfu"V lEcU/k gSA os nksuksa ijLij çHkkfor djrs gSaA og n‘f"Vdks.k tks ç'kklu
rFkk okrkoj.k esa lEcU/k vFkok var%fØ;k ij çdk'k Mkyrk gS dks ikfjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k (Ecological Approach) dgrs
gSaA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds eq[; çfriknd tkWu ,e- xkWl (John M. Gaus) jkoVZ ,- Mkgy (Robert A. Dahl), jkWLdks ekfVZu
(Rasco Martin), ,Q- MCy;w fjxt (F.W. Riggs) vkfn gSaA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj lHkh laLFkkuksa (Institutions) ij
lekt ds okrkoj.k rFkk laLd‘fr dk çHkko iM+rk gSA D;ksafd yksd ç'kklu Hkh ,d mi&O;oLFkk (Sub-system) gS bldh
lkekftd O;oLFkk ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k gksrh jgrh gSA lkekftd O;oLFkk yksd ç'kklu dks çHkkfor djrh gS rFkk ç'kklu
bls çHkkfor djrk gSA ç'kklu dk vkdkj ,oa Lo:i blds pgq¡ vksj fo|eku okrkoj.k ij fuHkZj gS rFkk lkekftd
O;oLFkk ç'kklu ij fuHkZj gSA ,Q- MCy;w fjxt (F.W. Riggs) ds vuqlkj] ßfdlh Hkh ç'kklfud çfr:i ;k uewus
(Pattern) dk egÙo mldh fLFkfr ds vUrxZr gksrk gSAÞ ;g vc lkekU; :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxk gS fd fdlh lekt
esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd lkaLd‘frd ?kVukvksa dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds lkFk mlh çdkj ijLij fØ;k gS
tSls lHkh lkekftd O;oLFkk,a ¼ftuesa ç'kklfud O;oLFkk,a Hkh lfEefyr gSa½ vius okrkoj.k ds lkFk var%fØ;k djrh gS
rFkk mudks çHkkfor djrh gS rFkk muls Lo;a çHkkfor gksrh gSA
ikfjfLFkfrdh vFkok i;kZoj.k (Ecology) 'kCn thou foKku ls fy;k gS ftldk vfHkçk; lHkh thor tho (Organisms)
rFkk muds okrkoj.k esa vUr%lEcU/k ls gS] nwljs 'kCnksa esa blls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fdl çdkj çk.kh rFkk çkd‘frd ,oa
lkekftd okrkoj.k ,d nwljs dks çHkkfor djrs gSa rFkk bu nksuksa esa dSls larqyu j[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kkL=kh; n‘f"V ls
ikfjfLFkfrd dk vFkZ gS laxBu rFkk mlds okrkoj.k esa ikjLifjd lEcU/kA blh n‘f"V ls lekt 'kkfL=k;ksa us bldk ç;ksx
laxBu rFkk mlds okrkoj.k ds chp ikjLifjd lEcU/k ds fy, fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ç'kkldh; O;oLFkk lHkh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d LorU=k çfØ;k ds :i esa dk;Z ugha dj ldrh cfYd ;g vius fxnZ gksus okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
çHkkok/khu dk;Z djrh gS rFkk mUgsa çHkkfor djrh gSA D;ksafd ç'kklu fo|eku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr dk;Z djrk gS
blfy, blds vUrxZr mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u djuk vo'; gS tks bls çHkkfor djrh gSA
yksd ç'kklu esa bl n‘f"Vdks.k dk lcls igys ç;ksx 1947 esa tkWu- ,e- xkWl (John M. Gaus) us ,d lsfeukj ys[k eaas fd;k
tks ckn esa mldh jpuk fjQySD'ku vku ifCyd ,MfefuLVª's ku (Reflections on Public Administration) esa çdkf'kr gqvkA
blesa xkWl us lkoZtfud ukSdj'kkgh vkSj mlds i;kZoj.k dh vfuok;Z ijLij fuHkZjrk dk v/;;u djus ds fy, i;kZoj.k
dh /kkj.kk ds ç;ksx djus dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA xkWl us bl n‘f"Vdks.k dk ç;ksx yksd ç'kklu dh uohu
fo"k;&oLrq rFkk O;fDr ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa vFkok i;kZoj.k ds ikjLifjd çHkkfor djus dh çfØ;k dh [kkst ds fy, fd;kA
mlus ;g n'kkZus dh ps"Vk dh fd yksd ç'kklu fdl çdkj lkekftd okrkoj.k ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA xkWl ds vuqlkj]
ßyksd ç'kklu ds ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k LFkku ds rÙo&Hkw&Hkkx] tyok;q] LFkku] ogka jgus okys yksx] mudh
laLFkk] vk;q rFkk Kku] HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd VsdukykWth vkSj mudk ikjLifjd lEcU/k djrs gSAa ç'kklu rFkk okrkoj.k
esa ikjLifjd vUr%çHkko dks ns[krs gq, xkWl us bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd yksd ç'kklu ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks okrkoj.k dk
voyksdu (Observe) bl çdkj ls djuk pkfg, fd os ;g vuqHko djsa fd okrkoj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk ç'kklu laLFkkiu
62 yksd ç'kklu
ds fodkl ij fdl çdkj çHkko iM+rk gSA ifjfLFkfrdh; rÙoksa (Ecological Elements) dk lafpr Kku ç'kkldksa dks bl
;ksX; cuk nsrk gS fd os viuh laLFkkvksa esa ckgjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k mBus okyh ekaxksa rFkk pqukSfr;kaa dk lkeuk le>nkjh
ls dj ldrs gSaA
blh o"kZ jkcVZ ,- Mkgy (Robert A. Dahl) us yksd ç'kklu ds lkfgR; dk ,d laLd‘fr rd lhfer gksus dh fo'ks"krk dh
vkykspuk djrs gq, vUr lkaLd‘frd v/;;uksa dh vko';drk] ç'kklfud <kapksa rFkk O;ogkj ij okrkoj.k ds çHkko ij
cy fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd yksd ç'kklu jk"Vªh; euksfoKku rFkk jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLd‘frd i;kZoj.k] ftlesa
;g fodflr gksrk gS] ds çHkkoksa ls ugha cp ldrkA mUgksua s rFkkdfFkr yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa rFkk mudh lkekU; fLFkfr
ds chp lEcU/kksa dh yxHkx iw.kZ vKku dh vkykspuk dhA jkcVZ ,- Mkgy us ifjfLFkfrdh n‘f"Vdks.k dh foospuk rhu
fooknkLin fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kkj ij dh&
1. ,d jk"Vª ds vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr lkekU;hdj.k (Generalisations) loZO;kid (Universal) ugha gks ldrsA mUgsa vU;
ç'kkldh; O;oLFkkvksa esa lHkh çdkj dh i;kZoj.k lEcU/kh fLFkfr;ksa esa dk;kZfUor ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
2. ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa rFkk /kkj.kkvksa dk fuekZ.k djus ls iwoZ mudh oS|r dh lHkh çdkj dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa vkuqHkkfod :i esa tkap dj ysuh pkfg, rkfd ;g ns[kk tk lds fd D;k loZO;kih gSA
3. fu"d"kZr% yksd ç'kklu dsoy viuh lhek dk foLrkj djus ds fy, ugha vfirq vius v/;;u dks vf/kd oSKkfud
rFkk lHkh çdkj dh lektksa ls lEcfU/kr djus ds fy, okLro esa vUr% vuq'kkluh; rFkk ifjfLFkfrdh; gSA
1950 dsi'pkr~ i;kZoj.k rFkk yksd ç'kklu esa var%lEcU/kksa esa ys[kdksa dh :fp esa o‘f) gksus yxhA blh dky esa la;qDr
jkT; vesfjdk dk rduhdh lgk;rk dk;ZØe çkjaHk gqvkA ml le; yksd ç'kklu ds fo}ku ¼fo'ks"kdj la;qDr jkT;
vesfjdk ds fo}ku½ u,&u, Lora=k gksus okys jk"Vªksa ds ç'kklfud Lo:iksa ds v/;;u djus esa :fp ysus yxk ftlls
rqyukRed ç'kklu (Comparative Administration) dh /kkj.kk dks cy feyk rFkk fofHkUu ç'kklfud Lo:iksa ls yksd
ç'kklu ij fHkUu&fHkUu lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ds çHkkoksa ds v/;;u djus ds fy, çsj.kk feyhA
rRi'pkr~ ÝsM MCy;w- fjxt (Fred W. Riggs) us FkkbZySaM (Thailand) rFkk fQyhikbZu (Philippines) ds ç'kklu ds v/;;u
ds vk/kkj ij vius fopkj çdV djrs gq, dgk fd i;kZoj.k ç'kklu ij dSls çHkko Mkyrk gS\ fjxt ds vuqlkj
ifjfLFkfrdh ls vfHkçk; gS ç'kkldh; O;oLFkkvksa dh lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk] jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLd‘frd rFkk vkfFkZd
mi&O;oLFkkvksa ls vUr%lEcU/kA fjxt ds vuqlkj ,d ns'k dk lkekftd] lkaLd‘frd] ,sfrgkfld rFkk LFkkiR; dyk
lEcU/kh okrkoj.k vkpj.k dks dSls çHkkfor djrs gSa rFkk bldh rqyuk esa ç'kklu lekt dks dSls çHkkfor djrk gS&bu
ç'uksa dk lEcU/k ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k ls gSA fjxt ds fopkj esa dsoy vuqHkooknh oSf/kd rFkk okrkoj.k ls çHkkfor
(Empirical, Nomothetic and Ecological) v/;;u gh ifjfLFkfrdh; ekus tk ldrs gSaA bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj ç'kklu
çfØ;k dks ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ekuk tkrk gS tks fdlh fo'ks"k okrkoj.k esa dk;Z djrh gS rFkk bldk ml okrkoj.k ds lkFk
fØ;k&çfrfØ;k gksA blfy, ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k ds leFkZdksa dk ;g er gS fd fdlh ns'k ds yksd ç'kklu dh çd‘fr
dk leqfpr :i esa v/;;u djus ds fy, ml lkekftd fLFkfr rFkk :i jpuk dks le>uk vko';d gS ftlesa og dk;Z
dj jgk gSA bls le>s fcuk ç'kklu ds Lo:i dks tkuuk lEHko ughaA ewy :i esa ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k bl ckr dk
ladsr nsrk gS fd ç'kkldh; O;ogkj vfu;fer (Randon) ugha gSA ;g lkaLd‘frd fo'ks"krkvksa] ewY;ksa rFkk ç'kklu esa
vUrfØZ;k dh mit gSA la{ksi esa ç'kklfud laLd‘fr egku~ lkekftd laLd‘fr dk çlkj.k (Extension) gSA
bl n‘f"Vdks.k dk fo'ks"k xq.k ;g gS fd ;g vk/kqfud çtkrkaf=kd ns'kksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSA bl }kjk fdlh ns'k ds
ç'kklu dk v/;;u ogka ds yksxksa vkSj muds okrkoj.k ds lanHkZ] mudh lkekftd leL;kvksa rFkk eukso‘fÙk;ksa dks /;ku
esa j[krs gq, fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;Fkk vko';d 'kklu i)fr uhfr;ksa essa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d çtkrkfU=kd
ns'k esa ,d lQy ç'kklu ds fy, yksxksa dk lg;ksx vko';d gS vkSj ;g rHkh lEHko gS ;fn ç'kklu yksxksa dh leL;kvksa
rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa ds çfr tkx:d gks D;ksafd ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k yksxksa ds lkekftd] lkaLd‘frd] vkfFkZd rFkk
ijEijkxr laLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA bl fy, blds }kjk turk dk lfØ; lg;ksx çkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% yksdrU=kkRed ç'kklu ds ldq'ky rFkk yksdfç; gksus ds fy, blds vkpj.k dk ifjfLFkfrdh;
gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
ÝSM MCY;w0 fjXl ds fopkj
(Views of FW. Riggs)
ts-,e- xkWl] jkcVZ ,- Mky rFkk jkWcVZ ,l- eVZu us ÝSM MCY;w- fjXl ls cgqr igys yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;u ds
ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k dh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA ijUrq fjXl us gh bl n‘f"Vdks.k ds çfr egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA vejhdh
fo}kuksa rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lykgdkjksa us mlds FkkbZySaM] fQyhihal rFkk Hkkjr esa fd;s v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij
ifjfLFkfrdh; vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl fd;kA fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds ç'kklfud rFkk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] rduhdh] jktuhfrd
rFkk lapkj dkjdksa ds chp laca/k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA FkkbZySaM rFkk fQyhihal esa vius v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij mUgksaus
mnkgj.k nsdj ;g cryk;k fd fdl çdkj i;kZoj.k ç'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
fjXl us fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa if'peh laxBu fl)karksa dh mi;qDrrk ds fo"k; esa ekSfyd ;k vk/kkjHkwr ç'u mBk,A mUgksaus
dgk fd çR;sd lekt dh viuh dqN foy{k.k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa tks mldh miO;oLFkkvksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSA mlus
ik;k fd if'peh fl)karksa esa ls vf/kdrj us O;oLFkk ds ßHkhrjÞ >k¡dkA bldh rqyuk esa ßckgjÞ dk laca/k lkekU;r%
lkekftd&vkfFkZd okrkoj.k ;k ifjos'k ls gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa if'peh fodflr ns'kksa dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd
ifjos'k r‘rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa tSlk ugha gSA blhfy,] fjXl ds vuqlkj] 'kk;n fodflr ns'kksa ds fy, fufeZr fl)kar ;k çkn'kZ
vfodflr ns'kksa esa ykxw ugha gksrsA blfy, fjXl ds fu"d"kZ] r‘rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa esa ç'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa dks le>us ds
fy, egÙoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSaA vius fu"d"kksZas ds vk/kkj ij r‘rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa esa ç'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa ds fo'ys"k.kkRed
<k¡ps dks foLr‘r fd;k x;k gSA
vkn'kZ çk:i (Ideal Model)
ifjos'kh; ;k ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k oLrq fLFkfr ;k ?kVuk fo'ks"k dks le>us ds fy, O;oLFkk&mikxe dk ç;ksx djrk
gSA O;oLFkk&mikxe dk vFkZ ?kVuk fo'ks"k (Phenomena) dks varfuHkZj Hkkxksa ls cus ,d gh Hkkx (Aspect) ij dsfUnzr gksus
ds ckotwn Hkh ifjfLFkfrdh; mikxe laxBu ds lexz n‘f"Vdks.k dks viukrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fjXl us o‘gn Lrj ij
eq[; (Broad) O;oLFkkvksa dks Js.khc) fd;k rFkk mu Jsf.k;ksa dks ç'kklu tSlh lw{e ;k NksVh&mi O;oLFkkvksa dks fy;k
rFkk fodkl'khy lektksa esa ifjorZu dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, rhu vkn'kZ :iksa&cgqdk;kZRed] leik'ohZ; rFkk
vYidk;kZRed dks fodflr fd;kA fjXl }kjk vkn'kZ çk:i bfrgkl&iwoZ] fodkl'khy rFkk fodkl lekt dk fo'ys"k.k
djus ds mís'; ls LFkkfir dkYifud ekU;rk,¡ (Hypothetical) gSaA
,d fçTe ls fdju ds laØe.k dh çfØ;k dks ,d lekt ifjorZu dh çfØ;k dh O;k[;k ds fy, ladsr :i easa fy;k
x;k gSA fdj.k ds vkjaHk fcUnq dks cgqdk;kZRed] ¼¶;wTM½ fçTe ds vanj fdj.k ds Lianu (Vibration) çfØ;k dks laØe.k
dkyhu] bUnz/kuq"k cukus ds fy, fçTe ls fdj.k ds ckgj vkus dh çfØ;k dk vYidk;Z ¼fMÝSD'ku½ dgk x;k gSA blh çdkj]
tSls fjXl us O;k[;k dh gS] fofHkUu lkekftd O;oLFkk,¡ fodkl&çfØ;k dh vkjafHkd voLFkkvksa esa cgqdk;kZRed] ¼¶;wTM½
laØe.k&dkyhu voLFkk esa leik'ohZ; rFkk var esa vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ gksxhA
fjXl us lajpukRed rFkk dk;kZRed mikxeksa ds vk/kkj ij çk:i rS;kj fd,A mlds vuqlkj ,d cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½
lekt esa ,d vdsyk laxBu ;k lajpuk cgqr ls dk;Z djrh gSA blds fo:)] ,d vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ lekt esa
fuf'pr dk;Z djus ds fy, vyx&vyx lajpuk,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA ijUrq bu nksuksa ds chp esa vusd ,sls lekt gSa ftuesa
cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½ rFkk vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ lekt nksuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ yxHkx leku ikbZ tkrh gSA ,sls lektksa
dks leik'ohZ; dgk tkrk gSA fjXl bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh lekt iw.kZ :i ls cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½ ;k
vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ ugha dgk tk ldrkA lkekU;r% lHkh lekt çd‘fr esa laØe.kdkyhu gksrs gSaA çR;sd lekt
64 yksd ç'kklu
pkgs og cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½ gS ;k vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ mldk pfj=k fofHkUu lajpukvksa ,oa mlds }kjk fd, tkus
okys dk;ksZa dh çd‘fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
cgqdk;kZRed çk:i (Fused Model)
cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½ lekt dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djus gsrq mnkgj.kksa ds :i esa fjXl us lkezkT;oknh phu rFkk
Økafr&iwoZ l;keh FkkbZySaM dks pqukA bu lektksa esa dk;ksZa dk dksbZ oxhZdj.k ugha Fkk rFkk ,d lajpuk vusd çdkj ds
dk;Z djrh FkhA ;s lekt d‘f"k ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj Fks rFkk mudk vkS|ksxhdj.k ;k vk/kqfudhdj.k ugha gqvk FkkA mudh
vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ml oLrq fofue; ds dkuwu rFkk ifjorZu O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr Fkh ftls fjXl us ßiqufoZrj.k çk:iÞ
(redistributive model) dgkA ns'k ds ç'kklu esa 'kkgh ifjokj us ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA jktk rFkk mlds
}kjk ukfer vf/kdkjh lHkh çdkj ds ç'kklfud] vkfFkZd rFkk vU; dk;Z Lo;a gh djrs FksA vkfFkZd rFkk ç'kklfud dk;Z
djus dh dksbZ vyx O;oLFkk ugha FkhA ljdkj rFkk turk ds chp laca/k lkekU;r% fupys Lrj ij FksA turk fdlh Hkh
pht dh vk'kk fd, fcuk jktk dks viuh lsok,¡ rFkk HkkSfrd oLrq,¡ nsdj mlds çfr viuk lEeku çnf'kZr djrh FkhA
ljdkj turk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h ugha Fkh ;|fi turk ljdkj ds vkns'kksa dks ekuus ds fy, ck/; FkhA
l;keh jkT; esa ifjokj dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA ;g vkfFkZd jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd vusd dk;Z djrk FkkA lkekftd
lajpuk dks vk/kkj çnku djus ds vfrfjDr] ;g ç'kklu ds çeq[k LFkku ij FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i] bu la?kksa ds ç'kklu us
O;kid çlUurk rFkk fodkl ij /;ku nsus dh vis{kk ifjokj rFkk dqN vU; laçnk;ksa d fo'ks"k fgrksa dh lqj{kk djus dk
ç;kl fd;kA okLro esa ç'kklu O;oLFkk ifjokj rFkk vU; laçnk;ksa dh lajpuk ij vk/kkfjr Fkh rFkk ;g O;oLFkk dks
lqjf{kr cuk;s j[kus cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;d jghA lkekU;r% bl lekt dh ço‘fÙk fLFkj jgus dh Fkh vkSj ftudh dksbZ
fodflr lapkj O;oLFkk Hkh ugha FkhA turk dh 'kk;n gh dksbZ ek¡x jgh gksxh rFkk 'kk;n gh ljdkj ds lekus dHkh dksbZ
ekeyk mBk;k x;k gksxkA jktk rFkk mlds }kjk ukfer yksxksa ds ikl vlhfer lÙkk FkhA ftldk ç;ksx os lkekU;r% vius
futh fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, djrs FksA ;s lekt vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd <k¡pksa] ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh dk;ksZa esa Hksn
ugha djrs FksA
lekt esa vkjksfir ekU;rk,¡ ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh Fkh rFkk turk dk O;ogkj vR;f/kd ijEijkoknh FkkA
lfn;ksa iqjkuh ijEijk,¡] ekU;rk,¡] fo'okl rFkk jgu&lgu ds ijEijkoknh <ax yksxksa dks ,d lkFk jgus rFkk vius O;ogkj
dks fu;af=kr djus esa leFkZ cukrs FksA
vYidk;kZRed çk:i (Diffracted Model)
;s çk:i lkoZHkkSfed fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk buds O;ogkj eas Hksn ugha gksrk gSA cgqr vf/kd fo'ks"khdj.k gksrk gS
rFkk çR;sd lajpuk ,d fo'ks"k dk;Z djrh gSA vkjksfir ekU;rk,¡ lekIr gks tkrh gSa rFkk miyfC/k ekU;rkvksa dk vkxeu
gksrk gSA lekt vR;f/kd :i ls xfr'khy rFkk vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ gksrk gSA bu lektksa esa [kqyh oxZ&lajpuk,¡ gksrh
gS ftudk çfrfuf/kRo fofHkUu la?k djrs gSa rks lekt esa rkfdZd ifj.kkeksa dks çkIr djus dh çeq[k Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSaA
lekt ds lHkh laxBuksa rFkk lajpukvksa dh fufeZr dh tkrh gS rFkk ;s oSKkfud rdZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
cktkj O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA cktkj dk çHkko lekt ds vU; igyqvksa dks çR;{k rFkk vçR;{k nksuksa :i ls çHkkfor
djrk gSA fjXl us bls ßcktkjd‘r ¼ekdsZVkbTM½ lektÞ dgk gSA fofHkUu la?k vyx&vyx dk;Z djrs gSaA lapkj O;oLFkk
rFkk çkS|ksfxdh cgqr vf/kd fodflr gksrh gS rFkk ljdkj lkSgknZiw.kZ tu&laidZ O;oLFkk dks mPp çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
ljdkjsa yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa ds çfr laosnu'khy gksrh gSa rFkk ekuo&vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrh gSA yksxksa }kjk dk;ksZa dks
iw.kZ djus gsrq rFkk dkQh lhek rd ljdkj ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, ncko Mkyk tk;sxkA ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa
ds ikl dksbZ nckodkjh rFkk vlhfer 'kfDr;k¡ ugha gksrhaA turk Lo;a jk"Vª ds dkuwuksa ij /;ku nsrh gS rFkk mudk lEeku
djrh gSA blls ljdkj dks fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ ds vius nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djus rFkk dkuwuksa dks fØ;kfUor djus esa
vklkuh gksrh gSA lkekftd thou ds lHkh vk/kkjHkwr igyqvksa ij turk esa O;kid lkeatL; gksrk gSA
leik'ohZ; çk:i (Prismatic Model)

fjXl us vius çk:iksas ds dsUnzh; fcUnq&lek'ohZ; çk:i ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA fjXl ds vuqlkj lekik'ohZ; lekt og
gS ftlus fof'k"Vhdj.k dk Lrj] vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxdh ds ysu&nsu esa vko';d Hkwfedkvksa dk fo'ks"khdj.k çkIr dj fy;k
gks ijUrq bu Hkwfedkvksa dks tksM+us esa vlQy jgk gksA leik'ohZ; lekt cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½ rFkk vYidk;kZRed
¼fMÝSDVsM½ nksuksa lektksa ds ewY; çfr:iksa dk fgLlk gSA
leik'ohZ; lekt % fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Prismatic Society)
nks pj.k :iksa&cgqdk;kZRed rFkk vYidk;kZRed&ds chp dk lekt leik'ohZ; lekt dgk tkrk gSA vius fo'ys"k.k esa
fjXl us cgqdk;kZRed rFkk vYidk;kZRed çk:iksa dk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds leik'ohZ; oLrq fLFkfr dh O;k[;k djus ds
lk/ku :i esa ç;ksx fd;k gSA fjXl ds vuqlkj] leik'ohZ; lekt dh rhu pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSaA os gSa&
1. fotkrh;rk]
2. vkSipkfjdrk] rFkk
3. vfrvkPNknuA
fotkrh;rk (Heterogeneity)
leik'ohZ; lekt dh eq[; pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krk dh vf/kdrkA fotkrh;rk dk vFkZ gS fHkUu çdkj dh O;oLFkk,¡] O;ogkj]
fØ;k,¡ rFkk n‘f"Vdks.kksa vkfn dh ,d lkFk mifLFkfrA iw.kZr;k fojks/kh n‘f"Vdks.kksa ds lekukarj lg&vfLrRo ds dkj.k ,d
leik'ohZ; lekt esa gksus okyk ijorZu vlaxr] viw.kZ rFkk xSj&vuqfØ;k'khy gksxkA fotkrh;rk ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dks
Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSA
,d leik'ohZ; lekt esa ç'kklu ds vk/kqfud xtV] if'peh :i ds dk;kZy;] cqf)thoh oxZ] d‘f=kerk Hkjs 'kgjh {ks=k gksrs
gSaA lqfodflr lapkj O;oLFkk] xxu pqEch bekjrsa] okrkuqdwyu] fofHkUu lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk rduhfd
lsokvksa dks lEiUu djus okyh fo'ks"khd‘r ,tsfl;k¡ Hkh bl lekt esa gksrh gSA nwljh vksj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] yksx cgqr
vf/kd ijaijkoknh thou O;rhr djrs gSa ftuds ikl VsyhQksu] fÝt vkfn tSlh vk/kqfud thou dh dksbZ lqfo/kk,¡ ugha
gksrhA xkao ds cqtqxksZa ¼,yMlZ½ }kjk fofHkUu jktuhfrd] ç'kklfud] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk /kkfeZd Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg
fd;k tkrk gSA fotkrh;rk thou ds çR;sd {ks=k esa fojks/kh rLohj çLrqr djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, f'k{kk
ds {ks=k esa] lekt f'k{kk ds ik'pkR; :i ij Hkh cy nsrk gS rFkk ijaijkoknh xq:dqyksa dks Lohdkj djrk gSA blh çdkj
vk/kqfud lqfo/kk lEiUu MkDVjh çFkk ds vuqlkj ¼,yksiSFkh½ bykt nsus okys vLirkyksas ds lkFk vk;qosZfnd] ;wukuh]
gksfe;ksiSfFkd rFkk çkd‘frd fpfdRlk laca/kh dsUnz Hkh vfLrRo esa gSaA bl çdkj fojks/kh O;oLFkkvksa dk lg&vfLrRo lekt
dks vyx&vyx fn'kkvksa dh vksj [khprk gS ftlls lkekU;hdj.k çfØ;k dfBu cu tkrh gSA leik'ohZ; lektksa esa
jktuhfrd rFkk ç'kklfud dk;kZy; dkQh çHkkoh 'kfDr'kkyh rFkk çfr"Bkoku gksrs gSa tks /ku dekus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
;|fi lHkh ds fy, leku volj gksrs gSa] fQj Hkh dqN gh O;fDr fo'ks"kkf/kdkj çkIr dj ysrs gSa rFkk mPp LFkkuksa dk dk;Z
;k in ikus dh vk'kk djrs gSaA os yksx] ftUgsa dk;Z çkIr djus esa lQyrk ugha feyrh] le; dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj ds
fo:) ncko lewg cuk ysrs gSa rFkk ,d ;k nwljs cgkus ls vkanksyu çkjaHk djrs gSaA çtkrkaf=kd çfØ;kvksa }kjk pqus tkus
ij Hkh ljdkj yksxksa dks fu;af=kr djus dh fLFkfr eaas ugha gksrhA lÙkk/kkjh yksx vius fgrksa dh j{kk djus rFkk lÙkk ls
fpids jgus ds lHkh ç;kl djus dh vksj ço‘Ùk ;k mUeq[k gksrs gSaA bl çdkj] lnSo] rF;ksa dh xyr le> rFkk xyr
çLrqrhdj.k ls lekt esa ruko rFkk vfLFkjrk iSnk gks tkrh gSA
cgq&leqnk;oknh lekt esa tgk¡ fofHkUu leqnk; vius&vius fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lekt dks vyx&vyx fn'kkvksa
esa [khapus dk ç;kl djrs gSa] leL;k dkQh isaphnk ;k tfVy gks tkrh gSA ;g ,f'k;k] vÝhdk rFkk ySfVu vejhdk ds
yxHkx lHkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Li"V gSA bl çdkj ,dhdj.k dk vHkko ,d leik'ohZ; lekt dh vk/kkjHkwr fo'ks"krk
66 yksd ç'kklu
gksrh gSA
thou ds yxHkx lHkh igyqvksa esa ;s lHkh vlekurk,¡] foHksn u dsoy ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds dk;Z dks çHkkfor djrs gSa
vkSj mlds O;ogkj dks lhfer djrs gSa vfirq ç'kklu ds fy, vusd leL;k,¡ Hkh mRiUu djrs gSaA ;fn lÙkk/kkjh oxZ
/kuh yksxksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk rFkk xjhcksa ds fgrksa dh mis{kk djus dk ç;kl djsxk rks] fjXl ds vuqlkj] blls lekt esa
Økafr ds vkjaHk dh vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gksaxhA
vkSipkfjdrk (Formalism)
vkSipkfjdrk dk vFkZ ml lhek ls gS tgk¡ rd ijaijk fl) (perscriptive) rFkk o.kZukRed (descriptive) esa varj jgrk
gS] tgk¡ fu;efu"B rFkk çHkko 'kfDr (effective power) esa var
a j jgrk gS vkSj lafo/kku] dkuwuksa ,oa fu;eksa laxBu lkjf.k;ksa
,oa vkadM+ksa] lekt rFkk ljdkj dh okLrfod fØ;kvksa rFkk rF;ksa ds chp folaxfr gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bldk vFkZ
vkSipkfjd :i ls vknsf'kr rFkk çHkkoh :i ls O;ogkfjr ekunaMksa rFkk okLrfodrkvksa ds chp dk varj rFkk fu/kkZfjr
mís';ksa ,oa okLrfod fu"iknu ds chp dk varj gSA vkSipkfjdrk rFkk okLrfodrk esa ftruk vf/kd varj gksxk ,d O;oLFkk
mruh gh vf/kd vkSipkfjd gksxhA ,d leik'ohZ; lekt] ftlesa vkSipkfjdrk vf/kd gksrh gS] dh rqyuk esa cgqdk;kZRed
¶;wTM rFkk vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ lektksa esa okLrfodrk vf/kd gksrh gSA
;|fi dkuwu] fu;e ,oa fofu;e ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh dk;Z ç.kkyh dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gS]a ijUrq okLrfod :i esa muds
O;ogkj esa vf/kd varj gksrk gSA vf/kdkjh dHkh fu;eksa ij MVs jgrs gSa vkSj dHkh mudh mis{kk] ;gk¡ rd dh mudk mYya?ku
Hkh djrs gSaA bl vkSipkfjd O;ogkj dk dkj.k dk;ZØe&mís';ksa ds çfr ljdkj ij ncko dh deh ukSdj'kkgh ds fu"iknu
dks çHkkfor djus dh lkekftd 'kfDr dh detksjh rFkk LoSfPNd ç'kklu dh mUeqDrrk gSA bl çdkj ljdkjh
vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk ukSdj'kkgksa dk O;ogkj ,slk gksrk gS ftls igys ls ugha crk;k tk ldrk rFkk ;g vlaxr rFkk ifjfLFkfr
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bl çdkj ds O;ogkj ds dkj.k deZpkfj;ksa esas vklkuh ls /ku bdV~Bk djus dh LokHkkfod ço‘fÙk ;k
dqç'kklu ds voljksa dh mifLFkfr gks ldrh gSA bl çdkj lkekU;r% ç'kklu esa fu;ec)rk lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy,
jkLrk cukrh gSA
vkSipkfjdrk lkekftd thou ds lHkh igyqvksa esa gksrh gSA lkekU;r% thou ds lkekftd rFkk lkaLd‘frd igyqvksa ls
lacaf/kr dkuwuksa dk lEeku rFkk ikyu ugha gksrkA os dsoy ljdkjh fjdkMZ ds fy, gh gksrs gSa rFkk ljdkj Hkh muds
fØ;kUo;u ds fo"k; esa xaHa khj ugha gksrhA Hkkjr esa dqN mnkgj.k Lo:i] dg ldrs gSa fd u'kkcanh dkuwuksa dk lEeku mudk
ikyu djus dh vis{kk mudks rksM+us esa vf/kd gSA 'kgjh ;kstuk fofu;e ikyu djus dh vis{kk rksM+s vf/kd tkrs gSaA bl
çdkj lkekftd thou esa cukoVhiu yxHkx lHkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa lkekU;r% ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
vkSipkfjdrk ds vk;keksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq, fjXl us laoS/kkfud vkSipkfjdrk dk Hkh fopkj fd;kA laoS/kkfud
vkSipkfjdrk dk vFkZ lao/S kkfud mica/kksa rFkk muds okLrfod fØ;kUo;u ds chp dk varj gSA ;g Hkkjr esa ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, laoS/kkfud O;ogkj ds vuqlkj] eq[;eaf=k;ksa dk pquko fo/kkulHkk ds cgqer i{k }kjk gksrk gSA ea=kh
ifj"kn~ dk p;u eq[;ea=kh }kjk gksrk gSA ijUrq O;ogkj es]a T;knkrj ekeyksa esa dsUnzh; ikVhZ usr‘Ro muds p;u esa fu.kkZ;d
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lafo/kku dkuwuh :i ls 'kklu pykus dk dk;Z turk }kjk pqus gq, çfrfuf/k;ksa ds gkFkksa esa lkSairk gS
ijUrq O;ogkj esa okLrfod ljdkjh 'kfDr rFkk çHkko laln ds ckgj dqN yksxksa rFkk lewgksa ds ikl gksrh gSA
lafo/kku dkuwu cukus dk nkf;Ro fo/kk;dksa dks lkSairk gS ijUrq okLro esa os dkuwu fuekZ.k esa cgqr de le; yxrs gSaA os
vius fo/kk;h nkf;Ro dk fuokZg djus dh vis{kk lÙkk dh jktuhfr esa vf/kd O;Lr gksrs gSAa blls ukSdj'kkgh dks leik'ohZ;
lekt esa dkuwu fuekZ.k dh eq[; Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd vf/kdkjh lewg cuk ldrs
gSa ;k lÙkk/kkjh ny ds varxZr QwV Mkyus okys jktuhfrd usrkvksa ds lkFk Lo;a dks tksM+ ldrs gSaA bl çdkj leik'ohZ;
lekt esa lkekftd thou ds lHkh igyqvksa esa vkSipkfjdrk jgrh gSA
vfrPNknu (Overlapping)
vfrPNknu ¼vksojySfiax½ dk vFkZ ml lhek ls gS ftl rd ,d vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ lekt ds vkSipkfjd :i ls
foHksnhd‘r laxBu ;k lajpuk,¡ cgqdk;kZRed lekt esa vfoHksnhd‘r laxBuksa ds lg&vfLrRo esa gksrs gSaA ç'kklfud
O;oLFkkvksa esa ç'kklfud O;ogkj vç'kklfud vk/kkj ls vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd ;k vU; ckrksa ls çHkkfor
gksus dh vksj mUeq[k gksrk gSA ,d cgqdk;kZRed lekt esa ijEijkoknh lajpuk,¡ yxHkx lHkh çdkj ds dk;Z lEiUu djrh
gS blfy, muesa vfrPNknu dh leL;k mRiUu ugha gksrh D;ksafd bl çdkj ds lekt esa tks vkSipkfjd gS og çHkkoh Hkh
gSA tcfd ,d leik'ohZ; lekt esa] u;s ;k vk/kqfud laxBu [kM+s fd;s tkrs gSa] fQj Hkh okLro esa iqjkus ;k vfoHksnhd‘r
laxBu] lkekftd O;oLFkk ij çHkqRo tek;s j[krs gSAa ;|fi u;s vkn'kZ ;k ekunaM rFkk ewY;] tks lkekU;r% vYidk;kZRed
laxBu ls tqM+s gksrs gSa mudks vkSipkfjd ekU;rk ns nh tkrh gS] okLro esa muds lkFk tckuh lgkuqHkwfr gksrh gS rFkk
vYidk;kZRed lektksa ls tqM+s ijaijkoknh ewY;ksa ds i{k esa mUgsa misf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj ,d leik'ohZ;
lekt es]a laln] ljdkjh dk;kZy;] cktkj] Ldwy vkfn fofHkUu jktuhfrd] ç'kklfud rFkk vkfFkZd dk;Z laiUu djrs gSAa
okLro esa] mudk O;ogkj dqN ijaijkoknh laxBuksa] tSls] ifjokj] /keZ] tkfr vkfn ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA
lky çk:i (Sala Model)
cgqdk;kZRed lekt dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mlesa vusd vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk ç'kklfud mi&O;oLFkk,¡
'kkfey gksrh gSaA fjXl us ç'kklfud mi&O;oLFkk dks ßlky çk:iÞ dk uke fn;kA ,d vYidk;kZRed lekt esa blds
nwljs Hkkx dks ßC;wjksÞ ;k ßdk;kZy;Þ rFkk ,d cgqdk;kZRed lekt esa mls gh ßpsEcjÞ dgk tkrk gSA buesa ls çR;sd dh
viuh vyx fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSaA
Lisfu'k 'kCn ßlkyÞ ds vusd vFkZ gSa] tSls&ljdkjh dk;kZy;] /kkfeZd lEesyu] ,d dejk] bR;kfnA iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa
Hkh lkekU;r% lky 'kCn dk ç;ksx yxHkx bl vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA lky esa vYidk;kZRed ßC;wjksÞ ,oa cgqdk;kZRed
ßpsEcjÞ nksuksa dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA ijarq lky dh tks ßC;wjksÞ fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa blds vk/kkjHkwr pfj=k dk lgh
çfrfuf/kRo ugha djrhA fo"k; ewY; O;oLFkk rFkk leik'ohZ; lekt ds ijEijkoknh ,oa vk/kqfud rjhds bldh ç'kklfud
le>nkjh esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa rFkk C;wjks esa ikbZ tkus okyh dk;Zdq'kyrk lky esa ugha gksrhA
leik'ohZ; lekt esa ifjokj dY;k.k] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn rFkk i{kikr dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS] fofHkUu ç'kklfud inksa ij
fu;qfDr;k¡ rFkk dqN ç'kklfud dk;Z laiUu fd, tkrs gSaA vYidk;kZRed lekt esa fj'rsnkjksa ç'kklfud O;ogkj rFkk
ljdkjh lÙkk ds ç;ksx ls vyx j[kh tkrh gSA cgqdk;kZRed lekt esa jktuhfrd&ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk pfj=k
vkuqoaf'kd gS blfy, ifjokj ;k fj'rsnkjh dks egÙo nsrk gSA leik'ohZ; lekt esa ukrsnkjh rFkk ifjokj ds Åij u;s
vkSipkfjd laxBuksa dks yknus ds vfrfjDr] nwljh rjQ ;g dkuwuksa ds O;kid :i ls fØ;kUo;u dh mis{kk djrk gSA ;|fi
vkuqoaf'kdrkokn vf/kdkfjd :i ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS] okLrfod :i esa bldk O;kid :i ls ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
lHkh ç'kklfud O;ogkjksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ßlkyÞ vf/kdkjh lkekftd dY;k.k dh vis{kk futh mUufr ;k /ku çkfIr
dks çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA mldk O;ogkj rFkk fu"iknu iqjkruokn ;k :f<+okn ls çHkkfor gksrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
fu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dk fØ;kUo;u O;kid :i ls ugha fd;k tkrkA dqN yksx nwljksa dh rqyuk esa ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa ls
vf/kd ykHkkfUor gksrs gSa ftlls cgqr cM+s oxZ ds fgrksa dh mis{kk gksrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr cgq&leqnk;okn ls dqN ç'kklfud leL;k,¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSaA lS)kafrd :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk dkuwuksa dk fu"i{k :i ls fØ;kUo;u gksuk pkfg,A ijarq ,d ljdkjh vf/kdkjh ljdkj
ds çfr de oQknkj gksrk gS tcfd vius lekt ds lnL;ksa ds çfr vf/kd oQknkj ik;k tk ldrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i]
çcy vYila[;d leqnk; HkrhZ vkfn esa çfrfuf/kRo dk ç/kku va'k çkIr djrs gSa ftlls vf/kdrj yksxksa esa vlarks"k mRiUu
gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr mifLFkr djus rFkk vU; vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus ds fy, ßdksVkÞ ;k vkj{k.k i)fr
viukbZ tk ldrh gS ftlls ç'kklu esa lHkh leqnk;ksa dks ,d çdkj dk vkuqikfrd çfrfuf/kRo çnku fd;k tk ldsA
68 yksd ç'kklu
fQj Hkh bl çdkj dh O;oLFkk foHkkxhdj.k rFkk leqnk;ksa dks ikjLifjd fo}s"k dh vksj ys tk ldrh gS ftlls fofHkUu
ljdkjh ,tsfl;ksa esa dk;Zjr fHkUu leqnk;ksa ds chp ruko vkSj Hkh c<+ ldrk gSA dsoy fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa gh fo'ks"k :i
ls ;g fLFkfr ugha gS] nf{k.k vesfjdk esa lQsn rFkk uhxzks yksxksa ds chp ruko Hkh bldk mnkgj.k gSA
leik'ohZ; lekt esa ifjokj] leqnk; rFkk tkfr fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkrh gS] ijarq mlds lkFk gh u, lewgksa dk fodkl
Hkh bl lekt ds varxZr gksrk gSA fjXl bls ßDySDVÞ dgrs gSaA ßDySDVÞ ,d vius gh çdkj dk leik'ohZ; lewg gksrk
gS tks vk/kwfud la?kkRed i)fr;ka ;k laxBu dk ç;ksx rks djrk gS] ijarq iqjkruoknh vifoLr‘r ¼fM¶;wt½ rFkk fof'k"V
/;s;ksa dks cuk, j[krk gSA ßDySDVksaÞ esa ek=k ,d leqnk; ;k lewg fo'ks"k ds yksx 'kkfey gksrs gSa rFkk ml Js.kh ls tqM+s
ljdkjh vf/kdkjh dsoy vius dySDVksa ds lnL;ksa dh lsok çHkkoh :i ls vU; yksxksa dh mis{kk djds djrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh
lky ;k bldh ,tsafl;ksa esa ls dksbZ ,d DySDV fo'ks"k ds lkFk laca/k LFkkfir dj ysrh gS ;k ,d DySDV dss :i esa dk;Z
djuk çkjaHk dj nsrh gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i DySDV ,d lewg fo'ks"k ls ?kfu"B laca/k cuk, j[krk gS rFkk çkFkfed :i ls mlds fgr ds dk;Z djrk
gS rFkk O;kid ekunaMksa ;k vkn'kksZa rFkk miyfC/k;ksa ds çfr dsoy fn[kkoVh ckrsa djrk gSA
,d leik'ohZ; lekt esa iqjkruoknh O;ogkj dk çfreku ekunaMksa ;k vkn'kks± dh ubZ ço‘fÙk ds lkFk&lkFk fo|eku gksrk
gSA vkSipkfjd rFkk çHkkoh vkpj.k ekun.Mksa ds vfrPNknu ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkpj.k çfrekuksa ds fo"k; esa lkeatL; dk
vHkko leik'ohZ; dh lkekftd var%fØ;kvksa dh fo'ks"krk gksrk gSA
lky vf/kdkjh jktlsok esa ços'k rks mPprj 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvksa ds dkj.k ;k çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa lQyrk çkIr djus ds
ek/;e ls dj ldrs gSa] ijUrq viuh inksUufr rFkk dSfj;j ds fodkl ds laca/k esa os eq[;r% ;k vf/kdrj fu{ksfir
laca/kksa rFkk ofj"Brk ds vk/kkj ij vFkok ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ds çHkko ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA ;|fi ;s vf/kdkjh vius
vkpj.k esa vk/kqfud ekunaMksa ij pyus dk nkok dj ldrs gS]a okLrfodrk çfrfnu ds O;ogkj esa os ekunaMksa dh mis{kk vFkok
mUgsa vLohd‘r djrs gSAa turk Hkh fu;eksa rFkk fofu;eksa dk ikyu djus esa lky vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA ijUrq
tc mudk futh ekeyk gksrk gS rks os ;k rks fu;eksa dks rksM+us dk ç;kl djrh gS ;k vius fgr esa NwV çkIr djus ds fy,
fuosnu djrs gSaA
,d leik'ohZ; lekt ds 'kfDr laxBu ds vkPNknu dk o.kZu djrs le; fjXl dgrs gSa fd ;g ,d cgqr vf/kd dsUnzhd‘r
rFkk ldsfUnzr lÙkk lajpuk gS tks cgqr vf/kd LFkkuh; rFkk fc[kjh gqbZ fu;a=k.k O;oLFkk dks vkPNkfnr djrh gSA blesa
lÙkk dk ¼vf/kdkf/kd :i ls Lohd‘r ;k oS/k lÙkk½ rFkk fu;a=k.k okLrfod] ijarq vukf/kdkf/kd :i ls vuqer ;k voS/k
lÙkk ls foHkktu gksrk gSA O;ogkj esa dkuwuh 'kfDr oLrqr% fu;a=k.kksa ds lkeus >qd tkrh gSA lky dh lÙkk cgqy leqnk;okn]
DySDV rFkk cgqr vkn'kZokn ij vk/kkfjr lekt dh fu;a=k.k lajpukvksa dks vkPNkfnr djrk gSA cgqr lh lajpuk,¡
dHkh&dHkh vlk/kkj.k ls O;ogkj djrh gS rFkk ;gka rd fd dbZ ckj ml mís'; ds gh fo:) dk;Z djrh gS ftlds fy,
mUgsa cuk;k x;k FkkA dHkh&dHkh ç'kklu dh vksj ewyHkwr fLFkfr ls foghu lajpuk,¡ blds fy, mÙkjnk;h vU; lajpukvksa
ds lkFk ç'kklfud dk;ksZsa dk fØ;kUo;u djrh gSA
fjXl us leik'ohZ; lekt dks ,d vlarqfyr jkT; dgk gS ftlesa jktuhfrd usrkvksa dh laoS/kkfud 'kfDr;ksa ds gksrs gq,
Hkh ukSdj'kkgksa dk çHkqRo gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i lky vf/kdkjh leik'ohZ; lekt dh fu.kZ; fuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa esa
vYidk;kZRed lekt dh rqyuk esa vf/kd çHkqRo'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ukSdj'kkgksa ds gkFkksa esa 'kfDr;ksa ds dsUnzhdj.k
ds dkj.k] yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa rFkk bPNkvksa ds çfr muds n‘f"Vdks.k esa lgkuqHkwfr dk vHkko gksxkA bl çdkj dh
ifjfLFkfr esa fodkl'khy lekt esa yksx ç'kklu dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk jktuhfrd fodkl dks laHkor% vo:) djuk gksxkA
mUgksua s vkxs dgk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dks fu;af=kr djus esa vlQy jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fo/kkueaMy] jktuhfrd nyks]a LoSfPNd
laLFkkvksa rFkk tuer dks çHkko'kwU; cuk nsxhA
fdlh Hkh lÙkk:<+ jktuhfrd usrk dh detksjh ;k 'kfDr mlds ç'kkldksa dks nafMr djus rFkk ikfjrksf"kd nsus dh ;ksX;rk
ls vyx gksrh gSA ,d detksj jktuhfrd usrk ,d dk;Zd'q ky vf/kdkjh dh lsokvksa dks igpkuus rFkk mlds }kjk laxBu
y{; dks çkIr djus ij mls vf/kdkjh dks iqjLdkj nsus esa vlQy gks ldrk gS vkSj mlh le; viuh vlQyrkvkasa ds
fy, dksbZ vdq'ky vf/kdkjh naM ls cp dj fudy ldrk gSA ifj.kker% ,d dq'kkxz cqf) okyk lky vf/kdkjh viuh 'kfDr
rFkk futh fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus esa viuk vf/kdre le; O;rhr djus dh vksj ço‘Ùk gksrk gS rFkk bl çfØ;k esa vdq'ky
vf/kdkjh cpdj fudy ldrs gSAa D;ksfa d ljdkj dk fu"iknu lky vf/kdkjh ds mRiknu Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk gS] blfy,
fjXl dk dguk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh ds O;ogkj rFkk ç'kklfud mRiknu esa ?kfu"B laca/k gS] ,d ukSdj'kkg ftruk vf/kd
'kfDr'kkyh gksxk] mruk gh og çHkkoghu ç'kkld gksrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i vius fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, lÙkk çkIr djus ds
mís'; ls fu;af=kr gksus ds dkj.k dkuwuksa ds lapkyu esa] vdq'kyrk] laLFkkxr Hkz"Vkpkj rFkk HkrhZ esa HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn lky
dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSaA
cktkj dSaVhu çk:i (Bazaar Canteen Model)
leik'ohZ; vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd miO;oLFkk dks fjXl cktkj dSaVhu çk:i dk uke nsrs gSaA ,d vYidk;kZRed
¼fMÝSDVsM½ lekt esa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ekax vkSj iwfrZ ds cktkj ?kVdksa ij fuHkZj gksdj dke djrh gS rFkk dsoy vkfFkZd
dkj.k gh cktkj dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ,d cgqdk;kZRed ¼¶;wTM½ lekt esa /kkfeZd] lkekftd ;k ifjokj laca/kh dkjd
vFkZO;oLFkk dk lapkfyr djrs gSAa ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ,d çdkj ls oLrq fofue; ç.kkyh gh fo|eku gksrh gS rFkk dher
dk ç'u dHkh&dHkkj gh mRiUu gksrk gSA leik'ohZ; lekt esa cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk ijEijkoknh vFkZO;oLFkk nksuksa dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d oLrq ;k lsok dk ewY; vkaduk laHko ugha gksrkA
cktkj dSaVhu] çk:i eas] lekt dk ,d oxZ vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa ij fu;a=k.k }kjk lHkh ykHk çkIr djrk gS rFkk vf/kd yksxksa
dk 'kks"k.k djrk gSA lkSnsckth] dVkSrh rFkk fj'or bR;kfn bl çk:i dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA lHkh Lrjksa ij HksnHkko
rFkk i{kikr gksrk gS] lsokvksa dk fu/kkZj.k lkoZtfud vf/kdkjh rFkk yksxksa ds laca/kksa ls n‘<+ gksrk gS] lsokvksa dk fu/kkZj.k
lkoZtfud vf/kdkjh rFkk yksxksa ds laca/kksa ls n‘<+ gksrk gS] tks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku esa rFkk ,d le; ls nwljs le;
rFkk O;fDroHk% fHkUu gksrk gSA fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dh dher ifjokj ds laca/k] fj'rsnkjh] O;fDrxr laca/k] lkSnsckth dh
'kfDr rFkk jktuhfr ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA bl çdkj dh fLFkfr dkykcktkjh] tek[kksjh] feykoV rFkk eg¡xkbZ bR;kfn dks
c<+kok nsrh gSA ,d leik'ohZ; lekt esa cktkj dkjd iwt a h esa vkuqikfrd o‘f) ds fcuk gh fodflr gksrs gS]a O;kikjh vius
çHkko dks futh fgrksas ds mís'; ls jktuhfrd rFkk ç'kklfud {ks=kksa rd QSykus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA blfy, 'kks"k.k] xjhch
rFkk lkekftd vU;k; cktkj dSaVhu çk:i dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ cu tkrh gSA
leik'ohZ; lekt dk fl)kar % iqufuekZ.k dk la'kks/ku (Theory of Prismatic Society : Revisited)
vius ç;klksa dh lhekvksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq, fjXl us vius ckn ds dk;Z ßfçTeSfVd&lkslkbVh fjfoftfVMÞ (1975) esa
lq/kkj fd;k FkkA tSlk igys dgk tk pqdk gS] muds cgqdk;kZRed] leik'ohZ; rFkk vYidk;kZRed lektksa ds çk:iksa
foHksnhdj.k ds Lrjksa ij vk/kkfjr FksA vius u, lw=kksa esa] fjXl us foHksnhd‘r rFkk leik'ohZ; lektksa ds chp leUo; dk
nwljk vk;ke çLrqr fd;k gSA fjXl us foHksn rFkk leUo; ds nksgjs n‘f"Vdks.k ds ek/;e ls lektksa dks leUo; rFkk
vleUo; ds vk/kkj ij ladfyr fd;kA vYidk;kZRed rFkk leik'ohZ; lektksa ds çk:iksa dk fQj vkxs leUo; ds
vk/kkj ij mi foHkkftr fd;k x;kA blfy, vYidk;kZRed lektksa vkfn dks vYidk;kZRed vFkksZa&vYidk;kZRed rFkk
uo&vYidk;kZRed ds :i esa ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA blh çdkj leik'ohZ; lektksa dks Hkh vfr leik'ohZ; (co-
prismatic) vkFkksZ&leik'ohZ; (artho-prismaticK) rFkk uo&leik'ohZ; (neo-prismatic) ds :i esa ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
nksgjs n‘f"Vdks.k ds u, lw=kksa dk vFkZ gS ,d vYidk;kZRed çk:i ml lekt dk o.kZu djrk gS tks foHksnhd‘r rFkk lefUor
gS rFkk leik'ohZ; çk:i foHksnhd‘r ijUrq vlefUor lekt dk o.kZu djrk gSA nksuksa çk:iksa ds lkFk tqMs+ iwoZ çR;; foHksn
rFkk leUo; ds chp fHkUu laca/kksa dks crykrs gSaA
70 yksd ç'kklu
fjXl us la'kksf/kr çk:iksa dk ç;ksx vejhdk tSls fodflr lekt esa rukokasa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, fd;kA mlds fopkj
esa fodflr jk"Vªkas eaas 'kgjh] ladV] oa'kkuqxr ;k tkfrxr fgalk] fo|kFkhZ vkanksyu tSls lkekftd ruko foHksn rFkk leUo;
esa nwf"kr lek;kstu ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksrs gSaA vYifodflr ns'kksa essa vf/kd fLFkj ;k 'kkafriw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa leik'ohZ; lektksa
esa foHksn rFk leUo; ds chp ds de varj dk lwpd gks ldrh gSA fjXl ds ;s lw=k fodkl'khy rFkk fodflr lektksa
dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>us ds fy, vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA
vkykspuk (Criticism)
fjXl dh ikfjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k dh cgqr lh vkykspuk,¡ vkidks feysxhA eq[;r% vkykspuk,¡ fuEu vk/kkjksa ij dh tkrh
gS%a
Hkk"kk ds ç;kssx esa dfBukb;k¡]
ifjorZuksUeq[krk dk vHkko]
ifjek.kkRed lwpdksa dk vHkko]
vko/kkj.kkvksa dh udkjkRed ço‘fÙk ;k mUeq[krk( rFkk
tkfr ;k oa'kokn ij eq[; cyA (Ethnocentricism)
Hkk"kk&ç;ksx esa dfBukb;k¡% fjXl us viuh /kkj.kkvksa dk vFkZ crykus ds fy, u;s 'kCnksa dks fufeZr fd;kA blds vfrfjDr
igys ls gh ç;ksx esa vk, vusd 'kCnksa dk fHkUu vFkZ Hkh çnku fd;kA u;s 'kCn cukus esa ml le; dksbZ gkfu ugha gksrh
tc orZeku 'kCndks"k vFkZ le>kus rFkk vo/kkj.kkvksa dks <ax ls vfHkO;Dr djus esa vleFkZ gks ;fn dksbZ vius <ax ls 'kCn
dh O;k[;k djrk gS rks blesa ;g Hkh dksbZ xyr ckr ugha gSA ijUrq u;s 'kCnksa dk Lora=k ç;ksx vkSj ,sls 'kCnksa dk ftuds
igys gh fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ gksa] vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Li"V djus ds LFkku ij my>u ;k Hkzkafr iSnk dj ldrk gSA fjXl us vius
çk:iksa dks oSKkfud :i nsus ds mRlkg esa viuh vf/kdre 'kCnkoyh HkkSfrd foKkuksa ls m/kkj yh gSA ijUrq ç'kklu ds
fo'ys"k.k ds fy, HkkSfrd foKkuksa ls m/kkj fy, dqN u;s 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx bls foKku ughaa cuk ldrkA
ifjorZuksUeq[kh dh deh% ^gkfu&chu yh* fodkl ç'kklu ds lkekftd ifjorZu ij ladsUnz.k dh n‘f"V ls leik'ohZ; rFkk
lky çk:iksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks lansg dh n‘f"V ls ns[krs gSaA yh dk ekuuk gS fd fjXl ds çk:i lkekftd ifjorZu rFkk
fodkl dh çfØ;k ds fo'ys"k.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA os fjXl ds çk:iksa dks lary q u&çk:iksa ds :i esa ekurs gSAa lary
q u çk:i
O;oLFkk dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa rks lgk;rk nsaxs ijUrq O;oLFkk esa dksbZ ifjorZu çLrqr djus esa ughaA bl çdkj fu"d"kZr% yh
dgrs gSa fd fjXl ds çk:i ml le; mi;ksxh ugha gS tc ç'kklu dk y{; O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kus dh vis{kk O;oLFkk
dks ifjofrZr djrk gksA
ifjek.kkRed lwpdksa dk vHkko ;k vuqifLFkfr% fo'ks"k lektksa esa fjXl ds çk:iksa dks fØ;kfUor djus eas ewY;kadu dh
leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSA ewY;kadu ds vHkko esa leik'ohZ; ;k vYidk;kZRed lektksa dh igpku dfBu gks tkrh gSA fjXl
ds fo'ys"k.k ds ihNs pyus okyk fo|kFkhZ leik'ohZ; dks çR;sd KkrfLFkfr ;k voLFkk ls tksM+us dh vksj ço‘Ùk gks ldrk
gSA blh çdkj tc çl‘r ¼¶;wTM½ rFkk vYidk;kZRed ¼fMÝSDVsM½ lekt dkYifud gks] n;kd‘".k dgrs gSa] lHkh lektksa
dk oxhZdj.k fuEu] e/;e ;k mPp Lrjksa ij leik'ohZ; ds :i esa djuk gksxk ijarq tc leik'oZokn ds Lrjksa ds ewY;kadu
dk vHkko gks rks bl çdkj dk oxhZdj.k vlaxr gksxkA lR; ;g gS fd fjXl ds çk:i dqN ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA
ijUrq fdlh vuqHko&ijLr çek.k ds vHkko esa bl çdkj dh ekU;rkvksa dk pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA
vo/kkj.kkvksa dh udkjkRed ço‘fÙk ;k mUeq[krk% fjXl us ,d leik'ohZ; lekt ds ldkjkRed pfj=k dks bruk egÙo
ugha fn;k ftruk udkjkRed pfj=k dksA mlus fu;ec)rk ;k fu;efu"Brk dk ,d udkjkRed igyw ds :i esa çLrqr
fd;k rFkk mlds lHkh cqjs çHkkoksa dk mHkkjkA ijUrq ;g Hkh lp gS fd dHkh&dHkh fu;eksa rFkk fofu;eksa dk l[rh ls ikyu
u djus ls yksxksa dks ykHk gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn dqN fu;eksa dk l[rh ls ikyu u fd;k tk, rks ç'kklu
vf/kd rst xfr ls py ldrk gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa esa] ;fn usr‘Ro Bhd gks] fu;efu"Brk vf/kdre ;k lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa
dk;Z&vojks/kd cu tkrk gS rFkk ,d xSj&ifjos'kh; n‘f"Vdks.k dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA fjXl dh udkjkRed vkSipkfjdrk
dh vo/kkj.kk dks çfr&larqfyr djus ds fy, okYlu us ldkjkRed vkSipkfjdrk dh ubZ vo/kkj.kk çLrqr dh gSA bl
ckr ls vlgefr ugha gks ldrh tgk¡ ij fu"iknu ds ,d mPprj Lrj dks çkIr djus dk ç;kl fd;k tk;sxk ogk¡ çR;sd
fLFkfr esa vkSipkfjdrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA bldk vFkZ fu"iknu ds u;s mPprj Lrj ij igq¡pus dh yksxksa dh bPNk gSA
lHkh laLFkk,¡ rFkk O;fDr viuk fu"iknu lq/kkj ldrs gSa tc fu/kkZfjr y{;] fu/kkZfjr ekunaM mPprj fdLe ;k fLFkfr ds
gksaA vkSipkfjdrk dks ln~Hkkoukvksa rFkk mls çkIr djus ds fy, la?k"kZ ds chp varj le>us dh vis{kk] bldk o.kZu ,d
udkjkRed fo'ks"krk ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA
tkfrokn ;k oa'kokn ij vf/kd cy% lektksa dk cgqdk;kZRed leik'oh;Z ;k vYidk;kZRed lektksa ds :i esa oxhZdj.k
iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa varfufgZr ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA okLro esa vYidk;kZRed çk:i dh fo'ks"krk,¡ iw.kZr% ,d iw¡thoknh
O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSA fjXl dk fo'ys"k.k Li"V :i esa vU; çk:iksa ds Åij vYidk;kZRed çk:i dh Js"Brk LFkkfir
djrk gSA ml lhek rd ;g n‘f"Vdks.k tkfr ;k oa'kokn ls xzflr gSA
72 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&9
laxBu dh fl)kUr
(Theories of Organisation)
ç'kklu esa fdUgha fo'ks"k mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, dbZ O;fDr;ksa dks lg;ksxh ;Ru djuk iM+rk gSA Li"V gS fd bu O;fDr;ksa
dks okafNr mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, laxfBr gksuk iM+rk gSA mUgsa dk;Z esa ,d nwljs dks lg;ksx nsuk gksrk gS rFkk ,d gh
mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, lka>h 'kfä yxkuh gksrh gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS ;fn ,sls laxBukRed <kaps dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,
ftlesa mudh 'kfDr;k¡ lka>s mís'; dh çkfIr dh vksj yxh gqbZ gksA Hkkjrh; laxBu fdlh Hkh ç'kklfud dkjZokbZ ls igys
vkrk gS D;ksafd laxBu ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh ç'kklfud dk;Z ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
laxBu dk vFkZ
(Meaning of Organisation)
'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj laxBu dk vFkZ gS&ßijLijkfJr Hkkxksa dks bl çdkj tksM+uk rkfd çR;sd dks fof'k"V dk;Z] dkjZokbZ]
in çkIr gks rFkk tks lEiw.kZ (whole) ls lEcfU/kr gksaAÞ ts- xe- gkÅl ds vuqlkj] ßlaxBu deZpkfj;ksa dh og O;ofLFkr
gS tks dk;ksZa rFkk nkf;Roksa ds foHkktu ds ek/;e ls Lohd‘r mís'; dh çkfIr esa lqfo/kk çnku djrh gSA blesa lka>s dk;Z
esa yxs O;fDr;ksa rFkk lewgksa ds ;Ruksa vkSj lkeF;ksZa dks bl çdkj tksM+uk gksrk gS fd U;wure ruko ls dk;ZdÙkkZvksa rFkk
ftuds fy, dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS] muds vf/kdre larks"k ls mís'; dh çkfIr esa O;Lr gksrh gSAÞ dqN vU; ifjHkk"kk,¡ bl
çdkj gSa&
1. ßlaxBu deZpkfj;ksa dh og O;oLFkk gS tks dk;ksZa rFkk nkf;Roksa ds foHkktu ds ek/;e ls Lohd‘r mís'; dh çkfIr
esa lqfo/kk çnku djrh gSAÞ
&,y-Mh- àkbZV
2. ßlaxBu çR;ks;ksftr lÙkk (delegated authority) dh ykbu ls tqM+k gqvk ijLij lEcfU/kr inksa dk çfreku
(pattern) gSAÞ
&feyokMZ
3. ßlaxBu esa O;fDr dk O;fDr ls rFkk lewg dk lewg ls bl çdkj lEcU/k tksM+k tkrk gS fd Bhd çdkj ls
Je foHkktu gks tk,AÞ
&fQQuj
4. ßlaxBu ml <kaps dh vksj ladsr djrk gS tks eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh rFkk mlds ç'kklfud v/khuLFkksa dks
lkSais x, dk;Z dks fu"ikfnr djrk gSAÞ
&ekdlZ ,e-
5. ßlaxBu lÙkk dh og vkSipkfjd lajpuk gS ftlds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr mís'; ds fy, dk;Z lEcU/kh ç;ksxksa
dks O;ofLFkr] ifjHkkf"kr rFkk lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSAÞ
&X;wfyd ywFkj
laxBu dh fl)kUr 73
6. ßlaxBu vko';d euq";ksa] lkexzh] ;U=kksa] midj.kksa] dk;Z&LFkku vkfn dk og çHkkodkjh rFkk lek;ksftr
,d=khdj.k gS ftlls fdlh okafNr mís'; dh iwfrZ gksrh gSAÞ
&'kqYts fofy;e
7. ßlaxBu fdlh m|e esa dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds laca/kksa dk çfreku gS] tks m|eh ds dk;ksZa dks iwjk djus
ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSAÞ
&XySMu
8. laxBu ls gekjk vfHkçk; lg;ksxh ç;kl dh fu;ksftr O;oLFkk ls gS ftlesa çR;sd lgHkkxh ds fuf'pr dk;Z
rFkk ekU; Hkwfedk gksrs gSaA
&lkbZeu
laxBu 'kCn çk;% fHkUu&fHkUu vFkksZa esa ç;qä gksrk gS&
1. ç'kklfud lajpuk dk fMtkbZu cukus dk dk;Z(
2. lajpuk dk fMtkbZu rFkk fuekZ.k nksuksa] rFkk
3. Lo;a lajpukA
dbZ fopkjdksa dk ;g er gS fd laxBu dsoy lajpuk dk fMtkbZu djuk gS vkSj dqN ughaA mnkgj.kkFkZ mjfod laxBu
ds vFkZ dks dsoy ç'kklfud e'khu ds fMtkbZu djus rd lhfer djrk gSA og laxBu dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, dgrk gS
fd ;g fdlh mís'; ds fy, vko';d xfrfof/k;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djuk ,oa mUgsa oxksaZ esa foHkkftr djuk gS rkfd bUgsas O;fDr;ksa
dks fufnZ"V fd;k tk ldsAÞ mlds n‘fa"Vdks.k dks LVªDpjy (structural) vFkok ijEijkoknh n‘f"Vdks.k dgk tkrk gSA nwljs
yksx laxBu ds bl n‘f"Vdks.k ls lger ughaa gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd laxBu vko';d :i ls ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk rkukckuk
gS rFkk blds v/;;u esa bl rF; dks n‘f"V ls vks>y ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A okYMks ds dFkukuqlkj] ßdbZ n‘f"V;ksa ls
ijEijkoknh fl)kUr vifjekftZr] v/kwjk rFkk vius dqN fu"d"kksZa esa xyr gS] dqN bldh oSKkfud ç.kkyh Hkh lqy>h gqbZ
ugha gS rFkk bldk n‘f"Vdks.k Hkh lhfer gSAÞ feyokMZ (Milward) ds vuqlkj] ßlaxBu Lo;a dqN ugha djrk] bldks fufeZr
djus okyk LVkQ gh dk;Z djrk gSAÞ blh çdkj xkÅl (Gous) Hkh laxBu esa ekuoh; va'k ij cy nsrk gSA laxBu dh
ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, og dgrk gS] ßblesa lka>s dk;Z esa yxs O;fDr;ksa rFkk lewgksa ds ç;Ruksa vkSj lkeF;ksZa dks bl çdkj tksM+uk
gksrk gS fd U;wure ruko ls dk;ZdÙkkZvksa rFkk ftuds fy, dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS] ds vf/kdre larks"k ls mís'; dh iwfrZ
gks tk,AÞ bl ckr esa dksbZ lansg ugha fd laxBu dsoy ,d <kapk ek=k (Structural framework) gh ugha gS] ;g ,d <kapk
Hkh gS] rFkk ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk rkukckuk Hkh gSA blfy, dksbZ Hkh laxBu lEcU/kh fl)kUr ewy :i ls ekuoh; gksuk pkfg,A
bl rF; dks fo}ku~ fopkjdksa us bl çdkj çdV fd;k gS&ßlaxBu vU;ksU;kfJr Hkkxksa dks lEiw.kZ rFkk ,dhd‘r bdkbZ
(unified whole) ds :i esa tksM+rk gS ftlds ek/;e ls fuf'pr mís'; çkIr djus ds fy, lÙkk] rkyesy rFkk fu;U=k.k dk
ç;ksx fd;k tk ldsA pw¡fd ;s Hkkx Hkh O;fDr;ksa ls fufeZr gS] ftudks funsf'kr rFkk vfHkçsfjr fd;k tkuk t:jh gS rFkk
fuf'pr mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, ftuds dk;Z esa rkyesy ykuk t:jh gS] blfy, laxBu <kapk Hkh gS rFkk ekuo lewg HkhA
laxBu dks dsoy <kapk le>uk rFkk mls fufeZr djus okys rFkk ftu ds fy, ;g cuk;k x;k gS] mu ij fopkj u djuk
vFkZghu gSAÞ ,y-Mh- àkbZV ds 'kCnksa es]a ÞlaxBu info;ksa rFkk in/kkfj;ksa dk ,d lewg gSAÞ rFkk blds eq[; rÙo gSa O;fDr]
lkewfgd ;Ru rFkk lka>k mís';A
iqjkus le; esa laxBu ljy gksrs Fks D;ksafd ekuo lekt çkFkfed voLFkk esa FkkA fdarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd vkt
dh rjg ds laxBu fo|eku gh ugha FksA bldk vFkZ dsoy ;g gS fd iqjkus ljy laxBuksa esa lEcU/k ç.kkyh vkt dh
lEcU/k ç.kkyh ls fHkUu FkhA vkS|ksfxd ;qx ls iwoZ ds Ldsy laxBuksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, fQQuj rFkk 'ksjoqM fy[krs gS&a ßos
ljy lewg Fks] mudk dk;Z ljy Fkk tks dsoy ,d ljy dk;Z dks ckjEckj djuk FkkA laxBu viuh tud ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds vuqdwy gksrk gSA blh fl)kar ds vuqlkj muesa ,d gh lEcU/k ç.kkyh Fkh tks lÙkkoknh çdkj dh Fkh vFkkZr~ mudk
Lokeh rFkk nkl dk laca/k FkkAÞ fdUrq vc Lokeh nkl lEcU/k ugha gSA vkt ds laxBu dbZ rÙoksa ls çHkkfor gksdj tfVy
74 yksd ç'kklu
cu x, gSaA ;s ogh rÙo gSa ftUgksaus lkjs lekt dks tfVy cuk;k gSA buesa
1. gekjs lkekftd n'kZu rFkk uhfr;ksa esa ifjnf'kZr O;fDr Lora=krk]
2. ekuoh; lg;ksx dh çd‘fr ds ckjs esa u;h /kkj.kkvksa dk fodkl]
3. laxBu ds mís';ksa dk foLrkj]
4. dk;Z esa fof'k"Vrk ykus dk vfHk;ku lfEefyr gSaA
;g ckr egÙowi.kZ gS fd ç'kkldh; laxBu lkekftd bdkb;k¡ gSa rFkk bl ukrs os mUgha çHkkoksa] nckoksa] iwokZxzgksa vkfn ds
v/khu gksrh gSa ftl çdkj vU; lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSaA blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd mu ij lEiw.kZ :i ls cgq vk;keh
ifjçs{; ls fopkj fd;k tk, u fd lhfer] ;kaf=kd n‘f"Vdks.k lsA tsEl Mh- ewuh ds dFkukuqlkj] ßblfy, laxBu dk rkRi;Z
,d Hkou dh :ijs[kk ls dgha vf/kd gSA ;g ,d laiw.kZ lajpuk ,oa blds lHkh lglEcfU/kr dk;ksZa dh vksj ladsr djrk
gSA ;s ,sls dk;ksZa dh vksj ladsr djrk gS] tks fØ;kjr fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] vFkkZr~ O;ofLFkr bdkbZ dh uCt] /kM+du] jä lapkj
rFkk 'okl vkfn] blds ewy thou dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA ;g bu lHkh rRoksa ds leUo; dh vksj ladsr djrk gS D;ksafd
;s lka>s mís'; ds fy, lg;ksx nsrs gSaAÞ
laxBu ds fl)kUr
(Theories of Organisation)
laxBu ds fl)kUrksa ds ckjs esa cgqr lkfgR; jpk x;k gSA bu fl)kUrksa esa O;ogkjoknh fl)kUr] lewg fl)kUr] vukSipkfjd
laxBu dh vo/kkj.kk] vfHkçsj.kkRed mikxe (motivational approach), v/kZ&xf.krh; mikxe] ekuoh; lEcU/k mikxe
vkfn lfEefyr gSa] fdUrq blesa ls dksbZ Hkh fl)kUr v/;;u lHkh iw.kZr;k larks"ktud ugha gSA ;g laHkor% bl dkj.k gS
fd laxBu lEcU/kh v/;;u vHkh vius 'kS'kodky esa gSA ç'kklfud laxBu lEcU/kh v/;;u blds ,d vFkok nwljs i{k
ij dsfUnzr jgk gSA ,d vksj ijEijkoknh] ;kaf=kd] vfHk;kaf=kd n‘f"Vdks.k jgk gS rFkk nwljh vksj] ekuo O;ogkjoknh
n‘f"Vdks.k gS ftlesa lekt'kkfL=k;ks]a euksoKS kfudksa ,oa ekuo'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;ksxnku çeq[k jgk gSA ;s nksuksa fl)kUr ,d nwljs
ds fcYdqy foijhr gSa rFkk nksuksa esa fHkUu ewY;ksa ij cy fn;k x;k gSA tks O;fDr vkS|ksfxd çcU/k dh n‘f"V ls ns[krs gSa]
,oa vkSipkfjd lajpkRed vo/kkj.kkvksa dks çeq[krk nsrs gSa os mRiknu] çfr;ksfxrk rFkk m|e dh dk;Zd'q kyrk lac/a kh ewY;ksa
ij cy nsrs gSaA blds foifjr] lekt'kkL=kh laxBu ds ekuoh; i{k dks ysrs gSa] os lÙkk dks 'kh"kZ ls uhps dh vksj mrjrh
gqbZ u le> dj lewg ds vanj ls gh mith gqbZ le>rs gSaA vc bu nksuksa fl)kUrksa dk foLr‘r v/;;u fd;k tk,xkA
lajpukRed&çdk;kZRed fl)kUr (Structural Functional Theory)
bl fl)kUr dks laxBu dk ijEijkoknh vFkok fedSfufLVd fl)kUr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj laxBu
,d vkSipkfjd <k¡pk gS tks dqN Lohd‘r fu;eksa ds vuqlkj cuk;k tk ldrk gS] tSls fd fdlh Hkou dk uD'kk okLrqdkj
}kjk dqN fu;eksa ds vuqlkj igys gh rS;kj dj fn;k tkrk gSA okLro esa la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa ^laxBu bathfu;j* gSa
tks laxBukRed pkVZ rS;kj djus dk O;olk; djrs gSaA ;g fl)kUr nks /kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA çFke] ;g fl)kUr ;g
fo'okl j[krk gS fd dqN ,sls ewy fl)kUr gSa ftuds dk;Z in/kkfj;ksa ls LorU=k gSA vc rd ;g Li"V gks x;k gS fd ;g
fl)kUr laxBu dks ,d e'khu le>rk gS ftlesa euq"; iqjtksa dh rjg fQV fd, tkrs gSaA oSKkfud çcU/k vkUnksyu tks
fouLyks Vsyj ds usr‘Ro ds v/khu 20oha 'krkCnh ds çFke n'kdksa esa vkjEHk gqvk] dk eq[; mís'; dk;Z dks blds ?kVd Hkkxksa
esa foHkkftr djuk FkkA bl vkUnksyu us dkexkjksa ds fy, nSfud dk;Z dh ek=kk fuf'pr djus ds ;Ru esa ekuoh; O;ogkj
dk misf{kr fd;k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i blesa =kqfV vk xbZA
fQQuj rFkk 'ksjoqM ds vuqlkj] ßijEijkoknh fl)kUr LosPNkpkfjrk] vFkZ'kkL=k ds ^vdsyk NksM+ nks ds fl)kUr*] ;qähdj.k
,oa ekuo O;ogkj dh ;kaf=kd O;ogkj ds lfEeJ.k ls mn~Hkwr gqvk gSAÞ ;g 19oha 'krkCnh dh vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa esa vkjaHk
gqvk tcfd yksdrU=kkRed okrkoj.k iSnk ugha gqvk FkkA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj dke djus okys O;fDr;ksa dk dksbZ egÙo
ugha gSA yksxksa dks dk;Z dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj vius vkidks <kyuk pkfg, rFkk tks ,slk ugha dj ldrs mUgsa fudky
laxBu dh fl)kUr 75
Qsaduk pkfg,A bldh ;g Hkh /kkj.kk gS fd dkexkj lnk rdZlaxr fodYi ls çsfjr gksrs gSa rFkk fodYi fo|eku gksus ij
os lnk vkfFkZd O;fDr ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA ,y-Mh- àkbZV ds 'kCnksa esa] ß;g ljdkj esa dkuwu }kjk rFkk mPp eSustesaV
}kjk LFkkfir lEcU/kksa dk vkSipkfjd ?kksf"kr çfreku gSA ;g fd, tkus okys dk;Z dh çd‘fr rFkk ek=kk ij fuHkZj gS rFkk
dk;Zdq'kyrk bldk eq[; mís'; gS vFkkZr~ mÙkjnkf;Ro ds lkFk&lkFk deZpkfj;ksa rFkk lkexzh dk vR;Ur çHkkodkjh ç;ksx
gks ldsA bl çdkj laxBu lÙkk }kjk LFkkfir rFkk lefFkZr gksrk gS ftls ,d rkfydk vFkok ekufp=k ij ;|fi viw.kZ
:i ls :ikafdr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lkekU;r% dk;Z lEcU/kksa dk çcy çk:i gSAÞ la{ksi esa] ijEijkoknh fl)kUr ds
eq[; fopkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1. çFke] ;g ekuoh; lEcU/kksas dk ç'kklfud n‘f"Vdks.k viukrk gS(
2. f}rh;] ;g ekuo O;ogkj dk iw.kZr% rdZ;qä le>rk gS rFkk ekuo LoHkko ds rdZjfgr rÙo dks misf{kr djrk gS(
3. rhljk] ;g ekuo thou esa dsoy vkfFkZd çksRlkgu dks gh çksRlkgu ekurk gS rFkk euksoK S kfud rRoksa dh vksj fcYdqy
/;ku ugha nsrk(
4. pkSFkk] ;g bl /kkj.kk esa fo'okl j[krk gS fd O;fä lewgksa rFkk vU; lkekftd rÙoksa ds fu;U=k.k ls çHkkfor ugha
gksrk gS(
5. ik¡pok¡] ;g laxBu ds çfr ;kaf=kd n‘f"Vdks.k viukrk gS rFkk laxBukRed O;ogkj dh xfr'khyrk dh mis{kk djrk
gS(
6. NBk] ;g laxBu esa dsoy vkSipkfjd lEcU/kksa dks n‘f"Vxr j[krk gS rFkk vukSipkfjd lEcU/kksa dh mis{kk djrk gSA
bl n‘f"Vdks.k ij ßml bathfu;j dh eksgj yxh gqbZ gS tks oSKkfud fuiq.krk] rdZlaxr <k¡pk] çR;sd dk;Z dks djus dk
loksZÙke <ax rFkk lHkh vaxksa dks ,dhd‘r laiw.kZ ls lEc) djus dk rjhdk [kkst jgk gSAÞ
lkekftd&euksoSKkfud fl)kUr (Social-Psychological Theory)
20oha'krkCnh ds pkSFkS n'kd esa ijEijkoknh laxBu fl)kUr dk ?kksj fojks/k 'kq: gks x;kA ;g fojks/k vusd vkUnksyuksa]
fopkj/kkjkvksa }kjk fd;k x;k tks ijEijkoknh n‘f"Vdks.k ds] tks laxBu dk lhfer vFkksaZ esa ysrk gS] vkykspd FksA ;g laxBu
dks vekuoh; cukus ds fo:) fonzkgs FkkA ;g euq";ksa dks e'khuksa ds iqtZs le>us ds fo:) FkkA gjcVZ ,- lkbeu us laxBu
ds fl)kUrksa dh dM+h vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk fd ;s dsoy dgkorsa gSa ftudks oSKkfud n‘f"V ls dHkh ij[kk ugha x;kA
laxBu fl)kUr ds {ks=k esa ;g lS)kfUrd ØkfUr gkFkksuZ }kjk 1920 ds n'kd esa fd, x, ç;ksxksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkbZA
;|fi bl vuqla/kku ds fu"d"kZ ,d n'kd ckn çdkf'kr gq,A ,yVu esvks rFkk mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ftuds }kjk esa ç;ksx
fd, x, us laxBu rFkk çcU/k ds {ks=k esa nks egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn,] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1. vfHkçsj.kk fo"k;d HkkSfrd vFkok bathfu;fjax n‘f"Vdks.k dks pqukSrhA
2. laxBu ds lajpukRed] ijlksikukRed (Hierarchiacal approach) mikxe ij çFke okLrfod çgkjA
bl ç;ksx ls ;g fl) gks x;k fd yksx HkkSfrd rFkk okrkoj.k lEcU/kh çksRlkguksa ls fo'ks"k çHkkfor ugha gksrsA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] laxBu ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS rFkk blesa dk;Z djus okys O;fDr lkekftd çk.kh gSaA os vf/kdre dk;Zdq'kyrk rc
fn[kkrs gSa tc mUgsa dk;Z dh ekuork ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çnku dh tk,¡A gsujh Qsvksy us cM+s lqUnj 'kCnksa esa dgk gS&ß;fn ge
ekuoh; va'k dks fudky nsa rks laxBu cukuk lqxe gks tk,xk( dksbZ Hkh bls dj ldrk gS ;fn mls orZeku fof/k;ksa dk Kku
gks rFkk mlds ikl vko';d iwt a h gksA fdUrq ge euq";ksa dks dsoy lewgksa esa ck¡Vdj rFkk mUgsa dke nsdj çHkkodkjh laxBu
ugha cuk ldrs( gesa euq";ksa dk dsoy lewgksa esa ck¡Vdj rFkk mUgsa dke nsdj çHkkodkjh laxBu ugha cuk ldrs( gesa laxBu
dks vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj <kyus dh vko';drk gS rFkk çR;sd O;fDr dks mi;qDr LFkku ij yxkus dh vko';drk
gSAÞ
fQQuj rFkk 'ksjoqM us laxBu lEcU/kh fl)kUr esa ifjofrZr ço‘fÙk;ksa dk viuh iqLrd ^ç'kklfud laxBu* esa mYys[k fd;k
gSA os bl çdkj gSa&
76 yksd ç'kklu
laxBu fl)kUr ds >qdko

(Trends of Organisation Theory)
fdl vksj ls fd/kj dks
ijEijkokn lkekftd xfr'khyrk
dk;Z inØe lkekftd çfØ;k
(Job-Task Hierarchy) (Social Process)
dk;Z dq'kyrk ;kaf=kd çfØ;k ds :i esa dk;Zdq'kyrk ekuoh; çfØ;k ds :i esa
laxBu ukSdj'kkgh lajpuk :i esa laxBu lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa
vkns'k }kjk fu;U=k.k lapkj }kjk fu;U=k.k
lÙkk Åij ls uhps lÙkk lewg ls
usr‘Ro lÙkk }kjk usr‘Ro lgefr }kjk
O;fDrxr fu.kZ;] dsfUnzr dk;Z lkewfgd fu.kZ;] fLFkfr vuqlkj
dk;Z okrkoj.k jsthesafVM dk;Z okrkoj.k yksdrkU=kkRed
VSDuksyksftdy ifjorZu vkns'k }kjk VSDuksyksftdy ifjorZu ijke'kZ }kjk
lkekftd vFkok foÙkh; vfHkçsj.kk lkekftd rFkk foÙkh; çksRlkgu
dk;Z fuokZg ds fy, dk;Z larks"k ds fy,
vk;kstuk vkikr rduhd ds :i esa vk;kstuk vkSipkfjd çfØ;k ds :i esa
v/kwjh rFkk foyfEcr lwpuk iwjh rFkk v|ru lwpuk
uhfr rFkk ç'kklu foHksn uhfr rFkk ç'kklu lkrU;
ykHk ywV ds :i esa ykHk lkekftd nkf;Ro ds lkFk
laxBu lEcU/kh fl)kUr esa mi;qZDr ço‘fÙk;k¡ 'kqHk gSa D;ksafd ;s laxBu esa euq";ksa ds xkSjo rFkk O;fDrRo dk Hkh /;ku j[krs
gSaA àkbV ds vuqlkj] ßlaxBu ,sls dk;Z lEcU/kksa dk lewg gS tks cgqr le; rd bdëk dke djus okys O;fDr;ksa dh
ikjLifjd fØ;kvks&a çfrfØ;kvksa ls iuirs gS-a ------A vukSipkfjd laxBu vf/kd rh{.k gksrs gSa ftuesa lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd
Lrj] tkfr rFkk Hkk"kk ds vUrj] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj rFkk futh bPNk,¡ rFkk ?k‘.kk,¡ ifjyf{kr gksrh gSaA ;g ijEijkxr gksrk gS]
dkuwu }kjk cuk;k gqvk ugha gksrk] ;g fyf[kr ugha gksrk rFkk bls ekufp=k ij ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA vkSipkfjd laxBu
rdZlxa r rFkk fuoS;fäd gks tkrk gS( vukSipkfjd laxBu HkkokRed rFkk iw.kZ oS;fäd gksrk gSA ;s nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls Vdjk
Hkh ldrs gSa] ,d tSls Hkh gks ldrs gSa rFkk ,d nwljs ls fcYdqy fHkUu Hkh gks ldrs gSaAÞ
rFkkfi mjfod tSls ,sls Hkh ys[kd gSa tks vc Hkh laxBu ds ijEijkoknh fl)kUr ds leFkZd gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ mjfod dk
fo'okl gS fd ekuoh; va'kksa dh vfr'k;ksfDr ugha dh tkuh pkfg,A laxBu dh ;ksuk vFkok fMtkbu ds fcuk dk;Z djus
dk <ax vrdZiw.kZ] viO;;h rFkk vdq'kyrkiw.kZ gSA blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd vkSipkfjd fl)kar esa tSls fd vukSipkfjd
fl)kUr es]a viuh =kqfV;k¡ gSAa blesa inØe lEcU/kksa ds vO;ofLFkr gksus dk Hk; jgrk gS rFkk bl ij vf/kd fuHkZjrk laxBu
dh dk;Zd'q kyrk ij Hkh cqjk çHkko Mky ldrh gSA cM+s laxBu esa vukSipkfjd vFkok LVªDpjy n‘f"Vdks.k viukuk vko';d
gS rFkk ;fn ;g n‘f"Vdks.k fo|eku u gks rks bls viukuk gksxkA
mi;qZä nks fl)kUrksa ds v/;;u ls ;g dguk dfBu gS fd dkSu&lk fl)kUr iw.kZ rFkk iw.kZr% larks"ktud gSA okLro esa
;s nksuksa fl)kar ijLij vkfJr gS D;ksfsa d vkSipkfjd fl)kUr dh =kqfV;k¡ vukSipkfjd laxBu fl)kUr ls Bhd dh tk ldrh
laxBu dh fl)kUr 77
gSA ,d vdsyk fl)kUr cukus esa vHkh le; yxsxkA tSls fd fMekd rFkk vU; ys[kdksa us dgk gS] ßlaxBu ds fo|kFkhZ dh
leL;k Hkzkafriw.kZ }S/krk esa ls ,drk dh [kkst djuk gSA orZeku ih<+h ds fy, Li"V pqukSrh ;g gS fd og vc rd çpfyr
nks fl)kUrksa ds LFkku ij ,d vdsys fl)kUr dh [kkst djsAÞ
ge fQQuj rFkk çhFkl ds 'kCnksa esa bl çdkj fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa&
1. vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu le:i Hkh gks ldrs gSa rFkk ugha HkhA
2. vukSipkfjd laxBu [k.Muk;d gks Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ugha Hkh bl vFkZ esa fd ;g çcU/kdh; mís';kssa dk fojks/k djrk
gSA
3. laxBu ds vukSipkfjd i{k t:jh gksus ds dkj.k] eSut
s esVa dk viuk çca/kdh; mís'; iwjk djus ds fy, mUgsa ç;ksx
djuk pkfg,A
4. og çcU/kdh; O;oLFkk LoLFk rFkk larks"ktud gS ftlesa vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu dk laxe gksA
laxBu dh dqN rduhdh leL;k,¡% fcuk dqN rduhdh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk fd;s dksbZ Hkh laxBu cukuk lqxe ughaA
ftruk cM+k laxBu gksxk mruh vf/kd leL;k,¡ gksaxhA buesa ls dqNsd leL;kvksa tSls usr‘Ro] uhfr&fu/kkZj.k] fu.kZ; ysuk]
çR;k;kstu] rkyey rFkk i;Zos{k.k vkfn ij bl iqLrd ds prqFkZ Hkkx êSustesaV* 'kh"kZd ds v/khu fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
;gk¡ ge dsoy dqN y?kq leL;kvksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA
78 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&10
laxBu ds fl)kUr
(Principles of Organisation)
laxBu dh dfri; vk/kkjHkwr rduhdh leL;k,a gS(a tSl]s laxBu dk foHkktu fdl vk/kkj ij fd;k tk,( ç'kklu dk dk;Z
pykus ds fy, fofHkUu bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k fdl fof/k ls fd;k tk,( laxBu ls lÙkk dks fdl çdkj forfjr vkSj fu;U=k.k
dks fdl çdkj laxfBr fd;k tk,( laxBu dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa ds chp ikjLifjd lgdkj Hkkouk fdl çdkj tkxzr dh
tk,\
laxBu laca/kh mijksDr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, yksd ç'kklu ds fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds dfri; fl)kUrksa (Princples)
dk o.kZu viuh iqLrdksa esa fd;k gSA bUgsa gh ç'kkldh; laxBu ds êwy rRo* ;k ^fl)kUr* (Principles) dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi
dfri; ys[kdksa dh ekU;rk gS fd laxBu ds fl)kUr gksrs gh ugha gSaA muds vuqlkj laxBu ds rFkkdfFkr fl)kUr dsoy
^dgkors*a (Proverbs) ek=k gSAa tSlk fd gcZVZ lkbeu dk vfHker gS] ^^vf/kdre ç'kkldh; fl)kUrksa esa nqHkkZX;o'k dgkorksa
dk ;g nks"k ik;k tkrk gSA çk;% çR;sd fl)kUr ds fy, gesa mruk gh lR; çrhr gksus okyk rFkk Lohdk;Z fojks/kh fl)kUr
fey ldrk gSA-----fl)kUr esa ;g ladr s ugha feyrk fd dkSu&lk fu;e (Principle) ç;qDr fd, tkus ds fy, mi;qDr gSA**
;|fi ;g loZfofnr gS fd yksd ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa ls HkkSfrd foKku ds fu;eksa dh xf.krh; fu'prrk rFkk
vifjorZu'khyrk ugha ik;h tkrh] rFkkfi ;g Hkh mruk gh lR; gS fd yksd ç'kklu ¼laxBu½ ds Hkh vius fl)kUr gSa tks
xgu ,oa lw{e voyksdu ds ifj.kke gSaA laxBu ds lEcU/k esa foLrkj ls v/;;u djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd ywFkj xqfyd]
mfoZd] gsujh Qs;ksy] Vsyj] foykschh] vkfn fofHkUu ys[kdksa ds dfri; fl)kUrksa dk çfriknu fd;k gSA vius ç;ksxksa ds
vk/kkj ij ÝsMfjd Vsyj us laxBu esa dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk ferO;f;rk esa lq/kkj ds mís'; ls O;kid ôSKkfud çcU/k ds
fl)kUr* fufeZr fd,A ywFkj xqfyd ,oa fyaMy ,Q- mfoZd us vius rFkk vU; yksxksa ds vuqHkoksa rFkk v/;;uksa dks ,df=kr
djds ç'kklu rFkk laxBu ds lkekU; fl)kUrksa ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku fd;kA nksuksa gh ^laxBukRed dq'kyrk* ds Lrj dks
c<+kus okys ^rVLFk fl)kUrks*a ds fl)kUr leFkZd ys[kd FksA mUgksua s îsilZ vkWu lkbal vkWQ ,sMfefuLVs'ª ku* (1937) uked
xzUFk dk lEiknu fd;k tks ç'kklu foKku esa vuqie ;ksxnku le>k tkrk gSA blesa ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa dk lkj fn;k
x;k rFkk nkok fd;k x;k fd dk;Zdq'kyrk ls fuosfnr yksd ç'kklu ,d foKku cu ldrk gSA
;g lp gS fd vkt rd laxBu ds dksbZ loZekU; fl)kUr ugha cu ik, gS]a ;g Hkh fuf'pr gS fd laxBu ds fl)kUr HkkSfrd
foKku ds fu;e ugha gSa] ;s rks vuqHkotU; fl)kUr gSa] fQj Hkh fl)kUr vo'; gSaA bu fl)kUrksa dks ^laxBu ds ewy rRo*
vFkok ^laxBu ds vkUrfjd lapkyu dh leL;k,a* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa ^çcU/k dh leL;k,a* vFkok ^ç'kkldh; laxBu
dh çkoSf/kd ;k rduhdh leL;k,a* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gsujh Qs;ksy ds vuqlkj] ^^,sls lR; gSa tks fl) eku fy, x, gSa
vkSj ftu ij fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gSA** bl lEcU/k esa çks0 ,y0Mh0 OgkbV dk dFku mYys[kuh; gS% ^^;s O;ogkj ds
dk;Z fu;eksa dk lq>ko nsrs gSa tks foLr‘r vuqHko ds dkj.k ekU; ls gks x, gSaA**
ewuh rFkk jSyh us ,d vkn'kZ laxBu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr pkj fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%
1. leUo;kRed fl)kUr
2. inlksiku fl)kUr
3. dk;kZRed fl)kUr
4. LVkQ ,oa lw=k fl)kUr
gsujh Qs;ksy us laxBu ds fuEufyf[kr 14 fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%
laxBu ds fl)kUr 79
1. Je&foHkktu
2. vf/kdkj rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro
3. vuq'kklu
4. vkns'k dh ,drk
5. funsZ'ku dk ,sD;
6. O;fDrxr fgr lkekU; fgr ls xkS.k
7. ikfjJfed
8. dsUnzhdj.k
9. LdSyj Ük‘a[kyk
10. lqO;oLFkk
11. lerk
12. inkof/k dh fLFkjrk
13. igy djus dh 'kfDr
14. lg;ksx dh Hkkouk
bu 14 fl)kUrksa dks Qs;ksy us lkj :i esa 5 rRoksa ds :i esa is'k fd;k Fkk% (1) ;kstuk] (2) laxBu] (3) vkns'k] (4) leUo;]
rFkk (5) fu;U=k.kA
ywFkj xqfyd us Qs;ksy ds fl)kUrksa dks ifjofrZr <ax ls îksLMdkscZ* (POSDCORB) ifjo.khZ; 'kCn ¼,Øksfue½ ds :i esa
çLrqr fd;k gsA ,Øksfue esa çR;sd v{kj ç'kklu ds 7 dk;ks± esa ls ,d dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA ;g Qs;ksy ds ^ç'kklu ds
rRoksa* ij lq/kkj gSA mlds vuqlkj laxBu ds fl)kUr gSa%
1. ;kstuk (Planning)
2. laxBu (Orgnaisation)
3. dkfeZd lEcU/kh dk;Z (Staffing)
4. funs'ku (Direction)
5. leUo; (Co-ordination)
6. çfrosnu (Reporting)
7. ctV cukuk (Budgeting)
mfoZd us laxBu ds vxzfyf[kr vkB fl)kUr çfrikfnr fd, gSa%
1- mís'; dk fl)kUr
2. vuq:irk dk fl)kUr
3- mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fl)kUr
4- inlksiku dk fl)kUr
5- fu;U=k.k&{ks=k dk fl)kUr
6- fo'ks"khdj.k dk fl)kUr
7- leUo; dk fl)kUr
8- ifjHkk"kk dk fu/kkZfjr dk fl)kUr
80 yksd ç'kklu
ywFkj xqfyd us laxBu ds 20 fl)kUr çfrikfnr fd,A bu fl)kUrksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa xqfyd gsujh Qs;ksy ds ç'kklu ds
14 vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUrksa ls cgqr vf/kd çHkkfor gq,A xqfyd ds fl)kUr gSa%
1. dk;Z&foHkktu ;k fo'ks"khdj.k
2. foHkkxh; laxBuksa ds vk/kkj
3. inlksiku }kjk leUo;
4. lksí's ; leUo;
5. lfefr;ksa ds vUrxZr leUo;
6. fodsUnzhdj.k
7. vkns'k dh ,drk
8. LVkQ rFkk lw=k
9. çR;k;kstu
10. fu;U=k.k dk {ks=k
mi;qZDr fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij laxBu ds fuEufyf[kr çeq[k fl)kUrksa ;k rRoksa ;k ladYiukvksa dk
foLrkj ls mYys[k vko';d gS%
1. inlksiku (Hierarchy)
2. vkns'k dh ,drk (Unity of Command)
3. fu;U=k.k dh lhek (Span of Control)
4. leUo; (Co-ordination)
5. dsUnzhdj.k cuke fodsUnzhdj.k (Centralisation vs. Decentralisation)
6. ,dhØr cuke LorU=k O;oLFkk (Integral vs. Independent System)
vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

(Meaning and Definitions)
Hkk"kk dh n‘f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks ^înlksiku** dk vFkZ fdlh v/khuLFk ij ofj"B dk fu;a=k.k ;k lÙkk gSA ysfdu ç'kklu
esa lksikuØe dk vFkZ ,d ,slk cgqLrjh; laxBu gS ftlesa Øeokj dbZ Lrj gksrs gS tks vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs
gSaA ;g ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlls fdlh laxBu ds fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds ç;klksa dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+k tkrk gSA fdlh
Hkh cM+s laxBu esa dqN ,sls yksx gksrs gSa tks vkns'k nsrs gSa tcfd mlh laxBu ds vU; yksx bu vkns'kksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA
blds ifj.kkeLo:i laxBu esa Åij ls uhps rd mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds dbZ Lrjksa ds ek/;e ls ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFk ds
laca/k LFkkfir gks tkrs gSaA laxBu esa bu laca/kksa dk fijkfeM vkdkj dk <k¡pk LFkkfir gks tkrk gS ftls ewuh (Mooney)
vkSj jSyh (Reiley) us ^^lh<+huqek çfØ;k** dh laKk nh gSA laxBu esa ^^lh<+huqek** dk vFkZ gS vf/kdkjksa rFkk lacaf/kr
mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds vuqikr esa nkf;Roksa dk Lrj fu/kkZfjr djukA ewuh ds vuqlkj ;g lh<+huqek Ük‘a[kyk lHkh txg ikbZ tkrh
gSA tgk¡ dgha Hkh ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFk ds laca/kksa ls cuk yksxksa dk laxBu gksxk ogha lh<+huqek fl)kUr Hkh ykxw gksxkA
fo}kuksa us inlksiku dh ifjHkk"kk vyx&vyx çdkj ls dh gSA ,y-Mh- OgkbV ds vuqlkj ^înlksiku** O;oLFkk esa Åij
ls uhps rd mÙkjnkf;Ro ds dbZ Lrjksa ds dkj.k mRiUu ofj"B&v/khuLFk dk og laca/k gS tks lc txg ykxw gksrk gSA**
nwljs 'kCnksa esa lksikuØe dk vFkZ gS mPp Lrj ls fupys Lrj ij fu;a=k.kA ç'kklu esa lksikuØe dk vFkZ fdlh laxBu
dk dbZ Lrjksa vFkok lhf<+;ksa esa caVk gksuk gSA bls ^^lh<+huqek fl)kUr** Hkh dgrs gSAa tSls lh<+h esa ,d ds Åij ,d ik;nku
gksrs gSa mlh çdkj lksikuØe ls fofHkUu Lrj gksrs gSAa ewuh vkSj jSyh us blhfy, bls ^^lh<+huqek çfØ;k** dgk gSA vyZ ySFke
(Earl Latham) us lksikuØe dh ifjHkk"kk bl çdj dh gS% ^^;g Å¡ps vkSj uhps inksa dh ,slh lqfu;ksftr O;oLFkk gS tks
laxBu ds fl)kUr 81
uhps ls Åij rd QSyh gqbZ gSA bl O;oLFkk esa lcls cM+k vf/kdkjh lcls Å¡ph dqlhZ ij cSB viuh iSuh n‘f"V ls vius
lcls fupys deZpkfj;ksa ds fnyksa dks VVksy ldrk gS vkSj mudh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vius vkns'kkuqlkj tSlk pkgs <ky ldrk
gSA lksikuØe dk vFkZ gS laxBu dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djus vkSj mu ij fu;U=k.k j[kus ds mís'; ls bdkb;ksa dks
feyk dj] ,d cM+h bdkbZ cukukA ;g ,d ,slh i)fr gS ftlls fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds ç;klksa dks] Åij ls uhps rd]
,d&nwljs ls tqM+s ofj"B&v/khuLFk laca/kksa ds ek/;e ls fdlh lka>s mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, ,d lw=k esa fijks fn;k tkrk
gSA ts-Mh- feysV ds vuqlkj lksikuØe ,d ,slh i)fr gS ftlls fofHkUu yksxksa ds ç;klksa dks vkil esa tksM+ fn;k tkrk
gSA
çR;sd laxBu dk dksbZ u dksbZ mís'; vo'; gksrk gSA ml mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, og viuh xfrfof/k;ksa dks fofHkUu
bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vrk gSA bu bdkb;ksa dks Hkh rc rd mi&bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS tc rd lcls fupyk Lrj
u vk tk,A tks laxBu lksikuØe ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gS mlesa vf/kdkj vFkok lÙkk Åij ls uhps dh vksj ,d&,d
lh<+h vFkok ,d&,d Lrj mrjrs gq, vkrs gSaA lksikuØe esa Åij ;k uhps ,d&,d lh<+h ;k ,d&,d Lrj p<+ dj ;k
mrj dj vk;k tkrk gSA çR;sd deZpkjh dks vius ls ofj"B deZpkjh ds vkns'k dk ikyu djuk gksrk gS rFkk vius
v/khuLFk dks vkns'k nsuk gksrk gSA bl çdkj lksikuØe fl)kUr esa ;g vko';d gS fd Åij ;k uhps ds Lrj esa laidZ
LFkkfir djrs le; chp ds fdlh Hkh Lrj dks yka?kk ;k vuns[kk u fd;k tk,A bls ^^mi;qDr ek/;e ls** dke djuk dgrs
gSaA vr% gj çdkj dk vkns'k ;k tkudkjh ,dne Åij ds ;k ,dne uhps ds Lrj ls gh vkuh pkfg,A çR;sd vf/kdkjh
vius ikl dsoy vko';d vf/kdkj gh j[krk gS] vU; vf/kdkjksa dks og vius v/khuLFkksa esa ckaV nsrk gSA bl çdkj
lksikuØe ds ifj.kkeLo:i fu.kZ; ysus ds fofHkUu Lrjksa dh jpuk gksrh gSA lksikuØe <k¡ps ds dkj.k çeq[k dk;Zdkjh
vf/kdkjh laxBu ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ds deZpkjh dks vkns'k ns ldrk gS rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSai ldrk gSA
inlksiku dk fof'k"V y{k.k ;g gS fd blesa laxBu vusd Øfed Lrjksa ls ;qDr gksrk gSA blesa çR;sd v/khu O;fDr vius
ls ,dne Åij ds vf/kdkjh ls vkns'k ,oa funs'Z k çkIr djrk gS vkSj mlh ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA dksbZ laxBu inlksiku
ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS & ;g dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd mlesa lÙkk uhps ls f'k[kj dh vksj mrjrh pyh tkrh
gSA inlksiku dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr ;g Hkh gS fd Åij ds inkf/kdkjh dHkh Hkh uhsps ds lkFk lEidZ LFkkfir djrs
le; e/;LFk inkfkdkjh dh mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa bl i)fr esa ç'kkldh; lajpuk ,d lh<+h ds leku
jgrh gSA blesa leLr dk;Zokgh Øfed :i esa vFkok ^pj.kksa dh iafDr* }kjk gksrh gSA çR;sd dk;Z ^mfpr ekxZ }kjk*
(Through Proper Channel) lEiUu gksrk gSA mls lÙkk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds Øe esa xqtjuk iM+rk gSA
inlksiku dh rqyuk ^fijSfeM* ls dh tk ldrh gSA blesa f'k[kj ij ,d ç/kku ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh gksrk gS rFkk lÙkk
Øfed :i ls uhps dh vksj c<+rh gSA gekjs ns'k esa jkT;ksa ds iqfyl laxBu esa inlksiku dh jpuk dks fuEufyf[kr <ax
ls n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS%
iqfyl egkfuns'kd (Director General of Police)
iqfyl egkf/kifr (Inspector General of Police)
iqfyl miegkf/kifr (Deputy Inspector General of Police)
ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd (District Superintendent of Police)
mi@lgk;d iqfyl v/kh{kd (Dy. S.P./A.S.P.)

82 yksd ç'kklu
e.My fujh{kd (Cricle Inspector)
fujh{kd@lgk;d fujh{kd (Inspector/Sub-Inspector)
gSM dkaLVscy (Head Constable)
dkaLVsfcy flikgh (Constable)

bl çdkj iqfyl ç'kklu esa inlksiku Åij ls uhps rd bl rjg ls gksrk gS% iqfyl egkfuns'kd] iqfyl egkf/kifr] iqfyl
miegkf/kifr iqfyl v/kh{kd] mi@lgk;d iqfyl v/kh{kd] e.My&fujh{kd] fujh{kd@lgk;d fujh{kd] gSM dkaLVsfcy]
dkaLVsfcy ¼flikgh½A
inlksiku 'kklu ds çR;sd foHkkx esa ik;k tkrk gSA ,d fyfid (Clerk) ç/kku fyfid (Head Clerk) ds v/khu gS] ç'kklu
fyfid ,d dk;kZy; v/kh{kd (Office Superintendent) ds v/khu gS rFkk dk;kZy; v/kh{kd vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh (Section
Officer) ds v/khu gS] vkfn&vkfnA ;fn fyfid dks dksbZ ckr vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh ls dguh gS rks og ç/kku fyfid ds
ek/;e ls dk;kZy; v/kh{kd rd tk,xk vkSj rc mlds }kjk vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh rd igqapsxkA blh çdkj ;fn vuqHkkx
vf/kdkjh dksbZ vkns'k nsuk pkgrk gS rks og vkns'k dk;kZy;&v/kh{kd ds }kjk ç/kku fyfid rd igqapsxk vkSj rc mlds
ek/;e ls fyfid rdA
lksikuØe ds fcuk fdlh laxBu dh dYiuk djuk eqf'dy gSA fuf'pr :i ls laxBu fu/kkZfjr la[;k ds yksxksa esa dk;ksZa
dk foHkktu djus dh çfØ;k gSA dk;ksZa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Rokasa dk forj.k vkM+h vkSj [kM+h nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa gksrk gSA laxBu
ds <k¡ps esa vkM+s vkSj [kM+s ¼yEccr~½ nksuksa vkSj o‘f) gksrh gSA tc laxBu esa u,&u, Lrj tksMs+ tk jgs gksa rks mls [kM+h o‘f)
dgrs gSAa ysfdu tc Lrjksa esa o‘f) fd, fcuk gh u,&u, dk;Z ;k LFkku tksMs+ tk jgs gksa rks mls vkM+h o‘f) dgrs gSAa [kM+h
o‘f) ls 'kh"kZ çca/k] çs{kd rFkk dk;Z&fu"iknu dk okLrfod Lrj] tSls Lrjksa dh jpuk gksrh gSA okLro esa bu Lrjksa dk
rkRi;Z vius vki esa fdlh çdkj dh ofj"Brk ;k v/khuLFkrk ugha gSA fQj Hkh fofHkUu Lrjksa ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa vlekurk]
osrueku esa varj rFkk mu ij dke djus okys yksxksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj xq.kksa esa Hksn gksus ds dkj.k laxBu esa ofj"B&v/khuLFk
laca/k LFkkfir gks gh tkrs gSaA
lh<+huqek O;oLFkk dh vko';drk nks dkj.kksa ls iwjh gksrh gS%
1. dk;Z esa fo'ks"kKrk çkIr djus ds mís'; ls] ¼tks fd çca/k ds fl)kUr ds fy, vko';d gS½ dk;Z dks mlds vko';d
fgLlksa esa ck¡VukA
2. fo'ks"kKrkvksa ds O;ogkj rFkk dk;ksZa dks ,d la;qä ç;kl esa tksM+us dh çfØ;kA
ewy fo'ks"krk,¡ (Major Features)
lksikuØe dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ uhps nh xbZ gS%
• iwjs ç'kklfud fØ;k&dyki dks bdkb;kssa vkSj mi&bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
• bu bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ,d ds uhps ,d dh tkrh gS ftlls fijkfeM dk lk vkdkj cu tkrk gSA
• fofHkUu Lrjksa dks vf/kdkj lkSais tkrs gSaA
• lksikuØe ij vk/kkfjr laxBu ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ fl)kar dk ikyu djrk gSA lHkh vkns'k vkSj lwpuk,¡ mfpr
laxBu ds fl)kUr 83
ek/;e ls gksdj xqtjrh pkfg,A chp ds fdlh Hkh Lrj dks vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
• O;fDr dsoy vius ls fudVre ofj"B vf/kdkjh ls vkns'k ysrk gS fdlh Hkh vU; vf/kdkjh ls ughaA ;gk¡
ßlekns'k dh ,drkÞ dk fl)kar ykxw gksrk gSA
• vf/kdkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro esa leqfpr rky&esy j[kk tkrk gSA fcuk mÙkjnkf;Ro ds vf/kdkj [krjukd gksrs gSa
tcfd fcuk vf/kdkj ds mÙkjnkf;Ro vFkZghu gks tkrs gSaA
lksikuØe ds fl)kar dks bl çdkj çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
fp=k-1
d
[k N
x t
?k >
³ ´
p r
Åij fn, x, fp=k esa] ßdÞ laxBukRed fijkfeM ds f'k[kj ij gSA og laxBu dk ç/kku gSA ß[kÞ ßdÞ dk v/khuLFk gSA
ßxÞ ß[kÞ dk fudVre v/khuLFk gS rFkk lkFk gh og ßdÞ dk v/khuLFk gSA bl çdkj vxj ge bl Ük‘a[kyk ds uhps pyrs
tk,¡ rks ik,¡xs fd ßpÞ ß³Þ dk fudVre v/khuLFk gS lkFk gh ßdÞ dk HkhA vr% vkns'k f'k[kj ls ry rd pys vkrs gSa]
vFkkZr~ ßdÞ ls ß[kÞ dks] ß[kÞ ls ßxÞ dks] ßxÞ ls ß?kÞ dks] ß?kÞ ls ß³Þ dks] rFkk ß³Þ ls ßpÞ dks( rFkk lapkj ¼vFkok lwpuk½
ry ls f'k[kj dh vksj gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ßpÞ ls ß³Þ dks] ß³Þ ls ß?kÞ dks vkSj blh çdkj f'k[kj rdA ;gh ckr bl fijkfeM
¼f=kHkqt½ ds nwljh vksj Hkh ykxw gksrh gS vFkkZr~ ßdÞ ls ßrÞ rdA ;fn ßdÞ ßpÞ dks vkns'k nsuk pkgrk gS rks ml vkns'k
dks ß[kÞ] ßxÞ] ß?kÞ vkSj ß³Þ ls gksdj tkuk iM+xs k] vkSj ;fn ßpÞ dks ßrÞ ls laidZ LFkkfir djuk gS rks mls ß³Þ] ß?kÞ] ßxÞ]
ß[kÞ vkSj ßdÞ rd tkuk gksxk vkSj fQj ßdÞ ls uhps ds Lrjksa ls gksrs gq, ,d&,d Lrj dj ßrÞ rd igq¡puk gksxkA bl
fp=k esa ßpÞ] ßdÞ] ßrÞ vf/kdkj vkns'kksa dk ,d&,d lh<+h dj mrjrs gq, igqp ¡ us] rFkk laidZ dk ßpÞ ls ßdÞ rd ,d&,d
lh<+h dj p<+rs gq, igq¡pus dks ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ laidZ dgrs gSaA
bl fl)kar dks fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ls Hkh le>k;k tk ldrk gS%
↑ vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh ↓
↑ v/kh{kd ↓
↑ eq[; fyfid ↓
laidZ fyfid vkns'k
;fn vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh fyfid ¼DydZ½ dks dksbZ vkns'k nsuk pkgrk gS rks ml vkns'k dks igys v/kh{kd vkSj eq[; fyfid
¼gsM DydZ½ ls gks dj tkuk gksxk rHkh og fyfid ds ikl igq¡psxkA bl çdkj fyfid ls dksbZ çLrko vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh
rd rHkh igq¡psxk tc og igys eq[; fyfid vkSj fQj v/kh{kd ls gksdj xqtjk gksA
Lrj yka?kuk (Gang Plank)
O;kogkfjd :i ls nsjh ls cpus ds fy, ,slk vklku jkLrk [kkst fy;k tkrk gS ftlls lksikuØe ds ewy fl)karksa dh
Hkh vogsyuk ugha gksrhA ,slk djus ds nks jkLrs gks ldrs gSaA gsujh QS;kWy us lq>ko fn;k gS fd lksikuØe esa lÙkk vFkok
vf/kdkjksa dh vkSipkfjd Ük‘a[kyk ds ml ikj ,d ^lsrq* LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd fdlh foHkkx ds v/khuLFk
vf/kdkjh vU; foHkkxksa ds vius lekUrj vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk lh/kk laidZ LFkkfir dj ldsaA Åij ds fp=k esa ßpÞ rFkk
ßrÞ ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ fl)kar dk vuqlj.k fd, fcuk ,d nwljs ds lkFk lh/ks laidZ LFkkfir dj ldrs gSAa ;g laidZ fcanv q ksa
84 yksd ç'kklu
ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ysfdu çfØ;k ds fo:) vklku jkLrk viukus ls igys mUgsa blds fy, vius vU; ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa
dh vkKk ysuh gksxhA vFkok dk;Z dks 'kh?kzrk ls fuiVkus ds mís'; ls os vius ls ofj"Bksa dh vuqefr fy, fcuk Hkh ,d
nwljs ls laidZ LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu muds chp D;k dqN gqvk bldh iwjh tkudkjh mUgsa vius ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa
dks vo'; nsuh pkfg,A
vf/kdkfj;kssa ds chp lh/ks laidZ LFkkfir djus rFkk dk;Z dh xfr esa rsth ykus ds fy, chp ds ,d ;k vf/kd Lrjksa dks
yka?kk tk ldrk gSA bls ßLrj yka?kukÞ dgrs gSAa ßdÞ lh/ks ßxÞ ls laidZ LFkkfir dj ldrk gS ;fn ßxÞ ß[kÞ dks ;g crk
ns fd mlds vkSj ßdÞ ds chp D;k fopkj&foe'kZ gqvkA dqN o"kZ iwoZ Hkkjr ljdkj us ßQkby yka?kuk ijh{k.kÞ uke ls ,d
;kstuk 'kq: dh Fkh ftlds varxZr lksikuØe ds e/;orhZ Lrjksa dks yka?k dj Qkbysa lh/ks fu.kZ; ysus okys vf/kdkjh rd
igqapkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA
vr% çR;sd Lrj ij ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFkksa ds chp leqfpr vkilh fo'okl vkSj oQknkjh ls lksikuØe] laxBu O;oLFkk
esa gksus okyh nsjh dks Hkys gh iwjh rjg lekIr u fd;k tk lds ij mlesa dkQh deh vo'; ykbZ tk ldrh gSA Åij
ftu nks vklku jkLrksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS os nksuksa gh nsjh dks de djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
mfoZd us Bhd gh dgk gS] ßçR;sd laxBu esa lh<+huqek J‘a[kyk oSls gh vko';d gS tSls fd gj ?kj esa viuk fudkl (drain)
fdUrq bl dM+h dks lapkj dk ,dek=k lk/ku cukuk oSls gh vuko';d gS tSls fd ?kj ds fudkl esa viuk le; fcrkukAÞ
ykHk (Advantages)
laxBu esa lksikuØe fl)kar ds ç;ksx ls gksus okys dqN ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1. çR;sd cM+s laxBu esa mís'; dh ,drk gksuh pkfg,] ftls dsoy lksikuØe O;oLFkk ls gh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2. lksikuØe] laxBu dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+dj ,d la;qä <k¡ps dh jpuk djrk gSA ,e-ih- 'kekZ ds
vuqlkj] ß;g laxBukRed leUo; vkSj ,dtqVrk dk ek/;e gSA ;g laxBu ds <k¡ps ls mlh rjg lacaf/kr gS ftl
çdkj lhesaV fdlh Hkou ds <k¡ps lsAÞ
3. ;g laxBu esa Åij vkSj uhps nksuksa vkSj laidZ dk ek/;e miyC/k djkrk gSA blls çR;sd dkfeZd dks ;g Li"V gks
tkrk gS fd mldk laca/k fdlls gSA
4 blls laxBu easa çR;sd Lrj vkSj in ij mÙkjnkf;Ro fu/kkZfjr djus esa lqfo/kk jgrh gSA çR;sd deZpkjh dks laxBu
esa viuh fLFkfr vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk Kku gksrk gS rFkk ;g Hkh ekywe gksrk gS fd og fdlds çfr mÙkjnk;h gSA
5. lksikuØe fl)kar ds ifj.kkeLo:i LFkkfir ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ O;oLFkk ls çfØ;k dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu fd;k tkrk
gS ftlls vklku Lrjksa dk ç;ksx ;k e/;orhZ Lrjksa dks vuns[kk fd;k tkuk laHko ugha gks ikrkA
6. lksikuØe ds QyLo:i mPpre Lrj ij dke dk cks> gYdk gks tkrk gS rFkk fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k dk fodans hz dj.k
gks tkrk gSA blls mPp dk;Zdkjh Lrj ls uhps dbZ vkSj v/khuLFk Lrj Hkh LFkkfir gks tkrs gSaA çR;sd v/khuLFk
Lrj Lo;a dks lkSais x, fufnZ"V ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkjh gks tkrk gSA laxBu dk çR;sd deZpkjh fu.kZ;
ysus vkSj vius v/khuLFkksa ds ekxZ funsZ'ku ds fy, çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk blls loksZPp dk;Zdkjh
ds dke dk cks> gYdk gksrk gS rFkk v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa esa Hkh laxBu esa vius egÙo dh Hkkouk tksj idM+rh gSA
7. ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ fu;e dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu fd, tkus ds dkj.k Qkbyksa dh xfr dh çfØ;k vklku gks tkrh gS
vkSj ;g tkuuk vklku gks tkrk gS fd dksbZ Qkby fo'ks"k bl le; dgk¡ gSA
dfe;k¡ (Shortcomings)
laxBu easa lksikuØe ds fl)kar dks ykxw djus ds dqN uqdlku Hkh gSaA ;s dfe;k¡ uhps nh tk jgh gSa%
1. lksikuØe i)fr esa vkns'k Åij ls uhps dh vksj pyrs gSaA fupys Lrjksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ;k vf/kdkfj;ksa ls vk'kk dh
tkrh gS fd os vius ls ofj"B yksxksa ds vkns'k dk T;ksa dk R;ksa ikyu djsaA blls fupys Lrjksa ij dke ds çfr dksbZ
pko ;k pqLrh&QqrhZ ugha jg ikrhA
2. blls ç'kklfud laxBu esa yphykiu ugha jg ikrk ftlds dkj.k laxBu ds yksxksa esa vkilh thoar laca/kksa dk
HkyhHkkafr fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA
laxBu ds fl)kUr 85
3. bl i)fr esa lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dkQh lhek rd laxBu ds çeq[k dh bPNk&vfuPNk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn
og laxBu esa O;fDrxr lac/a kksa ds vk/kkj ij ubZ LQwfrZ dk lapkj dj ldsa rks lQyrk gh lQyrk gS vU;Fkk laxBu
fuf'pr :i ls vlQy gks tk,xkA
4. lksikuØe ij vk/kkfjr laxBu dh lcls cM+h deh ;g gS fd blds dkj.k dk;Z ds fuiVku esa vuko';d nsjh gks
tkrh gSA ihNs fn, x, fp=k esa geus ns[kk fd ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ fu;e dks vxj dM+kbZ ls ykxw fd;k tk, rks fdlh
lwpuk dks ßpÞ ls ßrÞ rd igqp a us ls igys mls ß³Þ] ß?kÞ] ß[kÞ] ßdÞ] ßNÞ] ßtÞ] ß>Þ vkSj ßxÞ ls gksdj tkuk iM+xs k
vkSj fQj mlds ckn okil Hkh blh çdkj tk,xh] ;s dqy feykdj 20 lhf<+;k¡ cu tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ gqvk dk;Z
esa vuko';d foyacA dgk tkrk gS fd lu~ 1940 esa ßiyZ gkcZj =kklnhÞ (Pearl Harbour tragedy) blfy, ugha gqbZ
D;ksafd vejhdh lsukvksa ds loksZPp dekaMj dk tkikuh lsukvksa dh xfrfof/k ds ckjs esa le; ij lwpuk ugha fey
ikbZ Fkh cfYd blfy, fd mls ;g tkudkjh mfpr ek/;e ls ugha feyh FkhA
O;kogkfjd mi;ksx (Practical Importance)
;g irk yxkuk vko';d gS fd ç'kklu ds nSfud dk;ksaZ esa lÙkk vFkok vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx lksikuØe fl)kar ds vuqlkj
fd;k tkrk gS ;k ughaA vyZ ySVgSe tSls dqN vkykspdksa ds vuqlkj ;g lkspuk xyr gS fd ofj"B vf/kdkjh] v/khuLFkksa
ij fcuk lksps&le>s vf/kdkj pykrs gSaA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd v/khuLFk deZpkjh ofj"B deZpkfj;ksa ds vkns'kksa dk
ikyu blfy, djrs gSa D;ksafd ofj"B yksx vf/kd vuqHkoh gksus ds QyLo:i vf/kd Kkuh gksrs gSaA ysfdu ;g Hkh lgh gS
fd dHkh&dHkh v/khuLFkksa ds ikl vf/kd tkudkjh gksrh gS D;ksafd os fdlh leL;k ls vius ofj"B dh rqyuk esa dgh
vf/kd xgjkbZ ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA Bhd blh dkj.k ls v/khuLFkksa ds fu.kZ;ksa dks muds ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk Lohdkj dj
fy;k tk,xkA
;g ckr Hkh le>h tkuh pkfg, fd dksbZ Hkh laxBu dsoy lksikuØe ds fl)kar ij gh ugha pyrk gSA uhxzks ds vuqlkj]
ßfdlh Hkh laxBu dk dsoy ogh <k¡pk vkSj vkSipkfjd laca/k ugha gksrs tks mlds laxBukRed pkVksZa vkSj fu;e iqfLrdkvksa
esa fy[ks gksrs gSa------- laxBu rks okLro esa ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk Hkh gS ftlesa mlds lnL; ,slk O;ogkj Hkh dj ldrs gSa
tks vkf/kdkf/kd ls vyx gksA bls vukSipkfjd laxBu dgrs gSa] vkSj vxj fdlh ,tsalh dh dk;Zç.kkyh dks lgh çdkj
ls le>uk gS rks vukSipkfjd laxBu dh Hkwfedk dks le>uk vR;ko';d gks tkrk gSAÞ
lkjka'k (Conclusion)
lksikuØe dks laxBu ds fl)kar ds :i esa lHkh txg ekU;rk çkIr gSA bl fl)kar esa ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFk ds chp O;ofLFkr
lac/a kksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA ßmfpr ek/;e lsÞ fu;e lksikuØe dk dsn a fz canq gSA bl i)fr ds varxZr laxBu dk vkdkj
fijkfeM ¼f=kHkqt½ dh rjg gksrk gS ftlds f'k[kj ij loksPZ p vf/kdkjh rFkk vk/kkj ij deZpkjh gksrs gSa vkSj bu nksuksa Nksjksa
ds chp ,d ds ckn ,d dbZ Lrj gksrs gSa tks vkM+s Hkh gSa vkSj [kM+s HkhA vFkkZr~ ;g lÙkk dh ,d lh<+h gS ftlesa dbZ in
gSAa vkns'k vkSj lwpuk,¡ ,d ckj esas ,d lh<+h ls gh uhps ;k Åij vk&tk ldrs gSAa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds mYya?ku ls vO;oLFkk
vkSj vfo'okl QSy tk,xkA laxBu ds ,d fl)kar ds :i esa lksikuØe Åij vkSj uhps ds Lrjksa ds fy, laidZ ds
ek/;e ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] çfØ;k dk ikyu lqfuf'pr djrk gS] fu.kZ; ysus ds çfØ;k dk fodsn a hz dj.k djrk gS rFkk
laxBu ds çeq[k ds dk;Z ds cks> dks gYdk djrk gSA ysfdu nsjh bl ç.kkyh dh lcls cM+h deh gSA blds fy, nks vklku
jkLrksa dk irk yxk;k x;k gS] os gSa] vR;ko';d ekeyksa esa vf/kdkjksa vFkok ßlÙkk dh okLrfod Ük‘a[kyk ds ml ij lsrq
LFkkfir djukÞ rFkk ßyka?kukÞA ysfdu lksikuØe ls gksus okys ykHk mlesa fufgr dfe;ksa ls dgha vf/kd gSA dqy feykdj
laxBu dsoy vkSipkfjd laca/kksa ij vk/kkfjr gksdj ugha pyrs gSaA okLro esa çR;sd laxBu esa vukSipkfjd laca/k Hkh gksrs
gSaA ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFk deZpkjh viusiu rFkk ca/kqRo ds ln~Hkkoiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa feydj dke djrs gSa D;ksafd muds chp
vukSipkfjd laca/k Hkh gksrs gSa] dsoy vkSipkfjd laca/kksa ls gh ;g laHko ugha gSA lksikuØe fdlh laxBu dh LFkkiuk ds
mís';ksa dh çkfIr djus rFkk loZlEefr iSnk djus dh ,d vR;ar ykHknk;h i)fr gS tks laxBu esa LokHkkfod :i ls gh
ikbZ tkrh gSA
86 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&11
fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k
(Span of Control)
mÙkj&laxBu vFkok iz'kklu eas fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk Loa; fl) gSA fcuk fu;a=k.k ds dksbZ Hkh laxBu vFkok dksbZ Hkh
leqfpr :i ls lapkfyr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fu;a=k.k dh O;oLFkk dk mís'; ;g ns[kuk gksrk gS fd laxBu vFkok iz'kklu
dh bdkbZ ds deZpkjh fn, x, vkns'kksa] funZs'kksa vkSj fu;ekssa ds vuq:i dke dj jgs gSa vFkok ughaaA ;fn bl izdkj dh
ns[kHkky u dh tk, rks LokHkkfod gS fd laxBu vFkok dk;kZy; dk dke vO;ofLFkr rFkk f'kfFky gks tk,xkA
fu;a=k.k ds lanHkZ esa LokHkkfod :i ls fu;a=k.k ds foLrkj dk iz'u mBrk gSA ,d mPp vf/kdkjh fdrus v/khuLFkksa vFkkZr~
v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Z {kerkiwoZd v/kh{k.k dj ldrk gSA ;g fu;a=k.k foLrkj dh leL;k gSA ikfjHkkf"kd :i esa]
tSlk fd fMekWd dk dFku gS] Þfu;a=k.k dk foLrkj fdlh m|e ds eq[; fu"iknd rFkk mlds eq[; lkFkh dk;kZy;ksa ds
chp lh/ks ,oa LokHkkfod lapkyu dh la[;k ,oa {ks=k gSaAß fu;a=k.k ds foLrkj dks dbZ vU; ukeksa ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;Fkk&
®izcU/k&foLrkj*] *i;Zos{k.k dk foLrkj*] ^vf/kdkj dk foLrkj* vkfnA
fu;a=k.k foLrkj ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh vf/kdkjksa ds fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k dsoy mruk gh j[kuk pkfg, ftruk og
dq'kyrkiwoZd laHkky ldrk gSA vf/kdkjh dh lkeF;Z ls vf/kd ;k de {ks=k dk gksuk mfpr ugha gSA ekuoh; /;ku {ks=k
lhfer gksrk gS] vr% dksbZ Hkh ,d inkf/kdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh vlhfer la[;k dk Hkyh&Hkkafr fujh{k.k ugha dj ldrkA
tkWu Mh- feysV us Bhd gh fy[kk gs fd vuqHko vkSj euksoSKkfud vuqla/kku nksuksa bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh
iz'kkldh; vf/kdkjh dh i;Zos{k.k {kerk dh lhek jgrh gSA ;fn vf/kdkjh ds lkeF;Z ls de fu;a=k.k&{ks=k j[kk tk, rks
og Hkh vuqfpr gS D;ksafd bldk vFkZ gS vf/kdkjh dh {kerkvksa vkSj lkeF;Z dk iwjk ykHk ugha mBk;k tk jgk gSA
vc ;g iz'u mBrk gS fd fu;a=k.k foLrkj dh lhek fdruh gksuh pkfg,A bl iz'u ij fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSA tgka
fu;a=k.k&{ks=k dk vlarqfyr foLrkj gkfu&dkjd gS ogka {ks=k dk cgqr lhfer gksuk Hkh cqjk gSA gsujh Qs;ksy dk er gS fd
Þ,d cM+s m|e ds f'k[kj&fLFkfr izcU/kd ds uhps ikap ;k N% ls vf/kd v/khuLFk deZpkjh ugha gksuh pkfg,Aß ,y- mfoZd
dk fopkj gS fd ÞmPp inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, vkn'kZ la[;k pkj gksxh vkSj fuEu Lrj ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, vkB ;k ckjgAß
xzsD;wul us fy[kk gS fd ÞdksbZ mPp vf/kdkjh ikap ;k N% v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ls vf/kd dk;Z dk mfpr fujh{k.k ugha dj
ldrkAß lSfud laxBu ds lac/a k esa lj gSfeYVu us ,d ckj dgk Fkk] ß,d vkSlr ekuo efLr"d rhu ls N% vU; efLr"dksa
dk gh izHkko'kkyh fujh{k.k dj ldrk gSAß
Li"V gS fd fu;a=k.k foLrkj dh lhek ds laca/k esa dksbZ ,d lqfuf'pr er ugha gks ldrk gSA deZpkfj;ksa dh vkn'kZ la[;k
dh [kkst djuk] ftl ij fd ,d mPp vf/kdkjh fu;a=k.k j[kus esa l{ke gks] fujFkZd gSA iz'kklu dh xfr'khyrk gh iz'kklu
dh lQyrk dh ifjpk;d gSA ;g cgqr dqN 'kh"kZ vf/kdkjh dh ;ksX;rk] usr‘Ro dq'kyrk vkSj iz'kklfud {kerk ij fuHkZj
djrk gS fd og fdrus v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa dks vius fu;a=k.k esa j[k ldrk gSA fQj Hkh fo}ku ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, vo'; iz;Ru'khy gSa fd fu;a=k.k ds foLrkj {ks=k dh yEckbZ D;k gksuh pkfg,A lkekU; lgefr bl ckr ij ik;h
tkrh gS fd%
fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k 87
¼d½ izR;sd Lrj ij ,d fuf'pr fu;a=k.k&{ks=k gksrk gS vkSj ;fn bldk mYya?ku fd;k tk, rks dk;Z ds vo#) gksus
dh laHkkouk mRié gks ldrh gSA
¼[k½ fu;a=k.k foLrkj esa pkj rRoksa ds dkj.k fofo/krk mRié gksrh gS% dk;Z (Function), dky ;k le; (Time), O;fDrRo
(Personality) vkSj LFkku (Place or Space)A
vFkZ (Meaning)
^LiSu* (Span) dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ og nwjh gS tks fdlh O;fDr ds vaxBw s vkSj dfu"B Åaxyh dks QSyk, tkus ls curh gSA tcfd
fu;a=k.k 'kCn dk eryc vkns'k&funZs'k ;k fu;af=kr djus okys vf/kdkj ;k lÙkk ls gSa yksd iz'kklu esa fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k
dk eryc mu v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ls gS ftu ij ,d vf/kdkjh dkjxj <ax ls fu;a=k.k j[k ldrk gSA bldk eryc
;g Hkh gS fd dksbZ vf/kdkjh fdrus v/khuLFkksa dks funZs'k ns ldrk gSA ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k dk
eryc ekrgrksa dh ml la[;k ;k dk;Z dh ml bdkbZ ls gSa ftUgsa ,d iz'kkld futh :i ls funZfs 'kr dj ldrk gSA fMekWd
ds 'kCnksa eas fdlh m|e esa mlds ize[q k vf/kdkjh vkSj mlds eq[; lg&vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp lh/ks vkSj fu;fer lapkj lEidZ
dks fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k dgrs gSaA euksfoKku esa oh- ,- xzsdqukl us bl ladYiuk dks ^/;ku ds {ks=k* ls tksM+k gSA
fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k /;ku ds {ks=k ij fuHkZj gSA geesa ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ,d lkFk ,d [kkl la[;k ls vf/kd oLrqvksa dh vksj
/;ku ugha ns ldrkA euksoSKkfudksa us /;ku ds {ks=k esa dbZ iz;ksx fd, gSA os bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaps gSa fd lkekU; rkSj ij
,d O;fDr ,d le; esa ,d [kkl la[;k ls vf/kd pht+ksa dh vksj /;ku ugha ns ldrkA pwafd yksd iz'kklu esa fu;a=k.k
dk {ks=k euksfoKku ds /;ku ds {ks=k ls tqMk+ gS] blfy, ;g ekudj pyk tkrk gS fd dksbZ ofj"B vf/kdkjh ftruh O;fDr;ksa
dks dkjxj <ax ls fu;af=kr dj ldrk gS] mudh la[;k dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA ;fn v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k ml lhek ls
vf/kd gqbZ rks ;g laxBu ds fy, uqdlkunsg gksxkA
'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld nksuksa gh n‘f"V;ksa ls ekuo {kerk dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA blfy, ;g O;kid /kkj.kk gS fd dksbZ
ofj"B vf/kdkjh fdruk Hkh l{e D;ksa u gks] og vlhfer la[;k esa v/khuLFkksa dk fujh{k.k ugha dj ldrkA fu;a=k.k ds
{ks=k dh okLrfod lhek D;k gS] bl ckjs esa yksd iz'kklu ds jpukdkjksa ds fopkj leku ugha gSA lj b;ku gsfeYVu us
;g lhek rhu ls pkj dh fu;r dh gsA ykMZ gkYMsu vkSj xzkge okWykl dh /kkj.k gS fd ,d ofj"B vf/kdkjh vius nl
ls ckjg dh ns[k&js[k dj ldrk gSA mfoZd dk dguk gS fd mPp vkSj fupys Lrj ds fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k ds chp varj gksrk
gSA muds vuqlkj mPp Lrj ij ofj"B vf/kdkjh Ng ;k lkr ls vf/kd vf/kuLFkksa dh ns[k&js[k ugha dj ldrk tcfd
uhps ds Lrj ij tgk¡ dk dke ljy vkSj fu;fer <ax dk gksrk gS] vkB ls ckgj v/khuLFkksa ds dke dk fujh{k.k dj ldrk
gSA 1937 esa okWykl }kjk fd, x, ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj fdlh eq[; vf/kdkjh ds fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k ns'k ds vuqlkj
fHké&fHké gksrk gSA tkiku esa ,d eq[; vf/kdkjh ds v/khu 13 foHkkx gksrs gSaA dukMk] teZuh vkSj bVyh esa 14 Ýkal esa
17] :l esa 19 ;k 20] baXyS.M esa 25 vkSj vejhdk esa yxHkx 60 foHkkx gksrs gSaA ;|fi ;s la[;k leku ugha gS ysfdu dgha
Hkh iz'kklu vLr&O;Lr ugha gqvkA
dqN ys[kdksa ds vuqlkj vejhdk ds ljdkjh laxBuksa esa fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k cM+k gksus ds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k gSa%
1- ogk¡ ds vusd foHkkxksa esa bl izdkj dh izo‘fÙk ikbZ tkrh gS D;ksafd ^bEik;j fcYMj* fdLe ds foHkkx ds iz/kku ;g
pkgrs gSa fd os dsoy eq[; vf/kdkjh ;k lapkyd eaMy ds izfr gh tokcnsg gSaA
2- izR;sd ncko lewg ,d Lora=k foHkkx esa vius <ax dh iz'kklfud xfrfof/k;k¡ dk;e djuk pkgrk gSA
3- gj dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh lksikukØe dh lhf<+;ksa ls xqtjs cxSj lÙkk rd igqapuk pkgrk gSA 1949 esa gwoj vk;ksx us
vejhdh jk"Vªifr }kjk bLrseky fd, tkus okys fu;a=k.k ds fo'kky {ks=k dh vkykspuk dh FkhA vk;ksx us mu 65
foHkkxksa ;k ,tsafl;ksa ¼Lora=k fofu;fer vk;ksxksa dks NksM+dj½ dk mYys[k fd;k Fkk tks jk"Vªifr ds fu;a=k.k {ks=k esa
vkrs gSaA
ysfdu lHkh ys[kd vkerkSj ij bl ckjs esa lger gSa fd {ks=k ftruk NksVk gksxk] lEidZ mruk gh T;knk gksxk vkSj ifj.kke
Lo:i fu;a=k.k vf/kd dkjxj gksxkA nwljh vksj lsDyj&gM~lu dk dguk gS fd ÞvR;ar lhfer fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k esa [krjs
88 yksd ç'kklu
fufgr gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN izfrosnuksa ds C;kSjsokj fujh{k.k dk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd v/khuLFkksa dks izsfjr ugha fd;k
tk ldsxk ;k mudh {kerk dk iwjk mi;ksx ugha gks ik,xkß ;g Hkh laHko gS fd fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k ftruk gqvk gksxk] lekns'kksa
dh tdM+u mruk gh vf/kd gksxhA blfy, fofHké ys[kd ;g ekurs gSa fd fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k rhu ls 15 ds chp gksuk pkfg,A
;|fi ys[kdksa us ;g irk yxkus dh dksf'k'k dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd fdlh ofj"B vf/kdkjh }kjk ns[k&js[k ds fy, O;fDr;ksa
dh vkn'kZ la[;k D;k gks ldrh gSA ysfdu os fdu dkj.kksa ls blesa lQy ugha gks ik, gS]a bl ckjs esa ge vkxs fopkj foe'kZ
djsxa As
fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k dk egRo (Importance)
fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k dh leL;k lksikuØe ds fl)karksa dk LokHkkfod foLrkj gSA tSlk fd geus blls igys ns[kk gS] lksikuØe
okys laxBuksa esa ,d ds ckn ,d dbZ Lrj vkSj lhf<+;k¡ gksrh gSaA izR;sd Lrj dh ftEesnkjh fdlh ,d O;fDr ij gksrh gSA
fdlh laxBu eaas fdrus Lrj gksus pkfg, ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ml laxBu esa fupys Lrj ij deZpkjh fdrus
gSa ftudh fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk gS vkSj izR;sd ofj"B vf/kdkjh fdrus v/khuLFkksa dk dkjxj <ax ls fujh{k.k dj ldrk
gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd lksikuØe vkSj fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k esa fudV dk laca/k gSA blfy, fdlh laxBu esa ,d ofj"B
vf/kdkjh ds fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k dks /;ku esa j[kdj lksikuØe esa Lrjksa ;k lhf<+;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn fdlh
ofj"B vf/kdkjh ls mldh {kerk ls vf/kd la[;k esa deZpkfj;ksa ds fu;a=k.k dh mEehn dh tk,xh rks mlls dk;Z esa foyac
gksxk vkSj vdq'kyrk c<+sxhA fdlh laxBu ds dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk mlds dkjxj fu;a=k.k vkSj fujh{k.k ij fuHkjZ djrh gSA
dksbZ Hkh laxBu bldh mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA ;fn {ks=k O;fDr {kerk ls vf/kd gksxk rks laxBu vLr&O;Lr gks tk,xkA
fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj fu/kkZfjr djus okys rRo

(Factors Determining Span of Control)
dksbZ vf/kdkjh fdrus v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ij izHkko'kkyh fu;a=k.k LFkkfir dj ldrk gS] blds fy, ywFkj xqfyd (Luther
Gulick) us pkj rRo cryk;s gSaA
1- dk;Z% dk;Z fdl <ax dk gS ;fn dk;Z esa le:irk (homogeneous) gks rks vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds dk;Z dk fujh{k.k vFkok
fu;a=k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d izeq[k bathfu;j dbZ bathfu;jksa ij izHkko'kkyh fu;a=k.k LFkkfir dj ldrk gS]
D;ksafd mlds dk;Z rFkk v/khuLFk ds dk;Z dh izÑfr ,d gh leku gSA ;fn izeq[k bathfu;j dks nwljs izdkj ds dk;Z
ds fujh{k.k dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSia k tk; rks mls le; yxsxk vkSj vlqfo/kk gksxh D;ksfa d bl dk;Z ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj
dh ekufld lajpuk (Mental Frame) dh vko';drk gksxhA dfBu rFkk vf/kd mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ dk;Z dh vis{kk
ljy rFkk fuR; izÑfr (Routine work) ds dk;Z dk fu;a=k.k vklku gksrk gSA
2- le;% le; ls rkRi;Z gS fd laxBu fdruk iqjkuk] LFkk;h vkSj tek gqvk gSA lqO;ofLFkr] iqjkus laxBu dk fu;a=k.k
u;s laxBuksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ljy gks tkrk gS D;ksafd u;s laxBu esa ijEijk dk vHkko gksrk gS vkSj fur&izfr ubZ
leL;k;sa lkeus vkrh gSaA
3- LFkku% HkkSxksfyd n‘f"V ls fc[kjs gq, v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ij fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k NksVk j[kuk iM+rk gSA blds foijhr
;fn ;s deZpkjh ,d gh Hkou vFkok LFkku ifjlj gksa rks fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k dks foLr‘r djuk iM+rk gSA
4- O;fDrRo% mPp vf/kdkjh dh {kerk (Competence) rFkk mldh O;fDrRo Hkh fu;a=k.k&{ks=k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh LQwfrZoku (Energetic) vkSj ;ksX; v/kh{kd vis{kkÑr de {kerkoku lg;ksxh dh vis{kk vf/kd {ks=k ij
izHkko'kkyh fu;a=k.k j[k ldrk gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj ifjofrZr gksrk jgrk gS vkSj bl fofHkérk ds :i esa mi;qZDr pkjksa rRo
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkekU;r;k fu;a=k.k foLrkj ds laca/kksa esa fuEufyf[kr fl)kUrksa ij lgefr ik;h tkrh gS%
1- leku dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ds ekeys esa fu;a=k.k {ks=k vis{kkÑr vf/kd foLr‘r gks tkrk gSA
2- ;ksX;re O;fDr;ksa esa Hkh fu;a=k.k vkSj fujh{k.k djus dh 'kfDr lhfer gksrh gS vkSj vlhfer {kerk dgha ugha ikbZ
tkrh gSA
3- mÙkjnkf;Ro ftruk cM+k gksrk gS] lfØ; fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k mruk gh ladqfpr gksrk gSA
fu;a=k.k&foLrkj {ks=k fuf'pr djus esa cM+s foosd ls dke ysuk pkfg,A lSdyj gMlu (Secklor Hudson) ds vuqlkj ;fn
fu;a=k.k dk {ks=k vR;Ur lhfer dj fn;k rks mlesa Hkh dbZ [krjs mRié gks ldrs gSaA ftrus Hkh izfrosnu vk,axs mudk
foLrkj ls fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xk rFkk v/khuLFkksa dks mldh {kerk dk iwjk&iwjk miHkksx djus ds fy, izksRlkgu fd;k tk
ldsxkA blds vfrfjDr NksVs fu;a=k.k {ks=k dk vFkZ gksrk gS vkKk nsus okyksa dh ek=kk x<+ tk,xhA okLro esa ;g cgqr dfBu
gS fd fu;a=k.k ds {ks=k esa ,d vkn'kZ la[;k r; dh tk,A
U;weSu ,oa lej us fu;a=k.k foLrkj dks izHkkfor djus okys fuEufyf[kr ?kVdksa vFkok rRoksa ij cy fn;k gS%
1- ;fn mPpkf/kdkjh mPp ;ksX;rk&lEié gS rks os v/khuLFkkas dh ,d cM+h la[;k ij Hkh fu;a=k.k dj ldrs gSa vFkok
fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj ladqfpr gks tk,xkA
2- ;fn mPpkf/kdkjh LFkk;h vkns'kksa&funZs'kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks mudk dk;ZHkkj dkQh gYdk gks tkrk gS vkSj
fu;a=k.k&foLrkj vf/kd gks tkrk gS D;ksafd v/khuLFkksa dks vius mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa ls ckj&ckj funsZ'k ysus dh
vko';drk ugha iM+rhA foijhr fLFkfr esa esa fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj ladqfpr gks tk,xkA
3- ;fn v/khuLFk izf'kf{kr] vuqHkoh vkSj ;ksX;rk lEié gSa rks os vius vf/kdkjh dh fcuk vf/kd lgk;rk fy, gh
larks"ktud <ax ls dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj ,sls v/khuLFkksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k ij Hkh ljyrk ls fu;a=k.k LFkkfir fd;k
tk ldrk gSA fdUrq ;fn v/khuLFk vdq'ky] vizf'kf{kr vkSj vuqHkoghu gS rks fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj ladfq pr gks tk,xk
vFkkZr~ cgqr FkksM+s ls v/khuLFkksa ij gh ,d mPpkf/kdkjh dk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djuk vlaHko gks ldsxkA
4- ;fn mPpkf/kdkjh vius v/khuLFkksa ds dk;Z dk i;Zos{k.k djus dh fy, vf/kd le; fudky ldsaxs rks fu;a=k.k dk
foLrkj vf/kd gksxkA izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd vf/kdka'k izcU/kd rFkk mPpkf/kdkjh xzkgdksa ls HksaV] cká lEidZ vkfn
esa viuk vf/kdka'k le; fudky nsrs gSa vkSj i;Zos{k.k ds fy, muds ikl cgqr de le; cprk gS ftlesa fu;a=k.k
dk foLrkj ladqfpr gksrk gSA
5- ;fn v/khuLFkksa }kjk lEié gksus okyk dk;Z egRoiw.kZ vkSj tfVy izÑfr dk gS rks fu;a=k.k foLrkj ladfq pr gks tk,xk
vFkkZr~ de v/khuLFkksa dh fØ;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k fd;k tk ldsxkA fdUrq ;fn dk;Z lkekU; egRo vkSj ljy izÑfr
dk gS rks ,d vf/kdkjh vf/kd la[;k esa v/khuLFkksa dh fØ;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k dj ldsxkA
6- ;fn LVkQ esa vkilh lg;ksx dh Hkkouk gS vkSj mPpkf/kdkjh dks LVkQ ls lg;ksx feyrk jgrk gS rks fu;a=k.k foLrkj
vf/kd gks ldsxkA fdUrq ;fn mPpkf/kdkjh dks LVkQ ls lg;ksx ugha feyrk gks] deZpkjh dk;Z&fu"iknu ds ekxZ esa
dfBukbZ;ka iSnk djrs gksa rks fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj&{ks=k ladqfpr gks tk,xkA
7- laxBu esa fodsUnzhdj.k dh ek=kk ds vuqlkj fu;a=k.k foLrkj laHko gksrk gSA ;fn fodsUnzhdj.k dh ek=kk lhfer gksxh
vkSj mPpkf/kdkjh fu.kZ;u ds ekeyksa ls my>s jgasxs rks v/khuLFkksa dh de la[;k ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk laHko gksxkA
xzsdqukt dk fu;a=k.k ds foLrkj dk fl)kUr

(Graicunas Span of Control Theory)
ch- ,l xzd
s uq kt us lu~ 1933 esa ,d ys[k izdkf'kr fd;k] ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk ^laxBu ls lac/a k* bl ys[k esa mUgkaus s v/khuLFkk
,oa mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa ds laca/kksa dh leL;k ij fopkj fd;k gSA mUgksaus ,d xf.krh; lw=k fodflr djds ;g izfrikfnr
fd;k fd tc v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gS rks xf.krh; :i esa laca/kksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA izksQslj gsesu ds
vuqlkj] mudk v/;;u vuqHko;qDr fujh{k.k ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS fdUrq 'kh"kZ ij izc/a k ds {ks=k esa ifjorZu djus ls ,d laxBu
dh D;k fLFkfr gksxh] bl ckr dk ;g xf.krh; izLrqrhdj.k gSA xzsdqukt us ;g crk;k gS fd mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vius
v/khuLFkksa ds lkFk dk;e j[kus esa ges'kk ;g ckr efLr"d esa j[kuh pkfg, fd mldk u dsoy izR;sd v/khuLFk ls
90 yksd ç'kklu
izR;{k :i ls O;fDrxr laxa/k gS cfYd mlds laca/k v/khuLFkksa ds fofHké lewgksa vkSj v/khuLFkksa ds ikjLifjd laca/kksa ls Hkh
gSA
bu laca/kksa dh la[;k izcU/kk/khu lewg dh la[;k ds lkFk&lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA xzsdqukt us eq[;r% ,sls rhu izdkj ds
laca/kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;s gSa&
1- izR;{k bdgjs laca/k]
2- izR;{k lewg laca/k] vkSj
3- vkM+s&[kM+s laca/kA izR;{k bdgjs laca/k fdlh lokZsPp vf/kdkjh vkSj mlds rkRdkfyd /khuLFkksa ds lkFk O;fDrxr ,ao
ijks{k :i ls gksrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ^d* ds rhu v/khuLFk gS&a [k] x] ?k rks ;gka rhu izR;{k lac/a k cu tk,axAs
izR;{k laca/kksa dk vFkZ gS& lokZsPp vf/kdkjh vkSj v/khuLFkksa ds izR;sd izHkkfor lewg ds e/; laca/kA ;fn bl n‘f"V
ls ns[kk tk, tks mDr mnkgj.k esa izR;sd lewg&laca/kksa dh la[;k ukS gks tk,xhA laHkkfor laca/kksa ds rhljs lewg dks
xzsdqukt us vkM+s&[kM+s laca/kksa dk ykn fn;k gSA tc ,d mPp vf/kdkjh ds fofHké v/khuLFkksa dks ikjLifjd lEidZ
djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS rks bl izdkj laca/kksa dk tUe gks tkrk gSA tc vf/kuLFkksa dh la[;k c<+us ds dkj.k
lokZPs p vf/kdkjh ds izR;{k lac/a k vuqikr lac/a k vuqikr ds vuqlkj c<+ tkrs gSa rks lewg vkSj vkM+&s [kM+s lac/a k vuqikr
ls Hkh vf/kd c<+ tkrs gSa rks lewg vkSj vkM+s&[kM+s laca/k vuqikr ls Hkh vf/kd c<+ tkrs gsaA xzsdqukt dk lw=k bl
izdkj gS%
F
G2n I
+ n − 1J
n
H2 K
;g lw=k lHkh laHko laca/kksa dh la[;k crk nsrh gS ftuesa izcU/kd dh #fp gks ldrh gS vkSj tks mlus /;ku esa j[kuh
pkfg,A ;gka n dk vFkZ gS v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k vkSj n dks bl lw=k esa yxkus ls lc izdkj ds laca/kksa dh la[;k Kkr
gks tk,xhA bl lw=k ds ifj.kkeksa dks fuEukafdr lkj.kh }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
v/khuLFkksa dh fofHké la[;k ls mRié laHkkfor lEcU/kksa dk ;ksx
v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k lEHkkfor laca/kksa dh dqy la[;k
1 1
2 6
3 18
4 44
5 100
6 222
7 490
8 1]080
9 2]376
10 5]210
bl lw=k ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k pkj gkssus ij laca/kksa dh dqy la[;k 44 gks tkrh
gSA ;fn ,d vksj v/khuLFk tksM+ fn;k tk, rks fu;a=k.k dk;Z&{ks=k ikap v/khuLFkksa dk gks tk,xkA lw=k ds vuqlkj
laHkkfor vkM+s&[kM+s laca/kksa dk ;ksx 100 gks tk,xkA bl izdkj ,d v/khuLFk tqM+ tkus ek=k ls laHkkfor laca/k
js[kkxf.krh; :i esa c<+ tkrs gSaA v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k 15 izfr'kr o‘f) djus ij laca/kksa dk dqy ;ksx 127 izfr'kr
c<+ tkrk gSA ;g o‘f) vR;Ur psrkouhiw.kZ gS vkSj izR;sd izca/kd dks] tks v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k esa o‘f) dj jgk gS]
bldk /;ku j[kuk gksrk gSA
;g lw=k gedks dsoy laHkkoukvksa dk fnXn'kZu djkrk gSA blds }kjk ;g Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd tc ,d mPp
vfèkdkjh dks cgqr ls v/khuLFk izfrosnu nsaxs rks fLFkfr fdruh tfVy cu tk,xhA okLrfod O;ogkj esa ;g rkfydk
ftu laca/kksa dk o.kZu djrh gS] os lkdkj ugha cu tkrsA fofy;e U;weSu (William Newman) dk dFku gS fd tc
,d m|e vkdkj esa c<+rk gS rks deZpkjh ,d nwljs ds lkFk mu lHkh lac/a kksa dk gh mYys[k djrk gSA ;g lc tkurs
gq, Hkh mPp vf/kdkjh v/khuLFkksa dh la[;k esa o‘f) djrs le; i;kZIr&fopkj ls dke ysrk gSA
xzzsdqukt us ckr;k fd vkM+s&[kM+s laca/kksa }kjk vf/kd tfVyrk,a mRié gks tkrh gSaA bu tfVyrkvksa dk ek=kk laxBu ds
dk;ks± dh o‘f) ds vk/kkj ij cnyrh jgrh gSA ;fn fdlh dk;Z esa v/khuLFkksa dks ijLij de laca/k j[kus dh vko';drk
gks rks ogka tfVyrk ugha c<+xs hA bl n‘f"V ls gsfeYVu dk dFku iw.kZr% lkFkZd gS fd lewg ds lnL; dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ftruk
de gksxk] lewg mruk gh cM+k gks ldrk gSA ,y- mfoZd us Hkh crk;k tkrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh lokZPs p vf/kdkjh ijLij lacfa èkr
dk;ks± okyk ikap vFkok N% v/khuLFkksa ls vf/kd dk;Z dks izR;{k :i ls i;Zosf{kr ugha dj ldrkA
lkjka'k
fu;a=k.k lhek dk fl)kUr iz'kklfud laxBu ds lkekU; ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa ,d vPNk fl)kUr gS fdUrq bls xf.kr dk
lk fl)kUr ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd fu;a=k.k fl)kUr dksBjrk ls ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
fu;a=k.k lhek mi;qZDr pkj fu/kkZjd rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
fiNys dqNd s o"kks± esa iz'kklu esa Lopkfyr midj.kksa ds c<+rs iz;ksx ds QyLo:i] fuea=k.k lhek dh vo/kkj.kk esa ifjorZu
vk x;k gSA Lopkfyr ,oa ;kaf=kd midj.kksa ds iz;ksx ls lapkj dh lqxerk ,oa o‘f) gks xbZ gSA blls le; dh cpr gqbZ
gS ,oa nwjh Hkh de gks xbZA ;kaf=kdhdj.k ls vfHkys[kksa ds HkaMkj.k] ys[kk&tks[kk rS;kj djus] lkeku dh lwph cukus]
rkfydk,¡ rS;kj djus] Ø;&foØ; djus esa lqxerk vkbZ gSA x.kd (Calculator) ,oa dEI;wVj (Computer) ds iz;ksx us
iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa Økafr yk nh gSA bu vfo"dkjksa ds iz;ksx ls mPpkf/kdkjh vc vf/kd la[;k esa v/khuLFkksa ds dk;Z dk
i;Zos{k.k ,oa fu;a=k.k dj ldrk gSA
blds vfrfjDr] vk/kqfud yksd iz'kklu vQljokn (Bossism) esa fo'okl ugha djrk gSA vkns'kd ds LFkku ij vc
fopkj&foe'kZ dks viuk;k tkrk gSA v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ls ijke'kZ fd;k tkrk gSA la;Dq r cSBdsa gksrh gSAa bl uohu i)fr
us ^vQlj&ekrgr* ds lEcU/kksa esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu yk fn;k gSA eq[; dk;Zikfydk dk vFkZ vc fu;a=k.k ,oa vkns'k u
gksdj leUo; vf/kd gSA bu ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa & ^fu;a=k.k lhek* ds fl)kUr dk egRo de gks x;k gSA
92 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&12
dsUnzhdj.k cuke fodsUnzhdj.k
(Centralization Versus Decentralization)
ßiw.kZ iz'kkldh; fu;U=k.k] ,d:irk ,oa fuf'prrk LFkkfir djus dh LokHkkfod bPNk rFkk 'kkldh; iz'kklu dks LFkkuh;
lkoZtfud Hkkoukvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj 'kklu djus dh turk dh ek¡x esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk laxBu dh ,d egRoiw.kZ
leL;k gSß1 ;s gh nks ckrsa gekjs 'kklu esa fn[kk;h nsrh gSaA ljdkj ds le{k vkt eq[; leL;k ;g gS fd dsUnzhdj.k fd;k
tk; vFkok fodsUnzhdj.kA ,d vksj fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa l'kDr o izHkko'kkyh izfrj{kk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk dh
vko';drk dsUnzhdj.k ij cy nsrh gS rks nwljh vksj lkekU; tulg;ksx ls yksdrU=k dh LFkkiuk dk vk'oklu ,oa {ks=kh;
Lok;Ùkrk dh c<+rh gqbZ ek¡x fodsUnzhdj.k dk leFkZu djrh gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx dsUnzhdj.k dk izrhd gS rks iapk;r jkt
fodsUnzhdj.k dh izo‘fÙk dkA
dasnzhdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning)
dsanzhdj.k dk vFkZ gS vkf/kdkfjd 'kfä;ksa dks laxBu ds mPp Lrj ij dsfUnzr djukA bl izo‘fÙk dk y{; gS dsUnzhÑr
dk;ZA blfy, ;g lÙkk ds fNrjko rFkk izR;k;kstu ds fl)kar ds Bhd foijhr gSA uhfr fu/kkZj.k rFkk fu.kZ; ysus dh
izfØ;kvksa ij bldk egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+rk gSA fdlh Hkh dsaUnzhÑr laxBu esa izcU/k vkSj iz'kklu ds ;s nks {ks=k mPpre
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds vf/kdkj {ks=k gSaA laxBukRed lksikuØe ds fupys Lrj ds vf/kdkjh funZs'k] lykg] Li"Vhdj.k rFkk vFkZ
fu.kZ; ds fy, ges'kk vius ls Åij ds Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSAa ;gk¡ rd fd eq[; laxBu ds {ks=kh; bdkb;k¡
;k 'kk[kk,¡ Hkh fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfä ugha j[krhA blfy, os iwjh rjg ls dsanzh; izca/kdksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA {ks=kh; bdkb;ksa
ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os dsanzh; izca/kdksa ds :i esa dk;Z djus okys eq[;ky; }kjk fn, x, iwoZ fu/kkZfjr funZs'kksa
ds vuq:i gh bu funsZ'kksa dks dk;kZfUor djsaA dsanzhdj.k ml le; rh{.k gks tkrk gS tc dksbZ laxBu ,d gh LFkku ls
dk;Z djs vFkkZr tc mldh dksbZ {ks=kh; 'kk[kk u gksA gSjYM dwUV~t (Harold Koontz) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þdsanzhdj.k dk iz;ksx
mu izo‘fÙk;ksa dk fooj.k nsus ds fy, fd;k x;k gS tks lÙkk ds fNrjko ls fHké gS---------------cgq/kk ;g foHkkxh; xfrfof/k;ks]a
lsok] izHkkxksa] ;k ,d gh foHkkx eas dasnzhdj.k dh ppkZ dh tkrh gS rks bldk vFkZ gksrk gS lÙkk dks lkSaiuk ;k jksds j[kuk
rFkk fu.kZ; ysus esa lÙkk dk fNrjko ;k teko gksukßA
bl izdkj dsanzhdj.k dks HkkSfrd lqfo/kkvksa dk teko rFkk fu.kZ; ysus okyh 'kfDr Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksas esa
izR;k;kstu dk lhfer rFkk fu;a=kd iz;ksx gh dsanzhdj.k gSA gsujh Qk;ksy (Henri Fayol) dk dsanzhdj.k vkSj fodasnzhdj.k
ds ckjs esa ;g dguk gS Þftlls v/khuLFk ds egRo eas o‘f) gks og fodsanzhdj.k gSA tks mls ?kVk;s og dsanzhdj.k gSßA
dsanzhdj.k ds ykHk (Advantages)
1- dsanzh; lÙkk dk i;kZIr fu;a=k.k&fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd dsanzh;Ñr O;oLFkk u dsoy iz'kklu easa izHkkodkjh fu;a=k.k
ds fy, vko';d gS oju~ og vn{krk] viO;; vkSj i{kikr tSlh iz'kklfud chekfj;ksa dk bykt gSA
2- iz'kklu eas ,d:irk& dasnzhdj.k ls ns'k Hkj esa iz'kklfud ,d:irk LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gS] tksfd vusd ekeyksa
esa vfuok;Z gksrh gSA
dsUnzhdj.k cuke fodsUnzhdj.k 93
3- ferO;f;rk& dsanzhdj.k ls iz'kklu esa ferO;f;rk jgrh gSA lHkh lk/ku ,d lkFk tqVk, tk ldrs gSa] eky dh [kjhn
cM+s iSekus ij ,d lkFk dh tk ldrh gSA
4- Hkz"Vkpkj esa deh& dsanzhÑr O;oLFkk esa fdlh laLFkk ds fy, leku [kjhnus o vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djus esa
vf/kdkjksa ds nq:i;ksx dh vis{kkÑr de lEHkkouk jgrh gSA iz'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj] i{kikr] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dh
xqatkb'k de gks tkrh gSA
5- dans hz dj.k ds i{k esa ,d rdZ ;g fn;k tkrk gS fd LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds ikl /ku o lk/kuksa dk vHkko jgrk gSA blfy,
Hkh mUgsa dsanz ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS] fQj D;ksa u dsanzhdj.k dks viuk;k tk;A
6- vk/kqfud le; esa ;krk;kr o lapkj ds lk/ku esa] vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh vko';drkvksa o ns'k dh lqj{kk dh
vko';drkvksa us dsanzhdj.k dh lEHkkoukvksa dks c<+k fn;k gSA
7- ladVdky ds fy, dsanzhdj.k mi;ksxh gS D;ksafd 'kh?kz fu.kZ; fy, tk ldrs gSaA
dsanzhdj.k dh gkfu (Disadvantages)
1- fu.kZ;ksa eas =kqfV dh lEHkkouk& dsanzhÑr O;oLFkk esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dks LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dk i;kZIr Kku ugha gksrk] vr%
muds fu.kZ; nks"kiw.kZ gks ldrs gSaA
2- dk;Z esas nsjh& bl O;oLFkk eas vf/kdkfj;ksa ij dk;Z dk cks> Hkh ,df=kr gks tkrk gS vr% dk;Z esas nsjh LokHkkfod
gSA
3- iz'kklu esa dBksjrk& dsanzhdj.k ls iz'kklu esa yphysiu ds LFkku ij dBksjrk vkrh gS D;ksafd LFkkuh; vf/kdkjh
LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrs gSaA
4- yky Qhrk'kkgh& D;ksafd izR;sd dk;Z dks lokZsPp vf/kdkjh ds lkeus ls xqtjuk iM+rk gS vr% yky Qhrk'kkgh esa
Hkkx ysus dk volj ugha fey ikrkA
5- vyksdfiz; 'kklu& bl O;oLFkk esa vf/kdkfj;ksa esa igy djus dh 'kfDr lekIr gks tkrh gSA turk dks Hkh iz'kklu
esa Hkkx ysus dk volj ugha fey ikrkA
6- LFkkuh; 'kklu dh mis{kk gksrh gSA fQj dsanz LFkkuh; ekeyksa esa xyr fu.kZ; Hkh ys ldrk gSA
fodsUnzhdj.k
(Decentralisation)
vkt dh O;kolkf;d tfVyrkvksa ,oa O;olk; dks c<+rs gq, Lo:i ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh miØe eas dsfUnzr O;oLFkk lEHko
ugha gSA vc O;olk; {ks=kh; u jgdj vUrjkZ"Vªh; gks x;k gS ftlesa le;≤ ij vusd tfVyrkvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA bu tfVyrkvksa ij fot; izkIr djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd O;olk; esas izR;sd Lrj ij egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus
ds dk;Z fd;s tk;sa vkSj v/khuLFkksa dks lEiw.kZ vf/kdkj o mÙkjnkf;Ro iznku fd;s tk;sAa miØe esa ,slh O;oLFkk gh vfèkdkj
lÙkk ds fodsUnzh;dj.k dh O;oLFkk dgykrh gSa bl izdkj fodsUnzh;dj.k esa mPp vf/kdkjh }kjk vius v/khuLFkksa dks
vfèkdkj ,oa nkf;Ro iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA fodsUnzh;dj.k ls vk'k; mu leLr dk;ks± ls gS ftuds }kjk v/khuLFk O;fDr
dh Hkwfedk vFkok egRo esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ tc miØe ;k laLFkku dk dksbZ mPpkf/kdkjh vius vf/kdkjksa esa ls dqN
vf/kdkj LFkk;h :i esa vius v/khuLFkksa dks HkkjkfiZr dj nsrk gS] rks ,sls vf/kdkjksa ds izR;k;kstu dks dsUnzh;dj.k dgk
tk;sxkA fodsUnzh;dj.k dk dk;Z bl izdkj izR;{k :i esa vf/kdkj lkSaius ds dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
fodsUnzh;dj.k izR;k;kstu dh gh ,d izeq[k leL;k ,oa foLr‘r :i gSaA fodsUnzh;dj.k laxBu dh og voLFkk gS ftlds
vUrxZr vf/kdkj lÙkk (Authority) ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro (Responsibility) dk izR;k;kstu vf/kdkf/kd ,oa LFkk;h :i esa gksrk
gSA la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd vf/kdkj lÙkk dk ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr ¼v/khuLFk½ dks lkSaiuk ,oa lkFk gh ml
v/khuLFk O;fDr dks ml dk;Z ds fy, ftEesnkj Bgjkuk fodsUnzh;dj.k ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA fodsUnzh;dj.k dh izeq[k
ifjHkk"kk;sa fuEufyf[kr gS&
94 yksd ç'kklu
gsujh Qs;ksy (Henri Fayol) ds vuqlkj] Þos leLr dk;Z ftuls v/khuLFk dh Hkwfedk ds egRo essa o‘f) gksrh gS] fodsUnzh;dj.k
dgykrk gSAß
izcU/k fo}ku Qs;kSy ds fopkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fodsUnzh;dj.k fØ;k esa v/khuLFkksa dks lkSia s x;s izR;sd
dk;Z ls mudh Hkwfedk ds egRo esa o‘f) gksrh gSA
dhFk Msfol (Keith Devis) ds erkuqlkj] ÞlaxBu dh NksVh ls NksVh bdkbZ rd] tgka rd fd O;kogkfjd gks] lÙkk ,oa
nkf;Ro dk forj.k gh fodsUnzh;dj.k dgykrk gSAß
yqbl ,- ,yu (Lewis A. Allen) ds vuqlkj] ÞfodsUnzh;dj.k dk vFkZ dsna hz ; fcUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr fuEure Lrjksa rd leLr
vf/kdkj lÙkk ds izR;k;kstu ds O;ofLFkr iz;klksa ls gksrk gSA fodsUnzh;dj.k mÙkjnkf;Ro ds lUnHkZ esa vf/kdkjksa ds iznku
fd;s tkus ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSAß
,y Mh ogkbV (L.D. White) ds vuqlkj] ÞmPp Lrj ls fuEu Lrj dks vf/kdkjksa dk gLrkUrj.k fodsUnzh;dj.k dh izfØ;k
gSAß
tkslsQ ,y- eSlh (Joseph L. Massie) ds vuqlkj] ÞfodsUnzh;dj.k laxBu vo/kkj.k ds :i esa] fu.kZ;u fØ;k dks laxBu
ds fuEure Lrj rd ys tkus ds dk;Z dks dgrs gSaAß
mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fu"d"kkZuqlkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd fodsUnzh;dj.k og izfØ;k gS ftlesa mPpkf/kdkjh }kjk vius
vf/kdkjksa esa ls dqN vf/kdkj LFkk;h :i ls v/khuLFkksa dks lkSais tkrs gSa] ftuesa mudh Hkwfedk ds egÙo esa o‘f) gksrh gS
vkSj os vius nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkus gsrq Lora=k fu.kZ; ysus ds vf/kdkfjh gks tkrs gSa lkFk gh mUgsa vius dk;ks± ds fy,
mPpkfèkdkjh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS&
fodsUnzh;dj.k ds y{k.k
(Charactersitics of Decentralization)
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls fodsUnzh;dj.k ds fuEufyf[kr y{k.k n‘f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa&
1- fodsUnzh;dj.k eas izcU/k ds fuEure Lrj ij vf/kdkf/kd fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA
2- izcU/k ds fuEure Lrj ij vf/kd egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSaA
3- fodsUnzh;dj.k esa laLFkk ds vf/kdka'k dk;Z izca/k ds uhps ds LrEHk ij fy;s x;s fu.kZ;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
4- fodsUnzh;dj.k vkSj v/khuLFkksa dh Hkwfedk dk egRo c<+rk gSA
5- fodsUnzh;dj.k esa lEiw.kZ laxBu dh iz'kkldh; bdkbZ dks dbZ mifoHkkxksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA
6- fodsUnzh;dj.k ls dsUnzh; LVkQ dks i;kZIr lqfo/kk jgrh gSA
7- fodsUnzh;dj.k esa v/khuLFkksa dh fØ;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k j[kus gsrq ,d lhek rd fu;a=k.k Hkh ykxw fd;s tkrs gSaA
fodsanzh;dj.k ds ykHk (Advantages)
1- fodsanzhdj.k ls iz'kkldh; 'kh"kZ ij i{kk?kkr ,oa fljksa esa jDrkYirk dh vk'kadk lekIr gks tkrh gSA lÙkk&dk;ks± rFkk
mÙkjnkf;Rokas dks forfjr djus ds Hkkj esa nch gqbZ dsanzh; lÙkk dks jkgr feyus ds lkFk&lkFk blesa {ks=kh; ,tsfUl;ksa
rFkk turk ls lEidZ j[kus okyh bdkb;k¡ etcwr curh gSaA
2- tks O;fDr iz'kkldh; dk;ZØeksa ,oa dk;ks± ls izR;{kr% izHkkfor gksrs gSa mUgsa iz'kklu ls ?kfu"V :i esa lacaf/kr gksus
ij vuqdwyrk rFkk O;ofLFkr gksus dk volj feyrk gSA
3- lÙkk ds fodsanzh;dj.k ls rqjUr dk;Zokgh dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS rFkk foyEc ,oa ykyQhrk'kkgh de gks tkrh gSA
4- v/khuLFk iz'kkldksa dks vius lk/ku rFkk vkRefo'okl dks c<+kus dk volj izkIr gksrk gS vkSj bl fLFkfr esa mUgsa vius
Lo;a ds fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro ogu djus iM+rs gSaA
5- fodsfUnzr O;oLFkk esa lEidZ laxBu ,d gh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk vuqeku djus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA laxBu dh fofHké
bdkb;ksa dks vius iz;ksx dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA
6- pkYlZoiZ ds 'kCnksa es&a ÞfodsUnzhdj.k esa ek=k iz'kkldh; dq'kyrk ds vfrfjDr dqN ykHk Hkh gSAa ukxfjd ds O;fDrxr
vkSfpR; dh Hkkouk ds fodkl ij bldk lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% blesa dqN vkfRed xq.k Hkh gksrs gSaAß
nks"k (Demerits)
1- vR;f/kd fodsanzhdj.k vjktdrk dks tUe ns ldrk gSA
2- izR;sd voLFkk esa fodasnzhdj.k iz'kkldh; dk;ks ± esa leUo; ,dhdj.k dks dfBu cuk nsrk gSA
3- deZpkfj;ksa lac/a kh dk;ks]± ctV fuekZ.k] dj&,dhdj.k ys[kkdk;Z] ;kstuk&dk;ZØe ds fuekZ.k vkfn esa iw.kZ fodsn
a hz dj.k
u rks laHko gS vkSj u gh okaNuh; gSA
4- ;krk;kr ,oa lapkj dh vR;f/kd nqzrxkeh lk/ku] vk/kqfud lqj{kk dh vko';drk,¡ vkSj vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh
vfuok;Zrk,¡ fuLlansg fodsanzhdj.k dh vis{kk dsanzhdj.k dk leFkZu djrh gSaA
5- lEiw.kZ ns'k dk jgu&lgu dk Lrj] fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk rFkk e|fu"ks/k esa ,d lh uhfr viukus dh ?kks"k.kk,¡
iz'kklu dh vfuok;Zrk ij cy nsrh gSA
fdUrq fodsanzhdj.k dks dsoy ,d lhek rd gh ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% iz'kkldh; iz.kkyh esa bl gsrq dqN vkj{k.kksa
dh O;oLFkk vko';d gSA vius dk;ks± dk foijhr djus ds iw.kZ dsUa nzh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds lacèa k esa fuf'pr
gks tkuk vko';d gSA
1- LFkkuh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ,d ls vf/kd dasUnzh; vf/kdkjh ;k dk;kZy; ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksuk pkfg,A
2- vf/kdkj {ks=k dk fu/kkZj.k cM+h lko/kkuh ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- vusd {ks=kh; laLFkkuksa dh izfØ;k,¡ ,d fo'ks"k leku Lrj dh gksuh pkfg,] ;g vko';d ugha gSa fd os ,d lh gh
gSA
4- LFkkuh; ,tsUlh dk i;kZIr ueuh; ;k yphyk HkkSfrd ,oa eukSoSKkfud <k¡pk gksuk pkfg, ftlls og laLFkk LFkkuh;
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy Lo;a dks <ky ldsA
5- {ks=kh; bdkbZ dks ,sls fu.kZ; ysus pkfg, ftudk lexz uhfr ij izHkko iM+As ifjfLFkfr mRié gksus ij mls Lo;a fu.kZ;
ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
6- rqjUr vihy dh tk lds] ,slh i)fr fo|eku gksuh pkfg,A
7- {ks=k }kjk dsUnz dks eqDr :i ls lq>ko fn, tkus pkfg,A
8- izfrosnu ,oa fujh{k.k dh leqfpr iz.kkyh }kjk dsanzh; lÙkk dks laxBu dh nwjLFk ;k {ks=kh; bdkb;ksa dk iwjk Kku
izkIr gksrs jguk pkfg,A
dsanzhdj.k rFkk fodsanzhdj.k dks izHkkfor djus okys rRo (Factors Influencing both)
dsUnzhdj.k vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k] lÙkk lapkyu ds nks Nksj gSa] blfy, ;s lkisf{kd 'kCn gSA ge fdlh ,d ,sls laxBu dh
dYiuk ugha dj ldrs tks iw.kZ:i ls dsanzhÑr ;k fodasnzhÑr gks] D;ksafd bu nksuksa ds iz;ksx ds chp Hkh lÙkk dh fujUrjrk
jgrh gSA bu nksuksa dks ,d nwljs ds iwjd esa ns[kus dh vko';drk gS] D;ksfa d bu nksuksa dk lfEeyu gh fLFkjrk] tokcnsgh]
fuiq.krk vkSj izHkkohiu ykrk gSA fdlh yksdrkaf=kd <k¡ps esa mudk iz;ksx fdlh laxBu ds mís';] thou] vkdkj rFkk lsok
dh izÑfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g dgk x;k gS fd viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus ds fy, ,d laxBu dks dqN dke djus
gh gksrs gSa tks ewy:i esa LoHkko ,oa izHkko esa dsanzhÑr gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr mudk dk;Z lÙkk ds dasnzh; fcUnq ls gh
gks ldrk gSA ,sls nks izeq[k dk;Z gSa& ;kstuk] laxBu] izsj.kk] leUo; rFkk v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj {ks=kh; bdkb;ksa ds
dk;ks± esa fu;a=k.kA tSls vk/kkjHkwr O;oLFkk dk;ks± ds ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ysuk rFkk dk;Z izkjEHk djukA bl izdkj dk;Z izkjaHk
96 yksd ç'kklu
djus rFkk fu.kZ; ysus rd mPp Lrjh;&vf/kdkjh okLrfod lÙkk dks laxBu ds dsanz esa gh fufgr j[krs gSaA nwljh rjQ
vusZLV Msy (Earnest Dale) dk dguk gS fd fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa fodsUnzhdj.k dh ek=kk vf/kd gksrh gS%
1- izcU/k lksikukØe ds fupys Lrj ij ftrus vf/kd fu.kZ; fy, tk,axs mruk gh fodsanzhdj.k vf/kd gksxkA
2- izca/k ds fupys Lrj ij fy, x, fu.kZ; ftrus vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksaxs] mruk gh fodsanzhdj.k vf/kd gksxkA mnkgj.k
ds fy, tc {ks=kh; bdkbZ dk izeq[k fcuk fdlh vU; O;fDr ls ijke'kZ fd, foÙkh; fuos'k ;k [kpZ eatwj djus dh
'kfDr j[krk gksA
3- fodsanzhÑr lÙkk ds <k¡ps esa fupys Lrj ij fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSa vkSj budk vlj laxBu ds vf/kdrj dk;ks± ij lexz
:i ls iM+rk gSA bl izdkj os laxBu tks fofHké 'kk[kk Lrjksa ij dsoy dk;kZRed fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr nsrs gSa]
mu laxBuksa dh vis{kk de fodsUnzhÑr gksrs gsa tks 'kk[kk Lrjksa ij foÙkh; ,oa dkfeZd laca/kh fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr
Hkh nsrs gSaA
4- tc fu.kZ; ij de fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk gks] fodsanzhdj.k ml le; lokZf/kd gksrk gSA tc dksbZ tk¡p iM+rky
gks u gks] tc izoj vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa dh lwpuk nsus dh vko';drk gks rks fodsanzhdj.k esa deh vk
tkrh gSA ;fn fu.kZ; ysus ls igys izoj vf/kdkfj;ksa ls ijke'kZ ysuk iM+s rks fodsanzhdj.k vkSj de gks tkrk gSA tc
de yksxksa ls ijke'kZ fd;k tk, vkSj ijke'kZ nsus okys laxBu lksikuØe esa fupys Lrj ij gksa rks fodsanzhdj.k dh
ek=kk c<+ tkrh gSA
bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd bu nks ladYiukvksa dk iz;ksx ,d ls vf/kd rRoksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA vk/kqfud le; esa tc
iz'kkldh; ,oa jktuSfrd laxBu esa fofo/krk gks rks yksxksa dks vf/kdkf/kd ykHk nsus ds fy, lÙkk ds dan
s hz Ñr ,oa fodsn
a hz Ñr
<k¡ps dks iz;ksx djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ;k yksdjkT; ds fy, t:jh rRo gSA tuer
fodsUnzhÑr iz.kkyh ds i{k esa ugha gSA fiQuj vkSj 'ksjoqM (Pfiffner Sherwood) dk dguk gS fd ßfodsanzhdj.k dks ges'kk
,d ,sls la?k"kZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxk tks leUo;u ds i{k/kj rFkk mlds fojksf/k;ksa ds chp gksrk gSA vko';d ckr ;g
gS fd ,d ,slh thou i)fr viuk;h tk, ftlesa yksx vf/kd ls vf/kd vius O;fDrxr y{; izkIr djus dk iz;kl dj
ldsa vkSj lkFk gh fHké er j[kus okys nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk feydj lkewfgd y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, dk;Z djsßA
tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS fodsanzhdj.k ds jktuSfrd ,oa iz'kklfud rRo Hkh gSa] ysfdu izcU/k eas ;k iz'kklfud
laxBuksa ds fy, fodsanzhdj.k dks ,d ,slh iz'kkldh; fof/k ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gS tks ,d fNrjk, rjhds ls fu.kZ; ysus
dh 'kfä dks vofLFkr djrh gSA blds foijhr dsanzhdj.k dks 'kh"kfdZLFk izcU/k esa lÙkk ds teko ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk
gSA bu nksuksa ladYiukvksa dh la;U=k] dkfeZd rFkk midj.k tSlh HkkSfrd lqfo/kkvksa dh n‘f"V ls foospuk djrs gq, efoZu
dksgu (Mervin Kohn) er O;Dr djrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh laxBu nksuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ iznf'kZr djrk gSA dksgu us pkj lEHkkfor
lfEefyr cuk, gSa vkSj mUgsa og Þdasnzhdj.k& fodsanzhdj.k lk¡pk ;k eSfVªDl dk uke nsrk gS bUgsa uhps izLrqr fd;k tk
jgk gS%
dsanzhÑr ¼teko½ fodsanzhÑr ¼fNrjko½
(Centralised) (Decentralised)
la;=k mRikn] lsok,¡ vkSj O;kikj dk;Z tks ,d gh mRikn] lsok,¡ vkSj O;kikj dk;Z tks fofHké
deZpkjh Hkou esa ;k ,d LFkkuhÑr {ks=k ds fofHké {ks=kksa esa fNrjk;k gqvk gS] vusd la;a=k
midj.k Hkouksa esa dsanzhÑr gSaA lapkyu] izR;sd mi bdkbZ ,d vyx
¼lqfo/kk,¡½ vfLrRo fy, gksrh gS] ;g Hkh laHko gS fd
;g Lok;Ùk] vkRefuHkZj bdkbZ gks tks
izeq[k O;kikj Lo;a djsa
lÙkk ,d=khdj.k dh mPp ek=kk vkSj izcU/k ds mPp izR;k;kstu dh mPp ek=kk vkSj izca/k ds
¼fu.kZ; Lrjksa ij fu.kZ; ysus dks cuk, j[kuk] v/khuLFk fupys Lrjksa ij fu.kZ; ysus dh leryh;
ysuk½ vf/kdkjh cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj ;k Å/oZxkeh Lora=krk] v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh
vis{kkÑr vf/kd Lora=k] ÞykHk dsUnzß
ladYiuk
bl eSfVªDl ls gesa pkj lEHkkfor lfEefyr feyrs gSaA bu lHkh esa dsUnzhdj.k rFkk fodsUnzhdj.k dh lhek vyx&vyx gSA
vc ge mu lfEefyuksa dh O;k[;k djsaxs&
1- igyk lfEefyu lqfo/kkvksa vkSj laxBukRed lksikuØe ds mPp Lrjksa ij lÙkk ds dsUnzhdj.k dh mPp ek=kk n'kkZrk
gSA bu Lrjksa ds vf/kdkjh fu.kZ; ysus rFkk fu.kZ; ds fØ;kUo;u dk O;oLFkkRed dk;Z djrs gSaA ,slk laxBu ljdkj
esa fo'ks"kr% j{kk ;k j{kk mRiknu ds i{kksa tSls& laosnu'khy fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/kr gks ldrk gS ;k fQj fons'k ea=kky;
esa dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA blesa lÙkk dk vYier ;k u ds cjkcj izR;k;kstu gksrk gS futh m|ksx esa ;g
fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k ,d ifjokj ds varxZr pyus okyh bdkb;ksa ls feyrk&tqyrk gksrk gS vkSj ftldk dk;Z {ks=k
cgqr NksVk ;k ekfydksa }kjk lqpk: :i ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA
2- nwljs lfEefyu ls ,d ,slk laxBu iSnk gksrk gS ftldh HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,¡ ,d gh LFkku ij dasfnzr gksrh gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa mRikn ;k lsok,¡ rks dsn
a hz Ñr gksrh gSa fdUrq fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr leryxkeh ;k Å/oZxkeh :i eas U;Lr gksrh
gSaA ftl Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr iznku dh tkrh gS] os izHkkoh izca/k ds fy, vius ls Åij ds
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa D;ksafd muds fu.kZ; lokZsPp izca/kdksa dh lEiw.kZ uhfr ds vuq:i gksus pkfg,A
bl izdkj dh fLFkfr lsok laLFkkvksa esa ikbZ tk ldrh gSA tSls& jkT; O;kikj fuxe ;k os laLFkk,a tks vé olwyh
ls lacaf/kr gS vkSj forj.k O;oLFkk esa layXu gSa] tSls& iatkc esa iqulqi (Punsup) dk;Z ;kstukA
3- rhljs] ,slk Hkh laxBu gks ldrk gS ftlesa HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,¡ ns'k ds fofHké fgLlksa ;k {ks=k fo'ks"k esa fLFkr fofHké
bdkb;ksa esa fNrjk;h gksrh gSa ysfdu eq[; fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr izcU/k mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl gksrh gSa bdkb;ksa dks
dsoy dqN NksVs fo"k;ksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS tSls& Nqêh ;k vfrfjDr le; HkÙkk eatwj djuk vkfnA
bl izdkj eq[; uhfr;ksa ds QyLo:i izca/k laca/kh dk;Z djus dh 'kfDr dk gh izR;k;kstu fd;k tkrk gS ftlls
os eq[; uhfr;ksa ds NksVs&NksVs i{kksa dks dk;kZfUor dj ldsaA egRoiw.kZ ,oa eq[; uhfr;k¡ lokZsPp izca/kdkas }kjk gh
fuf'pr dh tkrh gSA ;s izca/kd dsUnzh; dk;kZy; ;k eq[;ky; esa gksrs gSaA blh oxZ esa fofHké izdkj ds lkoZtfud
,oa futh ;krk;kr laxBuksa dks j[kk tk ldrk gSA
4- var esa ge ml laxBu dks j[k ldrs gSa tks iz'kkldh; fodsna hz dj.k ;k teko ;k lekIr djus ds fl)kar ij vkèkkfjr
gksrk gSA ,slk ml fLFkfr esa gksrk gS tc HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,¡ rFkk fu.kkZ;d 'kfDr nksuksa gh fofHké Lrjksa ,oa bdkb;ksa
esa fNrjk;h gqbZ ;k fodsfUnzr gksrh gSAa ,sls laxBu dks O;kid dk;Z djus gksrs gSa vkSj bdkb;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ dk;Zdkjh
Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gksrh gSA fgUnqLrku e'khu VwYl fyfeVsM dks bl oxZ esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA efoZu dksg~u (Mervin
Kohn) us tks ÞykHk dsUnzß dh ladYiuk dh gS mls blh laxBu ds uewus dk fgLlk ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g
mYys[kuh; gS fd ;g ladYiuk dsoy futh O;olk; ij gh ykxw gksrh gS tksfd vkerkSj ij ykHk ds vk/kkj ij pyrk
gSA ysfdu ljdkjh laxBu esa mRikndrk vFkok lkekftd ;k vkfFkZd miyfC/k;ksa dks ykHk ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;s
miyfC/k;k¡ iwjs ns'k ;k fdlh oxZ fo'ks"k ds fy, ykHkizn gksrh gSA
ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh ,d ;k nksuksa feJ.k ds viukuk laxBu vkSj mlds n‘f"Vdks.kksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA blds
vfrfjDr dk;ks± dh izÑfr] mRikn ,oa lsok,¡] nwjxkeh ;kstuk,¡ vkSj mRiknu ,oa forj.k dh uhfr Hkh bl fo"k; esa vkèkkj
gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj dssanzh;dj.k rFkk fodsanzhdj.k ds chp larqyu vkarfjd ,oa cká izHkkoksa ds dkj.k cnyrk jgrk
gSA vkarfjd izHkko vf/kdkjh ,oa v/khuLFkksa ds laca/kksa ij vk/kkfjr lksikuØe ds fl)kar dh vko';drk ls mRié gksrs gSaA
nwljh vksj lsok dh izÑfr Hkh bls izHkkfor djrh gSA cká izHkko ,d vksj rks xzkgd oxZ ds lkFk laca/k ij vk/kkfjr gksrs
gSa nwljh vksj ;s mls ml okrkoj.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa ftlesa dksbZ laxBu dk;Z djrk gSA eq[;r% ;g yksxksa dh ifjiDork
98 yksd ç'kklu
rFkk ns'k ds fodkl ds Lrj ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa ftlesa dksbZ laxBu dk;Z djrk gSA eq[;r% ;g yksxksa dh ifjiDork rFkk
ns'k ds fodkl ds Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA eqrkfyd (Muttalib) ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞlksikuØe dk fl)kar mu voLFkkvksa esa
vf/kd vf/kuk;doknh ugha gksrk tgk¡ laxBu ds lnL; vkSj xzkgd oxZ ml lekt ls lac) gksa tks lerkoknh ladYiuk
dks mPp egRo nsrk gksßA jktuSfrd vkSj iz'kkldh; fodsanzhdj.k dh lQyrk ds fy, fiQuj (Pfiffner) vkSj 'ksjoqM
(Sherwood) ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa fd fodsn
a hz dj.k dks okafNr ykHk ikus ds fy, cgqr /;ku nsuk iM+x
s kA blds vfrfjDr blds
fy, u dsoy fdlh laxBu ds lnL;ksa dh pkfjf=kd ifjiDork vko';d gS cfYd c‘gr lekt dh laLÑfr vkSj ml laxBu
dh mi&laLÑfr esa Hkh ifjiDork vko';d gSA
ewY;kaduu& fdUrq dsUnzhdj.k vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k ,sls fuxeukRed fl)kUr ugha gS tks izR;sd le; vkSj izR;sd LFkku ij
lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ykxw fd;s tk ldsaA bueas ifjfLFkfrtU; vuq:irk gksrh gSA tsEl MCY;w- QsLyj ds vuqlkj dsUnzhdj.k
,oa fodsUnzhdj.k ds fu/kkZj.k esa pkj rRo lgk;d gksrs gSa& mÙkjnkf;Ro] iz'kkldh; rRo] dk;kZRed rRo ,oa cká rRoA
fdlh izdkj ds fodsUnzhdj.k ds fo#) ,d rdZ iz'kkldh; mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fl)kUr gSA lÙkk ,oa mÙkjknkf;Ro dk
pksyh&nkeu dk lkFk gksrk gSA dsUnzh; lÙkk dks tc fdlh dk;Z ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tkrk gS rks mlds }kjk {ks=kh;
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks viuh Lofoosdh; 'kfDr iznku djus esa fgpduk LokHkkfod gSA QsLyj us vfHkdj.k dh vk;q] mldh uhfr;ksa
,oa i)fr;ksa dk LFkkf;rRo] mlds {ks=kh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh {kerk] xfr ,oa ferO;;rk lEcU/kh ncko rFkk iz'kkldh; n{krk
dks iz'kkldh; rRoksa ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k gSA fdlh vfHkdj.k }kjk lEikfnr fofHké izdkj ds dk;ks±] mudh rduhdh
izÑfr ,oa jk"VªO;kih ,drk dh vko';drk dks eq[; dk;kZRed rRo ekuk gSA ;g lkekU; vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gS fd lqj{kk]
fu;kstu] lapkj ,oa ;krk;kr ds gsrq jk"VªO;kih ,d:irk ds dkj.k dsUnzhdj.k vko';d gksrk gSA blds foijhr] laxBu
ds mi;qDr Lrjksa dks dk;Z&lEiknu lEcU/kh fu.kZ; djus ds vf/kdkj ljyrkiwoZd fodsUnzhr fd;s tk ldrs gsaA cgqr igys
ts- ,l- fey us LFkkuh; vfHkdj.ksa dks Þu dsoy fØ;kUo;u vfirq foLrkj ds ekeyksa esa Hkh i;kZIr fu;a=k.k nsus dhß
flQkfj'k dh FkhA cká rRoksa ds vUrxZr 'kkldh; dk;ZØeksa esa yksdfiz; lfØ; lg;ksx dh ek¡x ,oa jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk
ncko dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa ,ysfDll fM VkWdfoy (Alexis de Tocqueville) dk er m)‘r djuk
mfpr gS% ÞeS]a okLro es]a ;g dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrk fd dksbZ jk"Vª 'kklu ds mfpr ,oa 'kfDr'kkyh dsUnzhdj.k ds vHkko
esa thfor jg ldrk gSA ysfdu esjk er gS fd ftl jk"Vª esa FkksM+h&cgqr Hkh LFkkuh; Hkkouk fo|eku gksrh gS] dsUnzhÑr
'kklu O;oLFkk mls fujUrj de djds jk"Vª dks LQwfrZoku cuk;s j[kus dh {kerk j[krh gSA ,sls iz'kklu ds vUrxZr ,d
fuf'pr volj ij leLr miyC/k lk/kukas dks ,d=k djuk lEHko gksrk gSA ladV ds le; Hkys gh fot; izkIr gks tk;
fdUrq Øe'k% 'kfDrLuk;q f'kfFky gks tkrs gsaA ;g ¼dsUnzhÑr 'kklu½ i)fr fdlh O;fDr dh vLFkk;h egkurk esa iz'kaluh;
;ksx Hkys gh iznku dj ns ijUrq fdlh jk"Vª dh okafNr le‘f) esa dksbZ ;ksx iznku ugha djrhAß
izR;k;kstu 99
v/;k;&13
izR;k;kstu
(Delegation)
lÙkk dk izR;k;kstu fo'kky Lrjh; laxBuksa dk ,d lkekU; rÙo gSA vkns'k dh ,drk vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj foHkkx dh
izR;sd fØ;k dk vkjEHk usrk vFkok ^firk* ls gksuk pkfg, fdUrq ;g NksVs iSekus ds laxBu esa vFkok ,sls laxBu esa gh lEHko
gS tgk¡ vkeus&lkeus ds lEidZ lEHko gksA cM+s iSekus ds laxBuksa esa lÙkk ds izR;k;kstu dh vko';drk blfy, gS D;ksafd
fu;a=k.k ifjf/k dh lhek,¡ gksrh gSAa ;|fi dkuwuh n‘f"V ls lkjh 'kfDr laxBu ds eq[; vf/kdkjh ds ikl gh gksrh gS rFkkfi
O;ogkj esa lÙkk dks uhps 'kfDr deZpkfj;ksa rd izR;k;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd eq[; vf/kdkjh ds fy, lkjk dk;ZHkkj
laHkkyuk vlEHko gksrk gSA
izR;k;kstu dh vko';drk
(Need for Delegation)
izR;k;kstu ds fuEufyf[kr ykHkksa ds dkj.k bldh vko';drk Li"V gks tkrh gSA os ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1- izHkkoh usr‘Ro (Effective Leadership)% blls eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh dks laxBu lEcU/kh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus
ds fy, le; rFkk 'kfDr fey tkrh gSA cgqr lkjk :Vhu dk;Z uhps Lrj ij gks tkrk gS rFkk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gh
eq[; vf/kdkjh ds ikl vkrk gSA izHkkodkjh usr‘Ro dsoy izR;k;kstu ds }kjk gh lEHko gSAß O;kikj txr~ esa ,d
nq%[knk;h ckr ;g gS fd ,d O;fDr ftl dk;Z esa dq'ky gksrk gS mls Lo;a djuk pkgrk gS rFkk bl izdkj dk;Z
ds cks> esa nc dj vlQy gks tkrk gSA ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks dk;Z izR;ksftr djuk ugha vkrkAß izR;k;kstu vPNs usr‘Ro
dk igyk fl)kUr gSA
izR;kstu dh vko';drk dh vksj ckbZcy ds of.kZr eksft+t+r (Moses) rFkk tSFkzkS (Jethro) dh dFkk gekjk /;ku
fnykrh gSA eksft+t+ ds da/kksa ij 'kklu dk cgqr Hkkj Fkk rFkk tSFkzks us mls ijke'kZ fn;k fd og fdUgha ;ksX; v/khuLFkksa
dks 'kfDr;k¡ izR;k;ksftr dj nsA eksft+t+ us ijke'kZ eku fy;k Fkk lkjs btjkbZy ls ;ksX; O;fDr pqus rFkk mUgsa gtkj
O;fDr;ksa dk 'kkld] lkS O;fDr;ksa dk 'kkld] ipkl O;fDr;ksa ds 'kkld rFkk nl O;fDr;ksa dk 'kkld cuk fn;kA
os gj le; yksxksa dk fu.kZ; djrs rFkk dsoy tfVy ekeyksa dks eksft+t+ ds ikl ykrsA
lPpk la;kstd og gS ftls ;g Kkr gks fd dc rFkk D;k izR;k;ksftr djuk pkfg,A ewuh rFkk jsyh ds 'kCnksa esa]
ÞokLrfod usrk dks 'kfDr izR;k;ksftr djuk lqxe gksrk gS rFkk og bls ekSdk vkus ij 'kh?kz dj nsrk gS] fdUrq og
,d ckr ds ckjs esa lpsr jgrk gS vkSj og ;g gS fd og viuh lÙkk rFkk blesa lfEefyr mÙkjnkf;Ro dks izR;k;ksftr
ugha dj ldrkA ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk gh gS ftlds dkj.k og T;ksa gh dk;Z mlds lkeF;Z ls c<+ tk;s] og
mls rRijrk ls izR;k;ksftr dj nsrk gSA ,sls O;fDr lPps la;kstd gksrs gSa( ge mUgas tUetkr la;kstd dg ldrs
gSaA es/kkoh LokHkkfod :i ls gh bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd lekU; mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, lkewfgd dk;Zdq'kyrk
rHkh izkIr gks ldrh gS ;fn izR;k;kstu ds fl)kUr dk ikyu fd;k tk;sAß izR;k;kstu ls eq[; vf/kdkjh ds dUèkksa
ls cgqr lk vuko';d Hkkj gV tkrk gSA
2- vR;f/kd 'kS{kf.kd ewY; (Immense Educative Value)% izcU/kd dk ,d dk;Z ;g gksrk gS fd og vius v/khuLFkksa
dks izf'kf{kr djs rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro laHkkus rFkk fu.kZ; ysus dh dyk fl[kk,A bl rjg 'kfDr izR;k;kstu dk vR;fèkd
'kS{kf.kd ewY; gSA ;fn v/khuLFkksa dks lÙkk ds iz;ksx esa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k tk;s rks os laxBu ds izfr vf/kd fu"Bkoku
100 yksd ç'kklu
gks tkrs gSa rFkk yxu ls dk;Z djrs gSaA blls mudk mRlkg c<+rk gS rFkk mueas ifjJe djus dh bPNk iSnk gks
tkrh gSA
3- dBksjrk esa yphykiu (Flexibility in Rigidities)% izR;k;kstu ls dBksj dk;Zfof/k;ksa esa Hkh yphykiu vk tkrk gSA
izR;k;kstu ls dk;Zfof/k;ksa dks vko';drk ds vuqlkj <kyus esa lgk;rk feyh gsA bl ckr dks le>kus ds fy, Jh
feysV ,d jksd dgkuh lqukrs gSaA Þ,d vf/kdkjh dks ;g Li"Vhdj.k nsus ds fy, dgk x;k fd mlds LFkku ij
fouk'kdkjh vkx D;ksa yxhA ml vf/kdkjh us viuh fjiksVZ esa laHkor% dqN bl rjg dk okD; fy[kk] Þfu;eksa dk iwjh
rjg ikyu fd;k x;k Fkk Hkou ty x;kA dksbZ Hkh fu;e Hkfo"; dh izR;sd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, i;kZIr
ugha gks ldrsA izR;k;kstu ls gh lekU; mís'; dh iwfrZ gks ldrh gS ftldk laxfBr lewgksa dks ;Ru djuk pkfg,Aß
4- ferO;;rk rFkk dk;Z'kqyrk (Economy and Efficiency)% 'kfDr;ksa ds mfpr izR;k;kstu ls lsok vf/kd izHkkodkjh]
ferO;;h rFkk dq'ky gks tkrh gSA ;s ykHk Je foHkktu rFkk 'kfDr izR;k;kstu ls gh fey ldrs gSaA
ogkbZV ds 'kCnksa esa] Þdk;Z&vf/kdrk dh fLFkfr eas 'kfDr;ksa ds izR;;kstu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dk;Z mlh LFkku
ij fuiVk;k tkuk pkfg, tgk¡ iSnk gksrk gSA ukxfjdksa dh lqfo/kk ls foo'k gksdj gh cgqr ls ekeys okf'kaxVu ls
ckgj gy djus iM+rs gSAa iz'kkldh; foyEc ls cpus ds fy, dsoy ,d gh eq[;ky; ij fu.kZ; djus dh ctk, lSdM+kas
vFkok gtkjksa {ks=kh; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fu.kZ; djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dbZ ekeyksa eas uhfr rFkk dk;ZØe dks
LFkkuh; fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj <kyuk iM+rk gS] ftlds fy, {ks=kh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks dqN 'kfDr lkSaiuh iM+rh gSA
fuf'pr :i ls 'kfDr;ksa ds izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ gS {ks=kh; vf/kdkfj;ksa esa vf/kd mRlkg rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dh vfèkd
HkkoukA os dsoy okf'kaxVu ds cM+s vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fjiksVZ vFkok lUns'kokgd ek=k cudj ugha jguk pkgrsAß
izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ rFkk izdkj

(Meaning of Delegation and its Forms)
ewuh ds vuqlkj izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ gS mPp&vf/kdkjh dk fuEu&vf/kdkjh dks 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaiukA bldk vFkZ gS mPprj
vf/kdkjh }kjk vius ,tsUV vFkok v/khuLFk dks vius i;Zos{k.k rFkk fu;a=k.k ds v/khu 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaiukA dkuwuh rkSj ij
izR;k;ksftr 'kfDr lkSia us okys vf/kdkjh ds ikl gh jgrh gS fdUrq O;ogkj esa blds iz;ksx dh LohÑfr v/khuLFk rFkk ,tsUV
dks nh tkrh gSA Vsjh (Terry) ewuh ds er ls lger ugha gksrAs muds vuqlkj] ÞizR;;kstu dk vFkZ gS ,d dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh
vFkok laxBukRed ;wfuV }kjk nwljs dks 'kfDr lkSaiukA ;g uhps vf/kdkjh }kjk Åij okys vf/kdkjh vFkok cjkcj okys
vf/kdkjh dks Hkh 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaius gks ldrk gSA izR;k;kstu dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS&
¼d½ uhps dh vksj (downward) tc cM+k vf/kdkjh NksVs vf/kdkjh dks 'kfDr;k¡ lkSairk gS tSls lsYl eSustj] lsYl eSu
dks(
¼[k½ Åij dh vksj (upward) tc NksVk vf/kdkjh cM+s vf/kdkjh dks 'kfDr;k¡ lkSairk gS tSls 'ks;j gksYMj funs'kd cksMZ
dks] rFkk
¼x½ lkFkh i{k dh vksj (sideward) tc 'kfDr cjkcj ds Lrj ij lkSia h tkrh gS] tSls vÝhdu Vªkbcy ph¶l rFkk dsUnzh;
Vªkbcy lÙkk ds ekeys esa (Central Tribal Authority)ßA
izR;k;kstu dks ek=kk dh n‘f"V ls bls bl izdkj oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
¼d½ iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd(
¼[k½ l'krZ rFkk fcuk 'krZ ds(
¼x½ lh/kk vFkok e/;orhZ (direct or intermediate)A
¼d½ iw.kZ izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ gS ,tsUV dks iwjh 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaiuk] tSls] jktuf;d dks ckrphr djus ds fy, iwjh 'kfDr;k¡
lkSai dj fons'k Hkstk tkrk gSA vkaf'kd izR;k;kstu rc gksrk gS tc mls egRoiw.kZ ckrksa ij vius ns'k ls ijke'kZ rFkk
ekxZn'kZu ysuk iM+As
izR;k;kstu 101
¼[k½ l'krZ izR;k;kstu rc gksrk gS tc fdlh v/khuLFk ds dk;Z dh iqf"V mlds cM+s vf/kdkjh }kjk dh tkuh gks) ;g
fcuk 'krZ ds rc gksrk gS tc v/khuLFk dk;Z djus ds fy, iw.kZ :i ls Lora=k gksA
¼x½ izR;k;kstu vkSipkfjd rc gksrk gS tc ;g fu;eksa] mifu;eksa vFkok vkns'kksa esa fofnr gks( ;g vukSipkfjd rc gksrk
gS tc fjoktksa] ijEijkvksa vkfn ij vk/kkfjr gksA
¼?k½ izR;k;kstu lh/kk rc gksrk gS tc blds chp esa dksbZ rhljk O;fDr u gks( ;g e/;orhZ rd gksrk gS tc bls rhljs
O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk,A e/;orhZ izR;k;kstu ds mnkgj.k cgqr de feyrs gSaA ewuh blds nks mnkgj.k nsrk gSA
vejhdk ds fuokZpd e.My (Electoral College) }kjk ogk¡ ds jk"Vªifr dk pquko rFkk iknfj;ksa dh ifj"kn~ (Council
of Cardinals) }kjk iksi dk pqukoA
fdUrq bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaius okys vf/kdkjh }kjk mÙkjnkf;Ro
dks R;kxuk ugha gSa vUrr% mÙkjnkf;ro rks mlh vf/kdkjh dk gksrk gS ftlus 'kfDr;k¡ izR;k;kstu dh gqbZ gksrh gSaA
feysV ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞizR;k;kstu dk vFkZ dsoy vf/kd vFkok de foLrkjiwoZd 'kfDr;ksa dk lkSaiuk gh ugha gSa bldk
Hkko gS nwljksa dks foosd lkSia uk rkfd os vius dÙkZO;ksa dh ifjf/k esa jgrs gq, viuh cqf) dk iz;ksx dj ldsAa izcUèkdh;
usr‘Ro dks bl ckr dk mÙkjnkf;Ro laHkkyuk pkfg, fd foosd dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSAß bl izdkj
izR;k;kstu dk nksgjk Lo:i gksrk gS] ,d rks v/khuLFk dks foosd ls dk;Z djus dk vf/kdkj lkSaiuk rFkk nwljs
'kfDr;k¡ lkSaius okys vf/kdkjh dks ;g ns[kus dk vf/kdkj fd v/khuLFk vius foosd dk Bhd iz;ksx djasA
la{ksi esa] izR;k;kstu ds izeq[k rRo gSa&
(i) izR;k;kstu fu/kkZfjr <ax ls Lora=krkiwoZd dk;Z djus dk izkf/kdkj gS ijUrq izR;k;kstudrkZ }kjk fu/kkZfjr
lhekvksa ds vUnj gh(
(ii) izR;k;kstu dk }S/k Lo:i gksrk gS(
(iii) izR;k;ksftr lÙkk dks okfil fy;k tk ldrk gS] de fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok blesa o‘f) dh tk ldrh gS]
ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh tSlh ek¡x gks(
(iv) ,slh lÙkk tks O;fDr ds ikl Lo;a ugha gksrh] dks izR;k;ksftr ugha fd;k tk ldrk(
(v) izR;k;kstu lkekU; vFkok fof'k"V gks ldrk gS(
(vi) izR;k;kstu ,d dyk gSaA
izR;k;kstu ds izdkj (Kinds of Delegation)
izR;k;kstu dbZ fdLe dk gks ldrk gS tSl&s LFkkbZ ;k vLFkkbZ] iw.kZ vkaf'kd] l'krZ ;k fcuk 'krZ] vkSpkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd
vkSj izR;{k ;k vizR;{kA vc ge bu fdLeksa ij dqN foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaxsA
LFkkbZ vkSj vLFkkbZ izR;k;kstu (Permanent and Temporary)
izR;k;kstu LFkkbZ Hkh gks ldrh gSA LFkkbZ izR;k;kstu ds varxZr vf/kdkj ges'kk ds fy, lkSai fn, tkrs gSa] c'krZs fd
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lkekU; jgsaA dsoy vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh ;g vf/kdkj okil fy, tk ldrs gSaA vLFkkbZ izR;k;kstu
esa dksbZ Hkh dke djus ds fy, FkksM+s le; ds fy, gh vf/kdkj lkSais tkrs gSaA dke iwjk gks tkus ij izR;k;kstu Hkh lekIr
gks tkrk gSA bjfou gkLdsy 'kSy ds vuqlkj] ÞifjfLFkfr;kas ds vuqlkj] izR;k;kstu dh ek=kk vkSj {ks=k cnyrk jgrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, vki fdlh de ds fy, ftEesnkj O;fDr ds okil ykSVus rd mldh ftEesnkfj;k¡ fdlh vksj dks lkSai
ldrs gSAa ß
iw.kZ vkSj vkaf'kd izR;k;kstu (Total and Partial)
izR;k;kstu rc iw.kZ gksrk gS tc mlds lkFk dksbZ 'krZ ugha gksrh vkSj ftl O;fdr dks vf/kdkj lkSais tkrs gSa mls fu.kZ;
vkSj dkjZokbZ djus dk iwjk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA tc mls QSlyksa ij izR;k;kstu djus okys vf/kdkjh eatwjh t:jh gksrh
gS rks izR;k;kstu vkaf'kd gksrk gS tSls vxj fons'k Hksts x, jktuf;d dks ckrphr dk iwjk vf/kdkj gks rks iw.kZ çR;k;kstu
gS vkSj ;fn mls vafre okrkZ ls igys lykg ;k Lohd‘fr ysuh gks rks vkaf'kd çR;k;kstu gSA
102 yksd ç'kklu
l'krZ vkSj fcuk 'krZ çR;k;kstu (Condtional and Unconditional)

çR;k;kstu l'krZ Hkh gksrk gS rFkk fcuk 'krZ dk HkhA çR;k;kstu l'krZ rc gksrk gS] tc mlds lkFk 'krsZa tqM+h gksrh gS ;kfu
vf/kdkj xzg.k djus okys O;fDr ij dqN ikcafn;k¡ yxk nh tkrh gSA ;fn vf/kdrj xzg.k djus okyk O;fDr csjksd&Vksd
dkjZokbZ djus dk Lora=k gS rks fcuk 'krZ çR;k;kstu dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn v/khuLFk ds QSlyksa ij ofj"B
vf/kdkjh dh Lohd‘fr vkSj fujh{k.k vko';d gS rks l'krZ çR;k;kstu gksxk vkSj vxj og viuh le> ls dk;Z djus dks
Lora=k gS rks fcuk 'krZ çR;k;kstu gksxkA
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd çR;k;kstu (Formal and Informal)
fyf[kr fu;eksa] mifu;eksa ;k vkns'kksa ds vuqlkj fd;k tkus okyk çR;k;kstu vkSipkfjd gksrk gS tcfd jhfr&fjoktksa]
ijEijkvksa vkSj vkilh ln~Hkko ij vk/kkfjr çR;k;kstu vukSipkfjd gksrk gSA
çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k çR;k;kstu (Direct and Indirect)
çR;{k çR;k;kstu esa dksbZ fcpkSfy;k ugha gksrkA vçR;{k çR;k;kstu esa dksbZ rhljk O;fDr ;k i{k 'kkfey gksrk gSA
çR;k;kstu ds fl)kUr (Principles of Delegation)
çR;k;kstu ges'kk dqN fl)kUrksa ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA bu fl)karksa ds ikyu ds fcuk çR;k;kstu dkjxj ugha gks ldrkA
lkekU;r% vf/kdkjksa dk çR;k;kstu djrs le; fuEufyf[kr fl)kUrksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
1. çR;k;kstu Li"V :i ls gksuk pkfg,% çR;k;ksftr fd, tkus okys vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa dksbZ my>u ugha gksuh
pkffg,A ßuhfr;k¡] fu;e vkSj fØ;kfof/k bruh Li"V gksuh pkfg, fd vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx djus okys v/khuLFkksa dks
dksbZ xyrQgeh u gksAÞ
2. çR;k;ksftr O;fDr dks ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd fdrus vf/kdkj çR;k;ksftr fd, x, gSaA çR;k;kstu ds vkns'k
fyf[kr :i esa tkjh fd, tkus pkfg, rkfd ftl O;fDr dks vf/kdkj lkSais x, gSa mls çR;k;kstu dh lhekvksa dh
Li"V tkudkjh gksA
3. vf/kdkjksa dk çR;k;kstu fdlh [kkl xfrfof/k ds tfj, dqN y{; gkfly djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS% v/khuLFk
O;fDr dks brus vf/kdkj lkSais tkus pkfg, ftlls og viuk dke lgh <ax ls iwjk dj ldsA vf/kdkj xzg.k djus
okys O;fDr dks viuh bPNkuqlkj dke djus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg, vkSj çR;k;kstd dks ;g vis{kk ugha djuh
pkfg, fd og mldh bPNkuqlkj dke djsxkA v/khuLFkksa dks mudh {kerk ds vuqlkj lHkh vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Ro
lkSais tkus pkfg,A
4. vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Ro leku gksus pkfg,% vf/kdkjksa ds tfj, v/khuLFk fu/kkZfjr dk;Z iwjs djus ds fy, QSlys ysrs
gSa vkSj mudk ikyu djkrs gSa tcfd nkf;Roksa ds vUrxZr ml ij vius vf/kdkjksa ds tfj, bu xfrfof/k;ksa dks pykus
dh ftEesnkjh vk tkrh gSA ßnkf;Roksa ds fcuk vf/kdkj vkSj vf/kdkj ds fcuk nkf;Ro fujFkZd gSaAÞ vr% vf/kdkjksa
vkSj nkf;Roksa esa lekurk vkSj rkyesy gksuk pkfg,A
5. ofj"B vf/kdkjh dk iw.kZ nkf;Ro% pwafd iwjs nkf;Roksa dk çR;k;kstu ugha fd;k tkrk vr% flQZ vius v/khuLFkksa dks
vius vf/kdkj lkSia nsus ls gh dksbZ ofj"B vf/kdkjh viuh lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa dh ftEesnkjh ls cp ugha ldrkA çR;sd
v/khuLFk vius dks lkSaih xbZ xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, ofj"B vf/kdkjh ds çfr tokcnsg gksrk gSA ysfdu dksbZ Hkh ofj"B
vf/kdkjh viuh iwjh ftEesnkjh ls ugha cp ldrkA
6. çR;k;kstu lekns'k dh ,drk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS% vFkkZr~ ,d v/khuLFk dk ,d gh ofj"B vf/kdkjh ds
çfr tokcnsg gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlh ls vf/kdkj çkIr djus pkfg,A ofj"B vkSj v/khuLFk ds chp lh/ks laca/k ls Hkze
vkSj xyrQgeh nwj gks tkrh gSA ,d ofj"B vf/kdkjh ds çfr tokcnsg ls funs'Z kksa esa fHkUurk dh leL;k de gks tkrh
gS vkSj urhtksa ds fy, vf/kd ftEesnkjh dh Hkkouk iuirh gSA blds foijhr ftEesnkjh iwjh rjg fuf'pr ugha dh
tk ldrh vkSj ofj"B vf/kdkjh ds vf/kdkjksa dks pksV igq¡prh gSA
izR;k;kstu 103
7. lEidZ dh lqpk: O;oLFkk% ßvFkkZr~ çR;k;kstu ds ckn Hkh v/khuLFk dks] vko';drk iM+us ij] ç'kkld ls feyus
vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ djus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A ç'kkld dks v/khuLFkksa ds ekxZn'kZu gsrq lnSo rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
çR;k;ksftr dk;Z esa Hkwy djus ij v/khuLFk dks Mk¡Vus&QVdkjus ds ctk; mldh enn djuh pkfg, vkSj t:jh
lykg nsuh pkfg,A
8. çR;k;kstu ds ckn leh{kk gksuh pkfg,% çR;k;ksftr dk;Z iwjk gks tkus ds ckn v/khuLFk ds dk;Z dh leh{kk dh
tkuh pkfg,A pwafd vf/kdkj Åij ls uhps tkrs gSa vr% Åij ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fu;a=k.k j[kuk pkfg, rkfd ;g
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd ijLij fojks/kh uhfr;ksa ls dk;ZØe dk uqdlku u gksA blds fy, lqpk: lwpuk O;oLFkk
gksuh pkfg,A blls ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa dks v/khuLFkksa dh çxfr dh leh{kk dk volj feysxkA
9. çR;k;kstu lqfu;ksftr vkSj O;ofLFkr gksuk pkfg,% fdlh Hkh laxBu ds çca/ku esa çR;sd in ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj
nkf;Rokasa dk Li"V fu/kkZj.k gksuk pkfg, vkSj çR;k;kstu fdlh O;fDr dks ugha] in dks fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
çR;k;kstu ds mijksDr fl)kUrkssa ds gksrs gq, Hkh ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd çR;k;kstu ,d dfBu çfØ;k gS ftldk dksbZ
lVhd fl)kUr ugha gSA mijksDr fl)kUr flQZ ç'kkldksa ds ekxZn'kZd ds fy, gSa vkSj os gj etZ dh nok ugha gSA
çR;k;kstu esa vM+pusa (Hurdles of Delegation)
blesa lansg ugha gS fd lHkh laxBuksa esa çR;k;kstu dh vge~ Hkwfedk gS fdUrq vDlj ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd ofj"B vf/kdkjh
vf/kdkjksa dks nwljksa dks lkSia us esa fgpdrs gSAa okLro esa çR;k;kstu dh fofHkUu vM+puksa dks nks lewgksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA
1. laxBukRed] vkSj
2. O;fDrxrA
1. laxBukRed vM+pusa (Organisational Hurdles)
i. LFkkfir rjhdksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk vHkko% çR;k;kstu dh lQyrk ds fy, vko';d gS fd vf/kdkjksa ds
çR;k;kstu ds fy, fuf'pr çfØ;k;sa gksaA lqLFkkfir fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa ls çR;k;kstu djuk vklku gks
tkrk gSA
ii. leUo; vkSj lEidZ dk vHkko% leUo; laxBu dk cqfu;knh fl)kUr gSA mlds fcuk dksbZ laxBu dke ugha
dj ldrkA fdUrq leUo; ds fy, laxBu dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa ds chp fudV lEidZ vko';d gSA mlds fcuk
u çR;k;kstu gks ldrk gS vkSj u leUo;A
iii. vfLFkj vkSj vukorhZ dk;Z% çR;k;kstu ds fy, fLFkjrk ije vko';d gSA fLFkj vkSj iqujko‘fÙk;qDr dk;ksZa
esa çR;k;kstu vf/kd lgt gksrk gSA
iv. laxBu dk vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr% dHkh&dHkh laxBu dk vkdkj vkSj mldh bdkb;ksa dh fLFkfr Hkh çR;k;kstu
esa ck/kd cu tkrs gSaA cM+s vkSj QSys gq, laxBuksa esa çR;k;kstu dh vko';drk c<+ tkrh gSA
v. Li"V inksa ds vHkko vkSj dÙkZO;ksa rFkk vf/kdkjksa ds çR;k;kstu dh vfuf'pr 'krksZa ds dkj.k HkzkfUr QSyrh gS
vkSj vf/kdkjksa ds çR;k;kstu ij xyr vlj iM+rk gSA
2. O;fDr dh vM+pusa (Human Hurdles)
O;fDrxr dkjd Hkh çR;k;kstu esa ck/kd gksrs gSaA buesa lÙkk ij fu;a=k.k j[kus dk vge~ gj dke dk lsgjk vius
flj ca/kokus dh ço‘fÙk] v/khuLFkksa dh vksj ls oQknkjh u feyus dh vk'kadk] çR;k;kstu djus okys vf/kdkjh ;k
O;fDr esa HkkoukRed ifjiDork dh deh] D;k vkSj dSls çR;k;ksftr fd;k tk,] bl tkudkjh dk vHkko] vius ls
Å¡ps vf/kdkfj;ks]a fo/kkf;dk ;k turk ds çfr tokcnsgh dk Hk; vkfn dkjd 'kkfey gSAa ts-,e- fiQu: ds vuqlkj
fuEufyf[kr ekuoh; dkj.kksa ls v/khuLFkksa dks vf/kdkj lkSais tkus dh çfØ;k esa ck/kk iM+rh gS%
i. lksikuØe ls usr‘Ro dh fLFkfr esa igq¡pus okys O;fDr;ksa esa vge~ lkekU; ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
ii. mUgsa Mj jgrk gS fd nwljs lgh fu.kZ; ugha dj ik,¡xs ;k mUgsa lgh <ax ls ykxw ugha dj ik,¡xsA
104 yksd ç'kklu
iii. mUgsa Hk; jgrk gS fd çHkko'kkyh v/khuLFkksa esa oQknkjh dh deh gksxh ;k os fojks/kh cu tk,¡xsA
iv. etcwr] cgqr mRlkgh vkSj rsth ls dke djus okys O;fDr] v/khuLFkksa dh /kheh xfr vkSj vfuf'prrk ls /kS;Z
[kks cSBrs gSaA
v. yksd ç'kklu esa vDlj jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls Hkh çR;k;kstu eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
vi. ekuo dk vf/kuk;doknh ço‘fÙk vkSj iSr‘d usr‘Ro dk xq.k fojklr esa feyk gS] vr% çR;k;kstu dh çfØ;k dqN
gn rd lkaLd‘frd cnyko ij fuHkZj gSA
vii. çR;k;kstu ds fy, HkkoukRed ifjiDork vko';d gS tks vDlj cgqr lQy O;fDr;ksa esa Hkh eqf'dy ls ns[kus
dks feyrh gSA
viii. usr‘Ro ds xq.kksa ¼O;fDr ds os xq.k vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡ tks nwljksa dks vkdf"kZr djrs gS½a vkSj çR;k;kstu dh ladYiuk
esa dksbZ rkyesy ugha gSA lQyrk ds fy, ç;Ru'khy yksxksa dks viuh mifLFkfr dk vglkl djuk pkfg,A
ix. çR;k;kstu ds bPNqd O;fDr ;g ugha tkurs fd çR;k;kstu dSls djsaA
x. os ;g ugha tkurs fd çR;k;kstu fdl gn rd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds nks dkj.k gSa&
¼v½ laxBu vkSj çca/ku dh dyk vHkh ifjiDo ugha gqbZ gS] vkSj
¼c½ muds vuqHko us mUgsa vuns[kh djuk ugha fl[kk;k gS D;ksafd vf/kdka'k laxBuksa esa çR;k;kstu dh çfØ;k
ugha viukbZ tkrhA
bu vM+puksa ds vykok ,d vkSj çeq[k vM+pu gS v/khuLFkksa }kjk çR;k;kstu Lohdkj u djukA blds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k
gks ldrs gSa&
1. vkykspuk dk Hk;
2. vPNk dke djus ds fy, vko';d tkudkjh vkSj lalk/kuksa dk vHkko
3. çR;k;ksftr vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx djus vkSj lgh fu.kZ; ysus ds vkRefo'okl dk vHkko
4. igy vkSj xfr'khyrk dk vHkko vkSj
5. {kerk ls vf/kd dk;Z lkSai fn;k tkukA
blesa lansg ugha fd çR;k;kstu esa mijksDr leL;k,¡ vkrh gSa fdUrq fdlh laxBu esa çR;k;kstu ds egÙo dks udkjk ugha
tk ldrkA dksbZ Hkh laxBu çR;k;kstu vkSj voØe.k ds fcuk dke ugha dj ldrkA pwafd çR;k;kstu ije vko';d gS]
vr% bu pqukSfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus dk ,dek=k jkLrk ;gh gS fd tgk¡ rd gks lds buesa deh dh tk,A laxBukRed
leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, mfpr çfØ;kvksa vkSj rjhds r; fd, tkus pkfg,a vkSj vf/kdkjksa ds çR;k;kstu vkSj
nkf;Roksa ds fuokZg ds le; lcdks budk ikyu djuk pkfg,A laxBuksa dks ,slh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, ftlesa laxBu ds
lksikura=k esa fofHkUu inksa ij rSukr yksxksa ds dÙkZO;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dk Li"V fu/kkZj.k gksA laxBu esa ç'kklu ds fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij leUo; vkSj lEidZ dh mfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
fiQu: us çR;k;kstu dks dkjxj cukus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; lq>k, gSa%
1. nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djus esa l{ke v/khuLFkksa dk p;u djsa]
2. çR;sd dh ftEesnkfj;k¡ Li"V djs]
3. mUgsa buds fy, çf'k{k.k nsa]
4. lkekU; uhfr;k¡ r; djds mUgsa iwjs laxBu esa çpkfjr djsa]
5. fØ;kRed vkSj O;oLFkk laca/kh çfØ;kvksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd ekudhdj.k djus dh ps"Vk djsa]
6. dk;Z fo'ys"k.k] laxBukRed v/;;u] ctV fu;kstu] dk;Z çxfr v/;;u vkSj O;oLFkk rFkk çfØ;kvksa ds ljyhdj.k
tSlk çca/ku fu;kstu dk dk;Z fujUrj djsa]
izR;k;kstu 105
7. fuxjkuh dh ,slh O;oLFkk djsa tks Lor% gh [krjs dk ladsr nsus yxs]
8. lewps lksikura=k esa Åij] uhps vkSj gj fn'kk esa tkudkjh ds vknku&çnku dh O;oLFkk djsaA
çR;k;kstu dh lhek,¡ (Limitations of Delegation)
lHkh laxBuksa esa çR;k;kstu dh vfuok;Zrk ds ckjs esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fdUrq fdlh Hkh çeq[k vf/kdkjksa dks vius lHkh
vf/kdkj çR;k;ksftr djus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk ldrhA lHkh vf/kdkjksa ds çR;k;kstu ls ml vf/kdkjh dh mifLFkfr
fujFkZd gks tkrh gSA ;|fi çR;k;kstu dh lhek] ifjfLFkfr] laxBukRed <k¡ps vkSj mnkgj.k fo'ks"k ds vuqlkj cnyrh
jgrh gS fdUrq dqN lhek,¡ cgqr Li"V gSaA ,e-ih- 'kekZ ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkjksa dk çR;k;kstu ugha fd;k tk
ldrk%
1. çFke iafDr ;k rkRdkfyd v/khuLFkksa ds dk;Z dk fujh{k.k]
2. vke&foÙkh;&fujh{k.k vkSj fuf'pr jkf'k ls vf/kd [kpZ dh Lohd‘fr dk vf/kdkj]
3. ubZ uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dks Lohd‘fr nsus vkSj LFkkfir uhfr;ksa ;k O;oLFkkvksa ls gVus dh vuqefr dk vf/kdkj]
4. fu;e cukus dk vf/kdkj] tgk¡ bls çR;k;ksftr vf/kdkjh dks lkSaik x;k gks]
5. fu/kkZfjr mPp Lrj dh fu;qfDr;ksa dk vf/kdkj]
6. de ls de rkRdkfyd v/khuLFkksa ds QSlyksa ij vihy dh lquokbZ dk vf/kdkjA
bu vf/kdkjksa ds fcuk çeq[k vf/kdkjh laxBu ij dkjxj fu;a=k.k ugha j[k ldrkA buds fcuk og fuf"Ø; gks tk,xkA
çR;k;kstu ds dqN fl)kUr gS ftuds fcuk vf/kdkjksa dk dq'ky vkSj dkjxj çR;k;kstu gksrk gSA çR;k;kstu fyf[kr :i
esa vkSj Li"V :i esa fufnZ"V gksus pkfg,A çR;k;kstu O;fDr dks ugha in dks gksuk pkfg,A çR;k;kstu fu;ksftr vkSj
O;ofLFkr gksuk pkfg,A iw.kZ çR;k;kstu lEHko ugha gS vr% mrus gh vf/kdkj lkSais tkus pkfg, ftruh v/khuLFk dh {kerk
gksA lwpuk vkSj leh{kk dk çko/kku gksuk pkfg,A uhfr;kasa] fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk Li"V mYys[k gksuk pkfg,] rkfd
v/khuLFkksa dks lkSais x, vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa fdlh rjg dk vleatl u jgsA
çR;k;kstu esa laxBukRed vkSj O;fDrxr nksuksa rjg dh leL;k,¡ vkrh gSaA rjhdksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk vHkko] leUo; vkSj
lEidZ ds lk/kuksa dk vHkko] laxBu dk vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr rFkk O;fDrxr dkjd tSls vge] vf/kdkjksa ij dCtk j[kus
dh ço‘fÙk HkkoukRed vifjiDork rFkk vf/kdkjksa dk çR;k;kstu u djus dh bPNk vkfn çR;k;kstu dh eq[; vM+pusa gSaA
iw.kZ çR;k;kstu u vko';d gS u O;kogkfjd vkSj u gh eq[; vf/kdkjh vkSj laxBu ds fgr esa gSA bldh dqN lhek,¡ gSaA
foÙk] leh{kk] uhfr fu/kkZj.k vkSj fu;kstu] vf/kdkjksa vkSj vuqfpr QSlyksa ds fo:) vihy vkfn ds vf/kdkjksa dk çR;k;sktu
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
çR;k;kstu çcU/ku dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ leL;k gSA dksbZ Hkh laxBu çR;k;kstu ds fcuk dke ugha dj ldrkA lkekU;r%
çR;k;kstu dk vFkZ gS mPp Lrj }kjk fupys Lrj dks dqN vf/kdkj lkSaiukA vFkkZr~ fuf'pr mís';ksa ds fy, nwljksa ds
vf/kdkj vkSj dÙkZO; fuf'pr djukA çR;k;kstu vifjorZuh; ugha gksrkA çR;k;kstd vius vf/kdkj okil Hkh ys ldrk
gSA çR;k;kstu dbZ çdkj dk gks ldrk gSA LFkkbZ vkSj vLFkkbZ] iw.kZ vkSj vkaf'kd] l'krZ vkSj fcuk 'krZ] vkSipkfjd vkSj
vukSipkfjd rFkk çR;{k vkSj vçR;{kA
lHkh laxBuksa ds fy, çR;k;kstu dh vko';drk fdlh ls fNih ugha gSA blls dk;Z ds foHkktu vkSj laxBukRed çfØ;kvksa
ds lapkyu esa tfVyrkvksa dks de djus esa enn feyrh gSA uhfr fu/kkZj.k vkSj fu;kstu ds fy, vf/kd le; feyrk gSA
bldk 'kSf{kd egÙo Hkh gS vkSj v/khuLFkksa dks lkgl vkSj dq'kyrk ds lkFk vius nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djus dk volj feyrk
gSA laxBu dh dk;Zç.kkyh esa yphykiu vkrk gSA deZpkfj;ksa dk eukscy Å¡pk mBrk gS vkSj laxBu dk ç'kklu lqpk:
:i ls pyrk gSA
106 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&14
leUo;
(Co-ordination)
leUo; laxBu dk çFke fl)kar gSA ;g çca/k dk Hkh çFke fl)kar gSA vr% vk/kqfud ç'kklu dh ;g cgqr egÙoiw.kZ leL;k
Hkh gSA dqN ys[kd rks çca/kd ds LFkku ij leUo;drkZ 'kCn ds ç;ksx ds leFkZd gSaA fQj Hkh] ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd
leUo; rks dsoy lk/; dh vksj ys tkuk okyk ,d lk/ku ek=k gS] og Lo;a lk/; ugha gSA U;weu S ds 'kCnksa ß;g dksbZ i‘Fkd~
fØ;k ugha gSAÞ leUo; dh vko';drk fuEu rhu dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA
1. fdlh laxBu dh bdkb;ksa ;k deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Z esa vfrPNknu ;k >xM+ksa ls cpko ;k fuiVkjk djukA
2. dk;Z ds vU; igyqvksa dh mis{kk djds ,d gh igyw ij vR;f/kd /;ku nsus dh çd‘fr dks jksduk ;k fu:Rlkfgr
djukA
3. fdlh vfHkdj.k dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa esa fo|eku vf/kdkj fyIlk ;k lkezkT;&fuekZ.k dh çd‘fr dks jksdukA
fo}rtu leUo; dks yksd ç'kklu vkSj çca/k ds vfr egÙoiw.kZ fl)karksa esa ls ,d ekurs gSaA dqN fo}ku rks çca/kd ds
LFkku ij leUo;drkZ 'kCn ds ç;ksx ds leFkZd gSa] ijarq voLFkh vkSj ekgs'ojh dk ekuuk gS fd leUo; rks dsoy lkg;
dh vksj ys tkus okyk ,d lk/ku ek=k gS] og Lo;a esa lkg; ugha gSA
U;weSu ds 'kCnksa esa ß;g dksbZ i‘Fkd~ fØ;k ugha gS cfYd ,d ,slh voLFkk gS tks ç'kklu esa je xbZ gSAÞ leUo; dh
vko';drk fuEu rhu dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrh gS%
1. fdlh laxBu dk bdkb;ksa ;k deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;ksZa esa vfrPNknu (overlapping) ;k >xM+ksa ds cpko ;k fucVkjk
djukA
2. dk;Z ds vU; igyqvksa dh mis{kk djds ,d gh igyw ij vR;f/kd /;ku nsus dh çd‘fr dk jksduk ;k fu:Rlkfgr
djukA
3. fdlh vfHkdj.k dh fofHkUu bdkb;kssa esa fo|eku vf/kdkj&fyIlk ;k lkezkT;&fuekZ.k dh ço‘fÙk dks jksdukA
vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definitions)
laxBu dh egÙoiw.kZ leL;kvksa esa ls ,d leUo; dh leL;k gSA fdlh laxBu esa eq[;&çca/kd dk ;g dk;Z gS fd og
ns[ks fd laxBu esa Bhd dk;Z gks jgk] dksbZ Hkkx ogha dk;Z rks ugha dj jgk gS ftls nwljk igys ls gh dj jgk gS] dksbZ
deZpkjh ijLij fojks/kh dk;Z u djsa] vkSj laxBu dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa esa Hksn u gks] blh dks rduhdh Hkk"kk esa leUo; ;k
rkyesy dgrs gSaA ;g Je&foHkktu ds foijhr gS D;ksafd Je&foHkktu O;fDr lewg dks fdlh laxBu esa ,d dk;Z dks
djus ds fy, fofHkUu bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vrk gS] tcfd leUo; bu bdkb;ksa ds ç;klksa dks tksMr+ k gS fdlh laxBu dh lQyrk
vlQyrk] laxBu ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA ogh vf/kdkjh dq'ky ç'kkld o çca/kd gks ldrk gS tks vius deZpkfj;ksa ds
dk;ksZa esa vf/kdkf/kd leUo; mRiUu djrk gSA
la{ksi esa] leUo; dk vFkZ laxBu ds fc[kjs Hkkxksa dks feykuk gSA leUo; ds nks igyw gSa&fu"ks/kkRed vkSj fo/ks;kRed
(Positive), fu"ks/kkRed :i esa leUo;] laxBu esa dk;Z ds nqgjsiu dks jksdrk gS vkSj fo/ks;kRed :i esa leUo; laxBu esa
yxs deZpkfj;ksa esa fey&tqy dj o lg;ksx ls dk;Z djus dh ço‘fÙk dks fodflr djrk gSA
leUo; 107
lsdyu gMlu
gMlu&ßleUo; dk;Z ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks vkil esa lacaf/kr djus dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ fØ;k gSAÞ
ewus &ßfdlh y{; dh çkfIr ds fy, mi;qDr gksusokys ç;Ruksa esa dk;ksZa dh ,drk vkSj mudh Øfed :i ls laxfBr djus
dks gh leUo; dgrs gSaAÞ
Vsjhh&ßleUo; laxBu dh bdkb;ksa dk ,d nwljs ds lkFk lkeatL; djuk gS] ftlls çR;sd bdkbZ lexz mRiknu ds fy,
viuk vf/kd ls vf/kd ;ksxnku dj ldsAÞ
U;weSu&ßleUo; ç;Ruksa dk ,d ,slk O;ofLFkr lkeatL; gS ftlls fdlh dk;Z ds fu"iknu dk mfpr ifj.kke] le; rFkk
funsZ'ku çkIr gksrk gS] QyLo:i fdlh dfFkr mís'; ds fy, lkeatL;iw.kZ vkSj ,dhd‘r fØ;k,¡ laHko gks tkrh gSAÞ
OgkbV&ßleUo; ,d Hkkx ds dk;ksZa dk nwljs Hkkx ds dk;ksZa ls rkyesy cSBkus dh fØ;k dks dgrs gSa vkSj mldh
OgkbV
xfrfof/k;ksa ls bl çdkj ls rkyesy cSBk;k tkrk gS ftlls os iw.kZ dh mRifÙk esa viuk vf/kdre lg;ksx çnku dj ldsAa Þ
pkYlZ cFkZ&ßleUo; vusd Hkkxksa dk ,d O;ofLFkr iw.kZ ,dhdj.k gS ftlls m|e ds y{;ksa dk çkIr fd;k tk ldsAÞ
uhxks &ßleUo; ls rkRi;Z gS fd fdlh Hkh laxBu fofHkUu vax çHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls ,d lkFk dke djrs gSa vkSj blds }kjk
tks dke lEiUu gksrk gS og fcuk la?k"kZ vfrO;kiu ;k nksgjko ds gksrk gSAÞ
leUo; vkSj lg;ksx esa varjj&leUo;] lg;ksx dky dh ç;k;Zokph ugha gSA lg;ksx cjkcj ds O;fDr;ksa vFkok bdkb;ksa
ds chp ijLij gksrk gS tcfd leUo; mPp vf/kdkjh v/khuLFkksa esa djrk gSA Vsjh ds 'kCnksa esa ßlg;ksx lk>s mís'; ds
fy, ,d O;fDr dk nwljs O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;kssa ds lkFk lkewfgd dk;Z djuk gSAÞ bl çdkj lg;ksx HkkoukRed fØ;k
gS tcfd leUo; ,d ckSf)d] dk;ZØec) vkSj vkSipkfjd fØ;k gSA
leUo; dh fo'ks"krk;sa
(Characteristics of Co-ordination)
leUo; dh mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls bldh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa Li"V gksrh gS&
1. leUo; ,d O;oLFkkid çfØ;k gSA
2. blds vUrxZr laLFkk ds lHkh ç;Ruksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
3. ;g çcU/k dk ,d vko';d dk;Z gSA
4. ;g miØe ds mi&çcU/k dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA
leUo; ds çdkj (Types of Co-ordination)
1. vkUrfjd vFkok dk;kZRed% blds varxZr laxBu ds Hkhrj dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds dk;Z&dykiksa esa leUo;
djuk gSA
2. cká vFkok LVªDpjy% yksdra=k esa ç'kklfud laxBu dks cká laLFkk,¡ Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSa tSls&ljdkjh uhfr;k¡
nckoxqV] yksder] jktuhfrd ny vkfnA bu lcds lkFk rkyesy cSBkuk cká leUo; gSA
mi;qZDr nksuksa çdkj ds leUo; yEcor~ vksj lery gks ldrs gSaA yEcor~ leUo; esa mPp vf/kdkjh vius v/khuLFkksa ds
dk;ksaZ dk leUo; djrk gSA lery leUo; og gS ftlesa leku Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp ijLij leUo; gksrk gSA blesa
dk;Z djus dh vko';drk vkSj LosPNk ls leUo; gksrk gSA fdlh çkf/kdkj ls ughaA
leUo; ds vko';d rRo
çks- xzsCt ds vuqlkj leUo; ds vko';d rRo bl çdkj gSa%
1. vU; vfHkdj.kksa ds dk;ksZa ls ifjp;
2. vukSipkfjd tku&igpku
3. HkkSfrd lehirk
108 yksd ç'kklu
4. fof'k"V mís';
5. dke esa Hkkx ysus okyksa dh la[;k lhfer gksA
çks- ,y- cksuZ ds vuqlkj leUo; ds 6 rRo gSa%
1. leUo; djus okys deZpkjh
2. lfefr;ksa vkSj lEesyu
3. vuqn's k
4. çfrosnu
5. çf'k{k.k
6. uhfr
leUo; ds lk/ku ;k rjhds (Means of Co-ordination)
1. fu;kstu% fu;kstu leUo; dk ,d vPNk lk/ku gSA fu;kstu }kjk fu/kkZfjr y{; ds fy, le;] lk/ku] lkexzh vkfn
igys gh fu/kkZfjr dj yh tkrh gSA çR;sd bdkbZ ds y{; fuf'pr ifj.kke esa fuf'pr dj fn, tkrs gSaA fu;kstu
}kjk leUo;drkZ dks irk jgsxk fd fdl bdkbZ dks fdruk dk;Z iwjk djuk gS o fdruk [kpZ djuk gSA
2. eaf=keaMy vkSj eaf=keaMyh; lfpoky;% eaf=keaMy vkSj mldk lfpoky; Hkh leUo; LFkkfir djus dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
lk/ku gSA ljdkj ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa rkyesy j[kus ds fy, eaf=keaMyh; lfpoky; egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gSA
3. fØ;kvksa dk ewY;kadu% laxBu dh fØ;kvkasa] jhfr;ksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk le;≤ ij fd;k tkus okyk ewY;kadu
Hkh leUo; esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
4. foÙk ea=kky;% foÙk ea=kky; }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k okf"kZd ctV ljdkj ds lk/kuksa] [kpZ vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa leUo;
ykrk gS ctV cukrs le; vkSj fØ;kfUor djrs le; foÙk çHkkoh Lohd‘fr ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh fØ;kvksa
ds chp leUo; djrk gSA
5. dsanzh; ns[kHkky dh fØ;k,¡% dsanz dh dqN gkml dhfiax ,tsfUl;ksa Hkh leUo; LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr esa egkys[kk ijh{kd ds v/khu ys[kk o ijh{kk lsok,¡ dsna hz ; yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx ds v/khu Hkouksa
dk fuekZ.k] vkfn leUo; ds rjhds gSaA
6. lapkj Hkou% lapkj lk/kuksa ls tkudkjh çkIr djuk] leL;kvksa dks tkuuk vkSj le; ij funsZ'k nsuk ljy gks tkrk
gSA gSesu ds 'kCnksa esa ßvPNs laapkj fofHkUu fØ;kvksa ds leUo; esa vrqyuh; lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaAÞ
7. laxBukRed rjhds% ;fn laxBu vius vki esa iw.kZ gS rks leUo; dh dksbZ leL;k ugha jgrhA OgkbV ds vuqlkj
ßlaxBukRed rjhdksa dks laLFkkxr :i çnku djds leUo; vkSj Hkh ljy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lEesyu] varfoZHkkxh;
cSBdssa] lfefr;ksa] deZpkjh oxZ dh bdkb;k¡ vkfn ,sls rjhds gSa ftuds }kjk laxBu ds erHksnksa dks nwj djds leUo;
fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa ç/kkuea=kh] çk;% eq[;eaf=k;ksa dk lEesyu cqykrs gSa ftlls uhfr laca/kh rFkk vU; lk>s
fo"k;ksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djds leUo; fd;k tk ldsA
8. vukSipkfjd lk/ku% leUo; ds mi;qZDr rjhdksa ds vykok] vukSipkfjd rjhds Hkh gSa tSls&
i. O;fDrxr tu lEidZ }kjk fopkj fofue; }kjk
ii. fofHkUu lEesyu o lfefr;k¡ Hkh vukSipkfjd leUo; esa lgk;d gSaA
iii. Hkkst] pk; rFkk ,slh nwljh O;oLFkkvksa esa Hkh leUo; esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA bu lc vukSipkfjd esytksy ls
lansg] Hkze vkfn nwj gks tkrs gSaA
leUo; esa ck/kk,¡ (Problems of Co-ordination)
ywFkj xqfyd us leUo; esa vkus okyh dqN ck/kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
leUo; 109
1. O;fDr ds Hkkoh O;ogkj dh vfuf'prrk]

2. usrkvksa ds Kku] vuqHko pfj=k vkSj Li"V fopkj dh deh]
3. ç'kkldh; gquj vkSj rduhd dh deh]
4. u, fopkjksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds fodkl esa lkFk mUgsa viukus dh dehA
lsDyj gMlu us mi;qZDr esa 4 ck/kk,¡ vkSj tksM+h gSa& ßvkdkj rFkk tfVyrk] O;fDrRo vkSj jktuhfrd rRo yksd ç'kklu
ds laca/k esa cqf) Kkuokys usrkvksa dh deh vkSj yksd ç'kklu dk varjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k rd foLrkjAÞ
vPNs leUo; ds lq>ko (Suggestions)% çks- U;weSu us vPNs leUo; ds fy, dqN lq>ko bl çdkj fn, gSa&
1. ljy laxBu% laxBu esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj çkf/kdkj dk çR;k;kstu Li"V gksuk pkfg,A
2. dk;ZØe vkSj uhfr;ksa esa lkeatL;&vPNs leUo; ds fy, ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa vf/kd ls vf/kd
lkeatL; LFkkfir gksuk pkfg,A
3. lapkj ds leqfpr lk/ku miyC/k gksus pkfg,A
4. v/kh{kd dks etcwr djds Hkh leUo; dks vf/kd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5. leUo; Fkksik ugha tkuk pkfg,] v/khuLFkksa dks mís'; vukSipkfjd lac/a k] lfefr;ksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls çHkkfor djuk
pkfg,A
dqN fopkjd ,sls Hkh gSa tks leUo; ds vHkko dh fuank ugha djrs vfirq] oLrqr% os mldk Lokxr djrs gSaA
gkyZo DyhoyS.M us dk;Z esa iw.kZ leUo; laca/kh lqxerk ds fy, fdlh laxBu dh okaNuh;rk dks pqukSrh nh gSA DyhoyS.M
us bl lanHkZ esa viuk ruko fl)kar çLrqr fd;k gSA bl fl)kar dk lq>ko gS fd ;kstuk Hkyh çdkj ls ,slh le>h cq>h
gksuh pkfg, fd vf/kdkj {ks=k rFkk dk;ZØe ds fo"k; esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa vkSj vfHkdj.kksa ds e/; >xM+s gksa blls ykHk gh
gksxk] D;ksafd ç'kklu ds Hkhrj >xM+s iSnk gksus ls ekeys vf/kd Li"V gks tk,axsA
fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dh vyx&vyx 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld {kerkvksa ds dkj.k dk;Z dk foHkktu vko';d gSA mRiknu ds
rjhdksa esa ifjorZu ls dk;Z ds foHkktu dh vko';drk eglwl gqbZA ftlls fo'ks"kKrk dks c<+kok feykA dk;Z ds foHkktu
ds lkFk&lkFk laxBu esa leUo; dk Hkh mruk gh egRo gSA leUo; ds tfj,] fofHkUu y{;ksa dks fdQk;rh vkSj dkjxj
<ax ls çkIr djus ds fy, O;fDr;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ds ç;klksa esa rkyesy j[kk tkrk gSA
110 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&15
lw=k ,oa LVkQ vfHkdj.k
(Line and Staff Agencies)
çR;sd eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds v/khu nks çdkj dh lsok;sa gksrh gSa lw=k rFkk LVkQA LVkQ ijke'kZ nsuk rFkk lsok djus dk
dk;Z djrk gS vkSj lw=k vkns'k nsus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ^^ykbu** vkSj ^^LVkQ** dh fopkj/kkjk dks lSfud ç'kklu ls fy;k
x;k gSA lw=k bdkbZ esa os yksx vkrs gSa tks ;q) ds eSnku esa vkns'k nsrs gS]a lsuk dk lapkyu ,oa usr‘Ro djrs gSAa lsuk esa çeq[k
lsukifr ds uhps vusd lw=k vf/kdkjh gksrs gS]a tSl&s tujy] duZy] estj] dSIVsu] yS¶VhusUV vkfnA bu lw=k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
lkFk vusd vf/kdkjh ,sls gksrs gSa] tks ;krk;kr] iwfrZ] fpfdRlk] i'kq&fpfdRlk] lkexzh ds mRiknu vkfn fof'k"V lsokvksa
esa yxs jgrs gSAa lsukvksa dks ;q) esa lQyrk çkIr djuk gks rks muds fy, 'kL=kkL=k] xksyk&ck:n] Hkkstu] ;krk;kr] fpfdRlk
vkfn vusd lsokvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh iM+rh gSaA ;s lsok;sa Hkys gh ;q) esa Hkkx ugha ysrh fdUrq vçR;{k :i ls lsukvksa dks
lgk;rk igq¡pkdj mUgsa lQyrk çkIr djokus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSaA bUgsa gh LVkQ & lsok dgk tkrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa ,d
cgqr iqjkuh fczfV'k lSfud dgkor cM+h gh euksjatd gS% LVkQ lsok;sa ^ôs [kPpj gSa tks ;q) yM+us okys [kPpjksa ds fy,
lkexzh <ksrs gSaA
ukxfjd ç'kklu esa Hkh lSfud laxBu dh bl 'kCnkoyh dks xzg.k fd;k gSA fofHkUu foHkkxksa vFkok vfHkdj.kksa }kjk tks dk;Z
fd;k tkrk gS] os lw=k lsok,¡ gSaA bu lsokvksa ds vfrfjDr] çR;sd foHkkx esa dqN vU; lsok,¡ Hkh gksrh gSa] ftudk foHkkx
dks Bhd <ax ls pykus ds fy, vko';drk jgrh gS] tSl&s LokLF;] f'k{kk] iqfyl foHkkx rFkk budh çeq[k bdkb;k¡ tks mís';
dh çkfIr gsrq dk;Z djrh gSaA lw=k lsok;sa os foHkkxh; lsok;sa gSa ftudk lEcU/k vf/kdr;k turk ls iM+rk gSA LVkQ lsokvksa
ls vk'k; mu lsokvksa ls gSaA tks ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus esa] ljdkj ds v/khu gksrk gS rFkk mudk turk ls
lh/kk lEcU/k ugha gksrkA
lw=k bdkb;ksa esa m|ksx] jsyos] ;krk;kr] Je] mRiknu&ea=kky;] ç/kkuea=kh lfpoky;] ;kstuk vk;ksx vkfn vkrs gSaA ekDlZ
(Marx) ds vuqlkj] ^^ykbu ls rkRi;Z ifjpkfyr mÙkjnkf;Ro ds v/khu çHkkxksa ls gSA bl çdkj la?kkRed ljdkj esa
jk"Vªifr ls ysdj foHkkxksa ds v/;{kksa rFkk C;wjks ds çeq[kksa rFkk blh çdkj uhps rd ykbu gksrh gSA LVkQ dsoy mlds
dk;Z djus ds fy, lkexzh tqVkrk gSA** ysikoLdh ds vuqlkj] ^^lw=k laxBu esa lÙkk rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dh js[kk;sa Åij ls
uhps rd QSyh gksrh gSaA** blfy, bUgsa ^^ykbu** dh laKk nh xbZ gSaA in&lksiku ds vk/kkj ij bu bdkb;ksa dks laxfBr
fd;k tkrk gSA OgkbV (White) ds vuqlkj] ^ôs mu çkFkfed mís';ksa ls lEcfU/kr jgrh gSA ftuds fy, 'kklu LFkkfir fd;k
tkrk gSA** LVkQ dk dk;Z lykg ,oa fjiksVZ nsuk gSA ijUrq ywFkj xqfyd ds vuqlkj] ^^lk/kkj.k rFkk ykbu ds deZpkjh dh
lkspus rFkk fu;kstu dk dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj vius mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lEeq[k >qdko j[krs gSaA blh çdkj ds deZpkjh
Hkh dqN vU; dk;Z djrs gSaA ijUrq os nwljksa dks laxfBr ugha djrs] os funsZ'k ugha nsrs vkSj u gh inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr
djrs gSa] u gh os vkns'k tkjh djrs gSa vkSj u dk;Z dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ysrs gSaA** la{ksi esa dgk tk; rks LVkQ fopkj djrk
gS] tcfd lw=k dks dk;Z iwjk djrk gSA
laxBu dh bdkb;k¡% lw=k rFkk LVkQ dk la{ksi esa fp=k.k bl çdkj gS%
lw=k ,oa LVkQ vfHkdj.k 111
laxBu dh bdkb;k¡
LVkQ bdkb;k¡
lkekU; LVkQ rduhdh LVkQ lgk;d LVkQ lw=k bdkb;k¡
foHkkx ljdkjh fuxe Lora=k fu;kedh; vk;ksx
mi&foHkkx
çHkkx
'kk[kk;sa
[k.M
O;fDr'k% in
lw=k rFkk LVkQ esa vUrj

(Difference Between Line and Staff)
lw=k rFkk LVkQ esa fuEufyf[kr vUrj gS&
1. lw=k bdkb;k¡ dk;Zdkjh gksrh gSaA budk dk;Z mu lsokvksa dk lapkyu djuk gS] tks ç'kklu dh vksj ls turk dh
lsok djus ds fy, vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA blds foijhr LVkQ bdkb;ksa dk dke ijke'kZ ,oa lykg nsuk gS vkSj
dk;Z djus ds fy, lkexzh tqVkuk gSA
2- lw=k bdkb;k¡ ç'kklu dh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djrh gSa] LVkQ bu uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA
3- lw=k lsokvksa dk turk ls lh/kk lEidZ jgrk gS] tcfd LVkQ dk ljdkj lsA os turk ls lEidZ LFkkfir ugha dj
ldrhA
4- LVkQ lykg nsrk gS] tcfd lw=k vkns'k nsus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
5- lw=k fØ;kRed gS vkSj LVkQ laLFkkxr gSA
6- lw=k ds dk;Z lk/; gSa vkSj LVkQ ds dk;Z lk/kuA
7- lw=k dk dÙkZO; gS y{; dks çkIr djuk rFkk LVkQ dk dk;Z gS bl y{; dks çkIr djus esa lgk;rk nsuk rFkk lw=k
y{; çkIr djus ;ksX; cukukA
8- lw=k&bdkb;k¡ funsZ'ku djrh gS] fdUrq LVkQ bdkb;k¡] vuqla/kku] fu;kstu] leUo;] v/kh{k.k vkfn lk/kuksa }kjk
ijke'kZ ,oa lgk;rk çnku djrh gSaA
9- LVkQ lnk i‘"BHkwfe esa jgrk gS] og fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, Hkwfedk rS;kj djrk gS] ijUrq Lo;a fu.kZ; ugha djrkA lw=k
vfHkdj.k çdV gksdj lkeus ls dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj Lo;a fu.kZ; Hkh ysrs gSaA
10- LVkQ fopkj djrk gS rks ykbu Lo;a dk;ks± dks lEiUu djrk gSA
112 yksd ç'kklu
11 lw=k ds dk;Z çkFkfed gksrs gSa] ftlds fy, ljdkj dk vfLrRo gksrk gS] tcfd LVkQ dk dk;Z foHkkxksa dh lkFkZdrk
cuk;s j[kuk gSA
fQQuj ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^LVkQ vfHkdj.k dfBukb;ksa dks lekIr djus dk nkf;Ro lEiUu djrk gSA lw=k vfHkdj.k vius
fo'oklik=k LVkQ lnL;ksa dks dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, Hkstrk gSA** ('Activities are for trouble shooting).
Hksn O;kogkfjd ugha gS

(Difference is not Realistic)
LVkQ rFkk ykbu dks ,d&nwljs ls iw.kZr% i‘Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s nksuksa fdlh Hkh ç'kkldh; laxBu dh nks egRoiw.kZ
Hkqtk,¡ gSAa vr% 'kklu dh lQyrk ds fy;s muesa Hksn u djds ;g vko';d gS fd os lg;ksx rFkk ln~Hkko ds lkFk ,dtqV
gksdj dk;Z djsaA buesa dksbZ LokHkkfod fojks/k ugha gksrkA ç'kkldh; laxBu dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd
lewps ç'kklu esa dksbZ Hkh bdkbZ ,slh ugha gS fd tks dsoy LVkQ dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ogk¡ LVkQ
dk dk;Z gksrk gh ughaA ogk¡ uhfr fu/kkZj.k ds lkFk LVkQ ds Hkh dk;Z djus iM+rs gSa] tSls&Hkkjr esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku
vk;ksx rFkk ;kstuk vk;ksx ;s nksuksa LVkQ vfHkdj.k gS]a fdUrq os dbZ ckj lw=k vfHkdj.kksa dks funs'Z k Hkh nsrs gSAa egkfo|ky;
ds çkQslj ykbu dk dk;Z djrs gSa fdUrq tc os fdlh lfefr ds lnL; cu tkrs gSa] rc os LVkQ dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
MkWñ egknso 'kekZ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^laxBu ftruk cM+k gksxk mruk gh Li"V vyx fn[kkbZ iM+sxk vkSj og ftruk NksVk gksxk]
lw=k vkSj LVkQ dk Hksn mruk gh Li"V gksrk tk;sxkA**
orZeku esa LVkQ vkSj lw=k esa foHkktu js[kk [khapuk vR;Ur dfBu gSA LVkQ dsoy ijke'kZ gh ugha nsrk vfirq uhfr;ksa dks
fØ;kfUor djus esa lg;ksx Hkh nsrk gSA çk;% lHkh foHkkxksa esa mldk v/;{k vius LVkQ laxBu ds Hkhrj vkns'k nsus dh 'kfDr
dk ç;ksx djrk gSA lkbeu us Bhd dgk gS fd ^^;g /kkj.kk Hkze vkSj vU/kfo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gS fd LVkQ dsoy ijke'kZ
nsrk gS] og vkns'k&funsZ'k tkjh ugha djrkA**
;g lkspuk xyr gS fd LVkQ vfHkdj.k ^^çkf/kdkjh foghu** gksrs gSaA fo'ks"kdj] çkfof/kd LVkQ ds ckjs esa ;g ckr lgh
gS fd og fu;a=k.kkRed 'kfDr dk ç;ksx djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa yksd lsok vk;ksx dk mnkgj.k egRoiw.kZ gSA 'kklu ds
fofHkUu lw=k vfHkdj.kksa dh HkrhZ ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr ds ckjs esa yksd lsok vk;ksx dh flQkfj'k ekuuk gh iM+rh
gSA ;g gks ldrk gS fd eq[; fu"iknd dqN vf/kdkfj;ksa dh inksUufr dks vLohd‘r dj ns rks bl fLFkfr esa lw=k foHkkx
ds ikl blds flok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha jg tkrk fd ;g vkKk&ikyu djsA vr% ;g ,d feF;k /kkj.kk gS fd LVkQ
bdkb;k¡ funsZ'k rFkk fu;a=k.k dh 'kfDr tkjh ugha djrkA**
;g lkspuk xyr gS fd LVkQ vfHkdj.k ^^çkf/kdkj foghu** gksrs gSaA fo'ks"kdj] çkfof/kd LVkQ ds ckjs esa ;g ckr lgh
gS fd ;g fu;a=k.kkRed 'kfDr dk ç;ksx djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa yksd lsok vk;ksx dk mnkgj.k egRoiw.kZ gSA 'kklu ds
fofHkUu lw=k vfHkdj.kksa dh HkrhZ ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr ds ckjs esa yksd lsok vk;ksx dh flQkfj'k ekuuh gh iM+rh
gSA ;g gks ldrk gS fd eq[; fu"iknd dqN vf/kdkfj;ksa dh inkséfr dks vLohd‘r dj ns rks bl fLFkfr esa lw=k foHkkx
ds ikl blds flok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha jg tkrk fd og vkKk&ikyu djsA vr% ;g ,d feF;k /kkj.kk gS fd LVkQ
bdkb;k¡ funsZ'k rFkk fu;a=k.k dh 'kfDr ugha j[krhA
fl)kUr% LVkQ ,oa lw=k dk Hksn Hkys gh gks] fdUrq ;g O;kogkfjd ugha gSA nksuksa ds chp Li"V foHkktu djuk laHko ugha
gSA ç'kklu esa dqN lw=k bdkb;k¡ ,slh Hkh gksrh gSa tks lw=k ,oa LVkQ dk dk;Z djrh gSaA os ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy,
LVkQ dk dke djrh gSa] fdUrq vius ls uhps ds fy, lw=k vfHkdj.k dk f'k{kk] LokLF; vkfn foHkkx vius&vius fo"k;
esa ijke'kZ nsrs gSa] ;g dk;Z LVkQ vfHkdj.k dk gqvk] fdUrq tc os f'k{kk vFkok LokLF; ds ç'kklu dks lapkfyr djrs gSa]
vko';d vkns'k v/khuLFkksa dks nsrs gS]a rc os lw=k&lÙkk ds vUrxZr vkrs gSAa vkFkZj esdegku ds vuqlkj] ^^LVkQ rFkk ykbu
ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa fofHkUurk gS] ijUrq O;ogkj esa nksuksa esa Hksn ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g Hksn dsoy ek=kk esa gh gks ldrk
gSA---dksbZ vf/kdkjh pksVh ds vf/kdkjh ds fy, LVkQ dk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ogh vf/kdkjh vius dÙkZO;ksa ds lEcU/k esa lw=k
dk dk;Z dj dj ldrk gSA** bl çdkj lw=k rFkk LVkQ bdkb;ksa dks vyx laxfBr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA dsUnz] jkT;
vFkok LFkkuh; & ljdkj ds <k¡ps esa Hkh ;fn ge LVkQ&bdkbZ dh [kkst djsa rks gesa bl uke dh dksbZ bdkbZ ugha feysxhA
fdUrq bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ijke'kZ dk dk;Z gksrk gh ugha gSa ijke'kZ dk dk;Z gksrk vo'; gS] fdUrq ,d i‘Fkd ,oa
fHkUu bdkb;ksa ds :i esa u gksdj lw=k&bdkb;ksa vkSj lw=k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dÙkZO;ksa dk gh vax ekudj gksrk gSA
vk/kqfud n‘f"Vdks.k ;g gS fd lw=k vkSj LVkQ Øe'k% mPp vkSj fuEurj vfHkdj.k ugha gS vfirq leku Lrj okyh bdkb;k¡
gSaA vycVZ ysikoLdh ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^LVkQ vkSj lw=k ,d&nwljs ds led{k gS] LVkQ dk lw=k ls v/khuLFk rFkk mPp dk
lEcU/k ugha gS] cfYd nksuksa gh lÙkk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ds leku Lrj ij eq[; fu"iknd dh v/khurk esa dk;Z djrs gSaA**
os vkxs pydj fy[krs gSa fd] oLrqr% ^^LVkQ vkSj lw=k fdlh Hkh laxBu ds ifjiwjd gksrs gS]a u fd fojks/khA** iy-,p- ,iych
dks Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa LVkQ rFkk lw=k ds Hksn dks Li"Vr% le>us esa vR;f/kd dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA bl lanHkZ
esa mudk ;g dFku çfl) gS ^^;gk¡ ,slh dksbZ 'kCnkoyh rFkk ,slk dksbZ <k¡pk ugha gS tks lw=k rFkk LVkQ ds chp Hksn dj
ldsA---Hkkjr esa ;s 'kCn laxBu ds <k¡ps esa ç;qDr ugha fd;s tk ldrsA** çfrj{kk] fons'kh ekeyksa rFkk dsUnzh; djksa ds
laxzg dks NksM+dj] yxHkx lEiw.kZ dsUnz ,d cM+k LVkQ laxBu gSA dqN vU; vioknksa dks NksM+dj u;h fnYyh esa dksbZ Hkh
lw=k dk;Z ugha gSaA
iafDr vfHkdj.k&fo'ks"krk,¡
(Features of Line Agencies)
foHkkxksa vkSj fuxeksa dk v/;;u 'kq: djus ls igys gesa iafDr vfHkdj.kksa ;k iafDr bdkb;ksa dk vFkZ le> ysuk pkfg,A
Hkkjr ljdkj esa jsy ea=kky; ,d cM+k foHkkx gSA bldk cqfu;knh dke fofHkUu 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa ds chp ;k=kh xkfM+;k¡
vkSj ekyxkfM+;k¡ pykuk gSA jsyea=kh ls ysdj batu Mªkboj rd xkfM+;ksa ds lapkyu esa 'kkfey gj O;fDr iafDr vfHkdj.k
dk fgLlk gSA fdUrq bl cqfu;knh dke dks iwjk djus ds fy, jsyos LVs'kuksa dk fuekZ.k] deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ] iVfj;k¡ fcNkuk
vkSj mudh lqj{kk] jsy fMCcs vkfn dh [kjhn dk fglkc&fdrkc j[kuk vkSj vU; vusd xfrfof/k;k¡ pykuk vko';d gSA
;g xfrfof/k;k¡ f}rh; dk;Zdykiksa esa vkrha gS vkSj bUgsa jsyos HkrhZ cksMZ] jsyos çf'k{k.k dkWyst] jsyos iqfyl lsok vkSj jsy
fuekZ.k foHkkx tSlh deZpkjh bdkb;k¡ iwjk djrh gSaA çkFkfed dk;Zdyki vius vki esa laiw.kZ gksrs gSa tcfd f}rh;d
dk;Zdyki çkFkfed mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds lk/ku gksrs gSaA çkFkfed mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds lk/ku gksrs gSaA çkFkfed dk;Zdykiksa
dh ftEesnkjh iafDr vfHkdj.kksa ij vkSj f}rh;d dk;Zdykiksa dh ft+Eesnkjh deZpkjh vfHkdj.kksa ij gksrh gSA
çR;sd ç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa ljdkj ds çeq[k çkFkfed dk;Zdykiksa dks pykus ds fy, dbZ foHkkxksa ;k ç'kklfud vfHkdj.kksa
dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA mUgsa iafDr vfHkdj.k dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ljdkj ds çkFkfed mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ;k fØ;kUo;u
ds fy, lHkh vko';d QSlys ;gh vfHkdj.k ysrs gSa vkSj vkns'k tkjh djrs gSaA ç'kklu ds lekns'ku] fu;a=k.k] fu;eu
vkSj funsZ'ku dh ft+Eesnkjh Hkh bUghsa ij gksrh gSA ;g vfHkdj.k turk ds lh/ks laidZ esa gksrs gSaA ukxfjdksa dks cqfu;knh
lsok,¡ miyC/k djkrs gSa vkSj muls rkyesy j[krs gSAa buds gkFk esa lÙkk Hkh gksrh gS vkSj vf/kdkj HkhA ljdkj dk dkedkt
pykus dh cqfu;knh ft+Eesnkjh bUgha vfHkdj.kksa ij gksrh gS blhfy, bUgsa iafDr vfHkdj.k dgk tkrk gSA f'k{kk] vkSj LokLF;
foHkkx] bafM;u ,vj ykabl dkiksZjs'ku] thou chek fuxe] vkSj dsUnzh; mRikn rFkk lhek 'kqYd cksMZ] Hkkjr ljdkj ds
iafDr vfHkdj.k gSaA mUgsa vius&vius {ks=kksa esa ljdkj ds fof'k"V çkFkfed mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSA
iafDr vfHkdj.kksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡% vc rd ge le> x, gSa fd iafDr vfHkdj.k os ç'kklfud bdkb;k¡ ;k laxBu gSa tks
ljdkj ds çkFkfed dkedkt dks pykus ds fy, lh/ks ft+Eesnkj gksrs gSaA iafDr vfHkdj.k dh ladYiuk dks vkSj lgh <ax
ls le>us ds fy, gesa mudh çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djuk pkfg,A
laxBu ds çeq[k ;k çkFkfed mís';ksa dh iwfrZ% iafDr vfHkdj.kksa@bdkb;ksa dh igyh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os laxBu ds
çeq[k] çkFkfed ;k ewy mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, dke djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, f'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk çnku djuk
fdlh Hkh fo'ofo|ky; dk ewy mís'; gksrk gSA f'k{k.k foHkkx lh/ks ;g mís'; çkIr djus ds fy, dke djrk gS blfy,
;g fo'ofo|ky; dh iafDr bdkbZ gSA ysfdu ys[kk foHkkx] ijh{kk foHkkx ;k iqLrdky; lh/ks f'k{k.k ;k f'k{k.k çnku djus
dk dke ugha djrs blfy, mUgsa deZpkjh ;k lgk;d bdkbZ dgk tkrk gSA
fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj% nwljh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd iafDr bdkb;ksa dks fu.kZ; ysus] vkns'k tkjh djus vkSj vius v/khuLFk
ç'kklu ij fu;a=k.k] funsZ'ku vkSj lekns'ku] dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, iqfyl egkfujh{kd ls ysdj iqfyl
dkaLVscy rd lkjk iqfyl foHkkx ,d iafDr esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus ds dke ls lh/ks tqM+k jgrk gSA ;g lc
lekns'k dh ,d iafDr esa laxBuc) gksrs gSaA ysfdu iqfyl çf'k{k.k dkWyst iafDr bdkbZ ugha gS D;ksafd og lekns'k dh
iafDr ds vkns'k ls ckgj gSA okLro esa og x‘g foHkkx dh deZpkjh bdkbZ gSA
114 yksd ç'kklu
ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu dk nkf;Ro% iafDr vfHkdj.kksa dh rhljh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os ljdkjh uhfr;ksa ds lapkyu
vkSj fo/kkf;dk ;k dk;Zikfydk }kjk Lohd‘r dk;Z Øeksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, lh/ks ft+Eesnkj gksrs gSaA uhfr ij vey dh
iwjh ft+Eesnkjh mUgha ij gksrh gSA os fu.kZ; ysrs gSa] vkns'k tkjh djrs gSa vkSj ç'kklu dk funsZ'ku rFkk lekns'ku djrs gSaA
vke turk ds lh/ks laidZ% pkSFkh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd iafDr vfHkdj.k ukxfjdksa ds lh/ks laidZ esa vkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lsok,¡
miyC/k djkrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk nsrs gS]a iqfyl deZpkjh ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk djrs gS]a MkDVj
ukxfjdksa ds LokLF; dk /;ku j[krs gSaA blh rjg ljdkj esa f'k{kk foHkkx] LokLF; foHkkx ;k d‘f"k foHkkx vke turk dks
lh/ks lsok,¡ miyC/k djkrs gSaA
eq[; dk;Zdkjh dk lh/kk fu;a=k.k% ik¡poha fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd iafDr vfHkdj.kksa ij eq[; dk;Zdkjh dk lh/kk fu;a=k.k gksrk
gS vkSj ;s mlh dh ns[kjs[k esa dke djrs gSaA ;g vfHkdj.k eq[; dk;Zdkjh vkSj fo/kkf;dk ds çfr tokcnsg gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ljdkjh foHkkx dk eqf[k;k ,d ea=kh gksrk gS tks lh/ks] ç/kkuea=kh vkSj laln ds çfr tokcnsg gksrk gSA
blh rjg lkoZtfud fuxe dk funs'kd eaMy lh/ks ljdkj vkSj laln ds çfr tokcnsg gksrk gSA
vkerkSj ij rhu çdkj ds iafDr vfHkdj.k nqfu;k ds T;knkrj ns'kksa esa ç'kklu dk lapkyu djrs gSaA ;s vfHkdj.k
gSa&ljdkjh foHkkx] lkoZtfud fuxe] vkSj Lora=k fu;eu vk;ksx ¼vkbZvkjlh½ Lora=k fu;eu vk;ksxksa dk xBu eq[; :i
ls vejhdk esa fd;k x;k D;ksafd ogk¡ dh fo'ks"k laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk vkSj jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk esa ,slk djuk vko';d
FkkA Hkkjr] fczVsu vkSj lksfo;r la?k lfgr nqfu;k ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa foHkkxksa vkSj fuxeksa dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
vc vki foHkkxksa vkSj lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA
lw=k ,tsafl;ksa ds çdkj

(Kinds of Line Agencies)
lw=k ,tsafl;ka fuEufyf[kr rhu çdkj dh gksrh gSa%
1. foHkkx (Department)
2. yksd fuxe (Public Corporation)
3. LorU=k fu;ked vk;ksx (Independent Regulatory Commission)
1. foHkkx (Department): çeq[k dk;Zdkjh ds v/khu jgus okys leLr ljdkjh dk;Z dks vusd [kaMksa esa foHkkftr dj
fy;k tkrk gSA bu esa çR;sd [kaM dks foHkkx dgk tkrk gSA foHkkx laxBu dk lc ls cM+k rFkk vf/kd çpfyr Lo:i
gSA ;g lh/kk gh eq[; dk;Zikfyd (Chief Executive) ds v/khu gksrk gSA ;g Li"V :i ls deku dh bdgjh Ük‘a[kyk
(Single Chain of Command) ds lkFk tqM+k gksrk gSA bl çdkj foHkkx ç'kkldh; inlksiku (Administrative
Hierarchy) esa lc ls cM+h rFkk mPpre bdkbZ gSA çR;sd ljdkj dk vf/kdre dk;Z foHkkxh; ç.kkyh ds vUrxZr
gh pyk;k tkrk gSA çfrj{kk] f'k{kk] LokLF;] Je] x‘g] d‘f"k] jsy] Mkd o rkj o foÙk vkfn ljdkj ds çeq[k foHkkx
gksrs gSaA
2. yksd fuxe (Public Corporation): yksd fuxe ,d u;k laxBu lk/ku gS tks yksd ç'kklu esa futh ç'kklu ls
fy;k x;k gSA yksd fuxe O;kolkf;d rFkk okf.kfT;d {ks=kksa esa jkT; ds ços'k dk ifj.kke gSA çR;sd yksd fuxe
dk ,d funsZ'kd e.My (Board of Directors) gksrk gS] tks bl dh uhfr;ksa dks cukrk gS vkSj ,d tujy eSustj
(General Manager) fuxe ds vkUrfjd ç'kklu dks pykrk gSA ;g fuxe&fudk; (Body Corporate) gksrh gS tks
vius uke ij lEifÙk ,oa udnh (Cash) j[krh gSA bl dks fo'kky foÙkh; rFkk ç'kkldh; Lok;Ùkrk (Financial and
Administration Autonomy) çkIr gksrh gS] ijUrq ;g ljdkjh fu;U=k.k ls iw.kZr;k eqDr ugha gksrh gSA yksd fuxe
ç.kkyh dk ç;ksx ml le; fd;k tkrk gS tc ljdkj m|ksx] O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; ds {ks=kksa esa Lo;a ços'k djuk pkgrh
gksA vk/kqfud dky esa ljdkj bu {ks=kksa esa ços'k dj pqdh gSA blfy, yksd fuxe] yksd ç'kklu dk egRoiw.kZ vax
cu pqds gSaA Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe (Food Corporation of India), thou chek fuxe (Life Insurance Corporation)]
bafM;u ,;j ykbal fuxe (Indian Air Lines Corporation), ,;j bafM;k (Air India), Hkkjrh; m|ksx fuxe] dsUnzh;
Hk.Mkjkxkj fuxe (Central Warehousing Corporation), jktdh; O;kikj fuxe (State Trading Corporation)
bR;kfn Hkkjr ds dqN çeq[k yksd fuxe gSaA
3. LorU=k fu;ked vk;ksx (Independent Regulatory Commission): lw=k ,tsafl;ksa dh rhljh çdkj LorU=k
fu;ked vk;ksx dgykrh gSA blesa dqN y{k.k foHkkxh ç.kkyh ds rFkk dqN y{k.k yksd fuxe ç.kkyh ds gksrs gSaA
'kh"kZ ij bldk Lo:i fuxe tSlk ijUrq vkUrfjd dk;Z&lapkyu foHkkxh; <kaps tSlk gksrk gSA ;s vk;ksx eq[;
dk;Zdkjh ds fu;U=k.k ls çk;% eqDr gksrs gSaA budh mifLFkfr ç'kklu dks foÜk‘a[ky (Distintegrated) Lo:i çnku
djrh gSA ;g ç'kkldh;] v)Z&fo/kk;h (Semi-Legislative) rFkk v)Z&U;kf;d (Semi-Judicial) çd‘fr ds dk;Z djrs
gSaA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ;g cgqr çpfyr gS rFkk ljdkjh ç'kklu dk egRoiw.kZ vax ekus tkrs gSaA
^^LVkQ** vfHkdj.k
(Staff Agency)
fdlh Hkh ç'kklu dks pykus ds fy, ^^LVkQ** dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lw=k bdkb;k¡ vdsys vius ne ij foHkkx ds mís';
dks çkIr ugha dj ldrhA mUgsa ^^LVkQ** dk lgkjk ysuk gh iM+rk gSA vaxt
zs h esa ^^LVkQ** dk vFkZ ^^NM+h** ;k ^^M.Mk** gksrk
gSA ^^LVkQ dk vFkZ og NM+h gS ftl ij pyrs le; 'kjhj dk cks> Mkyk tk ldrk gS] ijUrq tks Lo;a ;g fu.kZ; u dj
lds fd dc pyuk gS vkSj fdl fn'kk esa tkuk gSA** lw=k vfHkdj.k blh LVkQ ds lgkjs vius foHkkx dks pykrk gSA ewu
ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^LVkQ dk;Zikfydk ds O;fDrRo dk gh foLrkj gSA mldk vFkZ gS% vf/kd vk¡[ks] vf/kd dku vkSj vf/kd gkFk
tks fd mldh ;kstuk cukus rFkk fØ;kfUor djus esa mls lgk;rk ns ldsA çksñ OgkbV ds vuqlkj] ^^LVkQ mPp Js.kh ds
inkf/kdkjh dks ijke'kZ nsus okyk ,d vfHkdj.k gksrk gS] ftldk dksbZ fØ;kRed mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gksrkA** gsujh Qs;ky
ds vuqlkj] ^^;g ,d lgk;rk gS----;g çcU/kd ds O;fDrRo dk ,d çdkj ls foLrkj gS ftlls fd vius dÙkZO;ksa dks iwjk
djus esa mls lgk;rk fey ldsA** bl çdj LVkQ ijke'kZ dk dk;Z djrk gS rFkk lgk;rk igq¡pkrk gS tcfd lw=k
vf/kdkjh vkns'k nsrk gSA
LVkQ ds dk;Z
(Functions of the Staff)
ewus (Mooney) ds vuqlkj] ^^LVkQ** ds rhu eq[; dk;Z gSa%
1. lwpuk lEcU/kh% LVkQ dk eq[; dk;Z gS fd vius eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds fy, lEiw.kZ lwpukvksa dk laxg z djsAa lwpukvksa
dk v/;;u djs rFkk vko';d tk¡p djus ds i'pkr~ mls laf{kIr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr djds vius eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds
lEeq[k lqfo/kktud :i esa çLrqr djsA
2. ijke'kZ lEcU/kh% lwpuk nsus ds lkFk&lkFk LVkQ vius eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks ijke'kZ Hkh nsrk gS fd mldh jk; esa
dkSu lk fu.kZ; fy;k tkuk pkfg,A eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds fy, ;g vko';d ugh gS fd og lnk gh LVkQ ds fu.kZ;
dks Lohdkj dj ysA LVkQ ds }kjk ijke'kZ nsus ls eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks fu.kZ; ysus esa lqfo/kk gks tkrh gSA
3- i;Zos{k.k lEcU/kh% LVkQ dk ;g Hkh dk;Z gS fd og ns[ks fd ofj"B Js.kh ds lw=k vf/kdkjh tks fu.kZ; nsrs gSa] og
v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa rd igqp ¡ k fn, x, gSa vkSj mls fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gS vFkok ughaA dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa ;fn
dksbZ dfBukb;k¡ vkrh gSa rks mls nwj djsa rFkk Hkzeksa dk fuokj.k djsaA bl çdkj ds dk;Z ls og dk;Zikfydk ds le;
dh j{kk djrk gSA
fQQuj ds vuqlkj] LVkQ ds dk;ks± dh lwph fuEufyf[kr gS%
1. lw=k vfHkdj.k rFkk v/;{k dks ijke'kZ nsuk] fl[kkuk ,oa ppkZ djukA
2. ;kstukvksa rFkk O;fDr&lEidZ }kjk leUo; djuk] dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djuk rFkk çR;sd Lrj ij fojksf/k;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa
ds i{k esa lger djkus dk ç;kl djukA
3. rF; laxzg rFkk 'kks/k djukA
116 yksd ç'kklu
4. ;kstuk,¡ cukukA
5. vU; laxBuksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh j[kuk rFkk muds lkFk lEidZ LFkkfir djuk] ftlls irk pys
fd D;k gks jgk gSA
6. fcuk mldh lÙkk dks Nhus] lw=k ds lkFk dke djuk rFkk mldh lgk;rk djukA
7. dHkh&dHkh lw=k ds çeq[k dh vksj ls nh xbZ lÙkk dh fuf'pr lhekvksa ds Hkhrj Li"V lÙkk dk ç;ksx djukA
la{ksi esa dgk tk, rks OgkbV (White) ds vuqlkj] ^^flfoy LVkQ dk dke gS% ç'kkldh; leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djuk]
;kstuk cukuk] ijke'kZ nsuk] voyksdu djuk] ijUrq dk;Z dk funs'Z ku djuk ughaA LVkQ dk eq[; dk;Z gS% vius çeq[k dks
ijke'kZ nsuk gS] vkns'k ughaA LVkQ ftl ofj"B vf/kdkjh dks ijke'kZ nsrk gS] ml ij og vkfJr jgrk gSA eq[; dk;Zikfydk
dks Hkh pkfg, fd os vius LVkQ ij vR;f/kd fuHkZj ugha jgs] vU;Fkk muds gkFkksa dh dBiqryh gks tk;saxs] tSls&f'kokth
ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh is'kckvksa ds gkFkksa dh dBiqryh gks x;s FksA usiksfy;u] pfpZy] usg: tSls l'kDr ,oa çHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa
ij LVkQ dHkh Nk;k ugha jgrk FkkA
LVkQ ds fofHkUu :i
(Various Kinds of Staff)
LVkQ dks rhu oxks± es foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%
1. lkekU; LVkQ
2. lgk;d LVkQ vkSj
3. rduhdh LVkQ
1. lkekU; LVkQ% lkekU; LVkQ çk;% eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds ç'kkldh; dÙkZO;ksa dks iwjk djus esa mldh lgk;rk djrk
gS] mls ijke'kZ nsrk gS] rF;ksa dk laxgz djrk gS rFkk egRoiw.kZ ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA og vlEc)
rFkk vuko';d ckrksa dks nwj dj rF;iw.kZ ckrsa eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds lEeq[k j[krk gS rFkk mlds le; ,oa 'kfDr
dh cpr djrk gSA fQQuj (Pfiffner) ds vuqlkj] ^^lkekU; LVkQ dk çeq[k mís'; eq[; dk;Zikfydk vFkok
foHkkxk/;{k ds fy, Nyuh rFkk pkM+h vFkkZr~ fQYVj vkSj Quy dk dk;Z djuk gSA fdlh xgu tkudkjh esa fcuk
fyIr gq;s egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dks fu;af=kr djuk gSA**
lkekU; LVkQ vfHkdj.kksa ds Js"Bre mnkgj.k gS%a fczfV'k jktdks"k rFkk la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk dk ctV C;wjks (Bureau
of Budget) mUgsa LVkQ vfHkdj.kksa dh lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;k¡ çkIr gSa rFkk ;s vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa eq[;
dk;Zikfydk dk lkekU; LVkQ fuEufyf[kr gS%
i. eaf=kifj"kn~ lfpoky;
ii. ç/kkuea=kh dk lfpoky;
iii. eaf=kifj"kn~ lfefr;k¡
iv. ;kstuk vk;ksx
v. foÙk&ea=kky;
vi. x‘g&ea=kky;
vii. laxBu rFkk ç.kkyh lEHkkx
viii. dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu
ix. fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx
gekjs ns'k ds lkekU; LVkQ vfHkdj.k mrus vf/kd fodflr ugha gS tSls fd baXyS.M ;k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa
ik;s tkrs gSaA
lkekU; LVkQ deZpkfj;ksa ds xq.k (Qualities of General Staff Personnel): lkekU; LVkQ esa ik;s tkus okys
deZpkfj;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg,%
i. çR;sd pht ds fo"k; esa i;kZIr Kku ,oa lkekU; tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
2- tfVy ekeyksa dk foLr‘r Kku gksA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd os mu ekeyksa ds fo'ks"kK gksaA
3- muesa lg;ksx ,oa leUo; djus dh ;ksX;rk gksA ckrphr pykus rFkk fopkj&foe'kZ djus dh {kerk gksA
4- muesa egRokdka{kh vFkok çflf) çkIr djus dh bPNk ugha gksuh pkfg,A
5- muds }kjk nh tkus okyh lgk;rk vuke gksrh gSA vr% mUgsa lnk gh i‘"BHkwfe esa jguk pkfg,A (remain in the
background)
6- mUgsa lgu'khy] xEHkhj] /kS;Zoku] ifjJeh] yxu&'khy ,oa vkKkdkjh gksuk pkfg,A
7- os >xM+kyw rFkk lÙkkçseh u gksaA os lw=k&vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djsa fdUrq Lo;a lÙkk dks çkIr u djsaA
ewus dk dFku gS fd ç'kkld dks ^^lnk gh cgqr&lh ckrksa ds ckjs esa rFkk cgqr ls rF;ksa ij fopkj djuk gksrk gS
vkSj leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, fofo/k çdkj ds Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% fdlh ,d O;fDr ds fy,
;g laHko ugha gksrk fd og fcuk fdlh lgk;rk ds bl lEiw.kZ dk;Z dks iwjk dj ldsA** lkekU; LVkQ ç'kkld
dks vko';d tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA LVkQ ç'kkld dks fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, Hkwfedk rS;kj djrk gS] fdUrq Lo;a fu.kZ;
ugha ysrkA
2. lgk;d LVkQ% çR;sd foHkkx dks dk;e j[kus ds fy, dqN fØ;k;sa lEiUu djuk iM+rh gSaA budk lEcU/k foHkkx
ds eq[; mís'; ls u gksdj ,slh ckrksa ls gS ftuds fcuk foHkkx dk dke py gh ugha ldrk] tSls&jsyos foHkkx dk
eq[; mís'; jsysa pykuk gS] fdUrq bl mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fQQuj ds
vuqlkj] ^^lgk;d LVkQ fØ;k;sa ,slh x‘g j{kd çfØ;k;sa gSa tks çR;sd foHkkx esa lkekU; mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy,
gksrh gSAa **
3. rduhdh LVkQ% bl Js.kh esa LVkQ ds os deZpkjh vkrs gSa ftUgsa dqN fof'k"V rduhdh Kku çkIr gSA eq[;
dk;Zikfydk dks dqN rduhdh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks rduhdh ekeyksa ij mUgsa ijke'kZ nsrs gSaA
rduhdh LVkQ dks dksbZ lÙkk çkIr ugha gksrhA ;g funsZ'k ugha nsrkA bldk dk;Z lsok djuk gS] tSls fd bUthfu;j]
foÙkh; fo'ks"kK (Financial experts), dkuwuh lykgdkj (Legal Advisor)A vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa dbZ rduhdh
fo"k;ksa ij eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks oSKkfud leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A rduhdh Kku dh lykg
feyus ij gh og fdlh Hkh uhfr dks vkxs c<+k ldrk gSA rduhdh LVkQ dk mi;ksx laxBu ds lHkh lw=k rFkk LVkQ
bdkb;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA fQQuj ds vuqlkj ^^viuh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij budk p;u gksrk gSA mudk
O;fDrRo bruk xfr'khy gksrk gS fd og rRdky {ks=k esa igqapdj fu;a=k.k dh lÙkk vius gkFk esa ys ysrs gSaA bldk
;g LokHkkfod ifj.kke gksrk gS fd tc og lw=k lEidZ esa gksrs gSa] rc lÙkk dk vkd"kZ.k LokHkkfod :i ls bUgsa ?ksjs
jgrk gSA**
LVkQ dh çÑfr vkSj dk;Z

(Nature and Functions of Staff)
LVkQ&vf/kdkjh vFkok LVkQ&vfHkdj.k lw=k vf/kdkfj;ksa vFkok vfHkdj.kksa dh Hkkafr gLrkUrfjr dÙkZO;ksa dk fuoZgu ugha
djrsA mudk dk;Z ;g gksrk gS fd çeq[k vFkok vU; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkeus çLrqr gksus ls igys ls leL;kvksa
ds ckjs esa leLr vko';d tkudkjh dk laxzg] fo'ys"k.k rFkk la{ksi esa] laHkkfor lek/kkuksa dh vksj ladsr djsa] rFkk ;g
ijke'kZ nsa fd muesa ls fdls Lohdkj fd;k tk,A bl çdkj de ls de lS)kfUrd n‘f"V ls rks LVkQ dks ^^dk;Zdkjh ds
O;fDrRo dk foLrkj gh ekuk tk;sxkA bldk vFkZ gS vf/kd gkFkA** LVkQ }kjk nh tkus okyh lgk;rk vuke gksrh gSA
LVkQ lnk i‘"BHkwfe esa jgrk gSA og dk;Zdkjh ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, Hkwfedk rS;kj djrk gS] ijUrq Lo;a fu.kZ; ugha
djrkA
118 yksd ç'kklu
LVkQ dh çÑfr vkSj mlds dk;ks± dks yksd&ç'kklu ds fo}kuksa us fofHkUu çdkj ls O;Dr fd;k gSA ewus (Mooney) ds
erkuqlkj LVkQ eq[; :i ls rhu çdkj ls dk;Z djrk gS&
1. lwpuk laca/kh (Informatory): LVkQ dk lwpuk laca/kh dk;Z ;g gS fd og çeq[k dk;Zikfydk vFkok dk;Zdkjh ds
fy, mu leLr lwpukvksa dk laxzg djrk gS ftuds vk/kkj ij og fu.kZ; djsxkA laxzghr lwpuk dks O;ofLFkr vkSj
laf{kIr :i nsdj mls ,d lqfo/kktud Lo:i esa çeq[k dk;Zikfydk ds le{k çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
2. fujh{k.kkRed (Supervisory): LVkQ dk fujh{k.kkRed dk;Z ;g gS fd og bl ckr dh vksj /;ku ns fd çeq[k
dk;Zdkjh us tks fu.kZ; fy, gSa] os mi;qDr lw=k&vfHkdj.kksa rd igqapk fn;s x, gSa vkSj mUgsa Bhd <ax ls fØ;kfUor
fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd lw=k&vfHkdj.kksa vkSj foHkkxksa ds lkeus le;≤ ij uhfr;ksa dks Li"V
djuk iM+s rFkk fØ;kUo;u ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djuk iM+sA
3. ijke'kZdkjh (Advisory): LVkQ dk ijke'kZdkjh dk;Z ;g gS fd og çeq[k dk;Zdkjh dks lykg nsrk gS fd mldh
jk; esa D;k fu.kZ; fd, tkus pkfg,\ ;g vko';d gS fd çeq[k dk;Zdkjh LVkQ dh flQkfj'kksa dks lnk Lohdkj
gh djs] rFkkfi LVkQ dk ;g dk;Z vo'; gS fd og viuh flQkfj'ksa lnSo mlds lkeus j[ksA
fiQuj rFkk fçLFkl (Piffner and Presthus) us LVkQ dk;Z dh lwph bl çdkj çLrqr dh gS&
1. ijke'kZ nsuk ¼v/;{k ,oa lw=k&foHkkx nksuksa dh½] fl[kkuk] ppkZ djuk]
2. leUo; djuk] dsoy ;kstukvksa ds }kjk ugha] oju~ O;fDr&lEidZ ds }kjk HkhA lkFk gh dfBukbZ&fuokj.k rFkk çR;sd
Lrj ij fu.kZ;ksa ds i{k esa fojksf/k;ksa dh lgefr dk ç;Ru djuk]
3. fu;kstu djuk]
4. nwljs laxBuksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[kus ds fy, muds lkFk laidZ LFkkfir djuk]
5. rF; laxzg rFkk 'kks/k dk;Z]
6. fcuk mldh lÙkk dks Nhus gq, lw=k ds lkFk dke djds mldh lgk;rk djuk] rFkk
7. dHkh&dHkh lw=k vf/kdkjh dh vksj ls dqN Li"V vkSj fuf'pr lhekvksa ds Hkhrj fo'ks"k :i ls nh xbZ lÙkk dk ç;ksx
djukA
,y-Mh- àkbV us lkekU; LVkQ ds mís';ksa ds :i esa fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fu/kkZfjr fd, gSa&
1. ;g fuf'pr djuk fd eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks leqfpr rFkk rkRdkfyd lwpuk,a çkIr gksrh jgsaA
2. leL;kvksa dk iwokZuqeku djus rFkk Hkkoh dk;ZØeksa dh ;kstuk cukus esa mldh lgk;rk djukA
3. ;g O;k[;k djuk fd eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds le{k ekeys rqjUr vFkkZr~ vfoyEc igqaprs jgsa ftlls fd og mu ij
foosdiw.kZ fu.kZ; ys lds rFkk 'kh?kzrkiw.kZ ,oa fcuk lksp&le>s fu.kZ; ysus ls mls cpkukA
4. mlds le; dh cpr djukA
5. fu/kkZfjr uhfr rFkk dk;Zikfydk funsZ'kksa ds vuq:i v/khuLFFkksa }kjk dk;Z lEiknu ds fy, lk/ku tqVkukA
6. ,sls çR;sd ekeys dks NkaVuk ftldk fuiVkjk 'kklu ds vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fQQuj rFkk 'ksjoqM ds vuqlkj% LVkQ dk mís'; dk;Zikfydk dks iw.kZrk çnku djuk gSA okLro esa laxBu dh leLr
oSpkfjd çfØ;k LVkQ dk gh dk;Z gSA fiQuj rFkk 'ksjoqM us blh n‘f"V ls fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, LVkQ ds rhu çeq[k rRo
cryk, gSa] ;s gSa& (1) rF; fu:i.k (Fact finding), (2) fu;kstu (Planning), ,oa (3) laxfBr djuk (Organising)A rF;
fu:i.k ls rkRi;Z gS oLrqfLFkfr dk leqfpr Kku lafpr djuk] lkaf[;dh; n‘f"V ls rFkk laf{kIr fVIi.kh }kjk leLr rF;ksa
dks bl çdkj ,df=kr djuk fd bldk vf/kdre mi;ksx fd;k tk lds] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ç'kklu ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ
vkadM+ksa dks lqfu;ksftr djuk D;ksafd bu vkadM+ksa ds }kjk gh Hkkoh dk;ks± ds fy, ç'kklu dks fu;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA LVkQ ds dk;ks± esa fu;kstu dk rRo egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd fu;kstu }kjk gh mís'; iwfrZ ds fy, fdlh Hkh laxBu ds dk;ks±
dh dk;ZÜk‘a[kyk cukbZ tk ldrh gSA fu;kstu ,d rjQ dk;Z&fof'k"Vhdj.k ds bafxr djrk gS vkSj nwljh rjQ leLr
laxBu dh dk;Zokgh dks lw=kc) dj laxBu ds ç;kl esa ,drk ykus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ,d ckSf)d çfØ;k ds :i esa
LVkQ y{; çxfr gsrq ç'kkldh; laxBu ds fy, Hkkoh dk;ks± dk fp=k çLrqr djrk gSA fu;kstu vuk;kl gh dk;ks± dks
laxfBr djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj çnku dj nsrk gSA oLrqr% ç'kklu dh leLr dk;Zokgh tc fu;kstu ds çfr mUeq[k jgsxh
rc ;g LokHkkfod gS fd fu;kstu dh n‘f"V ls laxBu esa vko';d ifjorZu fd, tk,aA ç'kkldh; laxBu ,d&nwljs ds
vuq:i gks ldsa ;g ç'u Hkh fu;kstu ds lkFk lfEefyr gS] vr% çR;{k :i ls ç'kkldh; laxBu dks ifjorZu ;k
la'kks/ku djus dk vf/kdkj u gksrs gq, Hkh ;g vf/kdkj Lor% vk tkrk gSA rF;&fu:i.k ds vUrxZr dgk tk ldrk gS
fd ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk tgka ,d rjQ ;kstuk vk;ksx ds ikl vkadM+ksa esa bfrgkl ekStwn gS ogka nwljh rjQ fofHkUu
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa mUgha vkadM+ksa dks n‘f"V esa j[kdj ç'kkldh; laxBu ds fy, vkfFkZd y{; çkfIr ds fofHkUu pj.k
LFkkfir fd, x, gSa&ubZ lsokvksa dks laxfBr fd;k x;k gSA iqjkuh lsokvksa esa egRoiw.kZ vko';d ifjorZu fd, x, gSaA ;s
lHkh dk;Z ,d&nwljs ls vlEc) jg dj ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA
LVkQ dk laxBu ds LFkku% bldk çHkko

(The Place of Staff in Organisation: Its Influence)
LVkQ&vfHkdj.k lw=k&vfHkdj.k ds lkFk vFkok Lora=k jgdj dk;Z ugha djrs oju~ muds vuqxkeh ds :i esa dk;Z djrs
gSaA LVkQ&bdkb;ksa ds inlksiku ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij lEc) jgrh gS] bl çdkj LVkQ&vf/kdkjh ykbu&vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
v/khu jgdj dk;Z djrs gSaA LVkQ&vfHkdj.k ;k vf/kdkfj;ksa ls ijke'kZ fd, tk, ;k ugha vkSj çkIr ijke'kZ dks ekuk
tk, ;k ugh] ;g ckr ykbu&vfHkdj.k dh bPNk ij fuHkZj gSA O;ogkj esa] ykbu vkSj LVkQ laca/kksa dk :i rhu çdkj
dk gks ldrk gS&
d- ;g laHko gS fd ykbu&vfHkdj.k LVkQ ij bruk vf/kd fuHkZj gks tk, fd og dsoy ,d dBiqryh cud gh jg
tk, vkSj 'kfDr okLro esa LVkQ ds gh gkFkksa esa vk tk,A
[k- ykbu&vf/kdkjh ;fn LokfHkekuh gS rFkk mls viuh ;ksX;rk ,oa dq'kyrk ij fo'okl gS rks 'kk;n og LVkQ ls ijke'kZ
gh u ys vkSj ys Hkh rks mls u ekusA
x- rhljh fLFkfr bu nksuksa ds chp dh gks ldrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa gh LVkQ dk iwjk mi;ksx gks ikrk gSA
O;ogkj esa LVkQ&vfHkdj.k dh mis{kk djuk dfBu gSA LVkQ ds çHkkoksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, vusZLV Msy us ikap rjhds
lq>k, gSa ftuds }kjk LVkQ çHkkfor gksrk gS&
1. viuh Js"B vfHkO;fDr }kjk LVkQ ds lnL; vius fopkjksa dks nwljksa ls euokus esa ykbu dh vis{kk vf/kd lQy
gksrs gSaA ykbu esa vfHkO;fDr dh bl Js"Brk dk vHkko jgrk gSA
2. rduhdh {kerk ds dkj.k ykbu dh vis{kk muds fopkjksa dks vf/kd ekU;rk çkIr gksxhA viuh rduhdh {kerk ds
dkj.k os fof'k"V fLFkfr esa jgrs gSa vkSj pwafd ;g fof'k"Vrk gh mudk xq.k gSa] blfy, ;gh muds fopkjksa esa vf/kd
xaHkhjrk ls Hkh ykrh gSA mudh vis{kk ykbu esa bl çdkj dh fof'k"Vrk vFkok rduhdh {kerk ugha jgrh gSA
3. in dh xfjek ds }kjk Hkh os vkns'k nsus dh fLFkfr çkIr djrs gSaA çk;% LVkQ ds yksxksa dk osru] in lEeku vkfn
esa cgqr fof'k"V LFkku gksrk gS] blfy, Hkh muds fopkj ek=k&fopkj dh dksfV esa ugh j[ks tk ldrs] os vius vki
gh vkns'k dk çHkko xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA in dh xfjek rFkk rduhdh {kerk ds dkj.k gh os çcU/kdh; Ük‘a[kyk esa rFkk
mlds ckgj Hkh egRoiw.kZ oxZ esa LoHkkor% gh viuk LFkku cuk ysrs gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i muds fopkj vf/kd
ifjiDo jgrs gSaA
4. ;fn ykbu vfHkdj.k muds çLrko ls vlger gksrk gS rks LVkQ mldk dk;Zdkfj.kh ds Js"B vf/kdkjh ls vihy
dj ldrk gS vkSj bl çdkj ml Üka‘[kyk ds lcls Åijh vf/kdkjh }kjk og ykbu dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dks LVkQ dh
jk; ekuus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrk gSA
5. ,sls egRoiw.kZ elyksa esa] ftuesa ykbu }kjk dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh u dh xbZ gks] ykbu dh fuf"Ø;rk ds dkj.k gh LVkQ
vkns'k nsus dh fLFkfr esa Lor% vk tkrk gSA
mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd laxBu ds lapkyu esa LVkQ dh vge~ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
120 yksd ç'kklu
ykbu rFkk LVkQ ds laca/kksa dks lq/kkjus ds mik;

(Measures for Improving the Line and Staff Relationships)
ykbu ,oa LVkQ O;fDr;ksa }kjk ,d&nwljs ds fo#) n'kkZbZ xbZ çR;sd f'kdk;r lgh gks ldrh gS vkSj fdlh dks Hkh
gB/kehZ ;k ew[kZ ugha dgk tk ldrkA vr% mPp vf/kdkjh ds le{k muds ikjLifjd lac/a kksa dks lq/kkjus dh leL;k fujUrj
cuh jgrh gSA ykbu rFkk LVkQ ds laca/k lq/kkjus ds fy, mPp vf/kdkjh dks fuEufyf[kr mik; dke esa ykus pkfg,&
1. ykbu deZpkfj;ksa ds çfr vf/kd lgkuqHkwfr j[kuk (Line men should receive more sympathy than staff):
mPp vf/kdkjh dks LVkQ O;fDr dh vis{kk ykbu deZpkjh ds çfr vf/kd lgkuqHkwfr j[kuh pkfg, D;ksafd LVkQ ds
çLrkoksa dk çHkko vUr esa ykbu ij gh iM+rk gS mUgsa lnSo ;g lquuk iM+rk gS fd og djks vkSj ,sls djksA lg;ksx
djus dh f'k{kk mUgsa ns nh tkrh gSA ;fn os lgk;d ds fdlh ijke'kZ ls lger ugha gksrs rks mUgsa iqjkruiaFkh dgk
tkrk gSA vr% mudk euks/kS;Z cuk, j[kus ds fy, lgk;d dh vis{kk mUgsa vf/kd lgkuqHkwfr dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA
2. LVkQ dh vuko';d vkxzg&o‘fr ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk (Staff Pushiness should be Controlled): vius çLrko
dk;kZfUor djkus ds fy, LVkQ O;fDr;ksa dks dqN lhek rd vkxzgh gksuk iM+rk gSA fdlh çLrko dks vLohd‘r djus
esa ykbu deZpkfj;ksa dks dksbZ Je ugha djuk iM+rkA os çk;% vius dke dks vius gh <ax ls djuk pkgrs gSaA vr%
LVkQ ds fy, vkxzgh gksuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA fdUrq dHkh&dHkh os vO;kogkfjd çLrko Hkh LohÑr djkus dk vkxzg
dj ldrs gSa ftUgsa ckn esa fujLr djuk iM+rk gSA vr% mPp vf/kdkjh dks LVkQ ds vO;kogkfjd çLrkoksa ij vkxzg
djus dh ço‘fÙk ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk pkfg,A
3. LVkQ O;fDr dks vihy dk vf/kdkj nsuk (Give staff man right to appeal): ;|fi LVkQ O;fDr ls ;g vk'kk
dh tkuh pkfg, fd og ykbu dks vkns'k u ns] cfYd vius çLrko dh LohÑfr çkIr djsaA fdUrq ykbu deZpkjh
bl fLFkfr dk nq#i;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSa vkSj LVkQ ds ykHkdkjh çLrkoksa ls Hkh vdkj.k vlger gks ldrs gSa D;ksfa d
çR;sd ifj;kstuk ds QyLo:i dqN&u&dqN rks mUgsa viuh xfrfof/k;ksa esa ifjorZu djuk gh iM+rk gS ftlls os çk;%
cpuk pkgrs gSaA vr% LVkQ O;fDr dks mPp vf/kdkjh ds le{k vihy dk vf/kdkj vo'; çkIr gksuk pkfg,A
4. LVkQ dh ço‘fÙk vkns'k nsus dh ugha] cfYd vuqeksnu ikus dh gksuk (Staff should sell, not tell): mPp vf/kdkjh
dks ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd ykbu deZpkjh dks vkns'k nsdj viuk çLrko dk;kZfUor djkus dh ps"Vk u djsa] cfYd
mudh LosfPNr LohÑfr çkIr djsAa blls LVkQ O;fDr lgh eu%fLFkfr esa cus jgrs gSAa muesa lsok/kke dk fodkl gksrk
gS vkSj ;g Lej.k jgrk gS fd mudk dk;Z vius fopkjksa dk bl <ax ls Li"Vhdj.k djuk gS fd ykbu vf/kdkjh
mUgsa le>sa vkSj Lohdkj djsaA blds fy, mls vius fopkjksa dk vkSfpR; n'kkZuk gksxk] mUgsa Lohdkj djus ds ykHk
crkus gksaxs rFkk ewy O;fDr;ksa dh 'kadkvksa dk lek/kku djuk gksxk vkSj ;fn vko';d gqvk rks vius fopkjksa esa
la'kks/ku djuk gksxkA bldk çeq[k ykHk ;g gS fd mls ewy deZpkfj;ksa dk lg;ksx] tks fd mlds fopkjksa dks
dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, vko';d gS] çkIr gks ldsxkA
5. ykbu deZpkjh ds dk;Z{ks=k dks ?kVuks dh çfØ;k nh?kZdkyhu] ean rFkk fodklijd gksuk (Reduction in line
job scope should be a long-term, slow and evolutionary process): LVkQ dh O;oLFkk ls ykbu deZpkjh ds
dk;Z{ks=k esa deh gksrh gSA ykbu O;fDr;ksa dks viuk dk;Z{ks=k ?kVkuk çk;% vlá gksrk gSA vr% LVkQ dh O;oLFkk
}kjk muds dk;Z{ks=k dks ?kVkus dh çfØ;k nh?kZdkyhu] ean rFkk fodklijd gksuh pkfg, rkfd mldh dVqrk dk
mUgsa vuqHko u gks ldsA ;fn dksbZ ykbu deZpkjh fdlh dk;Z dks Bhd <ax ls djus esa vleFkZ gks rks og dk;Z rRdky
gVk ysuk pkfg, D;ksafd O;olkf;d laLFkkvksa ds fy, vdq'kyrkiwoZd dk;Z fd;k tkuk cgqr egaxk iM+rk gSA
6. fuEuorhZ ykbu deZpkfj;ksa dks LVkQ }kjk ;qfDriwoZd funsZ'k fn;s tkuk (Staff direction at bottom levels):
fuEuorhZ ykbu deZpkfj;ksa dks vkns'k&Ük‘a[kyk ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj QksjeSu }kjk gh vkns'k fn, tkus pkfg,A fdUrq
dHkh&dHkh LVkQ vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, ;g vko';d gksrk gS fd okLrfod dk;Zdj.k ds LFky ij çR;{k mifLFkr
gksdj ykbu deZpkfj;ksa dks funsfZ 'kr djsAa bl çdkj ds funs'Z k ;FkklaHko QksjeSu dh vuqifLFkfr esa fn;s tkus pkfg,
rkfd mlds vf/kdkj ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk dk gzkl u gksA ;fn QksjeSu dh mifLFkfr esa gh ykbu&deZpkfj;ksa
dks dksbZ egRoiw.kZ funsZ'k nsuk gks rks loZçFke QksjeSu dh lykg nsuh pkfg,A fu"kks/kkRed vR;ar egRoiw.kZ funsZ'k
QksjeSu dh mifLFkfr esa Hkh mlls cxSj iwNs fn, tk ldrs gSa] ;Fkk lqj{kk&bathfu;j }kjk fdlh [krjk mRiUu djus
okyh e'khu dks cUn djus dk vkns'k nsukA QksjeSu dh vuqifLFkfr esa mlds v/khuksa dks fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa dh lwpuk
ls] QksjeSu ds ykSVus ij mls voxr djkuk pkfg,A
7. ikjLifjd lEeku rFkk ln~Hkko (Mutual respect and recognition): vkn'kZ :i esa] ykbu rFkk LVkQ] nksuksa dks
gh ,d&nwljs dk lEeku djuk pkfg, rFkk ln~HkkokukiwoZd dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ,slk gksus ij gh ;s nksuksa viuh
daiuh dh laiUurk esa ;ksxnku dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ykxrksa ij fu;a=k.k j[kus ds fy, lgk;d ¼vkS|ksfxd
bathfu;j½ rFkk ewy ¼QksjeSu½ nksuksa dk lg;ksx visf{kr gSA LVkQ dks pkfg, fd ykbu }kjk mÙke dk;Z fd;s tkus
ij Lo;a mldk Js; ywVus dk ç;kl u djsa] Hkys gh mudk dk;Z LVkQ }kjk fn;s x;s lq>ko viukus ds QyLo:i
gh mPp dksfV dk D;ksa u gqvk gksA nksuksa dks ,d&nwljs ls feydj jgus rFkk ,d&nwljs ds lh[kus dh Hkkouk ls çsfjr
gksdj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
8. leL;k lqy>kus esa lewg&ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djuk (Make use of group problem solving): LVkQ dk çk;%
vuqHko gS fd os dkQh ifjJe ls fdlh leL;k dk gy [kkstrs gSa] fdUrq ykbu deZpkjh mls viukus esa lg;ksx ugha
nsrsA ;g dfBukbZ dqN lhek rd leL;k lqy>kus dh lewg&ç.kkyh viuk dj nwj dh tk ldrh gSA ykbu rFkk
LVkQ O;fDr;ksa dh ,d lfefr }kjk leL;k dk gy [kksts tkus ij ;|fi leL;k dk gy [kkstus dk vf/kdka'k dk;Z
LVkQ O;fDr gh djrs gSa rFkkfi os gy muds u gksdj lfefr ds dgyk;saxsA vr% os ykbu deZpkfj;ksa dks vf/kd
ekU; gksrs gSaA
lgk;d ,tsafl;ka
(Auxiliary Agencies)
fQQuj LVkQ rFkk lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha le>rkA lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa dks og ^LVkQ* esa gh lfEefyr dj
ysrk gSA mlds vuqlkj rhu çdkj dh LVkQ lsok,a gSa&lkekU; LVkQ] rduhdh LVkQ rFkk lgk;d LVkQA lkekU; LVkQ
og gS tks eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh dh lgk;rk ijke'kZ nsdj] lwpuk bdëh djds] vuqla/kku djds rFkk vko';d rFkk
vuko';d ekeyksa esa vUrj djds djrk gS rduhdh LVkQ esa os vf/kdkjh rFkk ;wfuV 'kkfey gSa tks fofHkUu ç'kklfud
foHkkxksa ds lka>s dk;Z tks QqVdj çdkj ds gSAa foyksckbZ bUgsa ^^laLFkkRed (Institutional) vFkok ^^gkÅl dhfiax** dk;Z dgrk
gSA xkÅl bUgsa ^^lgk;d rduhdh LVkQ lsokvks*a * (Auxiliary technical staff service) dh laKk nsrk gSA ,y-Mh- àkbZV bUgsa
^lgk;d lsokvksa* (Auxiliary services) ds uke ls iqdkjrk gSA foyksckbZ rFkk àkbZV ds vuqlkj bUgsa ^^LVkQ** ugha djuk
pkfg, D;ksafd ;s ml rjg dk dksbZ dk;Z ugha djrh ftl çdkj dk ^^LVkQ** djrk gSA og foHkkxksa ds çfr gkÅl dhfiax
çdkj dh lsok djrk gSA
lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ yksxksa dh lsok u djds ykbu ,tsafl;ksa dh lsok djrh gSaA os lHkh foHkkxksa ds lka>s dk;Z djrh gSA ykbu
,tsalh ds ikl mu çkFkfed dk;ks± dks djus ds fy, ftu ds fy, ;g fo|eku gS] ,d la;a=k (Plant) gksuk pkfg,] vius
deZpkfj;ks dh HkrhZ ds fy, bl ,d ç.kkyh LFkkfir djuh pkfg,] bls lafonk (Contracting), [kjhn] Hk.Mkj.k rFkk forj.k
lEcU/kh dk;Z djuk pkfg,A dqN gh le; iwoZ çR;sd foHkkx ;s dk;Z i‘Fkd&i‘Fkd djrs Fks vFkkZr~ viuk ys[kk vki j[krs
Fks] viuh fuf/k vius gkFk esa j[krs Fks] viuh lIykbZ rFkk miLdj vki [kjhnrs Fks rFkk vius lafonk (Contracts) Lo;a
djrs FksA fdUrq vkt yksd ç'kklu esa dk;ks± ds fo'ks"khdj.k ds dkj.k bu dk;ks± dks i‘Fkd ,tsfa l;ksa uker% lgk;d ,tsfa l;ksa
ds v/khu laxfBr djuk okaNuh; le>k x;k gSA
lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa ds ykHk (Advantages of Auxiliary Agencies): lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa ds :i esa i‘Fkd laxBukRed ;wfuV
LFkkfir djus ls fuEufyf[kr ykHk gksrs gSa%
1. ^^ykbu** ,tsfa l;ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks iwjh rjg vius ml dk;Z dks djus dk le; fey tk,xk ftldk djuk mudh
çkFkfed ftEesnkjh rFkk mUgsa mu dk;ks± ls eqfDr fey tk,xh tks muds çkFkfed nkf;Ro ls lacaf/kr ugha gSaA
122 yksd ç'kklu
2. bl ç.kkyh ls dk;ks± dh fuiq.krk lqfuf'pr gks tkrh gS rFkk ;g okaNuh; gS fd ;fn dk;Z dq'kyrkiwoZd fd;k tkuk
gS rks mu O;fDr;ksa dks lkSaik tk, rks ml {ks=k esa fuiq.k gksaA
3. blls ç'kklu esa ferO;;rk vkrh gS D;ksafd dk;Z dk nksgjko nwj gks tkrk gSA ,d lgk;d ,tsalh lHkh foHkkxksa dk
lka>k dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;Z dj nsrh gS ftlls le; rFkk /ku cprk gS] tSls NikbZ rFkk ys[ku lkexzh foHkkx lHkh foHkkxksa
dk NikbZ dk;Z djrk gSA
4. bl ç.kkyh ls lgk;d dk;ks± dk fudVrj i;Zos{k.k lqfuf'pr gks tkrk gSA lq/kjs gq, <ax Hkh viuk;s tk ldrs gSa
D;ksafd çR;sd ,tsalh dsoy ,d gh dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA
5. blls dk;Z{ks=k foLr‘r gks tkrk gS rFkk ;wfuV ykxr de gks tkrh gS tSls fd cM+s iSekus dh [kjhn esa rFkk Hk.Mkj
vkfn esaA
lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa ds voxq.k
(Disadvantages of Auxiliary Agencies)
lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa dh fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij fuank dh xbZ gS&
1. lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa dh LFkkiuk ls foHkkx fc[kj tkrs gSa] ftlls ykbu ,tsafl;ksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro de gks tkrk
gSA
2. lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ ^ykbu* ,tsafl;ksa ds vf/kdkj&{ks=k esa gLr{ksi dj ldrh gSa ftlls nksuksa esa ruko iSnk gks ldrk
gSA
3. lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ ykbu ,tsafl;ksa ds mís';ksa dks ihNs /kdsy dj rFkk tudY;k.k vkfn ç'uksa ij /;ku u nsdj
ferO;;rk rFkk dsoy ,d:irk ij vf/kd cy nsuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSaA
4. dbZ ckj lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa ds lkFk yacs i=k&O;ogkj ds dkj.k visf{kr olrq,¡ vFkok lsok,¡ cM+h nsj ls çkIr gksrh
gSa] mnkgj.kkFkZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk pqus tkus okys çk/;kid dk u feyuk vFkok egkfo|ky; ds
dk;kZy; dks eqnz.k rFkk ys[ku&lkexzh foHkkx ls ys[ku&lkexzh dk çkIr u gksukA ;g dbZ ckj ?kfVr gksrk gS fd
Hkou ds fy, foÙk foHkkx }kjk LohÑr jde dks O;; djus dh frfFk chr tkrh gS D;ksafd yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx us
le; ij dk;Z dks gkFk esa ugha fy;kA
lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa ds voxq.kksa ij foykMZ ,u- gksxe (Willar N. Hogam) us vPNk çdk'k Mkyk gSA mlus ;g rdZ fn;k gS
fd bl ç.kkyh ls lÙkk rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro esa foHkktu gks x;k gS( lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa us viuh mikns;rk ds {ks=k ls ckgj
tkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS rFkk mUgksaus dk;Zdj uhfr;ksa rFkk fu.kZ;ksa esa #dkoV Mkyuh 'kq: dj nh gSA
vr% bl lEcU/k esa dksbZ iDdk fu;e ugha gSA ,y-Mh- OgkbZV ds fopkj esa] ^^lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ dk;Zdkjh 'kk[kk esa ,drk
ykus&va'kr% dk;ZØe rFkk uhfr ds fu;a=k.k esa rFkk va'kr% ç'kklu ds {ks=k esa&dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku gSaA cM+s m|e esa ;s
dk;Zdkjh usr‘Ro rFkk ç'kklfud ,dhdj.k ds fy, vko';d cu xbZ gSaA fdlh fo'kky dk;Z{ks=k okys laxBu ds
dk;Z&O;kikj dks bu ds fcuk pykuk vlaHko gSA lkFk gh ferO;;rk dh n‘f"V ls cM+s iSekus ij lka>k dk;Z djus ls rFkk
fofHkUu çca/k {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"kKksa ds lafpr vuqHko ds dkj.k budk Li"V ykHk Hkh gSA nwljh vksj blesa lUnsg ugha gS fd
çcU/kdh; lsok,¡ viuk lkezkT; cuk dj ykbu ,tsl a h ds jkLrs esa #dkoV Mky ldrh gSAa bl tksf[ke ls fuiVus ds fy,
u dsoy mu ij vkUrfjd fu;U=k.k dh vko';drk gS cfYd eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh] ftldh os lsok djrs gSa] dh vksj
ls Hkh dM+k fu;a=k.k j[kus dh vko';drk gSA**
fu"d"kZ esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdlh ekeys ls lacaf/kr lgk;d ,tsalh LFkkfir djrs le; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fujh{k.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ^^mfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bUgsa LFkkfir fd;s tkus dk i;kZIr vkSfpR; gksrk gS] fdUrq lhekUr mi;ksfxrk
fcUnq ds ckn ykbu foHkkx dh ,drk rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA** gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd,
lgk;d ,tsalh dk çkFkfed dk;Z lgk;rk nsuk gS u fd fu;U=k.k djukA
lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa rFkk ykbu ,tsafl;ksa esa vUrj

(Distinction between Auxiliary Agencies and Line Agencies)
geus ^ykbu* rFkk lgk;d ,tsfa l;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk igys gh dj nh gSA bl ckr ij iqu% cy fn;k tkrk gS fd ykbu ,tsfa l;k¡
os gSa tks ukxfjdksa dks os lsok,¡ çnku djrh gSa ftuds fy, ljdkj vofLFkr gksrh gSA ;s dk;Zdyki çkFkfed vFkok
çdk;kZRed gSaA lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ ,slh lsok,¡ miyC/k djkrh gSA ftuls ykbu ,tsafl;k¡ lsok ds :i esa vPNh çdkj dk;Z
dj ldsaA vUrj ds fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1. ykbu ,tsafl;k¡ vius vki esa lk/; gSa tcfd lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ lk/ku ek=k gSaA os foHkkxksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
djus rFkk mUgsa cuk;s j[kus ds fy, t:jh gSaA
2. lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ dHkh Hkh yksxksa ij fofu;e ykxw ugha djrh rFkk yksxksa dks lsok miyC/k ugha djkrhA os foHkkxksa
dh xkS.k 'kk[kk,¡ gSaA lkoZtfud uhfr dks ykxw djuk foHkkxksa dk dke gSA
3. ykbu ,tsafl;k¡ vius vki esa lk/; gksus ds dkj.k fu"ikfnr dk;Z mudh lsok dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ogk¡
ferO;;rk dk ç'u gh ugha mBrkA fdUrq lgk;d dk;Zdykiksa esa ferO;;rk lcls çeq[k ckr gksrh gSA ;s dk;Zdyki
dsoy ljdkjh [kpZ esa ferO;;rk ykus ds fy, gkFk esa fy, tkrs gSaA
4. ykbu ,tsafl;ksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk lQyrk lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa ds dk;ks± dks mfpr <ax ls fuHkkus ij fuHkZj gSA
ç'kklu dh lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd yksd lsok vk;ksx fdl rjg ds deZpkjh pqurk gSA blh çdkj ;fn
;s ,tsfa l;k¡ 'kh?kzrk rFkk dq'kyrk ls dk;Z ugha djrha rks ykbu ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk dk;Zfu"iknu esa Hkh nsjh rFkk vdq'kyrk
vk tk,xhA
5. ykbu ,tsafl;ksa esa laxBu rFkk fØ;kfof/k dh leL;k,¡ çR;sd dsl ls fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSa tcfd lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa
dh leL;k,¡ ;fn ,d:i u gksa rks leku gksrh gSaA fons'kh ekeyksa ds foHkkx dk laxBu rFkk fØ;kfof/k f'k{kk foHkkx
ds laxBu rFkk fØ;kfof/k ls fHkUu gksrh gSA
LVkQ ,tsafl;ksa rFkk lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa esa vUrj
(Difference between Staff Agencies and Auxiliary Agencies)
LVkQ ,tsafl;k¡] tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS] ykbu ,tsafl;ksa dh lgk;rk djrh gSa rFkk mUgsa ijke'kZ nsrh gSaA mudk eq[;
dk;Z dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh dks ijke'kZ nsuk gSA çkFkfed dk;Z djus dk budk dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA LVkQ ,tsafl;ksa
rFkk lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr vUrj ns[kk tk ldrk gS%
1. lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ os gSa tks vkijsfVax dk;Z djrh gS] tSls lkexzh [kjhnuk] deZpkjh HkrhZ djuk] ys[kk j[kuk] Hk.Mkj
j[kuk rFkk lIykbZ vkfn djukA fdUrq LVkQ ,tsfa l;k¡ dsoy fopkj djus] fujh{k.k djus] ;kstuk cukus rFkk ijke'kZ
nsus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA os vkijsfVax dk;Z ugha djrh cfYd dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh }kjk ekaxs tkus ij mls ijke'kZ nsrh
gSaA
2. f}rh;] lgk;d ,tsafl;ka fo|eku foHkkxksa rFkk mudh xfrfof/k;ksa ds vuqj{k.k ls lEcfU/kr gSaA mudk uhfr;ksa ls
lac/a k ugha gksrkA nwljh vksj LVkQ ,tsfa l;k¡ laxBu esa rFkk foHkkx dh fof/k;ksa esa lq/kkj ykus ls lacfa /kr gSAa os orZeku
uhfr;ksa esa lq/kkj dk lq>ko nsrh gSa rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, ;kstuk cukrh gSa tSls ;kstuk vk;ksx Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd uhfr
ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;g ljdkj dh Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk ds ckjs esa ijke'kZ nsrk gS rFkk ;kstuk ds [kpZ dks iwjk djus ds
fy, ljdkj dks lalk/kuksa ds ckjs esa ijke'kZ nsrk gSA blh çdkj dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksMZ ljdkj dks 'kS{kf.kd
ekeyksa ij lykg nsrk gSA lgk;d ,tsafl;k¡ bl çdkj dk ijke'kZ lEcU/kh dksbZ dk;Z ugha djrhaA
nksuksa ,tsafl;ka bl vFkZ esa leku gSa fd nksuksa ^ykbu* ,tsfl;ksa dks çkFkfed nkf;Roksa ds fu"iknu esa lgk;rk ,oa
lqfo/kk çnku djrh gSaA
124 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&16
laxBu % vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd
(Formal & Informal Organization)
fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, euq";ksa rFkk lkexzh dk mfpr laxBu rFkk funsZ'ku djus dks gh ç'kklu dgk tkrk gSA
ç'kklu ,d rdZ'khy fØ;k gSA mís'; dh çkfIr dk ;g ,slk ;a=k gS] ftlesa rdZ'khy <ax ls lk/ku tqVk;s tkrs gSAa ç'kklu
esa fdlh fuf'pr /;s; dh iwfrZ ds fy, vusdksa O;fDr feydj ç;kl djrs gSa] ijUrq mudk ç;kl ;fn ,d iwoZ fuf'pr
;kstuk ds vuqlkj gksxk rks os fu/kkZfjr y{; dh çkfIr dj ldsaxs] ugha rks mudk ;g ç;kl foQy gks tk,xkA blfy,
;g vko';d gS fd fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks vkjaHk djus ls igys mldks vPNh rjg fu;ksftr dj fy;k tk;sA blh dks laxBu
dgrs gSaA laxBu leLr ç'kklu dh iwoZ fØ;k gSA blds fcuk fdlh çdkj ds ç'kklu dk vfLrRo laHko ugha gSA blfy,
fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ç'kklu dks pykus ds fy, laxBu dk gksuk vR;ko';d gSA ç'kklu dh lQyrk dsoy mlds deZpkjh
oxZ dh n{krk rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh] cfYd mlds leqfpr laxBu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA okLro esa laxBu
gh ç'kklu dk egÙoiw.kZ vk/kkj gSA
laxBu ds vFkZ
(Meaning of Organization)
laf{kIr vkWDlQksMZ 'kCndks"k (Concise Oxford Dictionary) ds vuqlkj] fdlh pht dk O;ofLFkr <kapk cukuk vFkok fdlh
pht dk vkdkj fuf'pr djuk rFkk mldks dk;Z djus dh fLFkfr esa ykuk gh laxBu dgykrk gSA ^laxBu* 'kCn dk ç;ksx
yksd ç'kklu esa rhu fofHkUu vFkksZa esa fd;k tkrk gS&
1. ç'kkldh; <kaps dk çk:i (Design) rS;kj djus dk dk;Z(
2. çk:i rS;kj djus rFkk mldk fuekZ.k djus dh fØ;k,a] vFkkZr~ <kaps dh O;oLFkk dh ;kstuk dh rS;kjh rFkk mlds
fy, mi;qDr deZpkjh oxZ dh fu;qfDr( rFkk
3. fu;kstu rFkk lajpuk ds QyLo:i cuus okyk ç'kkldh; <kapkA
Li"Vrk rFkk lqfu'prrk dh n‘f"V ls dqN ,d fopkjd ^laxBu* 'kCn dks dsoy igys vFkZ rd gh lhfer j[kuk pkgrs gSAa
mjfod (Urwick) us dgk gS fd laxBu dk vFkZ <kaps dk :ikadu (Designing) ek=k gh gksuk pkfg,A mlus eksVjdkj dh
miek nsrs gq, ;g crk;k fd laxBu ls rkRi;Z <kaps ds :ikadu ls gh le>k tkuk pkfg, rFkk ml ls laxBu ds <kaps vFkok
ç'kkldh; <kaps dk vFkZ ysuk Bhd ugha gSA mjfod us laxBu dks] ßfdlh fo'ks"k ç;kstu ds fy, visf{kr fØ;kvksa dk
fu/kkZj.k rFkk ,sls oxksZa esa ck¡Vuk fd os vyx&vyx yksxksa dks nh tk ldsÞ dgk gSA
mjfod (Urwick) laxBu ds ekuoh; i{k dk o.kZu ugha dj ldk tks bldk dsUnzh; rÙo gSA blfy, vU; fopkjd mjfod
}kjk laxBu dh O;k[;k dks ugha ekursA os bl 'kCn dk vf/kd O;kid vFkZ esa ç;ksx djrs gSaA dqN vU; fopkjdksa }kjk
dh xbZ laxBu dh ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa&
ts0 Mh0 ewus (J.D. Mooney) ds vuqlkj] ß,d lkekU; /;s; dh çkfIr ds fy, cuk, x, çR;sd ekuoh; leqnk; dk Lo:i
laxBu gSAÞ
laxBu % vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd 125
bZ0 ,u0 XysMu (E.N. Gladden) ds erkuqlkj] ßlaxBu dk lEcU/k fdlh m|e esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa ds ijLij lEcU/kksa ds
ml vkdkj vFkok :i ls gS] ftldk fuekZ.k bl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd ftlls ml m|e ds dk;ksZa dks iwjk fd;k
tk ldsAÞ
,y0 Mh0 àkbZV (L.D. White) ds vuqlkj] Þfdlh fuf'pr /;s; dh çkfIr ds fy, dk;ksZa rFkk nkf;Roksa ds fofu/kku
(Allocation) ds }kjk dkfeZd dks O;oLFkk çnku djus dk dk;Z laxBu dgykrk gSAÞ
ywFkj xqfyd (Luther Gullick) ds vuqlkj] ßlaxBu lÙkk dk og vkSipkfjd <kapk gS] tks fuf'pr mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy,
dk;Z&mifoHkkxksa dks O;ofLFkr] ifjHkkf"kr rFkk lefUor djrk gSAÞ
fQQuj (Pfiffner) ds vuqlkj] ßO;fDr vkSj O;fDr rFkk leqnk;ksa ds mu ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dks laxBu dgrs gSa] ftuds
}kjk Je dk O;ofLFkr foHkktu fd;k tkrk gSAÞ
lkbeu (Simon) ds vuqlkj] ßlaxBu uked lw=k ls gekjk vfHkçk; lgdkjh dk;ksaZ dh ml fu;ksftr O;oLFkk ls gS] ftlesa
çR;sd Hkkxhnkj (Participant) dk dk;Z] mlds dÙkZO; rFkk nkf;Ro lqfuf'pr gksaAÞ
çks0 xkWl (Prof. Gaus) us laxBu esa ekuoh; rÙo ds egÙo dks fo'ks"k :i ls çeq[krk nsrs gq, dgk gS] ßfdlh lkewfgd
dk;Z esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa rFkk oxksZa ds ç;Ruksa ,oa mudh {kerkvksa dks ,sls rjhds ls ijLij lEcfU/kr djus dk uke gh
laxBu gS] ftlls fd de&ls&de la?k"kZ iSnk gq, okafNr mís'; iwjs gks ldsa vkSj mu yksxkas dks] ftu ds fy, fd og dk;Z
fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk mudks tks ml m|e vFkok dk;Z esa yxs gSa] vf/kdre lUrqf"V çkIr gks ldsAÞ
mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd laxBu LorU=k Hkkxksa dks ç.kkyh&c) <ax ls ,df=kr
djus dk uke gS] rkfd os ,dhd‘r :i /kkj.k dj ldsaA ;g ,d lajpukRed (Structural) çcU/k gS] ftlds }kjk fdlh
fuf'pr mís'; ds fy, dk;Z dk foHkktu fd;k tkrk gS] mldks Øec) fd;k tkrk gS] mldks çdV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
mldks leUo;c) fd;k tkrk gSA deZpkjh oxZ ds dk;Z rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro bl çdkj O;ofLFkr dj fn, tk,a fd os ml
mís'; dks iwjk dj lds]a ftlds fy, os ,d lkFk feyus dks lger gq, FksA tc dHkh Hkh dqN O;fDr dqN mís';ksa dh çkfIr
ds fy, ,d lkFk feyrs gSa rks mUgssa ,d vk;kstuc) <ax ls dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA muds dÙkZO;ksa rFkk mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk
i‘Fkd~&i‘Fkd~ fu/kkZj.k dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk mudh fØ;kvksa esa leqfpr :i ls leUo; LFkkfir dj fn;k tkrk gSA blh
çfØ;k dks laxBu dgk tkrk gSA
laxBu ds çdkj
(Kinds of Organization)
laxBu nks çdkj dk gksrk gS&
1. vkSipkfjd laxBu] rFkk
2. vukSipkfjd laxBuA
1. vkSipkfjd laxBu (Formal Organization): vkSipkfjd laxBu mls dgrs gSa ftlesa laxBu dk Lo:i O;ofLFkr
<ax ls fu;ksftr rFkk :ikafdr fd;k x;k gks rFkk ftldks çkf/kdkjh lÙkk (Competent Authority) }kjk ekU;rk ns
nh xbZ gksA bl esa lEcU/kksa dk vkdkj vkSipkfjd :i ls pkVZ vFkok js[kkfp=k esa fu/kkZfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ,sls
laxBu dk fooj.k laxBu&pkVZ rFkk fu;ekoyh (Manuals) esa dj fn;k tkrk gSA laxBu ds <kaps dh ;kstuk
vkSipkfjd :i ls cuk yh tkrh gSA mPp rFkk v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ds lEHkkfor lEcU/kksa dk mYys[k fyf[kr vkpkj
lafgrkvksa (Codes of Conduct) esa dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g laxBu dk og Lo:i gS tks i;Zos{kd (Observer) dks ckgj
ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vehrkbZ ,rthmuh (Amitai Etzioni) ds 'kCnkuqlkj] ßvkSipkfjd laxBu og gS tks lk/kkj.k rkSj
ij ml laxBukRed <kaps dks çdV djrk gS] tks çcU/k }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ftlesa Je ds foHkktu rFkk
fu;U=k.k dh 'kfDr dk [kkdk] Je] naM] vkpj.k] fu;U=k.k vkfn ls lEcfU/kr fu;e rFkk fofu;e 'kkfey gksrs gSaAÞ
2. vukSipkfjd laxBu (Informal Organization): tks laxBu] mlesa dk;Z djus okys deZpkjh oxZ ds okLrfod
O;ogkj ds uewus ds vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] og vukSipkfjd laxBu dgykrk gSA tc deZpkjh ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSa
126 yksd ç'kklu
rks muesa ijLij ,d HkkokRed rFkk O;fDrxr lEcU/k dk fodkl gksrk gSA ;g vkSipkfjd lEcU/k ls foijhr gks
ldrk gSA bls laxBu esa vukSipkfjd lEcU/k ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA ;g gks ldrk gS fd mPp rFkk v/khuLFk
deZpkfj;ksa dk okLrfod lEcU/k O;ogkj esa oSlk u ?kfVr gks] tSlk fd fyf[kr vkpkj&lafgrkvksa ds }kjk vk'kk dh
tkrh gSA dk;Z esa yxs gq, deZpkjh oxZ dk ;g okLrfod lEcU/k (Actual Relationship) gh vukSipkfjd laxBu gSA
O;fDrxr lehdj.k (Personal Equation), ekuoh; çd‘fr ds vfoosd&ç/kku rÙo (Irrational Element of Human
Nature), lewg rFkk fufgr fgrkssa okyh 'kfDr;ka vkfn vusd rÙo fey dj laxBu dks mldh fu/kkZfjr dk;Zfof/k ls
vyx dj nsrs gSaA pwafd fdlh laxBu esa dk;Z djus okys fofHkUu deZpkfj;ksa ds O;fDrRo Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSa]
blfy, blh dkj.k ls gh vukSipkfjd laxBu dh mRifÙk gksrh gS] ijUrq ekuoh; LoHkko ds dqN LFkk;h y{k.k Hkh
gksrs gS]a ftudks okLrfod lapkyu ds le; vka[k ls vkS>y ugha fd;k tk ldrk] tc fd euq"; ds dk;ksaZ ds foLrkj
dk iw.kZ vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk] ijUrq dqN fo'kky mÙkstuk,a gksrh gS] tks blds O;ogkj ij fo'ks"k çHkko
Mkyrh gSaA ,sls çHkko ds egÙoiw.kZ çkfIr] rFkk lEcfU/kr rÙo bl çdkj gksrs gSa&ekuoh; lEeku dh Hkkouk] ekuoh;
çkfIr] lqj{kk rFkk ,d vPNk thou Lrj O;rhr djus dh Hkkouk vkfnA bl çdkj ;g rÙo deZpkfj;ksa dks laxBu
esa ,d Vhe dh HkkfUr dk;Z djus ds fy, çsfjr djrs gSAa blfy, vukSipkfjd laxBu dks mu okLrfod laxBukRed
lEcU/kksa dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gS] tks laxBukRed <kaps rFkk bl esa dk;Z djus okyksa ds e/; ikjLifjd
lEcU/kksa ds ncko esa vUrfØZ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fodflr gksrs gSaA lkbeu (Simon) ds vuqlkj vukSipkfjd laxBu
ls ;g vk'k; gS fd] ßlaxBu esa vUrO;ZDrh; lEcU/k (Inter-personal Relations) gksus pkfg, rFkk ;g laxBu ds
vkUrfjd fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] fdUrq ;s ckrsa vkSipkfjd ;kstuk esa ugha gksrh gSa vFkok bl ;kstuk ls esy
ugha [kkrh gSAÞ laxBu dk deZpkjh&oxZ ;FkkFkZ esa tSlk O;ogkj djrk gS] ml okLrfod vkpj.k dk vukSipkfjd
laxBu ,d iw.kZ uewuk gksrk gS] ijUrq ;g rHkh rd gS tc rd fd okLrfod O;ogkj vkSipkfjd ;kstuk ls ,d esy
ugha gks tkrkA
vkSipkfjd laxBu (Formal Organisation)
laxBu ds fl)kUr dk fodkl djrs le; fo}kuksa us vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd laxBu dh Hkwfedk ij Hkh i;kZIr /;ku
fn;k gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu tkucw>dj lksp&le>dj cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj bls l{ke vf/kdkfj;ksa dh eatwjh çkIr gksrh
gSA bl laxBu ds <k¡ps dks lwphc) fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k fu;e iqfLrdkvksa vkSj fu;eksa ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g laxBu ckgj ls tSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS oSlk gh gksrk gSA gj laxBu esa <k¡ps dh ,d lwph gksrh gSA ,d mnkgj.k nsf[k,%
[kk| vkSj d‘f"k foHkkx
ea=kh
Ü
lfpo
Ü
la;qä lfpo
Ü
mi lfpo
Ü
lgk;d@voj lfpo
Ü
vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh@v/kh{kd
Ü
ofj"B lgk;d
Ü
dfu"B lgk;d
psLVj cukZMZ ds vuqlkj laxBu nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ;k 'kfä;ksa esa lksps&le>s rkyesy dh ,d
O;oLFkk gSA cukZMZ dh jk; esa O;fä ,d laxBu esa dke djus dks blfy, jkth gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd os viuh lsok,¡ nsus vkSj
cnys esa dqN ykHk çkIr djus dks rS;kj gksrs gSAa Mkd foHkkx dh dk;Zç.kkyh bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA vki rd Mkd
igq¡pkus ds fy, dbZ ijLij fuHkZj xfrfof/k;k¡ ,d lkFk dke djrh gS tSls i=kksa dh NaVkbZ] Mkfd;ksa dk forj.k vkSj fQj
lEc) O;fDr ds ?kj&n¶rj rd Mkd igqp ¡ kukA yqbZ ,yu ds vuqlkj vkSipkfjd laxBu ßgj O;fDr ds fy, fuf'pr dk;ksaZ
dh ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa gj O;fDr ds vf/kdkj] ftEesnkjh vkSj tokcnsgh Li"V gksrh gSA ;g lkjh O;oLFkk ,slh gksrh
gS fd blesa dk;Zjr O;fDr vius mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, lcls dkjxj <ax ls feydj dke djrs gSaAÞ
vr% vkSipkfjd laxBu esa laxBu dk ,d fuf'pr Lo:i gksrk gS] fu.kZ; ysus d fofHkUu Lrj Li"V gksrs gSa] dk;ksZa vkSj
nkf;Roksa dk c¡Vokjk gksrk gS vkSj dk;kZfu"iknu O;ofLFkr <ax ls gksrk gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Formal Organization)
vkSipkfjd laxBu ds tfj, fuf'pr y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, lqfu;ksftr ç;kl fd, tkrs gSaA bldh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa%
• dkuwuh ntkZ
• dk;Z ds foHkktu
• <k¡ps dh ç/kkurk
• LFkkf;Ro
• fu;e vkSj O;oLFkk,¡
bu fo'ks"krkvksa ds v/;;u ls vki vkSipkfjd laxBuksa ds Lo:i dks Hkyh çdkj le> ldsaxsA
dkuwuh ntkZ (Legal Status)
vkSipkfjd laxBu dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bls dkuwuh ekU;rk çkIr gksrh gSA ljdkjh Lrj ij dksbZ laxBu cukus
ds fy, laln ;k fo/kku lHkk dks dkuwu cukuk iM+rk gSA vk;dj foHkkx dk xBu vk;dj vf/kfu;e }kjk fd;k x;kA
cEcbZ] fnYyh ;k gSnjkckn ds uxj fuxeksa ds xBu ds fy, lac) jkT;ksa ds fo/kkueaMyksa us dkuwu cuk,A thou chek fuxe]
[kk| fuxe tSls lkoZtfud {ks=k ds laxBuksa dk xBu laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwuksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA
tks dkuwu fdlh laxBu dks cukus dh vuqefr nsuk gS og mls dqN vf/kdkj Hkh nsrk gSA fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds deZpkfj;ksa dks
vius ljdkjh dk;Z ds fu"iknu gsrq dqN dkuwuh vf/kdkj feys gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, O;fDr;ksa ;k laxBuksa dh
xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[kus okyh fofHkUu ifjikyu ,tsafl;k¡ vius vf/kdkjksa ds rgr dh dkjZokbZ djrh gSA vr% dkuwuh
ntkZ vkSipkfjd laxBu dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA
dk;Z dk foHkktu (Division of Work)
dk;Z ds foHkktu dh cqfu;kn ij gh laxBu dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;g foHkktu vkSipkfjd laxBu ds tfj, gksrk gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu esa çcU/k ds Lrj] vf/kdkfj;ksa ds in vkSj muds dk;Z{ks=k Li"V :i ls fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSa vr% blesa dk;Z
dk foHkktu cgqr vklkuh ls gks tkrk gSA blls laxBu dqN dk;ksZa ;k xfrfof/k;ksa esa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly djds vius y{;ksa
dks dkjxj <ax ls gkfly djrk gSA blds ckjs esa foLrkj ls vxyh bdkbZ esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh
laxBu dk çcU/k funs'kd mlds lHkh mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA fdUrq vius lkfFk;ksa esa dke ck¡Vs fcuk
viuh ftEesnkjh fuHkk ikuk mlds fy, vlEHko gSA dke dk foHkktu gksus ij fo'ks"kKrk Hkh c<+rh gS D;ksafd gj bdkbZ
dk ,d fuf'pr dk;Z gksrk gS vkSj vf/kdkjh mlesa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly dj ysrs gSaA
<k¡p dh ç/kkurk (Primacy of Structure)
vkSipkfjd laxBu esa fMtkbu vkSj <k¡ps dks ç/kkurk feyrh gSA mfoZd ds vuqlkj <k¡ps dk vHkko vlaxfr] Øwjrk] cckZnh
vkSj vdeZ.;rk dk çrhd gSA <k¡pk cgqr Li"V gksrk gS vkSj laxBu esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh fuf'pr gksrh gSA
<k¡ps ls lwpukvksa ds vknku&çnku dh O;oLFkk vkSj lnL;ksa ds chp laca/kksa dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA
128 yksd ç'kklu
LFkkf;Ro (Permanence)
vkSipkfjd laxBu vU; laxBuksa dh vis{kk vf/kd LFkkbZ gksrh gSA ;|fi os ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj viuk <k¡pk vkSj mís';
Hkh cny ysrs gSa fdUrq lkekU;r% mudk xBu yEcs le; ds fy, gh fd;k tkrk gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu LFkkbZ gksus ds vykok
le; ds lkFk&lkFk fodflr Hkh gksrs tkrs gSaA
fu;e vkSj O;oLFkk,¡ (Rules and Regulations)
vkSipkfjd laxBu dh ,d vksj egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bl çdkj ds laxBu lqfopkfjr fu;eksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ds
vuqlkj dk;Z djrs gSaA vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa dk;Zjr vf/kdkjh viuh ilan&ukilan ls QSlys ugha dj ldrs cfYd o
fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ds <k¡ps ds Hkhrj gh dke djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fdlh cSad dks ,d m|eh dks
_.k nsuk gS rks _.k dh Lohd‘fr ls lac) fu;eksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dk ikyu gksuk pkfg, vkSj m|fe;ksa dks gj 'krZ iwjh
djuh pkfg,A _.k Lohd‘r djus okys vf/kdkjh bu fu;eksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dk l[rh ls ikyu djrs gSaA fu;eksa vkSj
O;oLFkkvksa ls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vf/kdkj {ks=k lhfer gks tkrk gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu ds fØ;kdyki (Functions of Formal Organisation)
vkSipkfjd laxBu vusd dk;Z djrs gSaA lcls igys rks os y{;ksa vkSj mís';ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA blds fcuk
yksxksa dh 'kfä vkSj ;ksX;rk dk dk;Z fo'ks"k ds fy, mi;ksx djuk dfBu gksxkA mnkgj.k ds fy, Mkd foHkkx dk mís';
ns'k ds ukxfjdksa rd tYnh vkSj dkjxj <ax ls Mkd] igq¡puk gSA j{kk ea=kky; dk mís'; gj rjg ds ckgjh vkØe.k ls
ns'k dh çHkqlÙkk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djuk gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBu esa laxBu ds Hkhrj fofHkUu bdkb;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk Lo:i vkSj foLrkj fuf'pr gksrk gSA j{kk ea=kky;
ds vUrxZr lsuk] ukSlu s k vkSj ok;qlu
s k dks Øe'k% tehu] leqnz vkSj gok esa ns'k dh lhek dh j{kk dh Hkwfedk lkSia h xbZ gSA
vkSipkfjd laxBuksa dk ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS rkyesy ;k leUo; j[kukA mnkgj.k ds fy, Fkkus dk lc&baLisDVj
dbZ gSMdkaLVscyksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa rkyesy j[krk gSA gj Fkkuk ,d lc&baLisDVj ds lqiqnZ gksrk gSA Å¡ps Lrj dk çR;sd
vf/kdkjh vius ,dne v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa rkyesy j[krk gSA
,yu ds vuqlkj vkSipkfjd laxBu lhek,¡] fn'kk funsZ'k vkSj fu;e cukrs gSa ftudk ikyu djuk vko';d gksrk gSA os
,slk cqfu;knh <k¡pk lqyHk djkrs gSa ftlds tfj, ljdkj ;k dksbZ vkSj m|e dk;Z djrk gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu dh
mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk gS voS;fäd laca/kA vFkkZr~ blds lnL;ksa ds lEcU/kksa esa dksbZ yxko ;k HkkoukRed ,drk ugha gksrhA
bu lac/a kksa ds dkj.k fofHkUu elyksa dh tk¡p rVLFk rFkk fu"i{k Hkko ls gksrh gS vkSj ekeys ds xq.k&nks"k ds vk/kkj ij QSlys
fy, tk ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, vnkyr esa U;k;k/kh'k ds lkeus j[ks x, lcwrksa ds vk/kkj ij QSlys fn, tkrs gSa fdlh
vkSj vk/kkj ij ugha foÙkh; ekeyksa esa tek&[kpZ dh tk¡p djus okys vkWfMVj dks foÙkh; fu;eksa] jlhnksa] ckmpj vkSj
nLrkosth lcwrksa ds vk/kkj ij lgh&xyr dk QSlyk djuk pkfg,A
vukSipkfjd laxBu (Informal Organisation)
fdlh Hkh laxBu dks iwjs rkSj ij le>us ds fy, gesa mlds vukSipkfjd <k¡ps ij Hkh /;ku nsuk pkfg,A vukSipkfjd <k¡ps
dks dksbZ vkSipkfjd ekU;rk rks ugha feyrh ysfdu ;g vkSipkfjd <k¡ps dk iwjd gksrk gSA psLVj cukZMZ us vkSipkfjd laxBu
dh rjg vukSipkfjd laxBu ds egÙo ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyk gSA mlds vuqlkj vukSipkfjd laxBu O;fDrxr lEidks]aZ ijLij
fØ;kvksa vkSj yksxksa ds lkewfgd la?kksa dk lewg gksrk gSA vukSipkfjd laxBu dks fdlh laxBu eas dk;Zjr yksxksa ds okLrfod
O;ogkj dk çk:i Hkh crk;k x;k gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu esa tgk¡ <k¡ps dks egÙo fn;k x;k gS] ogh vukSipkfjd laxBu
esa O;fDrxr vkSj ekuoh; Hkkouk,¡ egÙoiw.kZ gSaA çeq[k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp ofj"B v/khuLFk ds laca/kksa ij v/khuLFk
deZpkfj;ksa ds çHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo ;k 'kfDr'kkyh lEidksZa dk vlj iM+ ldrk gSA
vf/kdka'k ç'kkld vukSipkfjd <k¡ps dh vfuok;Zrk ds çfr iw.kZr% lpsr gSaA lHkh Lrjksa ds ç'kkld lkekU;r% laxBuksa ds
Hkhrj ;k ckgj ds ,d ;k vf/kd vukSipkfjd lewgksa ls tqMs+ jgrs gSAa jk"Vªifr vkSj ç/kkuea=kh viuh lgk;rk ds fy, fdpu
dSfcusV cukdj j[krs gSaA bl lewg ds lnL; vDlj çR;{k vkSj vkSipkfjd eaf=keaMyksa vkSj mudh lfefr;ksa ls vf/kd
çHkko'kkyh gksrs gSaA gjsd laxBu esa lwpuk ds vknku&çnku ds vkSipkfjd ek/;eksa ds lkFk&lkFk] vf/kdkjh oxZ]
vukSipkfjd lEidZ ek/;eksa ij Hkh Hkjkslk djrs gSAa bu ek/;eksa ds tfj, ç'kkldksa dks bl ckjs esa egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk,¡ feyrh
gS fd fofHkUu dk;ksZa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds ckjs esa vf/kdkjh okLro esa D;k lksprs gSaA blh rjg vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkh ç'kkldksa
ds n‘f"Vdks.k dh tkudkjh feyrh jgrh gSA
vr% vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dks vDlj çfr:i laxBu vkSj vkSipkfjd laxBuksa dh Nk;k ekuk tkrk gSA mudh dksbZ Li"V
ifjHkk"kk ugha gS vkSj ,slk djuk cgqr dfBu Hkh gSA muds dksbZ fuf'pr laxBukRed y{; Hkh ugha gksrsA vr% lnL;ksa ds
ijLij laca/k Hkh fuf'pr ugha gksrsA Lor% LQwrZ] xSj ljdkjh vkSj vkdkjghu laca/kksa ls vuqdwy Hkkouk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSA
ftuls ijLij laidZ c<+rk gS vkSj tku&igpku ds ca/ku etcwr gksrs gSaA vukSipkfjd Lo:i] y{;ksa ds vHkko vkSj
vkdkjghu laca/kksa ds dkj.k vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ds dkuwu dk;ns dke ugha vkrsA
vukSipkfjd laxBu D;ksa\ (Why Informal Organisation)
[k.M 2 esa ge ppkZ dj pqds gSa fd O;fDr;ksa dh viuh t:jrsa vkSj bPNk,¡ gksrh gS ftUgsa os iwjk djuk pkgrs gSAa vkSipkfjd
laxBu vius çR;sd lnL; dh lHkh t:jrksa dks iwjk ugha dj ikrsA vr% lnL; vU; lk/kuksa ls viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk
djuk pkgrs gSaA blh bPNk ls vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dk mn~Hko gksrk gSA
fgDl vkSj xqYysV us vukSipkfjd laxBuksa ds xBu ds vusd dkj.kksa dk irk yxk;k gSA vc ge bu dkj.kksa ij fopkj
djsaxsA igyk dkj.k ;g gS fd O;fDr viuh lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa 'kkfey gksrs
gSaA bdkbZ 13 esa ge ns[k pqds gSa fd O;fDr dks fj'rs&ukrksa] laca/kksa vkSj lkFk dh pkg gksrh gSA vxj ;s bPNk,¡ iwjh u gksa
rks og vdsykiu eglwl djrk gS vkSj fujk'k gks tkrk gSA blh rjg bdkbZ 10 esa geus es;ks (Mayo) dh ml O;k[;k dk
Hkh v/;;u fd;k ftlds vuqlkj lewgksa esa dke djus okys O;fDr vf/kd larfq "V eglwl djrs gSAa vr% vukSipkfjd laxBu
O;fDr;ksa dh lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA
tSlk fd psLVj cukZMZ us dgk gS] nwljk dkj.k ;g gS fd O;fDr dks lkekftd lac/a kksa esa O;fDrxr lq[k feyrk gSA bls ,drk]
lkekftd] v[k.Mrk ;k lkekftd lqj{kk dgrs gSAa lkekftd lEidZ ds tfj, O;fDr viuh igpku vkSj viuRo dh pkg
dks lUrq"V djrk gSA vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa O;fDr dks vkSipkfjd laxBuksa dh vis{kk viuh {kerk,¡ lkfcr djus ds
vf/kd volj feyrs gSaA
rhljk dkj.k ;g gS fd gj O;fDr laxBuksa esa viuk dke djrs&djrs dqN ruko] dqN fujk'kk vuqHko djrk gSA blls
NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, og dqN n;k] dqN ln~Hkkouk pkgrk gSA ;g lc mls vukSipkfjd laxBuksa ls feyrk gSA buesa O;fDr
viuh fujk'kk] dqaBk dks [kqydj vfHkO;Dr dj ysrk gS vkSj mls ,sls fe=kksa dh lgkuqHkwfr Hkh feyrh gS tks igys bl nkSj
ls xqtj pqds gksrs gSaA
pkSFkk dkj.k ;g gS fd vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa lnL;ksa dks vius laxBukRed mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkh lgk;rk fey
tkrh gSA fo|kFkhZ dks vius lkFkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh enn fey tkrh gS] laxBuksa ds lnL;ksa dks viuh ftEesnkfj;k¡ fuHkkus esa
vius gh lkfFk;ksa dk lg;ksx vkSj ekxZn'kZu fey tkrk gSA
ik¡pok¡ dkj.k ;g gS fd vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa O;fDr dks viuh jpukRed çfrHkkvksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk volj feyrk
gSA ;s laxBu Lor%LQwrZ çfrHkk dks c<+kok gh ugha nsrs mldh lqj{kk Hkh djrs gSaA
NBk dkj.k ;g gS fd çR;sd laxBu ds dqN ewY;] dqN vkn'kZ gksrs gSa ftudh j{kk çR;sd lewg dks fç; gksrh gSA bu ewY;ksa
dks fodflr djds mudk çlkj djuk gksrk gSA vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk esa ,slk dj ikuk laHko ugha gS D;ksafd gks ldrk gs
fd O;fDr ds ewY; ;k vkn'kZ laxBu ds ewY;ksa ds vuq:i u gksaA fdUrq vukSipkfjd laxBu esa bldk iwjk volj feyrk
gSA
vfUre dkj.k ;g gS fd laxBu ds lnL; lnSo ;g tkuus dks mRlqd jgrs gSa fd muds laxBu esa D;k dqN ?kV jgk gSA
lwpuk ds vkSipkfjd ek/;e cgqr lqLr gksrs gSa] dHkh&dHkh cgqr de lwpuk feyrh gS ;k ugha Hkh feyrhA vukSipkfjd
130 yksd ç'kklu
laxBu esa fodflr lwpuk ek/;e cgqr QqrhZ ls dke djrs gSaA blls laxBu ds lnL;ksa dks Hkkoh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh
igys gh fey tkrh gS vkSj os mlh ds vuqlkj [kqn dks <ky ysrs gSaA
vukSipkfjd laxBu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Informal Organisation)
vukSipkfjd laxBu dh vusd vuwBh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA lcls igyh fo'ks"krk rks ;g gS fd bu laxBuksa ds lnL;ksa ds
lkspus&le>us vkSj dke djus dk rjhdk ,d lk gSA yxkrkj lEidZ ds dkj.k budh ekU;rk,¡ leku gks tkrh gSA bu
leku ekU;rkvksa dk tjk lk Hkh mYya?ku djus okys lnL; dks lkewfgd nckoksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vkSj fcjknjh
ls ckgj fd, tkus dk [krjk jgrk gSA vr% vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa O;ogkj ds ekun.Mksa dks l[rh ls ykxw fd;k tkrk
gSA
nwljs] vukSipkfjd laxBu esa lnL;ksa ds fy, lewg }kjk Lohdkj O;ogkj ds ekun.Mksa dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
pwafd lnL;ksa dks muds lEidZ ls viukiu feyrk gS blfy, os lewg ds fu;eksa dk Hkh ikyu djrs gSaA bu fu;eksa ds
mYya?ku ij n.M fn;k tkrk gS] dHkh&dHkh fcjknjh ls ckgj Hkh dj fn;k tkrk gSA
vukSipkfjd laxBu dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk gS] usr‘Ro dh fHkUu 'kSyhA vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa lnL; vius usrk dk lEeku
mlds in vkSj vf/kdkjksa ds dkj.k djrs gSaA tcfd vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa lnL; usrk ds çHkko ds dkj.k mldk lkFk
nsrs gSaA tSlk fd esjh ikdZj QkWysV us dgk Hkh gS] usrk ifjfLFkfr dh nsu gksrs gSa vkSj rHkh rd usr‘Ro djrs gSa] tc fd
ifjfLFkfr dh ek¡x gksrh gSA fdUrq vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa usrk dks lewg dh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:i cuuk iM+rk gSA blesa
vlQy jgus ij mls usrk ds in ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa ;g laHko ugha gSA
vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dh dfe;k¡ (Dysfunctions of Informal Organisation)
blesas langs ugha fd vukSipkfjd laxBu dbZ rjg ls vkSipkfjd laxBu dh enn djrk gSA vkSipkfjd laxBuksa ds lnL;ksa
dks vius laxBu ls dqN ugha feyrk mls os vukSipkfjd laxBuksa ls ikrs gSaA fdUrq bu laxBuksa dh viuh leL;k,¡ vkSj
dfe;k¡ Hkh gSaA
ge igys crk pqds gSa fd vukSipkfjd laxBu esa lwpuk dk vknku&çnku cgqr rsth ls gksrk gS tks fuLlangs ,d jpukRed
Hkwfedk gSA fdUrq ;g lwpuk&O;oLFkk vDlj] xyr] v/kwjh vkSj mYVh&lh/kh [kcjsa QSykus yxrh gSA ,slh vQokgsa QSyus
ls vfuf'prrk vkSj laxBu ds fy, dbZ leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
nwljs] ge ns[k pqds gSa fd vukSipkfjd laxBu dqN ewY;ksa&ekU;rkvksa ds çlkj ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ buls
;FkkfLFkfr dk c<+kok feyrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vkSipkfjd laxBu lnSo ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrs gSaA
jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ds uke ij vDlj ,sls lq/kkjksa dk Hkh fojks/k fd;k tkrk gS tks vkSipkfjd laxBu ds fy,
ykHkçn gksrs gSAa rhljs] lewg ds ekun.Mksa dk ikyu tcnZLrh djkus ds Hkh dqN uqdlku gSA blds dkj.k vDlj O;fDr;ksa
ij viuh mRikndrk lhfer djus ds fy, ncko Mkyk tk ldrk gSA Vsyj us bls ßO;oLFkkxr cU/kuÞ dgk gSA ;g nks"k
laxBuksa ds fgr esa ugha gSA
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd laxBu dk ikjLifjd laca/k
(Interdependence between Formal and Informal Organisation)
laxBuksa dh dk;Zç.kkyh dk lgh <ax ls le>us vkSj vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dh iwjh tkudkjh ds fy, muds
vkilh laca/kksa vkSj iwjd Hkwfedkvksa dks lgh rjg le>uk t:jh gSA vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd laxBu ,d gh flDds
ds nks igyw gSaA vkSipkfjd laxBu lekt dks lqO;ofLFkr <k¡pk çnku djrs gSa vkSj vukSipkfjd laxBu us mUgsa LQwrZ vkSj
çk.koku cukrs gSaA vlyh ckr rks ;g gS fd ,d ds fcuk nwljs dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSSA flQZ vkSipkfjd <k¡ps ds
vk/kkj ij fdlh laxBu dks iwjh rjg ugha le>k tk ldrkA fdlh lfØ; laxBu ds xfr'khy <k¡ps dks le>us ds fy,
mlds çeq[k O;fDr;ksa ds O;fDrRoksa vkSj Hkwfedkvksa ij lkFkZd utj Mkyuk vko';d gSA Hkkoh çcU/kdksa dks O;fDr;ksa ds
y{;ksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa] lkewfgd O;oLFkkvksa vkSj vukSipkfjd Hkwfedkvksa vkfn dks le>uk pkfg,A lwpuk ds vukSipkfjd
ek/;eksa ls fdlh Hkh laxBu ds çeq[k vf/kdkjh dks ,slh egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk feyrh gS ftlls og ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj lgh
QSlyk dj ldrk gSA lQyrk pkgus okyh çR;sd ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds dkjxj lapkyu ds fy, laxBu ds vkSipkfjd
vkSj vukSipkfjd igyqvksa ds chp lgh larqyu vko';d gSA
vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa vUrj

(Difference between Formal and Informal Organisation)
vUrjksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, ,y-Mh- àkbV us dgk gS fd vukSipkfjd laxBu vf/kd mxz gksrk gS rFkk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd
vUrj] tkfr ;k Hkk"kk dk vUrj] f'k{kk dk Lrj] oS;fDrd :fp;ka ,oa v:fp;ka ml laxBu ij çHkko Mkyrh gSa vkSj ,d
çdkj ls og bu lcdk çfrfcEc gksrk gSA ;g fjoktksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] ;g u rks fyf[kr gksrk gS] u fufeZr vkSj u
gh blesa LoPN js[kkfp=kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu foosd'khy rFkk voS;fDrd cuuk pkgrk gS tcfd
vukSipkfjd laxBu Hkkouk&ç/kku ,oa O;fDrxr cuuk pkgrk gSA nksuksa ,d&nwljs dks çk;% lesV ysrs gSa o ,d&nwljs ls
la;qDr Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj nwj&nwj HkhA eslQhYM rFkk ekDlZ dk fopkj gS fd vkSipkfjd laxBu ,d fu;ksftr laxBu
gksrk gS tcfd vukSipkfjd laxBu ,d çkd‘frd fodkl gSA vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa eq[; vUrj lÙkk ,oa çHkko dk gksrk
gSA lÙkk dk vFkZ nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, vkKk nsus dh oS/kkfud 'kfDr ls gS vkSj çHkko dk vFkZ euq";
dh ml lkeF;Z ls gS ftlds vuqlkj laxBu ds nwljs O;fDr Hkh phtksa dks mlh :i esa ns[kus yxrs gSa rFkk mlh ds vuqlkj
os dk;Z djrs vkSj djuk pkgrs gSaA
lkbeu dk fopkj gS fd vukSipkfjd laxBu ls rkRi;Z ml laxBu ls gS ftlesa vUroSZ;fDrd lEcU/k ik, tkrs gSa rFkk
os blds fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA ;s lEcU/k laxBu dh vkSipkfjd ;kstuk ds ckgj gSa vkSj ml ;kstuk ls esy ugha
[kkrsA çR;sd laxBu ds u;s lnL;ksa dks vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk muds O;kogkfjd laxBu ds lnL; cuus ds iwoZ gh lkbeu
us rks ;gka rd dg fn;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh vkSipkfjd laxBu ml le; rd çHkko'kkyh :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrk tc
rd fd mls ,d vukSipkfjd laxBu dk lg;ksx çkIr u gksA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd vkSipkfjd laxBu mu lHkh ckrksa
dk foLrkj ls o.kZu ugha dj ldrk tks vukSipkfjd :i ls djuh gksrh gS fQj Hkh ;fn vukSipkfjd laxBu çHkkoiw.kZ
:i ls dk;Z djuk pkgrk gS rks mls vukSipkfjd lEcU/kksa dks lhfer djuk gksxkA mls laxBu esa jktuhfr ds fodkl dks
jksduk gksxkA çHkko ,oa lÙkk ds fy, gksus okys la?k"kZ ij jksd yxkuh gksxh ;fn og la?k"kZ laxBu ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyu
esa ck/kd gksA vkSipkfjd laxBu dks ;g pkfg, fd og vukSipkfjd lEcU/kksa ds fodkl dh fn'kk jpukRedrk dh vksj
eksM+ nsA blds }kjk laxBu ds dk;Z ds nksgjko dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
vukSipkfjd lEcU/k lapkj lk/ku ds :i eas cgqr ykHknk;d dk;Z djrs gSaA ;g rks ,d ekuh gqbZ ckr gS fd vukSipkfjd
lEcU/k c<+saxs] laxBu esa buds fodkl ij jksd ugha yxkbZ tk ldrhA bl fLFkfr esa fodYi ;gh jg tkrk gS fd laxBu
ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, bl fodkl dk ç;ksx fd;k tk,A tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] vkSipkfjd laxBu
,d vukSipkfjd laxBu ds vuq:i Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk çfrdwy HkhA ge ,d vkn'kZ laxBu mldks dgsaxs ftlesa
vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd :i ls js[kk,a ijLij esy [kkrh gSAa gekjs lkeus eq[; leL;k ;gh gS fd bl vk/kkj ij laxBu
esa tks nksgjko ik;k tkrk gS og u jgs vkSj mlesa ,drk vk tk,A fMekWd dk dguk gS fd orZeku lUrfr ds lkeus ;g
pqukSrh gS fd og laxBu dk ,d ,slk fl)kar fu:fir djs ftlesa ,drk LFkkfir gks tcfd bl le; nks laxBu fLFkr gSAa
bl çdkj laxBu ds laca/k esa vusd fl)kar ,oa fopkj/kkjk,a gSaA bu fl)kUrksa ,oa fopkj/kkjkvksa ds lanHkZ esa gesa laxBu
ds Lo:i ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks igpkuuk gksxkA fdlh Hkh laxBu dks fdl vk/kkj ij laxfBr fd;k tk,] mls dSlk cuk;k
tk, rFkk dkSu&lk ekWMy mlds fy, Bhd jgsxk] vkfn ckrksa dk fu.kZ; ge rHkh dj ikrs gSa tc laxBu ds fofHkUu fopkjkasa
ls ge Lo;a dks ifjfpr j[ksaA
vkftZul us pkj {ks=kksa dk fu:i.k fd;k gS] tgka vkSipkfjd laxBu vkSj vukSipkfjd laxBu ds varj fd;k tk ldrk
gS%
1. vUroSZ;fDrd laca/k% vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa lnL;ksa ds chp lEcU/k igys ls gh fu/kkZfjr jgrs gSa vkSj vukSipkfjd
laxBuksa esa laca/k O;fDr dh vko';drkvksa ds Åij gh vk/kkfjr jgrs gSaA
132 yksd ç'kklu
2. usr‘Ro% vkSipkfjd laxBuksa ds usrk fufnZ"V gksrs gSa vkSj vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa usr‘Ro vius vki meM+ vkrk gSA
3. O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k% vkSipkfjd laxBuksa esa deZpkfj;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dk fu;a=k.k iqjLdkj ,oa n.M ds }kjk fu;a=k.k
gksrk gS vkSj vukSipkfjd lewgksa esa vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds vk/kkj ij lnL;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dk fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
4. vkJ;rk% vkSipkfjd usrkvksa dh iqjLdkj ,oa n.Mewyd {kerkvksa ds dkj.k muds v/khuLFk vfHkdehZ vukSipkfjd
lewgksa ds vfHkdfeZ;ksa dh vis{kk vius usrkvksa ij vf/kd vkfJr jgrs gSaA
vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa vUrj

(Differences between Formal & Informal Organization)
vkSipkfjd laxBu vukSipkfjd laxBu
1. ;g vf/kdkj ds çR;k;kstu ds dkj.k fufeZr gksrk 1. ;g yksxksa dh lkekftd çfrfØ;k ds QyLo:i
gSA mn; gksrk gSA
2. blds vUrxZr vf/kdkj ,oa dk;ksaZ ij cy fn;k tkrk 2. blds vUrxZr yksxksa o muds lEcU/kksa ij cy fn;k
gSA tkrk gSA
3. ;g tku&cw>dj fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA 3. ;g Lor% ,oa LokHkkfod :i ls fufeZr gksrk gSA
4. vkSipkfjd vf/kdkj fdlh ,d in ls lEcfU/kr gksrs 4. vukSipkfjd vf/kdkj fdlh ,d O;fDr ls lEcfU/kr
gSaA gksrs gSaA
5. vkSipkfjd laxBu dk vkdkj cgqr cM+k gks ldrk 5. vukSipkfjd laxBu dk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gSA
gSA
6. fu;e] dÙkZO; rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro fyf[kr :i esa 6. blesa fu;e rFkk ijEijk,a vfyf[kr gksrh gSaA
fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA
7. ;g mu ckgjh O;fDr;ksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gS tks fd 7. ;g mu O;fDr;ksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gS] tks lewg ds
js[kh; Lrj ds ofj"B vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA fu;U=k.k esa gksrs gSaA
8. vkSipkfjd vf/kdkj Åij ls uhps dh vksj çokfgr 8. vukSipkfjd vf/kdkj Åij ls vFkok lery ds :i
gksrk gSA esa çokfgr gksrk gSA
9. ;g rduhdh mís';ksa ds fy, fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA 9. ;g euq"; dh lkekftd rqf"V dh [kkst ds
ifj.kkeLo:i mn; gksrk gSA
10. ;g vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA 10. ;g vis{kkd‘r de LFkk;h gksrk gSA
mi;qZDr fHkUurkvksa ds ckotwn vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd laxBu Li"V :i ls ,d nwljs ls fHkUu ugha gksrs gSa] nksuksa dk
lg vfLrRo gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa dks ,d nwljs ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA çR;sd vkSipkfjd laxBu ds vUrxZr ,d
vukSipkfjd laxBu gksrk gS vkSj çR;sd vkSipkfjd laxBu ds vUrxZr de ls dqN laxBukRed vkSipkfjdrk fo|eku jgrh
gSA
la{ksi esa] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBuksa esa ?kfu"B laca/k gSA ,d ckj vkSipkfjd laxBu
ds cu tkus ds ckn os Lor% vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gS]a tks u dsoy mldks çHkkfor gh djrs gSa cfYd mldks
'kfDr Hkh çnku djrs gSaA ,d ds fcuk nwljk 'kk;n gh thfor jg ldsA vr% nksuksa ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw gSaA
fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)
vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd dsoy fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij
laxBuksa dks iw.kZ rFkk fu;ksftr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vkSipkfjd laxBu ds lw=k rFkk fl)kUr ekxZn'kZd fl) gks ldrs
gSa] rFkkfi mudk ç;ksx ifjfLFkfr ds O;kogkfjd lanHkZ esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA dsoy bl çdkj ls gh ,d O;kogkfjd
laxBu dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh laxBu dks iwjh rjg le>us ds fy, mlds vkSipkfjd Lo:i dk v/;;u
gh i;kZIr ugha gksxkA mlds okLrfod dk;Z&lapkyu ds fo"k; esa rF;kRed Kku çkIr djus ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd
ml laxBu ds vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds O;fDrRo rFkk muds ikjLifjd laca/kksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk gksxkA gesa
vkSipkfjd laxBu ds ewY;ksa (Values) dks dk;e j[kuk pkfg, rFkk muds LFkku ij vukSipkfjd laxBu dks gh LFkkfir
djus ij tksj ugha nsuk pkfg,A vko';drk rks bl ckr dh gS fd ge bu nksuksa ds vPNs rÙoksa dk feJ.k dj ysa vkSj
muds vuqlkj ç'kklu dk fuekZ.k rFkk lapkyu djsAa blfy, vkSipkfjd laxBu ds fl)kUrksa dks vk/kkj eku dj] ekuoh;
lEcU/kksa dks Hkh ;ksX; LFkku rFkk egÙo nsuk pkfg,A bl çdkj dk fefJr laxBu cgqr çHkko'kkyh gksxkA fQQuj
(Pfiffner) ds vuqlkj] ßdksbZ Hkh çcU/kdh; laLFkk] ftlesa vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu dh ç/kku :i js[kk,a leku
,oa vuq:i gksrh gSa] LoLFk rFkk lq[kn laLFkk gksrh gSAÞ
134 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&17
foHkkx
(Department)
foHkkx 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ fdlh laiw.kZ oLrq dk ,d fgLlk ;k vax gksrk gSA ç'kklu esa ljdkj dk lkjk dke
vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa c¡Vk gksrk gS vkSj ç'kklu dh cM+h&cM+h bdkb;k¡ bls iwjk djrh gSA bu bdkb;ksa dks foHkkx dgrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, f'k{kk foHkkx] j{kk foHkkx] vkSj LokLF; foHkkx vkfnA ljdkj dk vf/kdka'k dke ;gh foHkkx
djrs gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd foHkkx ns'k dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds lcls egÙoiw.kZ vkSj cqfu;knh bdkbZ gSA
vkerkSj ij foHkkx cM+s gksrs gSa tks lh/ks eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds çR;{k fu;a=k.k esa dke djrs gSaA
nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'kksa esa ljdkj dk eq[; dkedkt foHkkxksa ds ek/;e ls gh gksrk gSA ljdkj ds dkedkt pykus dk ;g
lcls iqjkuk rjhdk gSA çkphu vkSj e/;dky esa Hkh jktk viuk dke vyx&vyx foHkkxksa esa ck¡V nsrs Fks vkSj çR;sd foHkkx
dh ftEesnkjh vyx&vyx vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lkSai nh tkrh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy, j{kk lsukvksa dh ftEesnkjh lsukifr ij]
iqfyl dh ftEesnkjh QkStnkj ij] [ktkus ;k dks"kkxkj dh ftEesnkjh [ktkaph ij vkSj HkaMkj ¼HkaMkj.k vkSj vkiwfrZ½ dh
ftEesnkjh HkaMkjiky ij gksrh FkhA ljdkj dk lkjk dkedkt dkjxj <ax ls pykus ds fy, t:jh gS fd mls vyx&vyx
fgLlksa esa ck¡V fn;k tk,A blls Qk;nk ;g gksrk gS fd vyx&vyx dke ds fy, vyx&vyx vfHkdj.k ftEesnkj gksrs
gSa vkSj foHkkxh; O;oLFkk Lor% gh Lo:i ys ysrh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ljdkj dk dke fnuksafnu c<+rk tk jgk gS blfy,
ç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa foHkkxksa dk egÙo Hkh blh xfr ls c<+ jgk gSA
foHkkx % vFkZ
(Department : Meaning)
'kkfCnd n‘f"V ls foHkkx dk vFkZ fdlh cM+s laxBu vFkok bdkbZ dk Hkkx (Part) gSA dHkh&dHkh foHkkx 'kCn dk ç;ksx
ç'kkldh; laxBu ds vfrfjä vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Ýkal esa ns'k ds fuoklh ç'kkldh; ^ftyks*a
ds fy, ^foHkkx* 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;kiu dk dk;Z ^foHkkxksa* esa ckaVk fn;k
tkrk gSA bu foHkkxksa dk çeq[k dk;Z ç'kklu ugha] f'k{k.k gksrk gSA ç'kklu dh rduhdh 'kCnkoyh esa ^foHkkx* 'kCn dk
,d fo'ks"k vFkZ gksrk gSA eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds v/khu jgus okys leLr ljdkjh dk;Z dks vusd [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr dj
foHkkx
fy;k tkrk gSA buds çR;sd [k.M dks ^foHkkx
foHkkx* dgk tkrk gSA foHkkx ljdkjh dk;ksZa dk foHkktu rFkk lEiknu djus dk
ijEijkxr rFkk egÙoiw.kZ çdkj gSA fMekWd rFkk dksbax ds vuqlkj] ßç'kklu esa Je&foHkktu dh vko';drk foHkkxh;
ç.kkyh ds tUe dk LokHkkfod dkj.k gSAÞ vktdy foHkkx ds fy, ç'kklu] vfHkdj.k] lfefr] ifj"kn~] vkfn vusd uke
çpfyr gq, gSaA bu vusd ukeksa esa ge ^foHkkx* dks dSls igpkusa] ;g ç'u gekjs lkeus gSaA MkW- ,e- ih- 'kekZ ds vuqlkj]
foHkkx dh nks çeq[k igpkusa gSa%
1. bdkbZ dk uke pkgs dqN Hkh gks] ;fn og ç'kkldh; lksiku ds 'kh"kZ ds lehi gks rFkk mlds ,oa çeq[k dk;Zdkjh
foHkkx
ds chp dksbZ vU; bdkbZ u gks rks ge mls ^foHkkx
foHkkx* dgsaxsA
2. ;fn og bdkbZ çeq[k dk;Zdkjh ds v/khu rFkk mlds çfr mÙkjnk;h gks rks bdkbZ dks ^foHkkx* dgk tk,xkA
foHkkx 135
^foHkkx
foHkkx* eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds ,dne uhps vo';d gksrs gSa fdUrq mlds laxBu ,oa iquxZBu ds lEcU/k esa ;g vko';d
foHkkx
ugha gS fd og LorU=k gksaA foHkkxksa ds laxBu dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku] laln ;k dk;Zikfydk esa lfUufgr gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr
esa fdlh ea=kky; vFkok foHkkx dks laxfBr] iquxZfBr ;k lekIr djus dh 'kfDr dsUnzh; dk;Zikfydk ds gkFkksa esa gSA
foHkkx dk xBu dkSu djrk gS\
ge i<+ pqds gSa fd foHkkx lh/ks eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds uhps dke djrs gSa vkSj mlh ds çfr tokcnsg gksrs gSaA ysfdu foHkkxksa
ds xBu vkSj iquxZBu dh ftEesnkjh ges'kk eq[; dk;Zdkjh dh ugha gksrhA mnkgj.k ds fy, vejhdk esa fo/kkf;dk foHkkxksa
dk xBu djrh gSA :l esa foHkkxksa ds xBu ;k iquxZBu ds fy, lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku t:jh gksrk gSA ysfdu baXySaM vkSj
Hkkjr esa eq[; dk;Zdkjh vFkkZr~ ç/kkuea=kh viuh bPNk vkSj lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj foHkkxksa ds xBu vkSj iquxZBu dj ldrs
gSaA
foHkkxksa ds çdkj (Types of Department)
ç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa lHkh foHkkxksa dk egÙo leku gksrk gSA ysfdu muds vkdkj&çdkj vkSj vkarfjd <k¡ps ds vuqlkj
mUgsa vyx&vyx oxksZa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA
1. cM+s vkSj NksVs foHkkx% foHkkxksa ds vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij ge mUgsa cM+k ;k NksVk dg ldrs gSa] jsy] foÙk ;k j{kk foHkkx
cM+s vkdkj okys foHkkx gSaA tcfd ijek.kq ÅtkZ foHkkx ,d NksVk foHkkx gSA
2. iqjkus vkSj u, foHkkx% gj ljdkj esa dqN foHkkx cgqr iqjkus gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ dqN foHkkx ,sls gksrs gSa ftudk xBu
cgqr igys fd;k x;k FkkA tSls fczVsu dk [ktkuk foHkkx ;k Hkkjr dk foÙk foHkkxA ysfdu ljdkj dh dqN ubZ
;k vfrfjDr xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, dqN u, foHkkx Hkh cuk, tkrs gSaA tSls fczVsu dk ç'kklfud lsok foHkkx ;k Hkkjr
dk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl foHkkxA
3. ,ddk;hZ ;k cgqdk;hZ foHkkx% dqN foHkkx ,sls gksrs gSa ftuds dk;Z&dyki dk ,d gh fuf'pr Lo:i gksrk gSA tSls
j{kk ;k f'k{kk foHkkxA tcfd dqN foHkkxksa ds vusd mi&foHkkx vyx&vyx rjg ls dke djrs gSaA tSls x‘g foHkkx]
[kk|] d‘f"k vkSj lgdkfjrk foHkkxA
4. ifjikyu ;k leUo;d foHkkx% tks foHkkx okLro esa dk;Z ds ifjikyu ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSa mUgsa ifjikyu
foHkkx dgk tkrk gS tSls Mkd foHkkx] blh çdkj ftudk dke flQZ leUo; ;k rkyesy j[kuk gksrk gS mUgsa
leUo;d foHkkx dgk tkrk gSA tSls iapk;rh jkt foHkkx ;k lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkxA
blh rjg foÙk foHkkx tSls dqN foHkkxksa esa lkjk dke eq[;ky; esa gh dsafnzr gksrk gS tcfd Mkd rkj foHkkx tSls foHkkxksa
dks ns'k Hkj esa QSys v/khuLFk vkSj {ks=kh; dk;kZy;ksa ds tfj, dke djuk iM+rk gSA
foHkkx dh fo'ks"krk,¡
ljdkj dk dkedkt pykus dh lcls iqjkuh vkSj egÙoiw.kZ O;oLFkk foHkkxh; O;oLFkk gh gSA gtkjksa o"kksZa ls ljdkjsa
foHkkxksa ds tfj, gh dke djrh vkbZ gSA ljdkjh foHkkxksa dh dqN çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ bl çdkj gSaA
• lkekU;r% foHkkx ç'kklu dh lcls cM+h bdkbZ gksrs gSaA
• foHkkx ç'kklu dh lcls iqjkuh vkSj lcls ikjaifjd bdkbZ gSA
• ç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa foHkkxksa dk LFkku eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds ,dne uhps gksrk gSA
• foHkkx eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds lcls utnhd gksrs gSa vkSj lh/ks mlh ds çfr tokcnsg gksrs gSaA
çR;sd foHkkx foHkkxk/;{k ds lh/ks fu;a=k.k vkSj fujh{k.k esa dke djrk gSA foHkkx ds nSfud ç'kklu dh ftEesnkjh
foHkkxk/;{k ij gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa çR;sd foHkkx ,d ea=kh ds fu;a=k.k esa dke djrk gS ftls ç/kkuea=kh fu;qDr djrs gSa vkSj
tks mUgha ds çfr tokcnsg gksrk gSA foHkkx dk;Zikfydk vkSj fo/kkf;dk nksuksa ds çfr ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA mudk nSfud
ç'kklu ea=kh ds fu;a=k.k esa gksrk gS vkSj eaf=keaMy rFkk laln uhfr;k¡ fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA vr% laln ds ek/;e ls foHkkxh;
ç'kklu vke turk ds çfr ftEesnkj vkSj tokcnsg gksrk gSA
136 yksd ç'kklu
foHkkxksa ds v/;{k dk in ea=kh ;k jktuhfrd ds gkFk esa gksrk gS tks turk dh bPNk dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA mlds uhps
ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh gksrs gSa tks vius&vius {ks=k esa fo'ks"kK vkSj vuqHkoh gksrs gSaA fu.kZ;ksa vkSj vkns'kksa dk ikyu ;s
vf/kdkjh gh djkrs gSaA vr% foHkkxksa esa jktuhfrK vkSj ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh feydj ns'k dk ç'kklu pykrs gSaA foHkkx
esa ç'kklu ij turk dk fu;a=k.k Hkh gksrk gS vkSj çf'kf{kr dq'ky vkSj fo'ks"kK vf/kdkjh ç'kklu Hkh pykrs gSaA foHkkx
esa bu nksuksa gh rRoksa dk lgh rkyesy gksrk gSA
foHkkxh; O;oLFkk ljy] lqfo/kktud rFkk vklku gksrh gS] ftls vke turk Hkh le> ldrh gSA blds tfj, ç'kklu ij
turk dk fu;a=k.k Hkh jgrk gSA blfy, vf/kdka'k ns'k ç'kklu dh foHkkxh; O;oLFkk dks gh viukrs gSaA
foHkkxhdj.k ds vk/kkj (Bases of Departmentation)
ge i<+ pqds gSa fd foHkkx ç'kklu dh lcls iqjkuh] lcls egÙoiw.kZ vkSj lcls cM+h bdkbZ gksrs gSa ftuds tfj, ljdkj
dk vf/kdka'k dkedkt pyrk gSA vc ge ;g v/;;u djsxa s fd foHkkx dSls cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj foHkkx ds xBu ds fl)kUr
;k vk/kkj D;k gSA
lqpk: :i ls ç'kklu pykus ds fy, ljdkj ds dke dks ck¡Vuk t:jh gSA ;wukuh nk'kZfud vjLrw us dke ds bl c¡Vokjs
ds fy, nks vk/kkj lq>k, FksA ,d O;fDr;ksa ;k oxksZa ds vuqlkj] nwljk lsokvksa ds vuqlkjA
ywFkj xqfyd (Luther Gulick) ds vuqlkj vk/kqfud ;qx esa foHkkxkssa ds xBu ds fy, pkj fl)karksa ds vk/kkj viuk, tkrs
gSAa buds ckjs esa vki blls igys dh bdkb;ksa esa i<+ pqds gSAa ;s vk/kkj gS%a mís';] çfØ;k] O;fDr vkSj LFkkuA ywFkj xqfyd
us bls 4-ih dk QkewZyk dgkA vc ge buesa ls çR;sd ij laf{kIr ppkZ djsaxsA
mís';% vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa lÙkk ds fdlh [kkl dke ;k mís'; ds fy, ,d foHkkx cuk;k tkrk gSA ljdkj dks ubZ rjg
ds dke djus gksrs gSaA bu dkeksa dk fu/kkZj.k djds çR;sd dke ds fy, vyx foHkkx cuk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,%
ns'k dh j{kk ds fy, j{kk foHkkx cuk;k x;k] yksxksa dh LokLF; dh ns[kHkky ds fy, LokLF; foHkkx vkSj mUgsa f'kf{kr djus
ds fy, f'k{kk foHkkx dk xBu fd;k x;kA T;knkrj ns'kksa esa vf/kdrj foHkkx mís'; ij gh vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA foHkkxksa ds
xBu dk ;g cgqr vklku] cgqr vke vkSj cgqr dkjxj fl)kUr gSA blls dke esa nqgjkiu ugha vkrk vkSj bls le>uk
Hkh vklku gSA ;fn foHkkxksa dk xBu fo'ks"k mís'; ;k fo'ks"k dke dks iwjk djus ds fy, fd;k tk, rks vke vkneh ls crk
ldrk gS fd dkSu lk dke fdl foHkkx ds ftEes gSA
çfØ;k% çfØ;k dk vFkZ fdlh rduhd] fdlh n{krk ;k fo'ks"k çdkj ds fdlh is'ks ls gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ys[kkadu]
vk'kqfyfi] bathfu;jh] vkSj dkuwuh lykg vkfn ,d ,slh çfØ;k,¡ gSa ftudh vkerkSj ij lHkh ljdkjh laxBuksa esa t:jr
iM+rh gSA lHkh laxBuksa dks Vad.k] vk'kqys[ku] Hkou] dkuwuh lykg ;k ys[kkadu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% dqN ns'kksa
esa vyx&vyx çfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij vyx&vyx foHkkx cuk;s tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k dss fy, fof/k foHkkx] yksd fuekZ.k
foHkkx ;k ys[kk foHkkx cuk, tkrs gSaA tks vU; lHkh foHkkxksa dh enn djrs gSa vkSj mudh fo'ks"k t:jrksa dks iwjk djrs
gSaA ysfdu çfØ;k ij vk/kkfjr foHkkxksa dh la[;k fxuh&pwuh gksrh gSA ;fn foHkkxksa dk xBu çfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tk, rks fo'ks"kKrk vkSj uohure rduhdh n{krk lcdks miyC/k djk;h tk ldsxhA ç'kklu esa vf/kdre fdQk;r] csgrj
rkyesy vkSj ,d:irk vk;sxhA blds lkFk gh lkFk çfØ;k ij vk/kkfjr foHkkxksa ds deZpkfj;ksa esa ?keaM] ladh.kZrk vkSj
Js"Brk dh Hkkouk iSnk gks tk,xhA fQj Hkh lHkh ns'kksa esa dqN foHkkx çfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij cuk, tkrs gSaA
O;fDr% çR;sd lekt esa dqN O;fDr ;k lewg ,sls gksrs gSa ftudh leL;k,¡] fo'ks"k vkSj lcls vyx gksrh gS vkSj ftUgsa
fo'ks"k lsokvksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kj.kkFkhZ] vkfnoklh] vuqlwfpr tkfr;kasa] vkSj fiNM+s oxksZa ds yksx]
fodykax vkSj isa'kuHkksxh vkfnA dqN ns'kksa esa dqN ljdkjh foHkkx fo'ks"k rkSj ij dqN fo'ks"k lewgksa ;k O;fDr;ksa dh lHkh
leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA iquokZl foHkkx] vkfnoklh dY;k.k foHkkx] isa'kuj foHkkx] lekt dY;k.k
foHkkx ;k Je foHkkx vkfn mu foHkkxksa ds mnkgj.k gS ftudk xBu O;fDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA lac) lewg
;k O;fDr bu foHkkxksa ls vklkuh ls laidZ dj ldrs gSaA vkSj ;g foHkkx Hkh O;ofLFkr vkSj lefUor :i esa lHkh çdkj
dh lsok,¡ mUgsa dkjxj <ax ls miyC/k djk ldrs gSAa ysfdu fo'ks"k lewgksa ds fy, fo'ks"k foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk ls mu foHkkxksa
foHkkx 137
esa bu lewgksa ds fufgr LokFkZ fodflr gks tkrs gSa vkSj os ç'kklu ij ncko Mkyus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA fQj Hkh vusd
ns'kksa esa lewgksa ;k O;fDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN foHkkxksa dk xBu fd;k gh tkrk gSA
LFkku% çR;sd ns'k esa dqN bykdk] çns'k ;k {ks=k ,slk gksrk gS ftldh viuh fo'ks"k leL;k,¡ gksrh gS] ftuds dkj.k
mls fo'ks"k /;ku vkSj fo'ks"k lsokvksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA vr% ml {ks=k fo'ks"k ds fy, vyx foHkkx dk xBu fd;k
tkrk gSA bl rjg ds foHkkx dk lcls cf<+;k mnkgj.k vktknh ls igys vaxzst ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; ekeyksa ds
foHkkx dk xBu FkkA vkt Hkh fczVsu esa LdkVySaM vkSj vk;jySaM ds ekeyksa ds fy, vyx&vyx foHkkx gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj
dk fons'k ea=kky; Hkh ,sls foHkkxksa dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA dbZ foHkkxksa dks vyx&vyx çHkkxksa esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gSA tks
vyx&vyx HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa dh ns[kHkky djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, jsy foHkkx ds dbZ {ks=kh; eaMy gSa] tSls if'pe jsyos]
e/; jsyos] nf{k.k jsyos] ;k nf{k.k e/; jsyos bR;kfnA Hkkjr esa {ks=k ;k LFkku fo'ks"k ds fy, xfBr foHkkxksa dh la[;k cgqr
de gSA
foHkkx ds ^pkjksa* vk/kkj ,d nwljs esa vkPNkfnr gSa

dHkh foHkkxksa ds fl)kUr ijLij brus vf/kd xqaFk tkrs gSa fd mudks ,d nwljs ls i‘Fkd djuk vlaHko gks tkrk gSA dHkh
dksbZ foHkkx fn[kus esa rks ,slk yxrk gS fd og dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij laxfBr fd;k x;k gS] fdarq nwljh vksj ls og çfØ;k
ds vk/kkj ij cuk gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA dHkh og çHkkfor fgrksa ij vFkok HkkSxksfyd vk/kkj ij xfBr ekywe iM+rk gSA ,slk
blfy, gksrk gS fd çR;sd dk;Z esa dqN çfØ;k fufgr gksrh gS rFkk og fdlh {ks=k esa jgus okys yksxksa dh HkykbZ ds fy,
dk;Z djrk gS] tSls&d‘f"k foHkkx dk vk/kkj dk;Z gS vFkkZr~ og d‘f"k lEcU/kh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k
gS] fdarq bldk çR;{k ykHk fdlkuksas dks feyrk gS] rc ;g vuqHko gksrk gS fd d‘f"k foHkkx lsok fd;s tkus okys O;fDr ds
vk/kkj ij cuk gSA blh rjg Hkkjr ds fons'k foHkkx dk ewy dk;Z ns'k dh oSnsf'kd lEcU/kksa dk lapkyu djuk gS] fdUrq
mldk eq[; dk;Z jk"Vªh; lhek ds ckgj gksrk gSA vr% ,slk Hkze gksrk gS fd mldk vk/kkj HkkSxksfyd gSA
dksbZ Hkh foHkkx ,d vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS

(No Department is based on Single Principle)
fdlh Hkh foHkkx ds xBu dk ;fn v/;;u djsa rks gesa irk py tk;sxk fd og Åij ls uhps rd fdlh ,d fl)kUr ds
vk/kkj ij xfBr ugha fd;k x;k gSA laHkkxh; Lrj ij foHkkx dk vk/kkj dk;Z fn[krk gS] fdarq tSls&tSls ge uhps mrjrs
tkrs gSa gesa lqfo/kk rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk dh n‘f"V ls vU; vk/kkjksa dks Lohdkj djuk iM+rk gSA O;ogkj esa lHkh vk/kkjksa dks
foHkkx&fuekZ.k djrs le;] fofHkUu Lrjksa ij xzg.k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] oSnsf'kd foHkkx dk laxBu çkjEHk
esa dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gS] fdUrq mls fofHkUu çns'kksa ls laca/k LFkkfir djuk iM+rk gS rks mldh dqN 'kk[kk;sa HkkSxksfyd
vk/kkj ij cuk;h tkrh gSA O;ogkj esa dqN lwpuk;s]a laf/k;k¡] ijke'kZ vkfn xksiuh; j[kuk iM+rh gSa vkSj blds fy, fo'ks"kK
dh vko';drk iM+rh gS rc foHkkx esa çfØ;k çHkkx Hkh cukuk iM+rs gSaA
yadk esa Hkkjrh; ewy dh leL;k gy djus ds fy, fons'k foHkkx dks fo'ks"k turk dh lsok djus ds vk/kkj ij ,d çHkkx
dk fuekZ.k djuk gksrk gSA
la{ksi esa okysl ds 'kCnksa esa] dgk tk, rks gesa] ßfoHkkx laxBu dk fuekZ.k djrs le; foHkkxh;dj.k ds pkjksa vk/kkjksa dk
rqyukRed n‘f"V ls ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,A fiNys vuqHkoksa vkSj orZeku çpfyr çFkk ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd
foHkkxh; laxBu ,d ugha] vusd vk/kkjksa ij cuk;k tkrk gS] vkSj mlesa ,dhdj.k dh pkjksa jhfr;ksa dk iw.kZ ;ksx jgrk
gSAÞ bl lEcU/k esa Fkhvks gsesu dk dguk gS] ßpwafd foHkkxhdj.k ds çR;sd fl)kar ds vius dqN ykHk rFkk gkfu;k¡ gSaA
blfy, çca/kd dks pkfg, fd og ,d vk/kkj dh gkfu;ksa dks de djus ds fy, fdlh nwljs vk/kkjksa ds ykHkksa dk lgkjk
ysA vr% O;ogkj esa vf/kdre m|eksa esa lfEefJr foHkkxh; <k¡pk ik;k tkrk gSAÞ
;|fi çR;sd vk/kkjksa ds foHkkxksa esa xq.k nks"k ik;s tkrs gSa vkSj blfy, ;g dguk dfBu gS fd dkSu lk vk/kkj loksZÙke
gS\ fQj Hkh fo}kuksa us dk;kZRed vk/kkj dks lcls vf/kd mfpr ekuk gSA blesa dk;ksZa dk nksgjkiu] vfrPNknu
138 yksd ç'kklu
(Overlapping) de gksrk gS rFkk Hkze (Confusion) Hkh de ls de gksrk gSA foHkkx dk mís'; lHkh yksxksa ds fy, Li"V gksrk
gSA blh dkj.k ls 1949 esa çFke gwoj vk;ksx us Hkh blh vk/kkj ij foHkkxksa dks cukus dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA
çFke gwoj vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] ßdk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk ds vla[; vfHkdj.kksa dks eq[;&eq[; ç;kstuksa ds vk/kkj ij foHkkxksa
esa ftruk fudV gks lds mruk fudV laxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd çR;sd foHkkx dh vksj leku :i ls /;ku ns ldsA
vk;ksx dh n‘f"V esa blls vfrPNknu de gksxk vkSj lefUor uhfr;ksa dk fodkl lqfo/kkiwoZd gks ldsxkAÞ ç'kkldh;
lq/kkj vk;ksx dh v/;;u e.Myh us dgk gS fd ßfoHkkxh;dj.k ds vU; vk/kkjksa dks rHkh viuk;k tk;] tc dqN
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ,slk djus ds fy, ck/; dj nsAa vr% nwljs 'kCnksa es]a dk;ksaZ esa ifjorZu rHkh djuk pkfg, tc blds fy, i;kZIr
dkj.k gksAa Þ
Hkkjr esa ljdkjh foHkkx dk laxBu

(Organization of Government Department in India)
lHkh ns'kksa esa ljdkj ds dk;Z dks dq'kyrk ls pykus ds fy, bls fofHkUu foHkkxksa vFkok ea=kky;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj çR;sd foHkkx ;k ea=kky; vius dk;Z ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA bl foHkktu dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd jkT;
ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ds cgqeq[kh gksus ds dkj.k ls bls fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh çd‘fr esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k fofHkUu foHkkxksa ;k ea=kky;ksa
dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS vkSj çR;sd foHkkx ds v/khu fdlh&u&fdlh fo"k; dks j[kk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; ljdkj dk dk;Z fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa esa ckaV fn;k x;k gSA ,d ea=kky; esa ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd foHkkx
gks ldrs gSaA çR;sd ea=kky; ,d ea=kh ds v/khu gksrk gS tks dsUnzh; eaf=k ifj"kn~ dk lnL; gksrk gSA bl çdkj çR;sd
foHkkx ,d jktuhfrd dk;Zdkjh (Political Executive) vFkkZr~ ea=kh ds v/khu j[kk tkrk gSA ea=kh dh lgk;rk ds fy, jkT;
ea=kh (Minister of State) rFkk mi eU=kh (Deputy Minister) Hkh gksrs gSaA çk;% ea=kky;ksa dk v/;{k dSfcusV ea=kh gksrs ijUrq
dHkh&dHkh jkT; eU=kh ds v/khu Hkh eU=kky; dks j[kk tkrk gSA bu eaf=k;ksa dks ;g in lÙkk:<+ jktuhfrd ny esa budh
fLFkfr ds dkj.k feyrs gSaA os jktuhfrd usrk gksus ds dkj.k ç'kklu rFkk turk dh çfrfuf/k O;oLFkkfidk (Legislature)
ds chp ,d dM+h dk dk;Z djrs gSaA eU=kh tks foHkkx ds jktuhfrd eqf[k;k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vius foHkkx
ds vk/kkj ij O;oLFkkfidk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA
eU=kh ds Bhd uhps foHkkx dk lafpoh; laxBu (Secretariat Organization) gksrk gSA lfprh; laxBu dk loksZPp vf/kdkjh
lfpo (Secretary) gksrk gSA og Hkkjrh; ç'kkldh; lsok (I.A.S.) dk lnL; gksrk gSA lfpo foHkkx dh uhfr;ksa dks
fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA og foHkkx ij iw.kZ fu;U=k.k j[krk gSA foHkkx ds lfpoky; LVkQ esa nks oxksZa ds dkfeZd gksrs gSa&
1. mPprj vFkok vf/kdkjh oxZ rFkk
2. v/khu oxZ vFkok v/khuLFk deZpkjhA
vf/kdkjh oxZ dh rhu fu;fer Jsf.k;ka gksrh gSa&foHkkx dk ç'kkldh; v/;{k vFkok lfpo] milfpo (Deputy Secretary)
rFkk v/khu&lfpo (Under Secretary)A cM+s foHkkxksa esa lfpo rFkk mi&lfpo ds e/; ,d la;qDr vFkok vfrfjDr lfpo
(Joint or Additional Secretary) dh Hkh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh gS vkSj mls dqN fo'ks"k foaxl (Wings) dk nkf;Ro lkSaik
tk ldrk gSA blls lfpo dk dk;ZHkkj dqN gYdk gks tkrk gSA la;qDr vFkok vfrfjDr lfpo U;wukf/kd ek=kk esa yxHkx
lfpo ds leku Lrj vFkok Js.kh dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS rFkk mls tks dk;Z lkSais tkrs gSa muds fo"k; esa og lh/ks eU=kh ds
lkFk lEidZ LFkkfir dj ldrk gS] ijUrq vf/kd tfVy vFkok dfBu ekeyksa esa mlls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og foHkkx
ds lfpo ls ijke'kZ djsxkA mi&lfpo rFkk v/khu lfpo] lfpo ds v/khu gksrs gSa rFkk muds in Øe'k% NksVs ekus tkrs
gSaA
v/khuLFk Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa esa çHkkx vf/kdkjh (Section Officer), lgk;d (Assistants), çoj fyfid (Upper Division
Clerks) rFkk voj fyfid (Lower Division Clerks) ¼vc Lower Division Clerk dh vlkfe;ksa dks lekIr djds Upper
Division Clerk dh vlkfe;ksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk jgk gSA½ rFkk VkbZfiLV (Typists) vkfn gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr
piM+klh ,oa n¶rjh vkfn prqFkZ Js.kh ds deZpkjh Hkh foHkkx esa gksrs gSaA
foHkkx 139
çR;sd foHkkx dks in&lksiku ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Z dks dq'kyrkiwoZd djus ds fy, çR;sd
foHkkx dks mifoHkkxksa (Wings), laHkkxksa (Divisions), 'kk[kkvksa (Branches), çHkkxksa (Sections) rFkk mi&çHkkxksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d foHkkx ds lfpoky; laxBu dk <kapk fuEufyf[kr çdkj dk gksrk gS&
Secretary
(Incharge of the Department)
Ü
Joint or Additional Secretary
(Incharge of a Wing consisting usually of 8 Sections)
Ü
Deputy Secretary
(Incharge of a Division with usually 4 Sections)
Ü
Under-Secretary
(Incharge of a Branch with 2 Sections)
Ü
Section Officer
(Incharge of 1 Sections)
Ü
Clerical and inferior Staff
;g vko';d ugha fd çR;sd foHkkx esa mijksDr pkVZ ds vuqlkj leLr bdkb;ka gksa vkSj muesa lHkh Jsf.k;ksa ds deZpkjh
ik, tk,a] ijUrq Hkkjr ljdkj ds ç'kkldh; laxBu esa cM+s foHkkxksa dk lfpoky; laxBu çk;% blh vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA
layXu dk;kZy;
(Attached Offices)
lfpoky; ds vfrfjDr Hkkjr ljdkj ds ç/kku dk;kZy; esa vusd layXu dk;kZy; (Attached Offices) Hkh gksrs gSaA buesa
ls dqN bl çdkj gSa&la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] eqnz.k fu;U=k.k (Controller of Printing), vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr dk eq[; fu;U=kd
(Chief Controller of Exports and Imports), eq[; Je vk;qDr (Chief Labour Commissioner) vkfnA ;g dk;kZy;
fefJr çdkj ds gksrs gSaA buesa ls vf/kdka'k Lo;a iw.kZ laxfBr gksrs gSa tks fdlh foHkkx ds fudVre fu;U=k.k (Immediate
Control) esa dk;Z djrs gSaA buds dk;Z çk;% ijke'kZnk=kh (Advisory) gh gksrs gSaA layXu dk;kZy;ksa dk ntkZ lfpoky;
dk;kZy;ksa ds ntsZ ls uhpk gksrk gSA dqN vU; dk;kZy; dk;Zdkjh 'kk[kk ds leku gksrs gSa vkSj foHkkxk/;{kksa ds v/khu jgrs
gSaA
foHkkx dk dk;Zdkjh laxBu

(Executive Organization of the Department)
Hkkjr esa lfpoky; foHkkxh; laxBu dk uhfr fu/kkZj.k lEcU/kh vax gksrk gS rFkk mlds uhps vf/kdka'k foHkkxksa esa dk;Zdkjh
laxBu gksrk gS] ftldk v/;{k vyx gksrk gSA lfpoky; laxBu dk v/;{k vFkkZr~ lfpo çkfof/kd n‘f"V ls (Technically)
foHkkxk/;{k ugha gksrkA og uhfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa ljdkj dks ijke'kZ rFkk lgk;rk nsus okyk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA mlds dk;Z
LVkQ çd‘fr ds gksrs gSaA foHkkx dk dk;Zdkjh vFkok lw=k laxBu (Line Machinery) vyx gksrk gS rFkk mldk viuk
v/;{k gksrk gS] ftls oS/kkfud n‘f"V ls ^foHkkxk/;{k* dgk tkrk gSA foHkkx ds dk;Zdkjh v/;{k dks fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa
vyx&vyx ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA çk;% mls funsZ'kd vFkok egkfunsZ'kd (Director or Director General) dgk tkrk
gSA blds vfrfjDr mls egkfujh{kd (Inspector General), vk;qDr (Commissioner) vkfn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk çeq[k
dk;Z ljdkjh uhfr dks ykxw djokuk gksrk gSA blfy, og ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djokus ds fy, v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa
dks vkns'k rFkk funsZ'k tkjh djrk gS rFkk muij fu;a=k.k ,oa i;Zos{k.k Hkh j[krk gSA blds vfrfjDr og vius foHkkx
ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa esa lfpoky; rFkk ljdkj dks çkfof/kd ijke'kZ (Technical Advice) Hkh nsrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ds
140 yksd ç'kklu
fy, blds v/khu dbZ vkSj vf/kdkjh ,oa deZpkjh gksrs gSa] tks mlds funsZ'ku esa foHkkx dh uhfr;ksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd ykxw
djrs gSaA
jkT; ds foHkkxksa dk ç'kkldh; laxBu

(Administrative Set-up of State Departments)
Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa Hkh jkT; lfpoky; LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSa ftuesa jkT; ljdkj ds fofHkUu çdkj ds foHkkx gksrs gSAa fofHkUu
jkT;ksa esa foHkkxksa dh la[;k vyx&vyx gSA bu esa x‘g] lkekU; ç'kklu] foÙk] m|ksx] d‘f"k] f'k{kk] LokLF; rFkk fu;kstu
vkfn çeq[k foHkkx gksrs gSAa bu foHkkxksa dks Hkh dsUnzh; ljdkj ds foHkkxksa dh rjg gh laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA çR;sd foHkkx
dks fdlh&u&fdlh ea=kh ds v/khu j[kk tkrk gS] tks foHkkx ds jktuhfrd eqf[k; ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vius foHkkx
ds vk/kkj ij jkT; ds fo/kkue.My ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA mldh lgk;rk ds fy, jkT; ea=kh rFkk miea=kh Hkh fu;qDr
fd, tkrs gSaA ,d ea=kh ds v/khu ,d ls vf/kd foHkkx Hkh j[ks tkrs gSaA foHkkx dk ç'kkldh; eqf[k;k lfpr gksrk gS] tks
Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok (I.A.S.) dk lnL; gksrk gSA mldh lgk;rk ds fy, la;qDr] mi&lfpr] voj lfpo] çHkkx
vf/kdkjh rFkk fyfid oxZ gksrk gSA çR;sd foHkkx dks mifoHkkxksa] laHkkxksa] 'kk[kkvksa rFkk lSD'kuksa rFkk mi&lSD'kuksa esa
foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
lfpoky; ds vfrfjDr fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds funs'kky; (Directorates) Hkh LFkkfir fd, x, gSa ftuds v/;{k rduhdh
vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA ;s funs'kky; ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
Hkkjr ljdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ rFkk dk;Z ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa esa c¡Vs gksrs gSaA 2001 esa budh la[;k 80 gSA budh la[;k 1962
esa 35, 1966 esa 41, 1969 esa 46, 1970 esa 47, 1972 esa 50, 1979 esa 53, 1983 esa 56, 1985 esa 57, 1988 esa 71 FkhA 1994 esa
;g la[;k 74 vkSj 2000 esa 83 FkhA
lkoZtfud fuxe 141
v/;k;&18
lkoZtfud fuxe
(Public Corporation)
lkoZtfud fuxe iafDr vfHkdj.kksa dk nwljk izdkj gSA ge ns[k pqds gSa fd nqfu;k Hkj esa foHkkx iz'kklu dh lcls iqjkuh]
lcls cM+h vkSj yksdfiz; bdkbZ gSA ysfdu tc vk/kqfud ljdkjksa ds dbZ u, dkeksa dks iwjk djus esa foHkkx mi;ksxh ugha
jgrs rc fuxeksa dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA gky ds o"kks± esa vk/kqfud ljdkjksa dks vusd vkfFkZd] foÙkh; vkSj okf.kT;
dk;Zdyki 'kq: djus iM+s gSaA foHkkx bu u, dk;Zdykiksa dks pykus ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSaA blfy, vusd ns'kksa esa
lkoZtfud fuxe cuk, x, gSaA lkoZtfud fuxe 20oha 'krkCnh dh laLFkkxr nsu gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx dh t+:jrksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk tUe gqvkA vc ge ns[ksasxs fd lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+hA
ifjHkk"kk
(Definition)
fofHké fo}kuksa us yksd fuxe dh ifjHkk"kk ds fo"k; esa vius&vius fopkj izdV fd, gSaA bu esa ls dqN ifjHkk"kk,¡
fuEufyf[kr gSa&
ek'kZy bZ- MhekWd (Marshall E. Dimock) ds vuqlkj] Þyksd fuxe og ljdkjh m|e gS ftl dh LFkkiuk fdlh fuf'pr
O;kikj dks pykus vFkok foÙkh; mís'; dks izkIr djus ds fy, fdlh la?kh;] jkT; ;k LFkkuh; dkuwu }kjk dh xbZ gksß
bl ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj yksd fuxe ij ljdkjh LokfeRo gksrk gSA bl dh jpuk la?k] jkT; vFkok LFkkuh; ljdkjsa }kjk
cuk, x, dkuwu ds vuqlkj dh tkrh gS vkSj vl dk y{; fdlh fo'ks"k O;kikfjd ;k foÙkh; dk;Z dks djuk gksrk gSA
ijUrq bl ifjHkk"kk dks iw.kZ ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksafd bl }kjk fuxe dh dkuwuh fLFkfr dk Li"Vhdj.k ugha gksrkA ;fn
dkuwuh n‘f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks bls laxfBr cksMZ ds :i esa ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksfa d blds lHkh dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds lnL;
feydj oS/kkfud O;fDr ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA bl dk viuk dkuwuh O;fDrRo gksrk gSA
yksd fuxe ds oS/kkfud O;fDrRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq, fQQuj (Pfinfner) us fuxe dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS] Þfuxe
,d ,slk fudk; gS ftldh jpuk vusd O;fDr;ksa dks ,d O;fDr ds :i esa dk;Z djus ;ksX; cukus ds fy, dh tkrh gSa
bl izdkj ,d fuxe dks cukoVh O;fDr ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftls dkuwu dqN fo'ks"k fØ;kvksa ,oa dk;Z djus ;ksX;
cukus ds fy, dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj ,d fuxe cukoVh O;fDr ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftls dkuwu dqN fo'ks"k
fØ;kvksa ,oa dk;Z djus dh lÙkk iznku dh tkrh gSAß
bl fopkj dks lEeq[k j[krs gq, vusZLV Msoht+ (Earnest Davies) us yksd fuxe dh ifjHkk"kk dkuwu n‘f"V ls djrs gq, dgk
gS] Þyksd fuxe ljdkjh lÙkk }kjk fufeZr ,d la;qDr fudk; gS ftldh 'kfDr;ka ,oa dk;Z fuf'pr gksrs gSa vkSj tks foÙkh;
:i esa Lora=k gksrh gSAß
lHkh fopkjksa dks lEeq[k j[krs gq, yksd fuxe dh foLrkjiwoZd ifjHkk"kk izks- ,e- lh- 'kqDyk (M.C. Shukla) us dh gSA
izks- 'kqDyk ds 'kCnksa esa] Þyksd fuxe O;oLFkkfidk }kjk LFkkfir fudk; gS] ftldh 'kfDr;ka rFkk dk;Z fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSa]
tks foÙkh; n‘f"V ls Lora=k gksrh gSaA ,d fufnZ"V {ks=k vFkok ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k ij mlds
vf/kdkj&{ks=k esa gksrk gSAß
142 yksd ç'kklu
fQQuj (Pfiffner) ds vuqlkj] Þfuxe ,d ,slk fudk; gS ftls vusd O;fDr;ksa ds ^,d O;fDr* ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds
fy, LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSAß
vusLZ V Msfol (Earnest Davis) ds vuqlkj] Þfuf'pr 'kfDr;ksa rFkk dk;ks± vkSj foÙkh; Lora=krk lfgr lkoZtfud 'kfDr }kjk
mRié fuxe la;Dq r e.My gSAß
gcZVZ ekSfjlu (Herbert Morrison) us yksd fuxe dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gS% Þog lkoZtfud LokfeRo] lkoZtfud
mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, O;kikfjd izcU/k dk leUo; gSAß
fofy;e ts- xszUt (William J. Grange) ds vuqlkj] Þfuxe ,d Ñf=ke O;fDr gS ftldk dkuwu }kjk fdUgha fo'ks"K
xfrfofèk;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dks djus ds vf/kdkj gSAß
gSjYM lhMeSu ds vuqlkj] Þljdkjh fuxe dks blfy, laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS fd og dkuwu }kjk LohÑr mís'; dh iwfrZ
djsAß
Lo- izslhMs.V :tosYV ds vuqlkj] Þyksd fuxe O;olk; dk ,drk vkn'kZ Lo:i gS ftlds ikl ljdkj ds vf/kdkj
rFkk futh m|ksx dk yphykiu ,oa Lor% izsj.kk gksrh gSAß
mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd yksd fuxe ,d ,slk fudk; gS ftls fo/kku lHkk }kjk cuk, x,
dkuwu }kjk LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa mldh 'kfDr;ka] mís';] dÙkZO; rFkk fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSa og
foÙkh; n‘f"V ls Lora=k gksrk gS rFkk mldk dk;Z{ks=k fdlh ,d izdkj ds O;kikj ls gh lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA bl izdkj yksd
fuxe ,d Ñf=ke O;fDr gSA ftls fo'ks"k izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh dkuwu }kjk vuqefr nh tkrh gSA la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk
ldrk gS fd yksd fuxe ,d fo/kkuikfydk }kjk LFkkfir dh xbZ ,d ,slh dkuwuh laLFkk gS( ftldk dk;Z{ks=k rFkk 'kfDr;ka
fuf'pr gksrh gSa vkSj og foÙkh; rFkk iz'kkldh; n‘f"V ls Lora=k gksrh gSA
lkoZtfud fuxeksa ds xBu ds dkj.k
(Reasons behind the Rise of Public Corporation)
'kklu ds tudY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± esa o‘f) vk/kqfud ;qx esa 'kklu dk Lo:i tudY;k.kdkjh gks x;k gSA mls loZlk/kkj.k
ds fgrksa dk /;ku j[kuk gksrk gS vkSj ekuo thou ds gj igyw vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd thou ls tqM+s
jguk gksrk gSA blh dkj.k vk/kqfud 'kklu ds tudY;k.kdkjh nkf;Ro csgn c<+ x, gSaA ;s lkjs dke foHkkxksa ds tfj,
djkuk laHko ugha gSA bu u, dkeksa ds fy, ubZ iz'kklfud laLFkkvksa dh vko';drk gSA vr% dqN fo'ks"k mís';ksa ds fy,]
lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA
vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k vk/kqfud ;qx esa vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k rsth ls gks jgk gSA gekjs ns'k esa Hkh pkjksa rjQ
u,&u, m|ksx yx jgs gSaA vkSj 'kgj cgqr rst j¶rkj ls c<+rs pys vk jgs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa m|ksx vkSj O;olk; ij
fu;a=k.k j[kuk ljdkj ds fy, t:jh gSA dHkh&dHkh buesa ls dqN dh ckxMksj 'kklu dks lh/ks vius gkFkksa esa ysuh iM+rh
gSA bldk mís'; yksxksa dks mfpr ewY; ij csgrj lsok,¡ miyC/k djkuk gksrk gSA ,slh O;kolkf;d vkSj vkS|ksfxd
xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA m|ksxksa ds fodkl vkSj ljdkjh m|ksxksa ds pykus ds fy,
vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe ;k vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe tSls lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA
turk dks cqfu;knh lsok,¡ miyC/k djkuk lHkh ns'kksa esa vke turk dks mfpr ewY; ij dqN cqfu;knh lsok,¡ miyC/k djkus
dh ft+Eesnkjh ljdkj ij gksrh gSA bldk ,d mnkgj.k cl lsok gSA ljdkj turk ds Qk;ns ds fy, bl cqfu;knh
ifjogu lsok dh ft+Eesnkjh vius gkFk esa ys ysrh gSA ifjogu O;oLFkk ds lqpk: lapkyu ds fy, O;kolkf;d n{krk]
yphysiu vkSj rqjr a QSlys djus dh {kerk dh vko';drk gksrh gSa blds fy, lkoZtfud fuxe cuk, tkrs gSA gekjs ;gk¡
lHkh jkT;ksa esa lM+d ifjogu fuxe cuk, x, gSa% tSls egkjk"Vª jkT; lM+d ifjogu fuxe ;k vk¡/kz izns'k jkT; lM+d
ifjogu fuxe vkfnA vusd jkT;ksa esa fo|qr vkiwfrZ fuxe Hkh cuk, x, gSaA
jk"Vªh;dj.k ;fn dksbZ m|ksx ;k O;kolk; tufgr esa dke ugha djrk rks ljdkj mldk LokfeRo vius gkFk esas ys ysrh
gSA blh dks jk"Vªh;dj.k dks lektokn dh fn'kk esa ,d dne ekuk tkrk gSA gekjk mís'; lektoknh lkekftd O;oLFkk
lkoZtfud fuxe 143
LFkkfir djuk gSA chek O;olk; vkSj foeku lsokvksa vkfn dk jk"Vªh;dj.k iz/kkuea=kh iafMr tokgjyky usg: us fd;k
Fkk vkSj cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k iz/kkuea=kh bafnjk xka/kh us fd;k FkkA jk"Vªh;Ñr m|ksxksa ;k O;kolk;ksa dks pykus ds fy, thou
chek fuxe] ,vj bafM;k vkSj bafM;ku ,vj ykbal dkiksZjs'ku tSls lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA vkSj ge ns[k
pqds gSa fd vk/kqfud ljdkjksa dks vke turk dh lsok vkSj dY;k.k ds fy, u, vkfFkZd] okf.kfT;d ;k vkS|ksfxd nkf;Ro
fuHkkus iM+rs gSaA dbZ ckj m|ksxksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k djds mudk izca/k ljdkj vius gkFk esa ys ysrh gSA bu dkeksa ds fy,
foHkkx mi;qDr ugha jgrsA D;ksafd bu dkeksa dks oSls gh pykuk gksrk gS tSls dksbZ O;kikjh ;k m|ksxifr pykrk gSA blds
fy, O;kolkf;d n{krk] rqjar fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk] yphyk n‘f"Vdks.k vkSj Lok;Ùkrk vko';d gSA foHkkxh; O;oLFkk esa
;g lc ckrsa laHko ugha gSa blhfy, lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS ;g fuxe bu dk;ks± dks csgrj <ax ls pyk
ldrs gSaA D;ksafd budk <k¡pk foHkkxksa ls fcYdqy fHké gksrk gSA foHkkxksa dh rqyuk esa bUgsa fu.kZ; ysus dh vf/kd vktknh
gksrh gS vkSj mlds nSfud dkedkt esas vf/kd yphykiu gksrk gSA vc ge lkoZtfud fuxeksa ds tUe vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dk
v/;;u djsaxsA
lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk tUe lkekU;r% lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk rc dh tkrh gS tc ljdkj O;kikj] m|ksx ;k
okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;k¡ vius gkFk esa ys ysrh gSA lkoZtfud fuxe ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA bldk izca/k fdlh
futh fuxe dh rjg gh pyrk gSA buesa dsoy ,d gh varj gS fd futh fuxe dk LokfeRo futh 'ks;j /kkjdksa ds gkFk
esa gksrk gSA tcfd lkoZtfud fuxe dk LokfeRo ljdkj ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA vlfy;r rks ;g gS fd lkoZtfud fuxeksa
dk tUe gh futh fuxeksa ds lQy lapkyu ls gqvk gSA futh fuxe esa /ku dk fuos'k 'ks;j /kkjd vkSj vU; O;fDr djrs
gsa tcfd izca/k funs'kd&eaMy ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA bl funs'kd eaMy dk pquko 'ks;j /kkjd djrs gSaA funs'kd eaMy dh
ft+Eesnkjh ;g gksrh gS fd fuxe dk izca/k dq'kyrk ls gksA nSfud QSlys lgh le; ij fd, tk,¡ vkSj 'ks;j /kkjdkaas dks
equkQk gksA ;g funs'kd eaMy 'ks;j /kkjdksa ds izfr tokcnsg gksrk gS vkSj mls mUgsa lkykuk fjiksVZ nsuh gksrh gSA ysfdu
fuxe ds jkstejkZ ds iz'kklu eas funs'kd eaMy dks cgqr vktknh gksrh gSA 'ks;j/kkjh mlds nSfud dkedkt esa gLr{ksi ugha
djrsA bls gh funs'kd eaMy dh Lok;Ùkrk dgrs gSaA if'peh ns'kksa esa futh fuxe cgqr lQyrk ds lkFk viuk dkjksckj
pyk jgs gSaA blhfy, if'peh ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa us O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;k¡ pykus dk fu'p; fd;k rks futh fuxeksa dh izcaèk
iz.kkyh viuk;hA lkoZtfud fuxe lcls igys baXyS.M esa cuk, x, vkSj mlds ckn vU; ;wjksih; ns'kksa us vius&vius ;gk¡
,sls fuxe cuk,A Hkkjr ljdkj us thou chek O;olk; dk jk"Vªh;dj.k djds Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe cukkA blh rjg
bafM;u ,vj ykbal dkiksjZ 's ku] Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe] nkeksnj ?kkVh fuxe] vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe] dans hz ; HkaMkj.k fuxe vkSj
vU; vusd fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA jkT; ljdkjksa us Hkh vusd xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk dhA tSls lM+d
ifjogu] vkS|ksfxd fodkl] fo|qr vkiwfrZ] vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj fiNM+s oxks± rFkk fiNM+s {ks=kksa dk fodkl bR;kfnA mnkgj.k
ds fy, egkjk"Vª esa jkT; ljdkj us djhc 27 lkoZtfud fuxe cuk, gSaA
fuxeksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
(Features of Corporations)
gekjs ns'k esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa us vusd lkoZtfud fuxe LFkkfir fd, gSAa vc gesa ;g le>uk pkfg, fd bu fuxeksa
esa ,slh dkSu lh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa ftuds dkj.k ljdkj dh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, ;g brus mi;ksxh gSaA
ljdkj dk LokfeRo% lkoZtfud fuxeksa ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gS vkSj og fo'ks"k dk;ks± ds fy, budk xBu djrh
gS vkSj buesa lkoZtfud /ku dk fuos'k djrh gSA blhfy, bUgsa lkoZtfud fuxe dgk tkrk gSA
funs'kd eaMy }kjk izca/k% izR;sd lkoZtfud fuxe ds izca/k ds fy, ,d funs'kd eaMy cuk;k tkrk gSA blds v/;{k
vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ljdkj djrh gSA fuxe ds nSfud izca/k dh ft+Eesnkjh funs'kd eaMy ij gksrh gSA og jkstejkZ
ds QSlys djrk gS vkSj mu ij vey djkrk gSA jkstejkZ ds iz'kklu esa mls iwjh Lok;Ùkrk gksrh gS ysfdu uhfr lEcUèkh
O;kid fn'kk funZs'k le;≤ ij ljdkj gh nsrhgSA bu O;kid uhfr funsZ'kksa ds nk;js esa dke djus ds fy, funs'kd
eaMy dks iwjh vktknh gksrh gSA og ljdkj dks okf"kZd fjiksVZ vkSj ijhf{kr ys[kk&tks[kk nsrk gSA bl izdkj funs'kd eaMy
ljdkj vkSj laln ds izfr Hkh tokcnsg gksrk gSA ge dg ldrs gSa fd izca/k eaMy vizR;{k :i ls vke turk ds izfr Hkh
144 yksd ç'kklu
tokcnsg gksrk gSA D;ksafd mlesa lkoZtfud /ku yxk gksrk gSA ysfdu ns'k ds vke ukxfjd ;k ljdkj lkoZtfud fuxe
ds nSfud dkedkt esa gLr{ksi ugha djrhA ;g ft+Eesnkjh flQZ funs'kd eaMy dh gksrh gSA
fof/k }kjk LFkkfir% lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk fof/k iwoZd ;k lkaln vFkok fo/kkueaMy }kjk ikfjr dkuwuksa ds tfj,
dh tkrh gSA fuxe dk mís'; funs'kd eaMy dh lajpuk] lnL;ksa dh la[;k] lsok dky] vf/kdkjksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dk fu.kZ;
fof/k lEer rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gSA muesa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu djus ds fy, dkuwu esa la'kks/ku vko';d gSa izR;sd fuxe
dk vyx dkwuu gksrk gS vkSj mldk lapkyu mlh dkuwu dh O;oLFkkvksa ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
fuxfer ntkZ% izR;sd lkoZtfud fuxe dks fuxfer ntkZ feyk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ dkuwu dh utj esa fuxe dk ntkZ ,d O;fDr
dh rjg gksrk gSA og laifÙk j[k ldrk gS vkSj mls csp ldrk gSA fdlh vU; ,tsalh ;k O;fDr ls vuqca/k dj ldrk
gSA og fdlh ds Hkh f[kykQ eqdnek dj ldrk gS ;k dksbZ Hkh mlds f[kykQ eqdnek dj ldrk gSA oSls rks lkoZtfud
eqdnek dj ldrk gS ;k dksbZ Hkh mlds f[kykQ eqdnek dj ldrk gSA oSls rks lkoZtfud fuxe ljdkj dk iz'kklfud
vfHkdj.k gksrk gS ysfdu dkuwu dh utj esa mldk ,d ukxfjd dh rjg gh Lora=k ntkZ gksrk gSA bls gh lkoZtfud fuxe
dk fuxfer ntkZ dgrs gSaA blhfy, fuxe laifÙk vius uke ls [kjhnrk gS] ljdkj ds uke ls ughaA vnkyrksa esa fuxe ds
f[kykQ eqdnek fd;k tkrk gS] ljdkj ds f[kykQ ughaA
fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy, xBu% izR;sd lkoZtfud fuxe dk xBu fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy, vyx dkuwu cukdj fd;k
tkrk gSA dksbZ fuxe blds flok; dksbZ vkSj dke ugha dj ldrk vkSj vius dkuwu ls ca/kk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
thou chek fuxe fdlh O;fDr ds thou dk chek dj ldrk gS] laifÙk ;k okgu vkfn dk ughaA thou chek fuxe
vfèkfu;e mls ,slk djus ls jksdrk gSA
foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk% Lok;rÙkrk dk vFkZ gS lhfer nk;js eas Lora=krkA lkoZtfud fuxe dks foÙkh; ekeyksa esa Lok;Ùkrk gksrh
gSA og /ku bdëk dj ldrk gSA eupkgs <ax ls fuos'k dj ldrk gSA eky vkSj laifÙk dh [kjhn vkSj fcØh dj ldrk
gS rFkk vuqc/a k vkfn dj ldrk gSA ljdkj ds dM+s fu;e vkSj O;oLFkk,¡ lkoZtfud fuxeksa ij ykxw ugha gksras [kpZ] ys[kkadu]
ctV] ys[kk ijh{kk vkfn ekeyksa esa Hkh lkoZtfud fuxeksa esa Hkh Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gksrh gSA lkekU;r% ljdkjh fu;e vkSj dkuwu
mu ij ykxw ugha gksrs ysfdu bl ekeys esa ljdkj dh O;kid uhfr;ksa dks ekuuk vko';d gksrk gSA
deZpkfj;ksa ds ekeyksa esa Lok;Ùkrk% lkekU;r% lkoZtfud fuxe ds deZpkjh iz'kklfud deZpkjh ugha gksrsA mudh HkrhZ
fuxe djrk gSa yksd lsok vk;ksx ughaA muds osrueku vkSj lsok 'krs± Hkh ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls fHké gksrh gSaA ysfdu mUgsa
ljdkj }kjk tkjh dqN O;kid uhfrxr fn'kk funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA ¼tSls vkj{k.k uhfr½ blds flok;
lkoZtfud fuxeksa dks deZpkfj;ksa ds ekeysa esa iwjh vktknh gksrh gSA
nSfud Lok;Ùkrk ge ns[k pqds gSa fd lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk izca/k funs'kd eaMy ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA nSfud izca/k esa mls
iwjh Lok;Ùkrk gksrh gSA ljdkj dsoy uhfr laca/kh fn'kk funZs'k tkjh djrh gSA og izca/k ds nSfud ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ughsa
djrhA fuxeksa ds lQy lapkyu ds fy, dkedkt dh vktknh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA buds nSfud dkedkt ij ljdkj ds
dM+s vkSj cflj&iSj ds fu;e vkSj fu;a=k.k ykxw ugha gksrsA O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;k¡ pykus ds fy, ;s vktknh t:jh gSA
ljdkj ds izfr tokcnsg% ;g lp gS fd lkoZtfud fuxe foÙkh;] dkfeZd vkSj izca/kdh; n‘f"V ls Lok;Ùk gksrs gSa ysfdu
lkFk gh os ljdkj ds izfr ft+Eesnkj vkSj tokcnsg Hkh gksrs gSaA mUgsa le;≤ ij ljdkj }kjk tkjh uhfr&funZs'kksa ds
vuqlkj dke djuk gksrk gSA viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ vkSj vU; nLrkost ljdkj ds lkeus is'k djus gksrs gSaA funs'kd eaMy
ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ljdkj djrh gS vkSj mUgsa gVk Hkh ldrh gSA dqN ekeyksa esa ljdkj dh vuqefr Hkh vko';d gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd lkoZtfud fuxe vius dke ds fy, ljdkj ds izfr tokcnsg gksrs gSaA
laln@fo/kku eaMy ds izfr tokcnsg% lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk ,d dkuwu ds vUrxZr dh tkrh gS vkSj mUgsa bldh
O;oLFkkvksa ds vuq:i dke djuk gksrk gSA laln esa buds dkedkt ij cgl gksrh gS] laln lnL; iz'u iwNrs gSa vkSj lac)
ea=kh dks muds mÙkj nsus gksrs gSAa fuxeksa dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ laln esa is'k dh tkrh gSA lkoZtfud miØeksa ds ckjs esa lalnh;
lfefr bu fuxeksa ds dkedkt ds ckjs esa iwNrkN dj ldrh gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkoZtfud fuxe
laln@foèkku eaMy ds izfr Hkh tokcnsg gksrs gSaA
lkoZtfud fuxe 145
var esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk tUe futh O;kikfjd fuxeksa dh lQyrk ls izsfjr gSA ,dek=k varj
;gh gS fd futh fuxeksa ds 'ks;j/kkjd fuos'k djrs gSa tcfd lkoZtfud fuxeksa esa fuos'k ljdkj djrh gSA vkSj budk
LokfeRo Hkh ljdkj ds gh gkFk esa gksrk gSA lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk izca/k fdlh ea=kh ;k jktuhfrK }kjk ugha fd;k tkrkA
blds fy, vyx ls funs'k eaMy dh fu;qfDr gksrh gSA bl eaMy esa ,d v/;{k] izca/k funs'kd vkSj dqN iw.kZdkfyd rFkk
va'kdkfyd rFkk lnL; gksrs gSa ftUgsa ml {ks=k esa fo'ks"kK tkudkjh vuqHko gksrh gSA funs'kd eaMy dk Lo:i xSj
jktuhfrd gksrk gS fuxe ds vf/kdkj drZO; vkSj nkf;Roksa dk fu/kkZj.k dkuwu }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA mUgsa foÙkh;] dkfeZd]
vkSj nSfud izca/k dh Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gksrh gSA blds lkFk gh os ljdkj vkSj laln ds izfr ftEesokj vkSj tokcnsg
gksrs gSaA vejhdh jk"Vªifr ÝSadfyu Mh :tosYV ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞlkoZtfud fuxe esa rkdr ljdkj dh gksrh gS ysfdu
yphyk n‘f"Vdks.k vkSj igy djus dh {kerk futh m|e dh gksrh gSßA vr% lkoZtfud fuxe eas O;kolkf;d
yphysiu vkSj lkoZtfud nkf;Ro dk feJ.k gksrk gSA ljdkj tc O;kolkf;d {ks=k esa mrjs rks ;gh O;oLFkk
viukuk loksZÙke gksrk gSA
lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh dqN leL;k,¡% ljdkj dh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa dks pykus ds fy, lkoZtfud fuxe loksZÙke
vfHkdj.k gSa D;ksfa d muds ikl foÙkh;] dkfeZd] vkSj izc/a kdh; vktknh gksrh gSA O;kolkf;d yphykiu vkSj dq'kyrk gksrh
gSA rFkk og izR;{k jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k vkSj gLr{ksi ls eqDr gksrs gSaA ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk ljdkj dh uhfr funZs'ku vkSj
dkuwu }kjk mu ij dqN lhek,¡ Hkh vkjksfir dh trh gSaA ;s lhek,¡ bl izdkj gSa%
1- laxBuksa ds lapkyu esa ;g varj djuk cM+k eqf'dy gS fd lkekU; uhfr D;k gS vkSj jkstejkZ ds fy, dkSu lh uhfr;k¡
viuk;h tk,¡A bl dkj.k fuxeksa ds nSfud dkedkt esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi cgqr c<+ tkrk gS ftlls ljdkj vkSj bu
fuxeksa ds chp Vdjko dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA
2- ,d vU; leL;k ;g gS fd Lok;Ùkrk vkSj nkf;Roksa ds chp larqyu dSls j[kk tk,A ;fn fuxeksa dks cgqr vf/kd
vktknh ns nh tk, rks os dkcw ls ckgj gks ldrs gSa vkSj vxj mu ij cgqr vf/kd fu;a=k.k j[kk tk, rks os dkjxj
<ax ls dke ugha dj ldrsA blfy, vktknh vkSj fu;a=k.k ds chp lgh larqyu t+:jh gSA
3- lkoZtfud fuxe dsoy O;kolk;] cSafdax] ifjogu] _.k] vkSj foÙkh; O;oLFkk tSl ekeyksa ds fy, gh mi;ksxh gSA
ysfdu j{kk] dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk rFkk U;k; tSls ljdkjh dkeksa ds fy, ;s mi;ksxh ugha gSaA bu dkeksa ds fy, rks
foHkkxh; O;oLFkk gh dkjxj gSA
4- lkoZtfud fuxeksa esa izksRlkgu nsus vkSj grksRlkfgr djus dh dksbZ fuf'pr O;oLFkk ugha gS blfy, izca/kdksa dks lgh
<ax ls izsj.kk ugha fey ikrha blls fuxe ds dkedkt ij foijhr vlj iM+rk gSA
foHkkx vkSj fuxe esa varj
(Distinction Between Dept & Corp.)
bl bdkbZ eas vc rd geus ljdkjh foHkkxksa vkS lkoZtfud fuxeksa dk v/;;u fd;k gSa vc ge muds chp ds varj ns[ksx
a As
nksuksa gh ljdkj ds iafDr vfHkdj.k gSa ysfdu fQj Hkh ,d nwljs ls dkQh fHké gSaA
vkUrfjd laxBu dh n‘f"V ls fuxeksa vkSj foHkkxksa esa dksbZ egRoiw.kZ vUrj ugha gksrkA muds Hkhrj Hkh dk;Z dk foHkktu
foHkkxksa] e.Myksa] izHkkxksa] [k.Mksa rFkk inlksikukRed bdkb;ksa ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g Bhd oSlk gh gksrk gS tSlk fd
foHkkxksa esaA bl ij Hkh fuxeksa vkSj foHkkxksa esa dqN vUrj gksrk gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1- Lok;Ùkrk dh ek=kk esa varj% ljdkjh fuxeksa dks vkUrfjd ekeyksa esa i;kZIr Lok;Ùkrk izkIr jgrh gSA os foHkkxksa ds
foijhr ljdkjh vadq'k ds eqDr jgrs gSaA oSls foHkkxksa dks Hkh dk;Z djus dh i;kZIr Lora=krk jgrh gS ijUrq os dkuwuh
:i ls fuxeksa dh Hkkafr mldh ekax ugha dj ldrsA fuxeksa ij ljdkj dk fu;a=k.k foHkkxksa dh vis{kk cgqr de
jgrk gS A
2- fuxeksa ij dk;Zikfydk dk lhfer fu;a=k.k% fuxeksa ij dk;Zikfydk dk fu;a=k.k lhfer jgrk gSA foHkkx dk vè;{k
eU=kh gksrk gS ijUrq ;g vko';d ugha gS fd fuxe dk v/;{k Hkh eU=kh gh gksA foHkkx eq[; iz'kkld ds Bhd uhps
146 yksd ç'kklu
jgrk gS rFkk inlksiku dh Ük‘a[kyk esa ca/kk jgrk gSA fuxe inlksiku ls i‘Fkd ,d Lora=k fudk; gksrk gSA oSls fuxeksa
ij efU=ke.Myh; fu;a=k.k rhu izdkj ls LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS&
(i) lapkydksa dh fu;qfDr djds ,oa mUgsa vyx djds]
(ii) lkekU; uhfr ds lEcU/k esa funsZHk nsdj]
(iii) fuxeksa ls lwpuk,a ,oa izfrosnu izkIr djdsA
3- fuxeksa ij O;oLFkkfidk dk Hkh lhfer fu;a=k.k% fuxeksa ij O;oLFkkfidk dk Hkh lhfer fu;a=k.k jgrk gSA foHkkxksa
ij laln dk dM+k foÙkh; fu;a=k.k jgrk gSA os mldh LohÑfr ds fcuk ,d iSlk Hkh [kpZ ugha dj ldrsA mudh
rqyuk esa ljdkjh fuxeksa ij laln dk foÙkh; fu;a=k.k dkQh de jgrk gSA vius izkjfEHkd o"kks± esa fuxe laln ds
vuqnkuksa ij vkfJr jgrs gSaA ijUrq tSls&tSls os vkfFkZd :i ls vkRefuHkZj gksrs tkrs gSa] oSls&oSls muds dk;ks± esa
lalnh; gLr{ksi ?kVrk tkrk gSA
4- foÙkh; izfØ;kvksa eaas vUrj% fuxe vkSj foHkkx dh foÙkh; izfØ;kvkas esa Hkh vUrj gksrk gSA pwafd fuxeksa ls ;g vk'kk
dh tkrh gS fd dqN o"kks± ds i'pkr~ os vkRefuHkZj gks tk;saxs] blfy, mUgsa dqN ,slh foÙkh; 'kfDr;ka nh tkrh gSa tks
foHkkxksa dks izkIr ugha gksrha] tSls fd /ku m/kkj ysuk rFkk nsuk] viuk ctV Lo;a cukuk] lqjf{kr fuf/k dh O;oLFkk]
vkfnA
5- dkuwuh fLFkfr (Legal Status) esa vUrj% fuxe dh dkuwuh ;k oS/kkfud fLFkfr foHkkxksa ls dkQh fHké gksrh gS tcfd
foHkkxksa dks jkT; dk laj{k.k izkIr gksrk gS vkSj foHkkxksa ds fo#) lkjs vfHk;ksx ljdkj ;k jkT; ds fo#) vfHk;ksx
le>s tkrs gSa] fuxe ds ckjs esa ,slk ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA fuxe dk viuk Lora=k dkuwuh O;fDrRo gksrk gSA og
nwljksa ij gkfu ds fy, vfHk;ksx pyk ldrk gS vkSj blds fo#) Hkh gkfu dh iwfrZ ds fy, ukxfjd eqdnes pyk
ldrs gSaA
6- Ø;&foØ; ds fu;e% fuxe ds Ø;&foØ; lEcU/kh fu;e Hkh foHkkx ls fHké gksrs gSaA foHkkx dks bl gsrq Vs.Mj
(Tender) vkefU=kr djus iM+rs gSa rFkk bl rjhds ls dbZ ckj vPNh oLrq,a Hkh izkIr ugha gksrh gSaA fuxe bl leL;k
dks okrkZ }kjk gy dj ysrk gS vkSj vkSipkfjdrkvksa (formalities) esa de&ls&de Qalrk gSA
7- deZpkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esas vUrj% ljdkjh fuxeksa rFkk foHkkxksa esa deZpkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh vUrj jgrk gSA foHkkxksa
esa deZpkfj;ksa dh inkséfr ofj"Brk (Seniority) ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS] tcfd fuxeksa esa ;ksX;rk (Merit) ds vkèkkj
ijA blds vfrfjDr] fuxe] vius v;ksX; deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdjh ls vyx dj ldrk gSA foHkkxh; deZpkjh ljdkjh
deZpkjh gksrs gSa] mUgsa ljyrk ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
8- ys[kk ijh{k.k dh fof/k;ksa esa vUrj% ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa ys[kk ijh{k.k djrs le; bl ckr dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k
tkrk gS fd muesa laln ds fu;e vkSj dkuwuksa ds vuqlkj /ku [kpZ gqvk gS vFkok ugha tcfd fuxe dk ys[kk ijh{k.k
bl n‘f"V ls fd;k tkrk gS fd bldks fdruk ?kkVk ;k equkQk jgk vkSj dksbZ viO;; rks ugha gqvkA
9- jktuhfrd ncko esa vUrj% foHkkxksa ij le;≤ ij [kwc jktuhfrd ncko iM+rk gS tcfd fuxeksa ij jktuhfrd
ncko cgqr de gksrk gSA
foHkkx vkSj fuxe ds vUrj dh rqyukRed n‘f"V uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gS%
foHkkx (Dept.) fuxe (Corpn.)
1- foHkkx dk eqf[k;k ea=kh gksrk gSA tks ,d 1- fuxe dk usr‘Ro funs'kd eaMy djrk gS ftlds
jktuhfrd O;fDr gksrh gSA mldh lgk;rk ds fy, lnL; vius {ks=k ds fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA
,d ;k vusd miea=kh gksrs gSaA
2- foHkkx dh uhfr;ksa vkSj nSfud iz'kklu nksuksa dh 2- fuxe esa lkekU; uhfr;k¡ ljdkj r; djrh gS vkSj
ft+Eesnkjh ea=kh ij gksrh gSA nSfud iz'kklu funs'kd eaMy ns[krk gSA
lkoZtfud fuxe 147
3- foHkkxkas ij dM+k foÙkh; fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA 3- fuxeksa dks foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk gksrh gSA
4- foHkkxh; deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ yksd lsok vk;ksx 4- fuxeksa dks dkfeZd ekeyksa esa Lok;Ùkrk gksrh gS vkSj
djrk gSA vkSj os ljdkjh fu;eksa rFkk O;oLFkkvksa deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, muds vius fu;e rFkk O;oLFkk,¡
lapkfyr gksrs gSa gksrh gSaA
5- foHkkxh; O;oLFkk esa iz'kklu ds lkekU; rjhds 5- fuxeksa esa iz;ksx dh xatkb'k gksrh gS vkSj yphykiu
viuk, tkrs gSaA u iz;ksx dh xqatkb'k gksrh gS u Hkh gksrk gSA
yphysiu dhA
6- foHkkx ljdkj ds vke dkedkt ds fy, mi;ksxh] 6- fuxe ljdkj ds u,] vkfFkZd vkSj okf.kfT;d
cM+s vkSj ikjaifjd laxBu gSaA dk;Zdykiksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gSaA
7- foHkkxksa ij ea=kh ds tfj, lh/ks jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k 7- lkoZtfud fuxeksa esa jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k ugha ds
gksrk gSA cjkcj gksrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd gLr{ksi de gksrk gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ljdkjh foHkkxksa vkSj lkoZtfud fuxeksa ds chp dqN fHkérk,¡ gSAa nksuksa ljdkj ds iafDr vfHkdj.k
gSaA ;g lgh gS fd ljdkj ds vf/kdka'k fØ;kdyki foHkkxksa }kjk pyk, tkrs gSa vkSj lkoZtfud fuxeksa dks ogh dke lkSais
tkrs gSa ftuds fy, O;kolkf;d n{krk] okf.kfT;d dk;Zd'q kyrk vkSj jktuhfrd gLr{ksi dh NwV vko';d gksrh gSA ysfdu
vk/kqfud ;qx esa lkoZtfud fuxeksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+ jgh gSa
yksd fuxeksa ds ykHk
(Advantages of Public Corporations)
vktdy ljdkjsa yksd fuxe dks vU; laxBuksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ek=kk esa viuk jgh gSa] D;ksafd bl O;oLFkk esa dqN cM+s
ykHk gSa tks bl izdkj gSa%
1- Lok;Ùkrk ,oa Lora=k% yksd fuxeksa ls igyk ykHk bldh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj Lora=krk gSA ;g vius dk;Z lapkyu esa
ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds fu;eksa] tfVy izfØ;kvksa vkSj ykyQhrk'kkgh ls ugha ca/ks gksrs gSa] vr% vius dk;Z vf/kd rsth
ls dj ldrs gSa budh foÙkh; O;oLFkk ljdkjh ctV ls i‘Fkd jgrh gSA ;s vius nSfud dk;ks± esa efU=k;ksa vkSj lfpoksa
ds fu;a=k.k ls eqDr jgrs gSaA vr% 'kh?kz xfr ls Lora=krkiwoZd dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
2- jktuhfrd ncko ls eqDr gksuk% yksd fuxe jktuhfr ds nq"izHkkoksa ls eqDr gksrs gSa D;ksafd buds lapkyu vkSj izcUèk
dh O;oLFkk ljdkjh izcU/k ls i‘Fkd gksrh gSA eU=kh vius foHkkxksa ds dk;Z lapkyu esa tSlk jktuhfrd ncko Mky
ldrs gSa] oSlk Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djus okys fuxeksa eas ugha Mky tk ldrk gSA
3- futh m|ksxksa dh Hkkafr lapkyu% fuxeksa dk lapkyu futh m|ksxksa dh Hkkafr fd;k tkrk gSA buesa n{k deZpkfj;ksa
dks cM+k izksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gS] vPNk dke djus ij mudh ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa 'kh?kz inkséfr vkSj
osru esa o‘f) dh tkrh gSA ,sls deZpkfj;ksa ls fuxeksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk cgqr c<+ tkrh gSA
4- n{krk rFkk ferO;f;rk% fuxeksa ds dkj.k vkfFkZd {ks=k esa n{krk rFkk ferO;f;rk mRié gksrh gSA
5- ljdkj dks vius vkfFkZd dk;ZØeksa dks iwjk djuk vklku% yksd fuxekas dk ;g Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ ykHk gS fd
ljdkj dks O;kikfjd {ks=k esa izR;{k :i ls izfo"V gq, fcuk viuh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djus dk volj
izkIr gks tkrk gSA
yksd fuxeksa dh gkfu;k¡
(Disadvantages of Public Corporations)
1- yksd fuxe rFkk ljdkj esa dbZ ckj {ks=kkf/kdkj dh leL;k cuh jgrh gSA
2- yksd fuxeksa dk iz;ksx vkS|ksfxd o O;kikfjd dk;ks± rd gh lhfer gSA
148 yksd ç'kklu
3- fuxe dh /ku lEcU/kh Lora=krk ds dkj.k Hkh vkykspuk gksrh gSA /ku ds O;; ij fdlh u fdlh izdkj dk fu;a=k.k
vo'; gksuk pkfg,A
4- yksd fuxeksa ds lapkyd e.Myksa esa ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh mifLFkfr ls dk;Zikfydk dk gLr{ksi c<+us yxrk gSA
5- ;|fi yksd fuxe vius nSfud o vkUrfjd iz'kklu esa efU=k;ksa ds fu;a=k.k ls eqDr jgrs gSa ijUrq mudh uhfr;kas dk
fu/kkZj.k efU=k;ksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA nSfud iz'kklu vkSj uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa Li"V js[kk [khapuk dfBu gSA blfy,
dbZ ckj eU=kh rFkk fuxe ds chp la?k"kZ pyrk jgrk gSA
Hkkjr esa egRoiw.kZ yksd fuxeksas esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa&
1- Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
2- nkeksnj ?kkVh fuxe
3- thou chek fuxe
4- vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe
5- vkS|ksfxd deZpkjh jkT; chek fuxe
6- bf.M;u ,;jykbUl dkjiksjs'ku
7- dsUnzh; os;j gkmflax fuxe
8- ,;j bf.M;k b.Vjus'kyu vkfnA
lkjka'k
;g ,d rF; gS fd yksd fuxekssa dk dk;Z rFkk lapkyu lUrks"ktud ugha gS ijUrq blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd laxBu dk
;g Lo:i cgqr ykHknk;d gS vkSj cgqr yksdfiz; gks jgk gSA vkt tcfd m|ksx rFkk okf.kT; ds {ks=k esa jkT;
vfèkd&ls&vf/kd lfØ; gks jgk gS] iz'kkldh; laxBu esa ;g :i gh mi;qDr ekywe nsrk gSA fQj Hkh ,d fof'k"V izdkj
ds iz'kkldh; vfHkdj.k ds :i esa fuxe dh mikns;rk rhu rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS% izFke] fuxe dk mi;ksx O;kolkf;d]
okf.kft;d ;k vkS|ksfxd izcU/k ds fy, gh gksA f}rh;] fuxe dks rqyukRed n‘f"V ls ljdkjh foHkkx dh vis{kk izcUèk
dk vf/kd Lora=k {ks=k feyuk pkfg,A ;fn lkoZtfud nkf;Ro ds uke ij mls Hkh foHk.kh; <kaps esa gh lfEefyr dj fy;k
x;k rks mlds vfLrRo dk ewy vk/kkj gh yqIr gks tk;sxkA r‘rh;] lalnh; fu;a=k.k rFkk 'kkldh; fu;a=k.k dk mi;ksx
cgqr cqf)ekuh ls fd;k tk;sA fuxeksa dh NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dh vkykspuk lalnh; lfefr;ksa dks ugha djuh pkfg,A blls
vf/kdkfj;ksa dk eukscy fxjrk gSA
C;wjks rFkk cksMZ vFkok vk;ksx

(The Bureau and Board or Commission)
foHkkxkas ds laxBu ds vk/kkj ij fopkj djus ds i'pkr nwljk iz'u foHkkx dh v/;{krk dk gSA iz'u ;g gS fd D;k foHkkx
dk v/;{k ,d O;fDr gksuk pkfg, vFkok ,d ls vf/kdA ;fn foHkkx dk usr‘Ro ,d O;fDr ds gkFk esa gks bls C;wjks izdkj
dk laxBu dgk tkrk gS] fdUrq ;fn foHkkx dh v/;{krk dbZ O;fDr;ksa ds gkFk esa lk¡>k :i ls gks rks mls ^cksMZ* izdkj
dk laxBu dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa C;wjks rFkk cksMZ nksuksa fo|eku gSaA ea=kh izk;% dbZ foHkkxksa ds v/;{k gksrs gSa] tSls& f'k{kk]
fons'kh ekeys] x‘g&foHkkx] Ñf"k vkfnA fdUrq gekjs dqN foHkkxksa dk iz'kklu cksMks± vFkok vk;ksxksa ds v/khu gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ
izR;{k dj cksMZ (The Board of Direct Taxes) lhek'kqYd] dsUnzh; mRiknu dj ,oa vk;dj foHkkxksa dh v/;{krk ,oa mu
ij fu;a=k.k djrk gSA jsyos cksMZ jsyos foHkkx dk iz'kkldh; v/;{k gSA jkT;ksa esa Hkh jktLo rFkk fctyh cksMZ vofLFkfr
gSaA fczVsu esa Hkh vUrnZs'kh; jktLo] lhek'kqYd ,oa mRiknu dj] O;kikj] m|ksx rFkk ifjogu foHkkxksa ds v/;{k cksMZ gSaA
la;qDr jkT; esa Hkh Ldwy cksMZ] lkoZtfud LokLF; cksMZ vkfn vU; cksMZ gSaA bl izdkj ns'kksa us foHkkxh; laxBuksa ds ckjs
esa C;wjks rFkk cksMZ nksuksa izdkj dh iz.kkfy;ksa dks viuk;k gqvk gSA
lkoZtfud fuxe 149
cksMks± ds izdkj
(Kinds of Boards)
cksMks± dks dbZ ckj ^vk;ksx* Hkh dgrs gSaA ^cksMZ* rFkk ^vk;ksx* nksuksa 'kCn ,d nwljs ds fy, iz;ksx dj fy, tkrs gSaA foyksch
us nksuksa esa egRoiw.kZ varj cryk;k gSA muds dFkukuqlkj] ÞcksMZ O;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS tks vius {ks=kkf/kdkj esa vkus okys
lHkh ekeyksa ij lkewfgd :i ls dkjZokbZ djrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd os O;fDrxr :i ls vkadM+s bdës djsa rFkk izkFkfed
lquokbZ vkfn djsa fdUrq dkjZokbZ os lkewfgd :i ls gh djrs gSaA vk;ksx ,sls lnL;ksa dk lewg gS tks u dsoy cksMZ dh
rjg lkewfgd :i ls dk;Z djrs gSa cfYd os fd, tkus okys dk;Z ds fy, LFkkfir fd;s x;s ;wfuVksa ds v/;{k :i esa
O;fdrxr :i ls Hkh dk;Z djrs gSaAß fQj Hkh tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS] bu nksuksa 'kCnksa dks iz'kklfud laxBu esa ,d
nwljs ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
cksMZ vFkok vk;ksx fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
1- iz'kkldh; cks³Z (Admiminstrative Boards)% tgk¡ fdlh foHkkx dk v/;{k cksMZ gks] mls iz'kkldh; cksMZ dgk
tkrk gS gS tSls& jsyos cksMZ] jktLo ds fy, dsUnzh; cksMZA
2- lykgdkj cksMZ (Advisory Boards)% bls izk;% foHkkx ds v?;{k ds lkFk lEc) fd;k tkrk gS rkfd mls lkekU;
vFkok fof'k"V ekeyksa ij lykg ns ldsA ;g lykg ml ij cU/kudkjh ugha gksrhA lykgdkj cksMks± esa izk;% rduhdh
fo'ks"kK lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSAa os foHkkx ds inØe laxBu (Hiearchical Organisation) ls ckgj gksrs gSa rFkk foHkkx
dk dk;Z djus vFkok uhfr cukus dk mudk dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gksrkA bu cksMks± dks lfefr;k¡ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksM]Z jsyos lykgdkj cksM]Z fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] yksd lsok vk;ksx vkfnA
3- inØe esa O;ofLFkr cksMZ (Board tied into Hieararchy)% dbZ ckj dksbZ cksMZ vFkok vk;ksx e/;orhZ Lrj ij
inØe esa O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA bls foHkkx pykus dh 'kfDr rks ugha nh tkrh fdUrq bls lkSais x, fof'k"V {ks=k esa
vèkZfoèkk;h rFkk v/kZ&U;kf;d dk;Z lqiqnZ fd;s tkrs gSa( mnkgj.kkFkZ gfj;k.kk Ldwy f'k{kk cksMZ] jkT; fctyh cksMZA
Ldwy cksMZ vkafxd :i ls f'k{kk foHkkx ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gS fdUrq bls Ldwy Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, ikB~;Øe fu/kkZfjr djus
rFkk mPPrj ek/;fed ijh{kk ysus dk dk;Z lkSaik tkrk gSA fctyh cksMZ fctyh forj.k dk dk;Z djrk gSA
4- fofu;ked vk;ksx (Regulatory Commission)% la;qDr jkT; esa lkekU; dY;k.k ds fy, xSj&ljdkjh O;fDr;ksa
rFkk lEifÙk dks fofu;fer rFkk fu;af=kr djus ds fy, dqN vk;ksx LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSaA bu vk;ksxksa dks
vèkZ&foèkk;h rFkk v/kZ&U;kf;d dk;Z lkSais tkrs gSaA
5- f}&nyh; cksMZ (Bi-partisan Boards)% dbZ ckj nyh; jktuhfr ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, izeq[k nyksa ds izfrfufèk;ksa
dks lfEefyr djds ckMZ cuk fn;s tkrs gSaA
C;wjks rFkk cksMZ ds xq.k rFkk voxq.k
(Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureau and Board Types)
cksMks± ds xq.k
cksMZ fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mi;qDr le>s tkrs gSa&
1- tgk¡ dÙkZO; v/kZ&fo/kk;h vFkok v/kZ&U;kf;d izdkj ds gksrs gSa]
2- tgk¡ ij dÙkZO; foLr‘r foosd dh ek¡x djrs gksa vFkok lkekU; fu;a=k.k dh ek¡x djrs gksa]
3- tgka ij fofHké izdkj ds fgrksa dks izfrfuf/kRo nsuk gks]
4- tgk¡ fdUgha fo'ks"k lsokvksa ds lapkyu esa nyxr jktuhfr dk mUewyu djuk gks vFkok blls cgqr de djuk gks]
5- tgk¡ iz'kklu dks cká ncko ls cpkuk gks] rFkk
6- tgk¡ uhfr;k¡ vHkh fuf'pr u gqbZ gksa rFkk dkjZokbZ dk mfpr <ax [kkstus ds fy, fopkj&foe'kZ dh vko';drk gksA
150 yksd ç'kklu
,y- Mh- àkbZV cksMZ vFkok vk;ksx dks rHkh vPNk le>rk gS&
1- ;fn uhfr ds fu/kkZj.k ,oa [kkst dh vko';drk gks]
2- ;fn lEifÙk ls lacaf/kr xSj ljdkjh fgrksa vFkok 'kfDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus okyh O;kid Lofoosd vFkok fu;a=kd
'kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx dk iz'u fufgr gks]
3- ;fn fooknkLin {ks=kksa esa ck/;dkjh 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dh vis{kk gS] rFkk
4- ;fn cká ncko ls iz'kklfud lR;fu"Bk dh j{kk djuh gksA
cksMks± ds voxq.k
cksMZ ds voxq.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1- blls fNé&fHkérk vk tkrh gS rFkk mÙkjnk;h funZs'k izkIr ugha gksrkA
2- ;fn cgqr ls O;fDr la;qDr :i ls dk;Z djrs gSa rks O;fDrxr mÙkjnkf;Ro fuf'pr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA izR;sd
O;fDr dk mÙkjnkf;Ro fdlh dk Hkh mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gksrkA
3- cksMZ ds fu.kZ; izk;% fofHké fgrksa eas le>kSrs ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA le>kSrs ij vk/kkfjr fu.kZ; lnk rdZ&laxr ugha
gksrsA gks ldrk gS fd ;g Hkh lnL;ksa ds LokFkZ dk le>kSrk gksA
4- blls foyEc gksrk gSA ;g 'kh?kz dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA lykg rFkk fookn esa le; u"V gksrk gSA
5- blls deZpkfj;ksa esa Hkh nyxr jktuhfr dh Hkkouk vk tkrh gSA
6- cksMZ ds lnL;kas esa fopkjHksn rFkk Vhe Hkkouk ds vHkko ls laxBu esa vuq'kklughurk vk tkrh gSA
7- cksMZ izk;% lk/kkj.k Lrj ds O;fDr;ksa ls fufeZr gksrk gS vFkok blesa ^pgsrs* O;fDr j[ks tkrs gSaA
vySxtsaMj gSfeyVu fy[krk gS] ÞcksMks± eas cM+h lHkkvksa tSlh vlqfo/kk gksrh gSA muds fu.kZ; /khjs gksrs gSa] mudh 'kfDr de
gksrh gS rFkk mudk mÙkjnkf;Ro fc[kjk gqvk gksrk gSA muds ikl ,d O;fDr }kjk iz'kklu tSlh ;ksX;rk,¡ rFkk Kku ugha
gksrkA mPp ;ksX;rk okys O;fDr mueas [kq'kh ls ugha vk,¡xs D;ksafd os izdk'k esa ugha jgrs] mudk egÙo de gksrk gS rFkk
mUgsa fof'k"Vrk izkIr djus dk de volj feyrk gSA cksMZ ds lnL; Lo;a dks lwfpr j[kus ,oa vPNs fu.kZ; djus dk de
;Ru djsaxs D;ksafd blds fy, mUgsa de izksRlkgu feyrk gSAß
Hkkjr esa vk;ksx rFkk cksMZ
(Commissions and Boards in India)
Hkkjr esa vk;ksxksa rFkk cksMks± dk foLr‘r mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ;|fi ;s vejhdk ds Lora=k fofu;ked vk;ksx dh rjg
lajfpr ugha dgs tk ldrsA tSls fd Åij dgk x;k gS] vejhdh vk;ksx eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh ds fu;a=k.k ls Lora=k
gksrs gsa rFkk os fdlh Hkh dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrAs vejhdk ds vk;ksxksa ds tUe dk ,d ize[q k dkj.k
;g gS fd dkaxl sz jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa eas vfo'okl j[krh gSA fdUrq Hkkjr esa ;g fLFkfr ugha gS D;ksfa d ;gka lalnh; iz.kkyh
viukbZ xbZ gS] ftldk ewy rRo ;g gS fd fo/kku e.My dk;Zdkfj.kh eas fo'okl j[krk gSA
Hkkjr ds vk;ksxksa dks mudh mRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij rhu oxks± esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS%
¼d½ laoS/kkfud vk;ksx (Constitutional Commissions)% gekjk lafo/kku dbZ vk;ksxksa dk mYys[k djrk gS ftUgsa
LFkkfir djuk iM+rk gSA ;s vk;ksx gSa% foÙk vk;ksx] la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx] pquko vk;ksx] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa lEcUèkh
vk;ksx] ljdkjh Hkk"kk lEcU/kh vk;ksxA laoS/kkfud ifo=krk izkIr gksus ds dkj.k bu vk;ksxksa dks lokZf/kd Lok;Ùkrk
izkIr gSA ;s Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk bu ij fdlh vU; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh dk fu;a=k.k
ugha gksrkA buds lnL;ksa dks jk"Vªifr fu;qDr djrk gS rFkk mUgsa ,d fo'ks"k fØ;kfof/k ds vfrfjDr gVk;k ugha tk
ldrkA muds osru Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ij izHkkfjr gksrs gSa rFkk mUgsa muds lsokdky esa ugha ?kVk;k tk ldrkA
lkoZtfud fuxe 151
¼[k½ vf/kfu;ekas }kjk LFkkfir vk;ksx@cksMZ (Statutory Commissions/Boards)% nwljs oxZ esa os vk;ksx rFkk cksMZ vkrs
gSa ftUgsa laln ds vf/kfu;eksa }kjk LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA buds mnkgj.k gS%a fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] v.kq 'kfDr
vk;ksx] jsyos cksM]Z rsy rFkk izkÑfrd xSl vk;ksx] ck<+ fu;a=k.k vk;ksx rFkk fofHké lkoZtfud fuxeA ;s cksMZ vFkok
vk;ksx izk;% Hkkjr ljdkj ds fdlh eU=kky; ds fu;a=k.kk/khu dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk vius iz'kkldh; dk;Z esa Lora=k
gksrs gSaA vius dk;Z&lapkyu esa os foHkkxh; dk;Zfof/k;ksa dks ykxw ugha djrs tc rd fd os LosPNk ls bUgsa ykxw u
djuk pkgsaA ,sls cksMZ rFkk vk;ksx jkT; ljdkjksa ds v/khu Hkh dk;Z djrs gSaA
¼x½ dk;Zdkjh vkns'kksa }kjk LFkkfir cksMZ@vk;ksx (Boards/Commissions set up by Executive Orders)% ,sls Hkh
cksMZ rFkk vk;ksx gksrs gSa tks dk;Zdkjh vFkkZr ljdkj ds vkns'k }kjk LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gSaA buds mnkgj.k gSa
nLrdkjh lEcU/kh cksMZ (Handicrafts Board)] gFkdj?kk cksMZ (Handloom Board)] dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k cksMZ]
dsUnzh; ty rFkk fo|qr vk;ksx vkfnA ;s mi;qZDr ¼d½ rFkk ¼[k½ esa mfYyf[kr cksMks±] dsUnzh; ty rFkk vk;ksxksa ls
cgqr de 'kfDr;k¡ j[krs gSaA ;s izk;% ea=kh ds lkFk lEc) gksrs gSa tks buds dk;Zlapkyu dh 'kfDr j[krk gS rFkk
budks lekIr Hkh dj ldrk gSA
laoS/kkfud vk;ksx ns'k esa fo'ks"k egRo j[krs gSa] blfy, muds dk;ks± dk o.kZu djuk okaNuh; gSA blls geas vejhdk ds
Lora=k fofu;ked vk;ksxksa rFkk Hkkjrh; vk;ksxksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA
1- foÙk vk;ksx (The Finance Commissions)% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 280 esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd ik¡p
o"kZ ds ckn vFkok ;fn Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr blls igys vko';d le>s rks blls igys ,d foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu
djsxkA vk;ksx esa ,d v/;{k rFkk pkj lnL; gksaxs tks jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd, tk,¡xsA vuqPNns 281 jk"Vªifr
ds fy, ;g vko';d cukrk gS fd og Þbl lafo/kku ds micU/kksa ds v/khu foÙk vk;ksx }kjk dh xbZ izR;sd flQkfj'k
dks rFkk ml lEcU/kh dh xbZ dkjZokbZ ds O;k[;kRed Kkiu dks laln ds izR;sd lnu ds lEeq[k is'k djok,Aß bl
vk;ksx ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%
(i) la?k rFkk jkT;ksa esa ck¡Vs tkus okys djksa dk forj.k rFkk ,slh fuoy olwyh dk jkT;ksa esa vkoaVu]
(ii) Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k eas ls jkt;ksa dks lgk;rk&vuqnku ds ckjs esa fl)kUr]
(iii) foÙk dks lq/kkjus ds fgr esa jk"Vªifr }kjk fufnZ"V dksbZ ekeykA
2- yksd lsok vk;ksx (Public Service Commission)% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds 315&323 vuqPNsn la?k ds fy;s rFkk
izr;sd jkT; ds fy;s yksd lsok vk;ksx dk micU/k djrs gSaA la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL; jk"Vªifr }kjk rFkk
jkT;ksa ds yksd lsok vk;ksxksa ds lnL; jkT;ikyksa }kjk fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaA bu vk;ksxksa ds dk;ks± dk v/;;u
deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ lEcU/kh v/;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA
3- pquko vk;ksx (The Election Commission)% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 324 ,d pquko vk;ksx dk micU/k
djrk gS] ftldk v/;{k eq[; pquko vk;qDr gksxkA bl vk;ksx ds dk;Z gSa Þlaln rFkk izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kku e.My
rFkk jk"Vªifr rFkk mi&jk"Vªifr ds pquko djokuk] ernkrk lwfp;k¡ rS;kj djokuk] mudk v/kh{k.k] funs'ku rFkk
fu;a=k.k djuk rFkk laln vkSj jkT;ksa ds fo/kku e.Myksa ds pquko lEcU/kh >xM+ksa ds fy, pquko fVªC;wuy LFkkfir
djukAß
4- fiNM+h tkfr;ksa lEcU/kh vk;ksx (The Backward Classes Commissions)% lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 340 esa
;g micUèk gS fd jk"Vªifr fiNM+h tkfr;ksa lEcU/kh ,d vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gS rkfd ÞHkkjr esa jgus
okyh lkekftd rFkk 'kSf{kd n‘f"V ls fiNM+h Jsf.k;ksa dh n'kk dh Nkuchu dh tk lds rFkk mudh dfBukb;ksa
dk Kkr fd;k tk lds rFkk mu mik;ksa dk lq>ko fn;k tk lds tks la?kh; rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dks ,slh dfBukb;k¡
nwj djus ds fy, djus pkfg,aA lkFk gh ;g lq>ko Hkh fn;k tk;s fd bl mís'; ds fy, fdrus vuqnku fn;s
tk,¡ rFkk ;s fdu 'krks± ds v/khu fn, tk,¡Aß vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ laln ds izR;sd lnu ds lEeq[k izLrqr dh tkrh
gSA
152 yksd ç'kklu
5- ljdkjh Hkk"kk lEcU/kh vk;ksx (The Official Language Commissions)% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 344
lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds 10 o"kZ i'pkr~ ,d ljdkjh Hkk"kk lEcU/kh vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dk mica/k djrk gSA ;g
vk;ksx jk"Vªifr dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds lEcU/k esa flQkfj'k djrk gS%
(i) la?kh; ljdkj ds lapkyu esa fgUnh Hkk"kk dk vf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx]
(ii) la?kh; ljdkj ds lapkyu esa vaxszth Hkk"kk ij iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd izfrca/k]
(iii) mPpre rFkk mPprj U;k;ky;ksa vkfn esa lHkh vFkok fdlh mís'; ds fy, iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh Hkk"kk]
(iv) la?kh; ljdkj ds fdlh ,d vFkok vf/kd mís';ksa ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys vadksa dk izdkj] rFkk
(v) la?kh; ljdkj dh ljdkjh Hkk"kk rFkk la?k rFkk jkT; ds chp rFkk ,d jkT; rFkk nwljs jkT;ksa ds chp
i=k&O;ogkj ds fy, iz;skx esa ykbZ tkus okyh Hkk"kk ds lEcU/k eas jk"Vªifr }kjk vk;ksx dks fufnZ"V dksbZ vU;
ekeykA
vk;ksxkas ds mi;qDZ r dk;ks± ds v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;s vejhdk ds Lora=k fofu;ked vk;ksx dh rjg jk"Vªifr
dks ml ek=kk rd fu"dkflr ugha djrs ftl rd vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr fu"dkflr gSA ;s viuh fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr ds ekè;e
ls gh laln ds lEeq[k izLrqr djrs gSa ftls lesfdr iz'kkldh; <k¡pk LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
lkjka'k
mi;qDZ r fo'ys"k.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh iz.kkyh iw.kZr% nks"keqDr ugha gSA izR;sd n'kk esa iz'kkldh;
ifjfLFkfr;ksas dks ns[kdj gh fuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd fdl iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx fd;k tk;A tku ,- Qs;jyh dk
dguk gS] Þiz'kkldh; lsok,¡ lapkfyr djus ds fy, dksbZ ,d mÙkjnk;h fu"iknd gksuk pkfg,A fQj Hkh tk¡p djus esa rFkk
u;s m|eksa dh ;kstuk cukus esa] vkSj lkFk gh ladVdkyhu ;k vLFkk;h dk;ks± dk izcU/k djus ds fy, e.Myksa dk LFkku
cuk jgsxkA blds vfrfjDr tgk¡ iz'kklu dk okLrfod dk;Z vdsyk ,d mÙkjnk;h dk;Zikyd laHkkyrk jgsxk] ogk¡ Hkh
mUgsa ea=k.kknkrkvksa rFkk lkekU; uhfr ds fu;kedksa ds :i esa dke fey tk;sxkAß
mi;qZDr ekU;rk;sa Hkys gh lgh gksa] fdUrq Hkkjr esa foHkkxksa esa ,d v/;{kh; iz.kkyh viuk;h xbZ gSA tgk¡ foHkkxksa dks eq[;
uhfr;k¡ rFkk mís'; Li"V ,oa lqfuf'pr gksa rFkk VsDuhd ,oa ekun.M fodflr gksa] tgk¡ dk;Z ,d fu;fer izdkj dk gks
vksj 'kkfUr rFkk O;oLFkk tSls egRoiw.kZ fgrksa ds ekeyksa dks fuiVkuk gks ogk¡ e.My dh vis{k C;wjksa iz.kkyh Js"B gksrh gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj C;wjks iz.kkyh gh ik;h tkrh gSA e.My iz.kkyh dk dqN vioknksa esa gh iz;ksx fd;k
x;k gSA tgk¡ laxBu e.My vFkok vk;ksx iz.kkyh dk gS] ogk¡ dk;Zdkjh fo"k;ksa esa lÙkk ,d gh O;fDr dks iznku dh x;h
gS] tSls& jsyos&e.My ds dbZ lnL; gSa] fdUrq dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr ,d O;fDr ds ikl nh xbZ gSA
izeq[k dk;Zikfydk 153
v/;k;&19
izeq[k dk;Zikfydk
(The Chief Executive)
izeq[k dk;Zikfydk ls gekjk vfHkizk; ml O;fDr vFkok O;fDr&lewg ls gS tks fdlh ns'k dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk vè;{k
gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dh rqyuk fijfeM (Pyramid) ls dh tk ldrh gSA mldk vk/kkj pkSM+k
gksrk gS rFkk og fHk[kj dh vksj rax gksrk tkrk gS& ;gk¡ rd fd var esa og ,d fcUnq ek=k jg tkrk gS ftls 'kh"kZ dgrs
gSaA izeq[k dk;Zikfydk iz'kklfud fijkfeM dk 'kh"kZ gSA Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr vFkok eaf=keaMy la?k dh izeq[k dk;Zikfydk
gSA jkT;ksa jkT;iky gSA fczVsu esa jktk vFkok jkuh] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa jk"Vªifr vkSj fLoVtjySaM esa la?k&ifj"kn
ize[q k dk;Zikfydk gksrs gSAa ;g ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd Hkkjr vFkok la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk tSls la?kkRed ns'kksa esa jk"Vªh;
ljdkj ds izeq[k dk;Zikyd ds vfrfjDr fofHké jkT;ksa ds Hkh izeq[k dk;Zikyd gksrs gSa blh izdkj LFkkuh; ljdkj ds
fofHké Lrjksa ij egkikSj (Mayor)] v/;{k] lHkkifr] uxj&izcU/kd vkSj cxksZekLVlZ gksrs gSaA ;s yksx vius&vius {ks=kksa eas
izeq[k dk;Zikfydk dk dk;Z djrs gSaA fu%lansg jk"Vªh; ljdkj dk izeq[k dk;Zikyd bu lcesa lokZsPp vkSj loZJs"B izeq[k
dk;Zikyd ekuk tkrk gSA blh izdkj 'kklu ds fofHké Lrjksa ij izeq[k dk;Zikyd vU; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vis{kk
mPp gksrk gSA
eq[; dk;Zikyd dk vFkZ

(Meaning of Chief Executive)
dk;Zikfydk ljdkj dh og 'kk[kk gS] ftls dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus dh ft+Eesnkjh nh tkrh gSA ;g dkuwuksa ds dk;kZUo;u
esa yxs gq, fofHké iz'kklfud vfHkdj.kksa ls feydj curh gSA ,Q- ,- uhxzks (F.A. Nigro) ds vuqlkj] Þyksd iz'kklu esa
ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk ,d okLrfod :i esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyk :i gSAß ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk esa eq[;
dk;Zikfydk vkSj lHkh flfoy deZpkjh vkrs gSa] tks fo/kkuikfydk }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa dks ykxw djrs gSaA vr%
dk;Zikfydk dh Hkwfedk loksZPp egRo gh gSA
eq[; dk;Zikfydk ls gekjk vFkZ ml O;fDr;ksa ds fudk; ls gS] tks ns'k ds iz'kklfud ra=k ls 'kh"kZ ij gksrk gSA fdlh ns'k
dk iz'kklfud mRØe ifjkfeM ls feyrk&tqyrk gksrk gS] tks vk/kkj ij pkSM+k gksrk gS vkSj 'kh"kZ dh vksj 'kqaMkdkj gksrk
gS rFkk pksVh ij igqapdj ;g ,d fcanq esa lekIr gks tkrk gSA eq[; dk;Zikyd iz'kklfud fijkfeM ds 'kh"kZ ij gksrk gSA
;g vkf/kdkfjd :i esa dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr fufgr gksrh gSA ,d jktuhfrd ra=k esa] og O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dk lewg ftuesa
lafo/kku] ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr fufgr djrk gS] eq[; dk;Zikyd dgykrk gSA futh laxBu esa] og O;fDr eq[;
dk;Zikyd dgykrk gSA ftldh laxBuksa ds dkeksa dks djus dh eq[; ft+Eesnkjh gksrh gSA
eq[; dk;Zikyd dks fof/k jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklfud dk;Z djus gksrs gSaA yksd iz'kklu esa mldh dsanzh; fLFkfr gksrh gSA
og laxBu ds y{; fu/kkZfjr djrk gS] ;kstuk,¡ cukrk gS] dk;Z fu/kkZfjr djrk gS] izkFkfedrk,¡ fLFkj djrk gS] dfBu fu.kZ;
ysrk gS] lk/ku tqVkrk gS] deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS] vius uhps ds lHkh foHkkxksa ds dk;Z esa leUo; djrk gSA
deZpkfj;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djrk gS] usr‘Ro iznku djrk gS vkSj ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u dk fujh{k.k djrk gSA og ns[krk
gS fd laxBu ds y{; vf/kdre n{krk ds lkFk izkIr fd, tk,¡ vkSj lk/kuksa dk b"Vre mi;ksx gksA blfy, fdlh laxBu
dh lQyrk eq[; dk;Zikyd dh xR;kRed izÑfrd vkSj pfj=k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
154 yksd ç'kklu
fofHké izdkj dh izeq[k dk;Zikfydk

(Different Types of the Chief Executives)
ukeek=k dh izeq[k dk;Zikfydk rFkk okLrfod izeq[k dk;Zikfydk
(The Titular and the Real Chief Executives)
ftu ns'kksa esa lalnh; (Parliamentary) 'kklu&O;oLFkk gksrh gS] muesa vkSipkfjd vFkok ukeek=k dh izeq[k dk;Zikfydk
ds chp Hksn gksrk gSA bu ns'kksa esa fof/k ds vuqlkj leLr dk;Zdkjh lÙkk ukeek=k ds izeq[k dk;Zikyd vFkkZr~ jktk vFkok
jk"Vªifr esa fufgr gksrh gSA ijUrq og viuh lÙkk dk iz;ksx Lora=k :i ls u dj] vius eaf=k;ks]a ds ijke'kZ ds vuqlkj djrk
gSA O;ogkfjd n‘f"V ls eaf=k&eaMy okLrfod izeq[k dk;Zikyd dh leLr lÙkk eaf=keaMy ds gkFkksa esa pyh tkrh gS vkSj
eaf=keaMy okLrfod ize[q k dk;Zikyd dk LFkku xzg.k dj ysrk gSA baXyS.M esa jkuh vkSj Hkkjr esa x.kjkT; ds jk"Vªifr blh
izdkj ds vkSipkfjd vFkok ukeek=k ds izeq[k gSa rFkk bu nksuksa ns'kksa esa okLrfod dk;Zdkjh lÙkk efU=ke.My ds gkFkksa esa
pyh xbZ gS ftldk v/;{k iz/kkuea=kh gksrk gSA Hkkjr dk;Zdkjh lÙkk efU=ke.My ds gkFkksa esa pyh xbZ gS ftldk v/;{k
iz/kkuea=kh gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa jkT;ksa ds jkT;ikyksa ds lkFk Hkh ;gh gqvk gSA ;g lR; gS fd baXyS.M dh jkuh vkSj Hkkjr
dk jk"Vªifr ,dne gh lÙkk ls jfgr ugha gSA ;g ekuuk ,d Hkwy gksxh dh os dsoy 'kwU; ek=k gS] D;ksafd muds ikl
jktuhfrd ladV vFkok xfrjks/k ds le; vius foosd ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dh vof'k"V 'kfDr gksrh gSA ijUrq lkekU;r;k
vusd dk;Z vkSipkfjd vFkok ijke'kZdkjh gksrs gS]a dk;Zikfydk ughaA orZeku lanHkZ esa ;fn ge mUgsa NksM+ nsa rks gekjh ppkZ
lqxe gks tk,xhA
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa eas tgk¡ jk"Vªifrewyd ;k v/;{kkRed (Presidential) 'kklu gS] ogk¡ fLFkfr fHké gSA mu
ns'kksa esa dksbZ vkSipkfjd vFkok ukeek=k dk dk;Zikyd ugha gksrkA ogk¡ dsoy ,d jk"Vªifr gksrk gS tks okLrfod izeq[k
dk;Zikyd gSA oS/kkfud n‘f"V ls mls tks 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa] mudk iz;ksx og Lo;a Lora=krkiwoZd djrk gSA ml ij bl
ckr dk dksbZ oS/kkfud nkf;Ro ugha gS fd og fdlh ds ijke'kZ ds vuqlkj dk;Z djsA
lalnh; v/;{kkRed izeq[k dk;Zikfydk@ikydksa dk ;g Hksn cgqr ekSfyd gS rFkk og nksuksa dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa ds
laxBu vkSj dk;Z&iz.kkyh dks cgqr gn rd izHkkfor djrk gSA vr% bl vUrj dks Li"V :i esa vkSj foLrkj ds lkFk le>
ysuk vko';d gksxkA
lalnh; rFkk v/;{kkRed izeq[k dk;Zikfydk
(The Parliamentary and Presidental Chief Executives)
lalnh; rFkk v/;{kkRed 'kklu&O;oLFkkvksa esa okLrfod izeq[k dk;Zikfydk ds in dk v/;;u djus ij gesa muds chp
dqN egRoiw.kZ vUrj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
izFke] lalnh; ns'kksa esa okLrfod izeq[k dk;Zikfydk dk ,d cgqy laLFkk gksrh gSA eaf=keaMy esa iz/kkuea=kh vkSj vU; vusd
ea=kh gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj v/;{kkRed ns'kksa esa jk"Vªifr izeq[k dk;Zikfydk gksrk gS rFkk og ,d vdsyk O;fDr gksrk gSA ;g
lp gS fd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa jk"Vªifr ds lkFk mlds 12 lfpo Hkh gksrs gSaA tks ckjg izeq[k iz'kklfud foHkkxksa ds
v/;{k gksrs gSaA ijUrq] mudk in eaf=ke.My ds lnL;ksa ls ekSfyd :i ls fHké gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr ds lfpo jk"Vªifr ds
v/khu rFkk mlds izfr O;fDrxr :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa jk"Vªifr tc pkgs viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj mUgsa inP;qr dj ldrk
gSA blds foijhr] eaf=keaMy ds lnL; iz/kkuea=kh ds lg;ksxh gksrs gSAa os laln ds Hkhrj lÙkk/kjh ny ds izHkko'kkyh lnL;
iz/kkuea=kh ds lg;ksxh gksrs gSaA os laln ds Hkhrj lÙkk/kkjh ny ds izHkko'kkyh lnL; gksrs gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk
gS fd iz/kkuea=kh mudks vizlé rFkk mudh mis{kk djus ls igys bl lEHkkouk ij fopkj dj ysrk gS fd mldk ;g dk;Z
ny esa QwV rks ugha Mky nsxk( vkSj] dgha mls Lo;a vius in ls gh gkFk rks ugha /kksuk iM+sxkA vk/kqfud dky esa baXyS.M
vkSj Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa esa iz/kkeaf=k;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa esa cgqr vf/kd o‘f) gks xbZ gSA blds nks izeq[k dkj.k gSa& igyk rks ;g
fd jktuhfrd 'kfdr;ksa esa cgqr vf/kd o‘f) gks xbZ gSA blds nks izeq[k dkj.k gSa& igyk rks ;g gS fd usg: vkSj pfpZy
tSls fo'ks"k izfrHkk vkSj izHkko okys O;fDr lgt gh vius lkFk eaf=k;ksa ij viuk izHkko tek ysrs jgs gSaA rFkkfi] mudh
vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr esa bl ekeys esa okLrfod Hksn gSA
iz'kklu dh n‘f"V ls bl Hksn dk D;k egRo gS\ bl ckjs esa nks ckrsa dgh tk ldrh gSAa cgqy jpuk gksus ds dkj.k eaf=keaMy
ds lkeus fu;a=k.k&{ks=k (span of control) dh leL;k bruh vf/kd fodV ugha gksrh ftruh dh ,d jk"Vªifr ds lkeus]
D;ksafd og ,d vdsyk O;fDr gksrk gSA iz/kkuea=kh ds lkFk mlds vius gh ny ds 20&22 vFkok mlls Hkh vf/kd fo'oLr
lkFkh gksrs gSaA og muds chp mPprj Lrjksa ds fo"k; ds lEcU/k de leL;k,¡ jg tkrh gSA iz'kklu ds izfr turk ds
euksoKS kfud n‘f"Vdks.k esa Hkh blls vUrj vkrk gSA lalnh; ns'k ds Hkhrj vf/kuk;dokn dh laHkkoukvksa dk ukjk bl izdkj
mBk;k tk ldrk ftl izdkj v/;{kkRed 'kklu esAa turk ;g tkuuk pkgrh gS fd vR;f/kd 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vª dk jk"Vªifr
Hkh euekus <ax ls dke ugha dj ldrkA
nksuksa iz.kkfy;ksa esa lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ vUrj dk;Zikfydk&fo/kkueaMy lanHkZ esa mRié gksrk gSa lalnh; iz.kkyh esa izeq[k
dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ eaf=keaMy ds lnL; laln ds Hkhrj cgqer ny ls fy;s tkrs gSaA os laln esa cSBrs gSa] mudk ekxZn'kZu
djrs gS]a fo/kk;dks dks izLrqr vkSj mudk leFkZu djrs gS]a ctV j[krs gSa rFkk laln ds le{k lewps iz'kklu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
gksrs gSAa oS/kkfud n‘f"V ls laln fdlh Hkh le; muesa fo'okl u j[kus ij mUgsa inP;qr dj ldrh gSAa bl izdkj lalnh;
iz.kkyh esa fo/kkueaMy vkSj dk;Zikfydk ds e/; cgqr fudV lEcU/k vkSj lg;ksx jgrk gS rFkk dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ izeq[k
dk;Zikfydk fo/kkueaMy dk usrk gksus ds ukrs ftu fo/kk;h] foÙkh; vFkok iz'kklfud uhfr;ksa dks vko';d le>s] mUgsa
ikfjr dj ldrk gSA v/;{kkrEd ns'k esa 'kfDr&i‘FkDdj.k (seperation of Powers) gksrk gS vkSj vojks/k vkSj larqyu
(checks and balances) dh O;oLFkk dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu turk
4 o"kZ ds fy, djrh gSA bl vof/k esa mldks egkfHk;ksx pyk, fcuk mlds in ls ugha gVk;k tk ldrkA og Lo;a vFkok
mlds lfpo fo/kkueaMy dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrsA os dkaxzsl ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrsA bldk ifj.kke ;g
gqvk fd ogk¡ fo/kkueaMy vkSj dk;Z ds e/; e/kqj lEcU/k ugha jg ikrs Fks muesa ruko vk tkrk gSA le;≤ ij izeq[k
dk;Zikyd ds fy, ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd og viuh uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fof/k cuokus vkSj /ku izkIr djus ds fy,
dkaxzsl ij ijks{k uhfr ls izHkko vkSj ncko MkysA oSlk djus ij Hkh vusd ckj og foQy gks tkrk gSA
nksuksa iz.kkfy;ksa esa rhljk izeq[k varj ;g gS fd lalnh; izeq[k dk;Zikfydk viuh leLr uhfr;ksa vkSj fØ;kvksa ds fy,
fujarj rFkk izk;% izHkkodkjh jhfr ls fo/kkueaMy ds izfr bl izdkj ls mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrkA lS)kfUrd n‘f"V ls og turk
ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS] ijUrq bl mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ykxw djus dh dksbZ izHkko'kkyh jhfr ugha gksrhA ifj.kke gksrk gS
fd fo/kkueaMy vkSj turk nksuksa gh izeq[k dk;Zikfydk eas dqN lhek rd vfo'okl djus yxrs gSa rFkk vko';drk iM+us
ij mldks u;s dk;Z vkSj 'kfDr;k¡ ugha nsuk pkgrsA la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa blh dkj.k Lora=k fu;ked vk;ksxksa] tSls
vfHkdj.kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bu ij jk"Vªifr dk fu;a=k.k ugha gksrkA blh dkj.k dkaxszl us jk"Vªifr dks ;g 'kfDr
ugha nh fd vLFkk;h rkSj ij rFkk lhfer ekeyksa dks NksMd + j og ljdkj ds dk;Z vkSj iz'kklu dk iquxZBu dj ldsA 1939
vkSj 1945 ds iquxZBu vf/kfu;eksa esa vusd jksdks vkSj izfrca/kksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA blds foijhr baXySaM esa 1946 esa
fefuLVlZ vkWQ Økmu ,sDV ds }kjk izeq[k dk;Zikfydk dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og fdlh foHkkx dks Hkax dj
ldrh gS rFkk mlls dk;ks± dks fdlh nwljs foHkkx dks lqiqnZ dj ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa ea=kky;ksa rFkk foHkkxkas dk iquxZBu
iw.kZr;k mu fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gS ftudk fuekZ.k dsUnz esa jk"Vªifr vkSj jkT;ksa esa jkT;iky djrs gSaA bu rFkk vU;
vusd ekeyksa esa lalnh; dk;Zikfydk dks vf/kd Lora=krk gksrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd laln vkSj turk ;g tkurs
gsa fd izeq[k dk;Zikfydk ij mudk lrr fu;a=k.k gS rFkk og LosPNkdkjh ugha gks ldrkA
;g lkspuk lgh ugha gksxk fd v/;k{kkRed ns'kksa esa dk;Zikfydk ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksrk gSA ;g lkspuk Hkh mfpr ugha
gksxk fd lalnh; ns'kksa esa eaf=keaMy izR;sd fo"k; ds foLrkj ij laln ds fu;a=k.k esa gksrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk
jk"Vªifr dkQh ek=kk esa dkaxszl ds ncko esa jgrk gSA fof/k;ksa] foÙkh;ksa] fu;qfDr;ksa dh LohÑfr] laf/k;ksa dh iqf"V rFkk flusV
vkSj izfrfuf/k lnu dh i‘Fkd~&i‘Fkd~ lfefr;ksa }kjk fujarj dh tkus okyh [kkst vkSj tk¡p ds }kjk dkaxszl jk"Vªifr ij
fu;a=k.k j[krh gS] rFkkfir fu;a=k.k dh ;s jhfr;k¡ mu jhfr;ksa ls fHké gSa ftuds }kjk lalnh; ns'kksa esa fo/kkueaMy
156 yksd ç'kklu
dk;Zikfykd dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa dkaxzsl iz'kklfud laxBu
izfØ;kvksa rFkk O;; dh ckjhd ls ckjhd ckrksa ij fo/kk;h fu;eu djds jk"Vªifr dks vius fu;a=k.k esa j[krk gS tcfd
nwljh vksj lalnh; ns'kksa esa fo/kkueaMy ds ikl dk;Zikfydk dks inP;qr djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj og viuh bl vfUre
'kfDr ds ckjs esa bruk lpsr jgrk gS fd fuHkz; gksdj dk;Zikfydk dk usr‘Ro Lohdj dj ysrk gS vkSj C;kSjs dh ckrksa esa
mldks Lora=k NksM nsrk gSA tgk¡ rd C;kSjs ij fo/kkueaMy dk fu;eu gksus ds dkj.k çcU/kksa esa tM+rk vk tkus rFkk
dk;Zdkfj.kh dh lfoosd 'kfDr ij tks bldks çkIr gksuh pkfg,] fcuk dkj.k fo/kkueaMy ds gLr{ksi djus dk ç'u gS]
ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd v/;{kkRed dk;Zikfydk dh vis{kk lalnh; dk;Zikfydk vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus esa
vf/kd n{k gksrh gSA blds foijhr] lalnh; ç.kkyh dh dk;Zikfydk vius nkf;Roksa dks vf/kd {kerk ds lkFk fuokZg djus
esa leFkZ gksrh gSA
;g ugha le>uk pkfg, fd lalnh; dk;Zikfydk esa gh lkjs xq.k gSa] v/;{kkRed dk;Zikfydk ds Hkh vius xq.k gSaA og ,d
vdsyk O;fDr gksus ds dkj.k funsZ'ku rFkk vkns'k esa vis{kkÑr vf/kd ,drk dh LFkkiuk dj ldrk gSA mls bl ckr dh
vko';drk ugha gS fd og fo/kkueaMy dks çlUu djus ds fy, fujUrj mlds lkeus mifLFkr gks vkSj viuk le; cckZn
djsA og vfLFkjrk rFkk ckj&ckj gksus okys ifjorZuksa ds mu nks"kksa ls Hkh eqDr gS tks Ýkal tSls ns'kksa esa lalnh; 'kklu
ds lQy lapkyu esa ck/kk Mkyrs jgs gSaA jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky fuf'pr gksrk gS vkSj O;ogkfjd n‘f"V ls mls inP;qr ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA og ml eaf=keaMy dh vis{kk vf/kd 'kfDr vkSj vkRefo'okl ds lkFk dk;Z dj ldrk gS ftls fujarj
fo/kkueaMy ds cgqer dh n;k ij thfor jguk iM+rk gSA rFkkfi] ;g Hkh ugha ekuuk pkfg, fd lalnh; 'kklu rFkk
eaf=keaMyh; dk;Zikfydk ds Hkhrj dk nks"k vo';EHkkoh gksrk gSA blesa vfLFkjrk dsoy rHkh mRiUu gksrh gS tc ;g
O;oLFkk vLoLFk fn'kkvksa esa dk;Z djus ds fy, foo'k gks] tSls cgqnyh; O;oLFkk ds vfLrRo vFkok nyh; vuq'kklu dh
ijEijk ds vHkko dh fLFkfr esaA
nksuksa çdkj ds dk;Zikfydk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds xq.kksa dh rqyuk djus ij ;g fl) gksrk gS fd lalnh; O;oLFkk vf/kd
ykHknk;d gSA la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa Hkh HkwriwoZ jk"Vªifr foYlu tSls fopkjoku~ vkykspdksa us bl ckr dh flQkfj'k
dh gS fd v/;{kkRed O;oLFkk dks lalnh; fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij la'kksf/kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 1922 esa ctV vkSj ys[kk
vf/kfu;e ds }kjk ctV&çfØ;k esa tk ifjorZu fd;s x;s Fks] mudk mís'; yxHkx oSlh çfØ;k dk fuekZ.k djuk Fkk tSlh
fd fczVsu esa gSA 1936 esa ç'kldh; çcU/k&lEcU/kh jk"Vªifr&lfefr rFkk 1949 esa gwoj vk;ksx us ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk
'kk[kk ds iquxZBu dh tks ;kstuk,¡ çLrqr dha] muesa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd la?kh; ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dks jk"Vªifr
ds loksZPp funsZ'ku ,oa fu;U=k.k ds v/khu ,dhÑr fd;k tk,] rFkkfi dkaxzsl bl dk;Z ds fy, jk"Vªifr dks vko';d
'kfDr;k¡ nsus dks rS;kj ugha gqbZA bu lcls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd jk"Vªifr&ç.kkyh dh dk;Zikfydk O;oLFkk esa D;k
LokHkkfod dfBukb;k¡ gSaA
fLoV~tjyS.M dh cgqy dk;Zikfydk
(The Executive of Switzerland)
lalnh; rFkk v/;{kkRed ç.kkfy;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; çdkj dh dk;Zikfydk Hkh gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] LohV~tjyS.M
dh cgqy ç.kkyh] HkwriwoZ lksfo;r la?k dh lksfo;r ç.kkyh rFkk fujadq'kksa jktra=kksa vkSj vf/kuk;d ra=kksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh
LosPNkpkjh ç.kkyhA
fLoV~tjySaM dh cgqy dk;Zikfydk lalnh; rFkk v/;{kkRed ç.kkfy;ksa ds dqN ekSfyd fl)kUrksa ds feJ.k dk
çfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA lalnh; ç.kkyh dh Hkkafr og ,d cgqr laxBu gS ftlesa lkr lnL; gksrs gSaA ;g lgh vFkks± esa cgqy
gksrh gS] D;ksafd blds Hkhrj ç/kkuea=kh dh Hkk¡fr dksbZ vf/kdkjh ugha gksrk ftldks çeq[k in çkIr gksA blds lc lnL;
in dh n‘f"V ls ,dne leku gksrs gSAa ;s ea=kh fo/kkueaMy ds lnL; gksrs gS]a mldh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysrs gS]a mldk usr‘Ro
djrs gSa] rFkkfi mUgsa ernku esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrkA os fo/kkue.My ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA fLol
dk;Zikfydk rFkk fczfV'k eaf=ke.My esa ;s lekurk,¡ gSAa ijUrq] eaf=ke.My ds lnL;ksa ds foijhr rFkk la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk
ds jk"Vªifr dh Hkk¡fr fLol dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ la?k&ifj"kn~ dk fuokZpu fo/kkue.My ds nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr lHkk esa
,d fuf'pr vof/k ds fy, gksrk gSA ml vof/k esa mldks inP;qr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fo/kkueaMy ds çfr fLol
dk;Zikfydk ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd tc fo/kkue.My mldh uhfr;ksa dks vLohÑr dj ns rks os R;kxi=k
ns nsAa fLol dk;Zikfydk fo/kkue.My dh bPNk ds vuqlkj viuh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dj ysrh gS rFkk mlds lnL; vusd
vof/k;ksa rd dk;Z djrs jgrs gSaA v/;{kkRed dk;Zikfydk dh Hkk¡fr fLol la?k&ifj"kn~ dks fo/kkueaMy Hkax djds turk
ls vihy djus dh 'kfDr ugha nh xbZ gSA fLol i)fr ds vUrxZr lalnh; ç.kkyh dk ;g xq.k fo|eku gS fd dk;Zikfydk
vkSj fo/kkue.My ds e/; xgjk lEcU/k jgrk gS] dk;Zikfydk fo/kkue.My ds çfr m Ùkjnk;h jgrh gSA mlesa v/;{kkRed
ç.kkyh dk ;g xq.k Hkh gS fd mldk dk;Zdky fuf'pr gksrk gSA fLol&ç.kkyh esa lalnh; vkSj v/;{kkRed ç.kkyh nksuksa
ds nks"kksa dks NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA ns[kus esa ;g ,d vkn'kZ O;oLFkk çrhr gksrh gS] ijUrq mu ns'kksa esa tgk¡ fLoV~tjySaM ds
leku jktuhfrd fLFkfr;k¡ ugha gSa] ;g dk;Zikfydk O;oLFkk vO;ogkfjd fl) gksxhA
eq[; dk;Zikfyd ds xq.k

(Qualities of a Chief Executive)
,d eq[; dk;Zikfyd esa fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d gS&
1. mldk LokLF; vPNk gksuk pkfg,A mlesa futh 'kfDr rFkk 'kkjhfjd lgu'kfDr gksuh pkfg,A
2. mldk pfj=k mPp rFkk nks"kjfgr gksA
3. mls le; dk ikcUn gksuk pkfg,A
4. mlesa vkRefo'okl] mRlkg] lsok&Hkko] fe=krk dh Hkkouk] bZekunkjh] fu"Bk rFkk U;kf;d Hkkouk tSls xq.kksa dk gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA
5. og laxBu ds mís'; ds çfriw.kZ fu"Bk dk çn'kZu djds vU; deZpkfj;ksa dk fo'okl çkIr djus dh {kerk gksuh
pkfg,A
6. mlesa jktuhfrd foosd (Poitical Sense) dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gS rFkk ml esa ns'k ds jktuhfrd okrkoj.k dks
ij[kus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
7. laxBu ds y{;ksa rFkk mís'; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lgh rFkk le; ij fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk ml esa gksuh pkfg,A
8. og dÙkZO; ijk;.k gksA
9. mlesa nwjnf'kZrk gksA mls vius fu.kZ;ksa ds lEHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dk Hkh vuqeku gksuk pkfg,A
10. vko';drk iM+us ij çkf/kdkj (Authority) dks mfpr ek=kk esa nwljksa dks gLrkUrfjr (Delegate) dj ldus dh {kerk
mlesa gksuh pkfg,A
11. ml esa nwljksa dks çsj.kk nsus rFkk muds eu dks thrus vkSj mudk lg;ksx çkIr djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
12. mlesa igy&dneh (Initiative) djus ds xq.k dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA
13. ftu O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk feydj mls dk;Z djuk gS vFkok ftu ls mlus dk;Z djokuk gS] mu O;fDr;ksa ds xq.kksa rFkk
voxq.kksa dks ij[kus dh {kerk mlesa gksuh pkfg,A mlesa ;g Hkh {kerk gksuh pkfg, fd nwljksa dh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx
fdl <ax ls djok;k tk, fd laxBu dks vf/kd&ls&vf/kd ykHk gks ldsA
14. mls vius mís'; ds çfr J)k j[kuh pkfg, rFkk vius lewg dks ckgjh vkykspuk ls cpkuk pkfg,A
15. vkd"kZd O;fDrRo] vPNk LoHkko] cqf)ekuh dk;Z ds çfr #fp rFkk vuq'kklu dk ikyu djuk vkfn xq.kksa dk ,d
lQy eq[; dk;Zikfyd esa gksuk vfr vko';d gSA
pØorh jktxksikykpk;Z (C. Rajagopalachari) th us ,d vPNs ç'kkld ds ekSfyd xq.kksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, dgk gSA
çFke og O;fDr pfj=koku~ gksuk pkfg,A ftl çdkj lHkh ds thou ds fy, lw;Z çdk'k dk gksuk vko';d gS mlh çdkj
ls eq[; lfpo ls ysdj fuEu oxZ ds deZpkjh rd çR;sd Lrj ds ç'kkld ds fy, pfj=k dk gksuk vko';d gSA
158 yksd ç'kklu
f}rh; eq[; ç'kkld esa ;g ;ksX;rk vko';d gS fd og mi;qDr lykg dks tku lds rFkk le> ds vuqlkj 'kh?kz gh fu.kZ;
ys ldsA
r‘rh; eq[; ç'kkld bl ckr ds ;ksX; gksuk pkfg, fd og vius fu.kZ;ksa dks ykxw djus okys vius v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa
esa fo'okl iSnk dj ldsA v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa dks ;g fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh dfBu vkSj dBksj ifjfLFkfr
esa mudk mPp vf/kdkjh] mudk leFkZu djsxk rFkk fdlh Hkh ncko dh fLFkfr esa og mudk lkFk ugha NksM+sxkA jktk th
ds vuqlkj yksdrU=k esa fdlh Hkh ç'kkldh; foHkkx ds lQy gksus ds fy, bl ckr dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
pkSFks eq[; ç'kkld tc dksbZ fu.kZ; ys ys rks yksxksa dks ;g fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd og vius fu.kZ; dks ugha cnysxkA
eq[; ç'kkld dks vius fu.kZ; ij vVy jguk pkfg,A
ikaposa eq[; ç'kkld dks larqfyr LoHkko okyk gksuk pkfg,A cqjk LoHkko n‘<+rk dk LFkku ugha ys ldrkA bldk ykHk ugh
gksrkA
NBs vFkok vfUre ç'kkld esa vius v/khu dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa esa lkekftd mís';ksa dh Hkkouk mRiUu djus dh
;ksX;rk pkfg,A mls ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd mlds deZpkjh ;g le> ysa fd os D;k dke dj jgs gSa rFkk og dk;Z dSls
vPNk rFkk ljkguh; gSA
eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z

(Function of Chief Executive)
mÙkj&eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dh çÑfr ykbu vfHkdj.kksa ls feyrh&tqyrh gSA mldk lcls çeq[k y{;
ç'kklu esa ;FkklEHko ,drk dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA mlds }kjk lEiUu fd, tkus okys lHkh dk;Z bl y{; ds pkjksa vksj
gh pDdj yxkrs gSaA eq[; dk;Zikfydk dh lQyrk bl y{; dh çkfIr ds vk/kkj ij gh fuf'pr dh tkrh gSA
eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ks± dh çksñ ,yñMhñ àkbV us vkB Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS&
1. vuqdwy okrkoj.k dh jpuk% eq[; dk;Zikfydk laxBu ds vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrh gS ftlesa ç'kklu
lqpk: :i ls pyrk gqvk vius y{;ksa dks çkIr dj ldsA ,d laxBu 'kfDr'kkyh gS ;k detksj] Å¡ps eukscy okyk
;k uhps eukscy okyk] bZekunkjh dk Lrj vPNk gS ;k fxjk gqvk] ukxfjdksa ds çfr lkStU;iw.kZ gS vFkok ugha] vkfn
fo"k; mlds usr‘Ro ds pfj=k ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA
2. uhfr&fuekZ.k% eq[; dk;Zikfydk ç'kkldh; uhfr dk fu'p; djrh gSA çcU/k&uhfr ds cM+s ç'uksa ij eq[;
dk;Zikfydk }kjk gh fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA çfro"kZ ctV ij gksus okys okn&fookn ds le; vU; leL;kvksa ds ckjs
esa fopkj djrs le; eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds fopkj çdV gksrs jgrs gSaA dk;Zikfydk dks viuh uhfr;ksa esa ,d:irk
j[kuh pkfg, rHkh og viuh çR;sd dk;Z esa ,drk j[k ik,xhA
3. ctV cukuk% eq[; dk;Zikfydk ctV Lohdkj djrh gSA çfro"kZ tks vuqeku rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa mudh vksj og
O;fDrxr :i ls /;ku nsrh gSA ctV dh egRoiw.kZ enksa ij mls fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk gksrk gSA
4- funsZ'k tkjh djuk% eq[; dk;Zikfydk le;≤ ij vkKk,a ,oa funsZ'k tkjh djrh jgrh gSA fdlh Hkh laxBu
esa dk;Z rHkh çkjEHk gksrk gS tc Åij ls vkKk,a çlkfjr dh tk,aA bu vkKkvksa ij eq[; dk;Zikfydk dh LohÑfr
gksuh pkfg,A dk;Zikfydk dh vkKk,a] funsZ'ku] vukSipkfjd i=k] ekSf[kd funsZ'k vkfn çlkfjr gksrs jgrs gSaA
5. lsohoxZ dk p;u% lsohoxZ dk pquko eq[; dk;Zikfydk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d dfBu dk;Z gS] fdUrq bldk
mi;ksx djus esa os iw.kZ :i ls LorU=k ugha jgrhA mUgsa jktuhfrd] HkkSxksfyd] O;fDrxr] oxZxr ,oa laxfBr fgr vkfn
ds vusd igyqvksa dh vksj /;ku nsuk iM+rk gSA
6. in&foHkqfDr% eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks ;g vf/kdkj gksrk gS fd ftu vf/kdkfj;ksa dh og fu;qfDr djs mUgsa gVk Hkh ldsA
blh 'kfDr ds dkj.k ;g lEHko gksrk gS fd lHkh vf/kdkjh eq[; dk;Zikfydk dh uhfr;ksa ,oa y{;ksa dks fØ;kfUor
djus esa iwjs mRlkg ls dk;Z djsa rFkk mldh vkKkvksa] funsZ'kksa ,oa fo'ks"k i=kksa dh vogsyuk u djsaA
7. fujh{k.k ,oa fu;U=k.k% eq[; dk;Zikfydk ljdkjh vfHkdj.kksa dk fujh{k.k ,oa fu;U=k.k (Supervision and Control):
djrh gsA ftruk Å¡pk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS og fnu&çfrfnu ds dk;ks± ij mruh gh de utj j[k ldrk gSA
dk;Zikfydk ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ;g mÙknkf;Ro gS fd os vius ls v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds çR;sd dk;Z dh ns[k&js[k
djrs jgsaA
8. tu&laidZ% eq[; dk;Zikfydk tu&laidZ ds foLrkj rFkk mls fu;fU=kr djus esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA bl çdkj og ç'kklu
dks O;oLFkk ds ckgj ls çHkkfor djus dh 'kfDr Hkh j[krh gSA tu&lEidZ&LFkkiuk ds dk;ks± }kjk og turk esa
ç'kklu dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh gS rFkk mlds leFkZu esa yksder dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA çsl&lEesyuksa ,oa vU;
lk/kuksa }kjk og vius bl mÙknkf;Ro dk iwjk dj ikrh gSA
bu lHkh mÙknkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vesfjdh jk"Vªifr ukxfjdksa ,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa ls okrkZ djrk gS] eq[; ç'kldksa
dh fu;qfDr djrk gS] jktnwrksa ,oa gtkjksa fuEurj inksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ djrk gS] muds dk;ks± dh jktuhfrd {kerk
ns[krk gS] dk;kZy; çi=kksa dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djrk gS rFkk lSdM+ksa dkxtksa ij çfrfnu gLrk{kj djrk gS&;g mldh
fnup;kZ dk Øe gSA
eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ks± ij çksñ ohx (John A. Vieg) ds o.kZu esa dqn vf/kd Li"Vrk ,oa foLrkj gS&
1. ç'kkldh; fu;kstu ,oa funsZ'ku% jk"Vªifr dh loZçFke ;g fu.kZ; djuk iM+rk gS fd mlds rFkk O;oLFkkfidk ds
chp fdl çdkj ds lEcU/k fodflr gksus pkfg,] mlds ç'kklu dh çeq[k uhfr;ka D;k gksuh pkfg, rFkk mudh iwfrZ
ds fy, D;k dk;ZØe viukuk pkfg,A eq[; dk;Zikfydk dk;ZØe ,oa uhfr;ka fuf'pr djus ds ckn mudh iwfrZ ds
fy, mi;qZDr laxBukRed <kaps ij fopkj djrh gSA
eq[; dk;Zikfydk vfHkdj.kksa ds v/;{kksa dh fu;qfDr Hkh djrh gS tks laxBu ds ek/;e ls çeq[k dk;Zikfydk dk
dk;Z dj ldsaA tks eq[; vf/kdkjh eq[; dk;Zikfydk }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa muds dk;ks± dk funsZ'ku Hkh mlh
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; dk;Zikfydk dh bu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g crkrh gS fd mudk y{; D;k gS\
çR;sd vfHkdj.k ds çfro"kZ O;ofLFkr dk;Z dk dk;ZØe rFkk O;; dh O;oLFkk djus ds fy, eq[; dk;Zikfydk }kjk
ctV ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fofHkUu vfHkdj.kksa ds dk;ZØeksa ds chp vfHkdj.k LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
2. leUo; ,oa ç'kkldh; çfrosnu% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn eq[; dk;Zikfydk }kjk Li"V uhfr;ka ,oa ;kstuk,a
fu/kkZfjr dj nh tk,a] laxBu dh ,d lUrks"ktud ;kstuk cuk yh tk,] ;ksX; vPp lsohoxZ fu;qDr dj fn;k tk,]
O;fDrxr vfHkdj.kksa dks tkx:d funsZ'ku fn;k tk,] iz'kklfud izfØ;kvksa dk lko/kkuhiwoZd dk;ZØe cuk;k tk,]
rks Hkh ;g fuf'pr :i ls ugha dgk tk ldrk fd lc dk;Z visf{kr :i es gksrk jgsxk( vr% izR;sd vfHkdj.k dks
dk;Z djus ds fy, LorU=k NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks iz'kklu ij n‘f"V j[kuh pkfg,A ;g izfrosnuksa ds izlkj.k dk dsUnz fcUnq gksuk pkfg,A mls
vusd lk/kuksa ,oa lzksrksa }kjk vko';d lwpuk,a izkIr gksrh jguh pkfg,A blds lkFk gh mls Hkh ,d vfHkdj.k dh
lwpuk nwljs vfHkdj.k rd igqp ¡ kuh pkfg,A izk0s ohx ds 'kCnksa esa jk"Vª iz'kkldh; O;LFkk ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk ds dsUnzh;
lzksr ds :i esa eq[; dk;Zikfydk ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tks turk ,oa dkaxzsl dks izfrosnu gksrk gSA
iz'kkldh; izfrosnuksa ds ek/;e ls gh eq[; dk;Zikfydk ;g tku ldrh gSA fd mudh lEiw.kZ iz'kkldh; O;oLFkk
esa D;k gks jgk gSA bldh tkudkjh Hkh jk"Vªifr dks feyrh jguh pkfg, fd lEiw.kZ ns'k esa djksaM+ksa deZpkfj;ksa }kjk
mlds uke ij D;k fd;k tk jgk gS\ ;fn LVkQ ds dk;ks± dh o‘gn~ lwpuk mlds ikl rd u igqaps rks iz'kklu dk
izcU/k&iz'kklu [kjkc gks ldrk gSA eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks rF;ks]a lq>koksa ,oa vkadM+kas dh lwpuk yxkrkj igq[a rh jguh
pkfg, rkfd og vius fu;U=k.k ds y{; gks iwjk dj ldsA
yksd iz'kklu ds izfl) ywFkj xqfyd us eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks dk;ks± dks ,d gh 'kCn îksLMdcZ ¼POSDCORB½ esa
laxzfgr dj fn;k gSA rnuqlkj mlds dk;Z ;s gSaµ(1) ;kstuk cukuk (Planning), (2) laxBu djuk (Organising) ]
(3) deZpkfj;ksa dh O;oLFkk djuk (Staffing), (4) funsZ'ku Directing), (5) leUo; djuk (Co-ordinating), (6)
izfrosnuk nsuk (Reporting) ,oa (7) ctV cukuk (Budgeting)A
160 yksd ç'kklu
lkajk'k%
izeq[k dk;Zikyd ds dk;ks± vkSj mldh 'kfDr;ksa ds lEcU/k eas mi;qZDr ppkZ ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gSA fd og ,d
vfèkuk;d ds leku gkrk gS ftlds gkFkksa esa 'kklu dh lewph lÙkk dsfUnzr gksrh gS tks euekus <ax ls vkns'k tkjh dj
ldk gS rFkk vius v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ls viuh vkKk dk ikyu djk ldrk gSA ijUrq dk;Zikyd ds okLrfod dk;ks± dk
fp=k blls cgqr fHkUu gSsA og viuh leLr dkuwuh lÙkk dk iz;ks xmlh izdkj vdsyk ugha dj ldrk ftl izdkj fdlh
Vhe dk dIrku vdsys gh lkjk [ksy ugh [ksy ldrkA izeq[k dk;Zikyd ds fo"k; es ekSfyd rF; ;g gSA fd izk;% lHkh
fo"k;ksa esa mls laxBu ds foHkkftd dk;ks± ds fy, mÙkjnk;h vius lgk;dksa ij cgqr cM+h gn rd fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA
iksLVdkscZ dk;Z Hkh vusd v/khu v/kh{kdksa ds }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA iz'kklfud inlksiku esa izR;sd Lrj ij bl izdkj ds
vfèkdkjh vFkok v/kh{kd gksrs gSaA ;s vf/kdkjh laxBu ds dk;Z ds izlax esa Nyuh vkSj dhi (Filter and Funnel) dk dk;Z
djrs gSAa mudk dk;Z izR;sd Lrj ij mBus okyh leL;kvksa dh bl izdkj tk¡p djrk gS fd muesa ls vf/kdka'k dk lekèkku
fuEu Lrjksa ij gh gks tk,A izeq[k dk;Zikfydk dks lkeus vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ iz'u gh izLrqr fd, tk,¡A bl izdkj vf/kdka'k
leL;k,¡ fuEu Lrjksa ij gh gy dj yh tkrh gSa vkSj izeq[k dk;Zikyd dks mudk cks/k Hkh ugha gksrkA tks dqN FkksM+h&cgqr
leL;k,¡ mlds O;fDrxr fu.kZ;Z ds fy, uhps ls Hksth tkrh gSa] os Hkh bl izdkj rS;kj gks dj tkrh gSa vFkok ;ksa dgsa fd
mUgsa bl izdkj idk dj Hkstk tkrk gS fd ize[q k dk;Zikyd dks ^gk¡* gh dgrk gSA ;fn dHkh og mlesa dksbZ ifjorZu djuk
pkgsa] vFkok viuh LorU=k fn'kk viukuk pkgs] rks le;kHkko ds dkj.k og ,slk djus es vleFkZ jgrk gSA mlds bl dk;Z
ls fu.kZ; esa nsjh rks yx gh ldrh gSA blls LFkkfir dk;Z&iz.kkyh ds vLr&O;Lr gksus ij Hk; Hkh mRiUu gks tkrk gSA
ijUrq blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk lgh ugha gksxk fd izeq[k dk;Zikfydk ,d fuf"Ø; ;a=k ek=k gS ftldk dk;Z uhps ds
Lrjksa ij fd;s x;s fu.kZ;ksa ij gLrk{kj djuk ek=k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls egÙoiw.kZ vFkok vlk/kkj.k fo"k;ksa ij uhps ls ,d
gh lek/kku Hksts tkus ds ctk; vusd fodYi lq>k, tk ldrs gS vkSj izeq[k dk;Zikyd muesa ls fdlh ,d dks Lohdkj
dj ldrk gSA ijUrq] cgq/kk ,slk ughsa gksrkA vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa mls vius LVkQ dh flQkfj'kksa dks Lohdkj djuk gksrk
gSA vkSipfjd n‘f"V ls fu.kZ; ize[q k dk;Zikfydk ds gksrs gS]a ijUrq okLro esa fu.kZ; fodkl dh ,d nh?kZ izfØ;k ds ifj.kke
gksrs gSA vkSj bl fodkl esa iz'kkldh; inlksiku ds vusd vf/kdkjh ;ksxnku djrs gSA tSlk fd fel Qksys (Miss Follet)
us dgk gS] dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; ÞizfØ;k dk ,d fo'ks"k {k.kß ek=k gksrk gSA og vkdfLed vFkok ,dkar ?kVuk ugha gksrkA bldk
vFkZ ;g gS fd izR;sd fu.kZ; ds ihNs lewps laxBu dh 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj muds fy, ,d izdkj ls lewpk laxBu mÙkjnk;h
Hkh gksrk gSA
bl rF;ijd n‘f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij izeq[k dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djrs le; ,~Q0 lh0 fcusZ (F.G. Birrne)
tSls ys[kd ;gk¡ rd dg nsrs gSa fd izeq[k dk;Zikyd dks blds flok; vkSj dqN Hkh ugha djuk iM+rk fd Þog ;g fu.kZ;
djsa fd D;k dke fd;k tkuk gS] og ml dke dks fdlh ds lqiqnZ dj ns] og ml dke ds fy;s tkus ds fo:) vFkok
fHkUu izdkj ls fd;s tkus ds i{k esa fn;s tkus okys rdksZ dks lqus] og ;g ns[ks fd og dke fd;k tk jgk gS ;k ugha] og
dk;Z djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h O;fDr;ksa ls dk;Z ds u fd;s tkus ds dkj.k lqus] og fu.kZ; djs fd cgkus cukus okys O;fDr
dks gVk fn;k tk, ;k ugha] og ;g lksps fd ;fn og Lo;a gh ml dke dks dj ysrk rks fdruk vPNk gksrk rFkk og vUrr%
bl nq%[kn fu.kZ; ij igq¡ps mlds fy, ,slk djuk vO;ogkfjd gksxkA bl fooj.k ls Lo;a gh ;g irk pyrk gS fd ;fn
ize[q k dk;Zikfydk dks brus lkjs dk;Z djus iM+rs gksa rks ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd og dqN Hkh ugha djrk] mYVs Lohdkj
;g djuk gksxk fd mldk dk;Z{ks=k cgqr O;kid gSA
HkrhZ 161
v/;k;&20
HkrhZ
(Recruitment)
HkrhZ dk o.kZu djus ls igys dkfeZd ç'kklu dh ewyHkwr ckrksa ds ckjs esa tkuuk vko';d gksxkA
dkfeZd ç'kklu
(Personnel Administration)
lH;rk vkSj laLd‘fr dh vuojr~ fodkl ;k=kk ekuo ds ckSf)d pkrq;Z rFkk mRdV bPNkvksa dk lqifj.kke gS ftls
fofo/k çdkj d lalk/kuksa ls i;kZIr lgk;rk feyh gSA fo'o bfrgkl ds iUuksa esa of.kZr rFkk vof.kZr 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa us
ekuo lH;rk dks fodflr djus esa ;FkklaHko ;ksxnku fn;k gSA fodkl dh ;g 'krkfCn;ksa iqjkuh çfØ;k laxBukRed ç;klksa
rFkk lalk/kuksa ij vR;f/kd fuHkZj djrh gSA fodkl ds fy, vko';d lalk/kuksa us e'khu] çkd‘frd lkexzh] rduhd] foÙk
rFkk Je'kfDr vFkkZr~ deZpkjh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSa D;ksfa d 'ks"k lalk/kuksa dk lnqi;ksx ekuoh; dq'kyrkvksa rFkk çfrc)rk
ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS vr% orZeku ç'kklfud ifjn‘'; esa lokZf/kd /;ku êkuo ekuo lalk/ku fodkl
fodkl* (Human Resource
Development) ij fn;k tk jgk gSA ç'kklu rFkk çcU/k ls layXu bdkb;ksa esa ^dkfeZd ç'kklu* dks vc ^,p-vkj-Mh-* ds
uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkus yxk gS D;ksafd laxBukRed y{;ksa dh lEiwfrZ rFkk ml laxBu dh Nfo mlesa dk;Zjr dkfeZdksa ij
gh fuHkZj djrh gSA
laxBu esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dks gh ^lsokoxZ* ;k êkuo Je'kfä* vFkok êkuo lalk/ku* dgk tkrk gSA ;g lsohoxZ futh
;k ljdkjh nksuksa gh çdkj dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa esa leku :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA vc] tcfd tudY;k.k ds yxHkx
lHkh dk;Z dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds mÙkjnkf;Ro gSa] ,sls esa yksd ç'kklu esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dk fodkl djuk ljdkj
dk uSfrd nkf;Ro gS] D;ksafd&
1. deZpkjh ljdkj ds laj{k.k esa dk;Zjr gSa(
2. deZpkjh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk os jkT; ds ukxfjd Hkh gSa(
3. fu;ksäk gksus ds ukrs ljdkj }kjk deZpkjh dk dY;k.k djuk vko';d gS(
4. dq'ky rFkk larq"V deZpkfj;kssa ds fcuk laxBukRed y{;ksa dh çkfIr vlaHko gS(
5. ljdkj dh Nfo dkfeZdksa dh dk;Z'kSyh ls çR;{kr% tqM+h gqbZ gS(
6. jkT; ds nkf;Roksa dh iwfrZ rFkk fØ;kfUor djus esa deZpkjh oxZ gh ,dek=k fo'oO;kih jkLrk gSA
bl laca/k esa gjeu QkbZuj dk dguk gS&ßyksd ç'kklu esa lsokoxZ dks gh loksZPp rÙo ekuk tkrk gSAÞ bl dFku esa dksbZ
vfr'k;ksfä ugha gS fd lqxfBr rFkk lsohoxZ ç'kklu gh fdlh ç'kklfud laxBu dh lQyrk dk eq[; vk/kkj gSA QsfyDl
fuxzks dk ekuuk gS fd dkfeZdksa dh dq'kyrk rFkk ;ksX;rk gh laxBu dh lQyrk dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA ;ksX; rFkk çfrc)
deZpkjh detksj ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa dks nwj dj mís';ksa dh çkfIr esa lQy jgrs gSa tcfd v;ksX; rFkk fud‘"V
deZpkjh loksZRd‘"V ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dks Hkh vlQy fl) dj ldrs gSaA
dkfeZd ç'kklu % vFkZ (Personnel Administration : Meaning)
orZeku esa tfVy gksrh lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa rFkk çfrLi)kZRed vkfFkZd okrkoj.k esa dq'ky ç'kklfud
çfØ;kvksa rFkk lalk/kuksa dh egrh vko';drk gSA blh lanHkZ esa dkfeZd ç'kklu] lexz yksd ç'kklu dk dsUnz fcUnq cu
162 yksd ç'kklu
x;k gSA dkfeZd ç'kklu ¼ilksZusy ,MfefuLVªs'ku½ dks lsokoxhZ; ;k LVkWQ çcU/k] tu'kfä çcU/k ds uke ls Hkh tku
tkrk gSA vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa esa dkfeZd ç'kklu ls lEcfU/kr çdj.k ^deZpkjh çcU/k*] ;k ^Je lEcU/k*] ;k ^vkS|ksfxd
lEcU/k* ds uke ls Hkh le>s tkrs gSaA dkfeZd ç'kklu dks pkgs fdlh Hkh uke ls iqdkjsa ysfdu lHkh LFkkuksa ij dkfeZdksa
dh HkrhZ] çf'k{k.k] oxhZdj.k] inksUufr] osru&HkÙks] vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh] vodk'k] vkuq"kafxd ykHk] ifjosnuk fuokj.k]
isa'ku] lsokfuo‘fÙk bR;kfn vk;keksa dks gh lekfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
ihxlZ ,oa ek;lZ ds vuqlkj&ßlsohoxhZ; ç'kklu] dkfeZdksa dh lEHkkfor {kerk dks fodflr djus dh fof/k gS] ftlls mUgsa
vius dk;Z ls vf/kdre larqf"V çkIr gks rFkk laLFkk dks muds ifjJe dk ykHk feysAÞ
lkekU;r% ljdkjh foHkkxksa dk dk;kZy;ksa esa futh çfr"Bkuksa dh Hkk¡fr i‘Fkd~ ls ^dkfeZd ç'kklu* ;k ^,p- vkj- Mh-* bdkbZ
ugha gksrh gSA vkS|ksfxd çfr"Bkuksa esa pwf¡ d dk;ksaZ dh çd‘fr] mRiknu] forj.k] fofu;kstu rFkk dkfeZd çdj.kksa ds vuqlkj
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSa vr% ogk¡ dkfeZd dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djus ds fy, i‘Fkd~ ls dkfeZd 'kk[kk ;k foHkkx gksrk gS tks ,d
ofj"B çca/kd }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh foHkkxksa ;k yksd lsok esa çk;% i‘Fkd~ ls dkfeZd ç'kklu bdkbZ ugha
gksrh gS cfYd lEcfU/kr :i ls dkfeZd ç'kklu dgykrh gSA lEcfU/kr dk;kZy; dk çkf/kdkjh gh dkfeZd vf/kdkjh gksrk
gSA yksd miØekasa esa mudh vkS|ksfxd ,oa okf.kfT;d çd‘fr ds dkj.k ^dkfeZd ç'kklu* foHkkx LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSaA
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa lkekU;r% nks 'kk[kk,¡ vo'; gksrh gSa&
1. laLFkkiu 'kk[kk (Establishment)
2. ys[kk 'kk[kk (Accounts Section)
deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ] fu;qfä] çf'k{k.k] osruo‘f) rFkk inksUufr bR;kfn dk dk;Z laLFkkiu 'kk[kk }kjk gksrh gSA ;gh dkfeZd
ç'kklu dk y?kq :i gSA ljdkjh iSls dks jktdks"k ls fudkyus] O;; djus] fcy rS;kj djus rFkk osru bR;kfn dk leLr
dk;Z ys[kk 'kk[kk }kjk lEikfnr gksrk gSA O;aX;kRed 'kSyh esa bls ^ys* vkSj ^[kk* 'kk[kk dgk tkrk gSA dkfeZd çdj.kksa ds
foÙkh; ekeys ;gh 'kk[kk fuiVkrh gSA bu nks 'kk[kkvksa ds vfrfjä vU; ç'kklfud 'kk[kk,¡ lEcfU/kr dk;kZy; dh dk;Z
çd‘fr ds vuqlkj xfBr dh tkrh gSA dkfeZdksa ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu dk;Z ,oa mudk fØ;kUo;u ^dkfeZd ç'kklu* dgyk
ldrk gS fQj pkgs og fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk ls laikfnr fd;k tk,A
dkfeZd ç'kklu ds mís'; (Objectives of Personnel Administration)
dkfeZd ç'kklu dk lEcU/k deZpkfj;ksa dh mu xfrfof/k;ksa ls gS tks laxBu ds y{;ksa dh çkfIr esa vko';d gSA laf{kIr :i
ls dkfeZd ç'kklu ds fuEukafdr mís'; gSa&
1. fdlh laxBu ds fy, dkfeZd uhfr&fu:i.k rFkk fu;kstu djuk(
2. dkfeZdksa dh HkrhZ] çf'k{k.k] inksUufr rFkk vU; vko';d lsok 'krksZa dk fu;eu djuk(
3. ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dk fu:i.k djuk(
4. dkfeZdksa dk eukscy mPp cuk, j[kuk(
5. ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dkfeZd uhfr;ksa dk iqujh{k.k djuk(
6. laxBu esa dk;Zdq'kyrk c<+kuk rFkk vuq'kklu dks cuk, j[kuk(
7. laxBu ds y{;ksa dh lkekftd mins;rk ds :i esa <kyuk(
8. deZpkfj;ksa esa viuRo rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk fodflr djuk(
9. dkfeZd ifjosnukvksa ds fuokj.k dh O;oLFkk djuk(
10. laxBu dh çfr"Bk dks c<+kus okys ç;kl djuk(
11. vuqla/kku rFkk uokpkj ç;klksa dks c<+kuk nsuk(
12. laxBukRed dq'kyrk rFkk fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gksus okyk dksbZ Hkh dne mBkuk(
HkrhZ 163
dkfeZd ç'kklu dk {ks=k (Scope of Personnel Administration)

dkfeZd ç'kklu dk dk;Z{ks=k cgqr O;kid rFkk xaHkhj çd‘fr dk gS D;ksafd dkfeZd ç'kklu ds ek/;e ls gh ;ksX; ¼;k
v;ksX;½ dkfeZd laxBu esa HkrhZ gksrs gSa rFkk dkfeZd ç'kklu ls lEc) uhfr;ksa ;k fu;eksa ls mudh larqf"V ,oa dk;Z{kerk
çHkkfor gksrh gS tks varr% laxBu dh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk Nfo dks çHkkfor djrh gSA dkfeZd ç'kklu ds foLr‘r {ks=k esa
fuEufyf[kr i{k lekfgr fd, tk ldrs gSa&¼bUgsa dkfeZd ç'kklu ds rÙo ;k fo"k;oLrq Hkh dg ldrs gSa½
1. dkfeZd uhfr dk fuekZ.k% uhfr og vk/kkj gksrh gS ftl ij fdlh Hkh dk;Z ;k dk;ZØe dk Hkfo"; ,oa dq'kyrk
fuHkZj djrh gSA uhfr u doy ekxZn'kZd dk dke djrh gS cfYd lEcU/k dk;Z dks fu;af=kr Hkh j[krh gSA dkfeZd
ç'kklu dh dq'kyrk Hkh ,d LoLFk dkfeZd ;k lsohoxhZ; uhfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;g dkfeZd ç'kklu dk çkFkfed
nkf;Ro gS fd og laxBu ds y{;ks]a vko';drkvksa rFkk ns'kdky dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i dkfeZd uhfr dk fuekZ.k
djsA ;|fi yksd lsokvksa esa dkfeZd uhfr dk fuekZ.k çk;% ugha gksrk gS rFkkfi laoS/kkfud çko/kku] lsok fu;e rFkk
jkT;kns'k gh uhfr dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSAa dkfeZd uhfr esa deZpkfj;ksa ds oxhZdj.k] HkrhZ] çf'k{k.k] inksUufr] o‘fÙkdk
fodkl] osru ,oa HkÙks] isa'ku rFkk vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh bR;kfn dks lekfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d vPNh rFkk
O;kogkfjd dkfeZd uhfr mís';ijd] xfr'khy] lekurk dh leFkZd] Li"V] fu"i{k] leUo;dkjh] loZi{k&Lohdk;Z]
lek;kuqdwy rFkk larqyu ds xq.kksa ls Hkjiwj gksuh pkfg,A
dkfeZd&ek¡x ,oa vkiwfrZ dk vuqeku rFkk dkfeZd fu;kstu dks O;kogkfjd Lo:i çnku djus ds fy, Hkh xaHkhj rFkk
fpUru'khy ç;klksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks fuLlansg dkfeZd ç'kklu ds vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk gh laHko gSA
2. in oxhZdj.k% dkfeZd ç'kklu dk nwljk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z inksa dks foHkkftr ,oa oxhZd‘r djus dk gSA ,d leku]
;ksX;rk] osru rFkk osru rFkk nkf;Roksa ds vuq:i inksa dks foHkkftr djus ls osru] çf'k{k.k rFkk inksUufr bR;kfn
ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z ljyrkiwoZd lEiUu gks tkrs gSaA in oxhZdj.k dh çfØ;k eq[;r% dsUnzh; Lrj dk dk;Z gS vFkok
dkfeZd] fof/k ;k foÙk foHkkx tSls laxBu bl dk;Z dks laikfnr djrs gSAa laxBu ds çR;sd Lrj ij pkgs in oxhZdj.k
dk dk;Z o‘gr~ :i ls ugha gksrk gks fQj Hkh in oxhZdj.k dk dk;Z dkfeZd ç'kklu ls lEc) ekuk tkrk gS D;kssafd
dkfeZd ls lEcfU/kr vf/kdka'k d‘R; dkfeZd ç'kklu ls gh lEc) gSA
3. HkrhZ% ;ksX; ;k mi;qä O;fDr dks laxBu esa ykus dh çfØ;k HkrhZ dgykrh gSA oLrqr% fdlh Hkh laxBu dh
dk;Zdq'kyrk bl ckr ij vR;f/kd fuHkZj djrh gS fd ogk¡ HkrhZ dk vk/kkj fdruk fu"i{k rFkk çHkkoh gSA ;ksX;rk
vk/kkfjr rFkk fu"i{k HkrhZ O;oLFkk ls gh deZB rFkk çfrHkkoku O;fDr laxBu dks çkIr gks ldrs gSaA laHkor% fo'o
ds vf/kdka'k ç'kkldh; laxBuksa esa dkfeZd ç'kklu dk çeq[k dk;Z ^HkrhZ* djuk gh gSA HkrhZ ds fy, ;ksX;rk fu/kkZj.k]
inksa ds foKkiu] çkIr vkosnuksa dh NaVuh] HkrhZ gsrq ijh{kk vk;kstu] lk{kkRdkj rFkk vU; vko';d vkSipkfjdrk,¡
iwjh djokuk dkfeZd ç'kklu dk dk;Z gSA
4. çf'k{k.k% çf'k{k.k og çfØ;k gS tks dkfeZdksa ds Kku] dkS'ky] vfHko‘fÙk] eukscy rFkk leUo; esa lkef;d vfHko‘f)
djrh gSA orZeku ç'kklfud rFkk vkSipkfjd laxBu esa fo'ks"kKrk ;k fo'ks"k dkS'ky ;qä dkfeZdksa dk fof'k"V LFkku
gSA ;g Hkh dkfeZd ç'kklu dk eq[; dk;Z gS fd og laxBu esa dk;Zjr fofHkUu inksa ds dkfeZdksa dks ;Fkko';d çf'k{k.k
ns vFkok bldh leqfpr O;oLFkk djsA vk/kqfud ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa ^lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k* dks
cgqr egÙo çnku fd;k tk jgk gS tks dk;Z dh çd‘fr] rduhd rFkk dkfeZd dh dfe;ksa ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh ç.kkyh
ij vk/kkfjr gks ldrk gSA blh çdkj vc çf'k{k.k O;oLFkk djus ls iwoZ dkfeZd ç'kklu ds }kjk ^dkfeZdksa dh
çf'k{k.k vko';drkvksa dk v/;;u* (Training Needs Assessment) dk v/;;u Hkh djok;k tkrk gSA
5. inksUufr% ;ksX; rFkk Js"B dkfeZdksa dks fdlh laxBu ;k foHkkx esa HkrhZ djus ds i'pkr~ mUgsa laxBu esa cuk, j[kus
vFkok vfHkçsfjr djus ds fy, inksUufr dh O;oLFkk çkphu dky ls pyh vk jgh gSA vk/kqfud yksd ç'kklu esa
deZpkfj;ksa dks inksUufr ds ek/;e ls larqf"V rFkk vPNs dky dk iqjLdkj çkIr gksrk gSA fuEu in ls mPp in ij
tkus dh çfØ;k vkUrfjd HkrhZ Hkh dgykrh gSA inksUufr dk vk/kkj ;ksX;rk] ofj"Brk vFkok ;ksX;rk ,oa ofj"Brk
dk la;qfädj.k gks ldrk gS tks lEcfU/kr foHkkx ds lsok fu;eksa rFkk inksa dh çd‘fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA dkfeZd
164 yksd ç'kklu
ç'kklu esa inksUufr cgqr gh vge~ rFkk laon s u'khy eqík cuk jgrk gS D;ksfa d inksUufr çfØ;k dh dfe;k¡ dh larfq "V
rFkk dk;Z'kSyh dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
6. osru] HkÙks ,oa vkuq"kafxd ykHk% çR;sd dkfeZd dks dk;Z fu"iknu ds i'pkr~ fu;ekuqlkj ikfjJfed fn;k tkuk
,d lkekU; fl)kUr gSA çR;sd dkfeZd dks mldh ;ksX;rk] in ds nkf;Ro] Lrj] lsok dh vof/k] dk;Z dh çd‘fr
rFkk lsok fu;eksa ds vuqlkj osru fn;k tkrk gSA fu/kkZfjr osru ds vfrfjDr fofHkUu çdkj ds HkÙks ;Fkk&vksoj Vkbe
HkÙkk] fjLd HkÙkk rFkk ;k=kk O;; HkÙkk bR;kfn Hkh ns; gksrs gSaA vkuq"kafxd ykHkksa esa onhZ] vodk'k] _.k] fpfdRlk
O;; iquHkZj.k] vkokl rFkk ,y-Vh-lh- tSlh lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh dkfeZdksa dks fu;ekuqlkj nh tkrh gSaA bu lHkh çdj.kksa dk
fu;eu dkfeZd ç'kklu ds dk;Z {ks=k esa lfEefyr gSA
7. fu"iknu ewY;kadu rFkk lsok vfHkys[k la/kkj.k% deZpkfj;ksa }kjk lEikfnr fd, tkus okys dk;Z dk fu/kkZfjr
vUrjky ij ewY;kadu djuk laxBu rFkk deZpkjh nksuksa ds fgrksa esa gSA lkekU; Hkk"kk esa bls okf"kZd xksiuh; çfrosnu
(A.C.R.) dgk tkrk gS tks inksUufr esa lgk;d nLrkost fl) gksrk gSA blh çdkj çR;sd deZpkjh dh ,d futh
lsok iqfLrdk ç'kklu }kjk la/kkfjr dh tkrh gSA bl iqfLrdk esa deZpkjh dh fu;qfä] osru] vodk'k] inksUufr rFkk
çf'k{k.k bR;kfn dk lEiw.kZ C;kSjk j[kk tkrk gSA
o‘gr~ futh çfr"Bkuksa esa îlZuy
s eSut
s esUV bUQksjes'ku flLVe* (P.M.I.S.) Hkh dk;Z djrk gS ftlesa çR;sd deZpkjh
dk foLr‘r o.kZu ,d dEI;wVjhd‘r çi=k esa ntZ gksrk gSS tks vko';drk iM+us ij dke vkrk gSA Hkkjr esa ih-,e-vkbZ-
,l- dks LokLF; lsokvksa esa Hkh dqN txg fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gSA if'peh ns'kksa esa rks ;g ,d vko';d dk;Z gS
tks dkfeZd ç'kklu }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
8. vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh ,oa vkpkj lafgrk% vuq'kklu rFkk fu;a=k.k fdlh Hkh laxBu dh thoarrk rFkk O;oLFkk
ds fy, furkar vko';d gSA blh Øe esa yksd lsokvksa easa vuq'kklu cuk, j[kus gsrq dfri; dkuwu ,oa fu;e fufeZr
fd, x, gSa rFkk çR;sd dkfeZd ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og mu fu;eksa dk ikyu djsA fu;eksa ds mYya?ku
;k vuq'kklughurk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksus ij lEcfU/kr deZpkjh ds fo:) fu;ekuqlkj vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh
dh tkrh gSA laxBu esa O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus gsrq nks"kh dkfeZd dks nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;Zokgh dkfeZd
ç'kklu dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA yksd lsokvksa esa deZpkfj;ksa ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djus rFkk muesa uSfrdrk dk Lrj
cuk, j[kus ds fy, vkpj.k lafgrk Hkh fufeZr dh tkrh gSA
9. fofo/k% dkfeZd ç'kklu dk dk;Z{ks=k dkfeZdksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA mi;qZä of.kZr dk;ksZa ds vfrfjDr
dkfeZd ç'kklu dk {ks=k fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k;ksa ls Hkh lEc) gS&
i. deZpkfj;ksa dh f'kdk;rksa dk fuokj.k djuk(
ii. ç'kalk] iqjLdkj rFkk çksRlkgu çnku djuk(
iii. deZpkfj;ksa dks dSfj;j ;k o‘fÙkdk fodkl ds volj miyC/k djokuk ¼tSls&mPp v/;;u gsrq Hkstuk½(
iv. dkfeZd laxBuksa ;k la?kksa ls okrkZ dj lkSgknzZ LFkkfir djuk(
v. dkfeZd i{k ij vuqla/kku rFkk uokpkj ds ç;kl djuk(
vi. deZpkfj;ksa dk LFkkukUrj.k djuk( rFkk
vii. isa'ku rFkk lsokfuo‘fÙkA
HkrhZ
(Recruitment)
yksd lsok esa deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ dh leL;k vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ç'kklu dh fLFkjrk rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk bUgha
deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk] bZekunkjh vkSj yxu ij fuHkZj gSA 'kklu dh lQyrk vkSj vlQyrk bu deZpkfj;ksa ij gh fuHkZj
gSA çR;sd çtkrU=k esa vR;ar dq'ky] ;ksX; vkSj bZekunkj deZpZ kjh çkIr djuk dfBu leL;k gSA oLrqr% HkrhZ gh 'kfDr'kkyh
HkrhZ 165
yksd lsok dh dqath gS] tSlk fd fe- LVky dk dFku gS] ß;g yksd deZpkfj;ksa ds lEiw.kZ <kaps dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSAÞ tc
ls jkT; yksddY;k.kdkjh laLFkk cuh gS] rc ls yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ dk ç'u vkSj Hkh vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ cu x;k gSA çks-
ftad us HkrhZ ds egÙo ds lac/a k esa fy[kk gS] ßHkrhZ ds vfrfjDr yksd ç'kklu dk dksbZ Hkkx vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS] D;ksfa d
ftl le; rd vk/kkjHkwr lkexzh mi;qä ugha gksxh] ml le; rd çf'k{k.k] fujh{k.k] lsok;kiu (Rating), oxhZdj.k] [kkst
fdruh gh O;kid D;ksa u gks] lkoZtfud deZpkfj;ksa dh iwfrZ ugha gks ldsxhAÞ
HkrhZ dk vFkZ
(Meaning of Recruitment)
HkrhZ dk lh/kk&lknk vFkZ gS fofHkUu ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa ds fy, mi;qä çdkj ds O;fDr;ksa dks [kkstukA lkekU;r% ^HkrhZ*
'kCn dk ç;ksx ^fu;qfä* 'kCn ds lekukFkhZ :i esa gh ç;qä fd;k tkrk gSA dqN yksx HkrhZ ds fy, yh tkus okyh ijh{kkvksa
dks Hkh HkrhZ dgrs gSa] dqN f'k{kk ;k Vªsfuax esa ços'k dh HkrhZ dgrs gSa ysfdu okLro esa ;g HkrhZ ds ladqfpr vFkZ gSaA yksd
ç'kklu ds O;kid vFkksZa esa HkrhZ ls gekjk rkRi;Z fu;qfä] ijh{k.k lk{kkRdkj dk lkewfgd uke gSA
çks- ,y- Mh- àkbV us HkrhZ dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd] ßçfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvks]a fjä LFkkuksa ,oa inksa ds fy, O;fDr;ksa
dks vkdf"kZr djuk gh HkrhZ gSAÞ
Mh- bZ- fDyaxj ds vuqlkj] ßHkrhZ ;ksX;rk çkIr vkosndksa dks vkdf"kZr djus dh çfØ;k gSAÞ
LVky ds vuqlkj] ß;g laiw.kZ yksd deZpkfj;ksa ds <k¡ps dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA
fMekWd ds vuqlkj] ßfof'k"V dk;ksZa ds fy, mfpr O;fDr;ksa dks çkIr djuk vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ds cM+s lewg ds foKkiu
fudkyuk ;k fo'ks"k dk;Z ds fy, fdlh mPp n{krk çkIr O;fDr dh [kkst gh HkrhZ gSAÞ
fdaXlys ds vuqlkj] ßlkoZtfud HkrhZ dks bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk yksd
lsok esa fu;qfä ds fy, mfpr çR;kf'k;ksa dks çfr;ksfxrk ds fy, ço‘ZÙk fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ;g vR;f/kd O;kid çfØ;k
(Inclusive Process Selection) dk vfHkUu vax gSA ftlesa ijh{kk ,oa çek.khdj.k dh çfØ;k,a Hkh lfEefyr gSaAÞ
bl çdkj mijksä foospu ls ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd HkrhZ ,d O;kid çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk yksd ç'kklu esa
;ksX; deZpkfj;ksa ds laxBu] mudk p;u fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa vius inksa ij fu;qä dj ç'kklu esa fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh
çkfIr dh tkrh gSA
udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed HkrhZ dh fopkj/kkjk

(The Concept of Negative and Positive Recruitment)
HkrhZ ds laca/k esa ywV ç.kkyh ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds fy, yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA yksd lsok vk;ksx
cukus dk mís'; udkjkRed FkkA ewyr% bldk eq[; dk;Z 'kkldh; lsokvksa esa ls ^/kwrksZa dk ckgj j[ku rd lhfer*
(Keeping the rascals out) FkkA ;g /kkj.kk cyorh Fkh fd ;fn ,d ckj yksd lsokvksa esa ukSdjh ds fy, O;fDr vkus yxsaxs
rks ,slk Øe cuk jgsxk] fdarq ;g dsoy Hkze ek=k FkkA blds ifj.kkeLo:i dbZ ckj cgqr gh lk/kkj.k ;ksX;rk (Mediocre)
j[kus okys O;fDr mlesa ços'k ik x;sA HkrhZ ds bl fu"ks/kkRed ç;Ru dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd yksd lsok,a mnklhurk
dk vkJ; LFky cu x;hA yksd lsok vk;ksx cM+s lewg esa ls mPp inØe ls çR;kf'k;ksa dks NkaVus ds fy, vkSlr ds
fu;e (Law of Average) dks ykxw ij fo'ol djrs FksA ts- MksukYM fdaXlys us bl fLFkfr ds cqf)eku O;fDr Hkh ckgj
jg tkrs gSaAÞ vr% vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dks yksd lsokvksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k
tk;sA
HkrhZ dh ldkjkRed vo/kkj.kk ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fofHkUu ljdkjh inksa ds fy, mfpr çdkj ds O;fDr;ksa dh [kkst ds
ç;kl fd;s tk,aA p;u djrs le; p;udrkZ dk y{; dsoy dq'ky vkSj ;ksX;re O;fDr;ksa dks pquuk pkfg,A ldkjkRed
HkrhZ esa bl ckr ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gS fd dsoy ;ksX; ik=k O;fDr;ksa dks gh çfr;ksfxrk esa lfEefyr gksus dh vuqefr
166 yksd ç'kklu
nh tk;sA ,y-Mh- àkbV ds vuqlkj] ßHkrhZ dh leL;k bl <ax ls mBrh gS fd ,d vksj lekurk rFkk ekuork dk /;ku
gksuk pkfg,] rks nwljh vksj fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dkAÞ fdaXlys ds vuqlkj] ldkjkRed HkrhZ dh fuEu fo'ks"krk,a gSa%
1. in rFkk inksUufr Øe ij cy (Emphasis on job and promotion ladder);
2. ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dh O;kid [kkst ij cy (Emphasis on the aggressive search for best qualified candidates);
3. ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dks gVkus ds fy, fu;qfä iwoZ ijh{kk ij cy (Emphasis on the pre-test elimination of the unfit);
4 foHkkxksa ds gh ikjLifjd lg;ksx rFkk 'kkfUre; lEcU/kksa ij cy (Emphasis on the mutual co-operation and
peaceful relation of the department)A
fQQuj rFkk çLFkl fy[krs gSa] ßchloha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ds fy, lsfooxZ dh HkrhZ ekuo leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy,
vR;Ur ekuo;h dq'kyrk dh ekax djus okys ijek.kfod (nuclear) HkkSfrdh txr~ ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A dsoy muds
[kkstus ij gh cy ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg, cfYd ,sls vknfe;ksa ds fuekZ.k ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, tks vf/kdkf/kd tfVy
gksus okyh laLFkkvksa esa leUo; ds tfVy dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djus esa leFkZ gksaA Li"Vr% ,sls txr esa] /kwrksZa dks ckgj j[kus
ij bruk cy ugha fn;k tk;sxk ftruk bu ckrksa ij fd jkT; dh lsok djus ds fy, loksZÙke O;fDr;ksa dks dSls çksRlkfgr
fd;k tk;] dSls mudh ;ksX;rkvksa dks bl <ax ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk;s fd ;g fu'p; gks lds fd çR;sd O;fDr ml LFkku
dks çkIr dj ldsxk ftlds og ;ksX; gSA
Hkkjr esa c<+rh gqbZ csjkstxkjh ds dkj.k HkrhZ dh leL;k mruh tfVy ugha gSA dbZ ckr rks bruh vf/kd la[;k esa mEehnokj
fey tkrs gSa fd HkrhZ djus okyh ,tsUlh dks dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa tcfd mEehnokj vklkuh
ls fey tkrs gSa vkSj HkrhZ djus okyh ,tsUlh dks fo'ks"k ç;kl ugha djuk iM+rk] udkjkRed HkrhZ (Negative Recruitment)
ls dke py tkrk gSA ,d ckj ,d vejhdu fo'ks"kK us gekjs ljdkjh foKkiuksa dks ns[kdj dgk Fkk fd ,slk çrhr gksrk
gS fd ;s foKkiu tu&laidZ ds fo'ks"kKksa }kjk u fy[ks tkdj odhyksa }kjk fy[ks x;s gSaA mUgsa vk'p;Z bl dkj.k gqvk
fd bu foKkiuksa esa mUgsa ,slh dksbZ pht ugha feyh ftlls fd mEehnokj dks çkFkZuk&i=k nsus esa çksRlkgu feysA
vkt lHkh ns'kksa esa ykssd lsokvksa dh HkrhZ gsrq ldkjkRed uhfr ds fodkl dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA bl uhfr
ds ewy rRo gSa%
1. yksd deZpkfj;ksa ds inksa ds fy, jkstxkj cktkj dh [kkst rFkk mldk lao/kZu fd;k tkuk pkfg,(
2. HkrhZ lEcU/kh vkdf"kZr lkfgR; rFkk mlds çdk'ku dk ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,(
3. çR;kf'k;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, oS/kkfud rjhdksas rFkk ijh{k.kksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,(
4. lsokvksa esa ls gh ;ksX; ,oa leFkZ çR;kf'k;ksa dks ysuk pkfg,(
5. lqfuf'pr LFkkiu (Placement) dk;ZØe gksuk pkfg, ftlls Bhd O;fDr dks mfpr d‘R; lkSais tk;sa( rFkk
6. HkrhZ dh çfØ;k ds vfofPNUu vax ds :i esa çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe gksuk pkfg,A
HkrhZ dh leL;k,a
(Problems of Recruitment)
çks- foyksch us deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ dh leL;k esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa crk;h gSa%
1. HkrhZ dk vf/kdkj fdls çkIr gksuk pkfg,\
2. ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ dgka ls dh tk;s&Hkhrj ls HkrhZ ;k ckgj ls HkrhZA
3. fHkUu&fHkUu inksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, D;k ;ksX;rk,a gksa\
4. mEehnokjksa dh ;ksX;rk dk fu/kkZj.k fdl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,&ijh{kkvksa ls] O;fDr }kjk] lk{kkRdkj }kjkA
5. ;ksX;rk dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, ç'kkldh; laxBu D;k gks\
HkrhZ 167
1. HkrhZ dk vf/kdkj fdls çkIr gksuk pkfg,\ vFkok HkrhZ djus okyh lÙkk dk fu'p;u (Location of the
Appointing Power): yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ dk vf/kdkj fdl O;fDr dks fn;k tk;s] ;g ç'u vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA
foyksch ds vuqlkj HkrhZ djus okyh lÙkk dk fu'p;u dsoy lsfooxZ ç.kkyh dk gh ugha] cfYd ns'k dh jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk dk ,d vfuok;Z y{k.k gksrk gSA ;g leL;k bruh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd bldk lek/kku Li"V :i ls çR;sd
yksdrU=kh; ns'k ds lafo/kku esa dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k laln ds vf/kfu;e }kjk r; dj fn;k tkrk gSA
eksVs :i ls bl leL;k ds lEcU/k esa nks er gSa&çFke
çFke] ;g lÙkk çR;{kr% turk esa j[kh tkuh pkfg,( f}rh; f}rh;] ;g
lÙkk ljdkj ds fdlh vax esa fufgr dh tkuh pkfg,A çFke er ds i{k esa ;g nyhy nh tkrh gS fd lPpk yksdra=k
rHkh lEHko gS tc ns'k ds lHkh loksPZ p vf/kdkjh çR;{kr% turk }kjk pqus tk;s]a vFkkZr~ mudk fuokZpu gksA bl i)fr
esa inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks vYi vof/k ds fy, pquk tk;sxk vkSj mUgsa ernkrkvksa }kjk ôkil cqykus* (Recall) dh çFkk Hkh
jgsxhA fdarq bl ç.kkyh dh vusd ys[kdksa us vkykspuk dhA igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd lk/kkj.k turk cgqr cM+h la[;k
esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dks pquus ds fy, l{ke (Competent) ugha gksrhaA nwljk] vuqHko ;g crykrk gS fd inkf/kdkfj;ksa dk
pquko djrs le; yksx O;fDrxr LokFkksaZ ds çokg esa cg tkrs gSAa rhljk] ;g ç.kkyh fuf'pr :i ls fuokZpu ç.kkyh
gS u fd HkrhZ ç.kkyhA f}rh; er ;g gS fd dsoy fo/kkue.My rFkk eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds lnL; gh yksxksa }kjk
pqus tkus pkfg,] vkSj vU; inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ ,d fuf'pr ç.kkyh }kjk dh tkuh pkfg,A mUgsa HkrhZ djus dh
'kfDr ljdkj ds fdlh vax essa fufgr dj nsuh pkfg, vFkok yksd lsok vk;ksx esasA
HkrhZ dh i)fr;k¡ (Methods of Recruitment)
yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ dh rhu i)fr;k¡ ¼eSFkM~l½ çpfyr gSa&
1. ckgjh ;k çR;{k HkrhZ (Direct Recruitment)
2. Hkhrjh ;k vçR;{k HkrhZ (Indirect Recruitment)
3. çfrfu;qfä ls HkrhZ (Recruitment on Deputation)
tc fdlh in ds fy, [kqys cktkj esa ;ksX; çR;kf'k;ksa ls vkosnu ek¡xs tkrs gSa rFkk HkrhZ dh tkrh gS rks og ;ksX;rk
vk/kkfjr ckgjh ;k çR;{k HkrhZ gksrh gSA vf/kdka'k inksa ij ckgjh HkrhZ gh gksrh gSA ysfdu tc fdlh foHkkx esa mPp in
ij fuEu in/kkjd dkfeZdksa dk inksUur fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g Hkhrjh ;k vçR;{k HkrhZ dgykrh gSA dbZ ckj fdlh in
fo'ks"k ij dqN deZpkjh ckgjh HkrhZ ls rFkk dqN Hkhrjh HkrhZ ls Hkjs tkrs gSa tSls&lc baLisDVj iqfyl dk in ofj"B
iqfyldfeZ;ksa dh inksUufr ls Hkh Hkjk tkrk gS rFkk yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds ek/;e ls gksus
okyh HkrhZ ls Hkh Hkjk tkrk gSA Li"V gS fdlh Hkh foHkkx esa fuEure in iw.kZr;k ckgjh HkrhZ ls gh Hkjk tk ldrk gSA bl
lEcU/k esa çR;sd foHkkx }kjk fofufeZr lsok fu;eksa ds vuqlkj inksa dh HkrhZ çfØ;k fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA
ckgjh rFkk Hkhrjh nksuksa gh çdkj dh HkrhZ i)fr;ksa esa xq.k&nks"k O;kIr gSa ftudk o.kZu layXu lkjf.k;ksa dss ek/;e ls fd;k
x;k gSaA lkjf.k;ksa ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks Js"B ?kksf"kr djuk eqf'dy gSA
gk¡] bruk vo'; gS fd fdlh in fo'ks"k dh çd‘fr ,oa vko';drk ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ ,d i)fr fo'ks"k vf/kd mi;qä
fl) gks ldrh gS tcfd nwljh ughaA
ckgjh HkrhZ ds ykHk ,oa gkfu;k¡
ykHk ¼xq.k½ gkfu;k¡ ¼nks"k½
1. çR;kf'k;ksa ds p;u gsrq O;kid {ks=k miyC/k jgrk 1. mPp inksa ij vuqHkoghu O;fDr vkrs gSa rks iw.kZ
gSA n{krk ls dk;Z ugha dj ikrs gSaA
2. çR;sd Lrj ij u, ,oa çfrHkkoku mEehnokj 2. fuEu deZpkfj;ksa dks foHkkx esa inksUufr u feyus ls
miyC/k gks ldrs gSaA dqaBk gksrh gSA
3. lcds fy, leku volj dh ekU;rk dh iks"kd gSA 3. inksUufr çdj.kksa esa uokxUrqd ;qok vf/kdkjh rFkk
v/khuLFk çkS<+ deZpkjh dk ruko gks tkrk gSA
contd.......
168 yksd ç'kklu
4. laxBu esa fdlh Hkh in ij vkus okyk O;fDr u;k 4. uokxqUrd vf/kdkfj;ksa dks foHkkxh; çfØ;k,¡ le>kus
gksrk gS vr% mRlkg ls dk;Z djrk gSA rFkk çf'k{k.k ij O;; djuk iM+rk gSA
5. ;ksX;rk ds fl)kUr ds vf/kd lehi gSA 5. vkfFkZd :i ls eg¡xh i)fr gSA
6. ukStoku O;fDr;ksa dks lsok ds volj çkIr gksrs gSaA
Hkhrjh HkrhZ ds ykHk ,oa gkfu;k¡
ykHk (Merits) gkfu;k¡ (Demerits)
1. de [kphZyh gSA 1. lhfer O;fDr;ksa esa ls gh ;ksX; dks pquuk gksrk gSA
vr% {ks=k lhfer gksrk gSA
2. vuqHkoh O;fä Lor% gh çkIr gksrs gSaA 2. inksUufr O;oLFkk ds çpyu ds dkj.k cgqr ls
deZpkjh vdZe.; rFkk ijEijkoknh cu tkrs gSaA
3. lsokjr dkfeZdksa dks inksUufr ds volj feyrs gSaA 3. cgq/kk vdq'ky rFkk lk/kkj.k ;ksX;rk okyk dkfeZd
Hkh mPp in rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
4. ;ksX;rk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ljy gS D;ksafd igys ls 4. Hkhrjh HkrhZ vFkkZr~ inksUufr ls mPp in ij igq¡ps
gh dk;Zjr dkfeZd dh fu"iknu {kerk lkeus jgrh O;fDr rFkk ckgjh HkrhZ ls uokxUrqd O;fDr ds chp
gSA vga dk Vdjko gksrk gS D;ksafd lsokjr dkfeZd
uokpkj fojks/kh rFkk nfd;kuwljh fopkjksa ds gks
tkrs gSaA
5. dkfeZdksa dks vfHkçsj.kk rFkk larqf"V feyrh gSA 5. inksUufr çkIr dkfeZdksa esa mRlkg ugha jgrk D;ksfa d
;g iwoZ visf{kr jgrk gS fd inksUufr gksuh gSA
6. dqN dkfeZd inksUufr ds ykyp esa vPNk dk;Z djrs 6. ;g vçtkrkaf=kd fof/k gS rFkk u, Kku dk Lokxr
jgrs gSaA ;ksX; rFkk es/kkoh dkfeZd vPNs inksUufr ugha djrh gSA
voljksa ds dkj.k laxBu dks NksM+uk ugha pkgsaxsA
7. ;g fof/k ukSdjh dks o‘fÙkdk ¼dSfj;j½ ds :i esa
viukus esa lgk;rk çnku djrh gSA
HkrhZ dh rhljh i)fr çfrfu;qfä ds vk/kkj ij gksus okyh HkrhZ gS tks ,d çdkj ls vkUrfjd HkrhZ dk ,d :i gSA cgqr
ls O;fDr bls HkrhZ ugha ekurs gSaA bl i)fr esa igys ls gh lsokjr deZpkjh dks mlh foHkkx vFkok vU; foHkkx esa ,d
fuf'pr vof/k rd vU; in ij fu;qfä fd;k tkrk gSA ml vof/k dks çfu;qfDr dh vof/k dgk tkrk gS tks dqN ekg
ls ysdj ik¡p o"kZ rd gks ldrh gSA çfu;qfDr ij dkfeZd ysus gsrq HkrhZ dk foKkiu tkjh gksrk gS rFkk ;ksX; dkfeZdksa dk
p;u dj fy;k tkrk gSA bls LFkkukUrj.k ij HkrhZ Hkh dgrs gSaA lkekU;r% mPp in] vf/kd lqfo/kk ;k vf/kd osrueku
ds dkj.k fuEu Lrjh; in/kkjd ¼dkfeZd½ çfrfu;qfDr ij nwljs in ij tkuk ilan djrs gSaA fuf'pr vof/k lekIr gksus
ij çfrfu;qDr dkfeZd iqu% vius okLrfod in ij ykSV vkrk gSA çfrfu;qfDr ds nkSjku çfrfu;qDr dkfeZd dks fu;ekuqlkj
mPp osrueku ns; gksrk gS vFkok led{k in ij gh çfrfu;qfDr gks rks çfrfu;qfDr HkÙkk fn;k tkrk gSA çfrfu;qfDr dh
fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gks ldrh gS&
1. foHkkx ls foHkkx esas gh mPp in ij çfrfu;qfä
2. ,d foHkkx ls nwljs foHkkx esa çfrfu;qfä
3. ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa çfrfu;qfä
4. ns'k ls fons'k esa çfrfu;qfä
HkrhZ 169
,d vU; n‘f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj HkrhZ ds nks çdkj vkSj gSa&

1. vLFkk;h HkrhZ
2. LFkk;h HkrhZ
tc fdlh in dh vof/k dqN ekg ;k dqN o"kZ gh gksrh gS rks og vLFkkbZ HkrhZ dgykrh gSA ,slh HkfrZ;k¡ ifj;kstukvksa ds
inksa ij vf/kd gksrh gSaA vLFkk;h in gksus ds dkj.k çk;% fu;ksfä rFkk dkfeZd }kjk lafon (Contract) Hkh fd;k tk ldrk
gSA yksd lsokvksa esa vf/kdka'kr% LFkk;h HkrhZ gksrh gSA dqN inksa ij rnFkZ (Adhoc) fu;qfä;k¡ Hkh dh tkrh gSaA
HkrhZ dh 'krsZa@vgZrk,¡ (Qualifications)
ckgjh ¼çR;{k½ rFkk Hkhrjh ¼vçR;{k½ nksuksa gh çdkj dh HkrhZ ç.kkfy;k¡ esa dfri; fu;e ,oa 'krsZa fu/kkZfjr dj nh tkrh
gSa ftudk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA Hkhrjh vFkkZr~ inksUufr }kjk HkrhZ ds fy, fu/kkZfjr 'krsZa foHkkxh; vko';drkvksa
ds vuq:i gksrh gSa tcfd ckgjh ;k [kqyh HkrhZ ds fy, 'krsZa vf/kd O;kid rFkk cgqvk;keh gksrh gSaA yksd lsokvksa esa ços'k
ds fy, çk;% fuEukafdr vgZrk,¡ iwjh dh tkuh visf{kr gSa&
1. ukxfjdrk
2. vf/kokl
3. fyax
4. vk;q
5. 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk,¡
6. 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld ;ksX;rk,¡
7. vuqHko rFkk fof'k"V ;ksX;rk,¡
8. pfj=k
1. ukxfjdrk (Citizenship)% vf/kdka'k ns'k vius ukxfjdksa dks gh yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ djrs gSA a nwljs ns'kksa ds ukxfjdksa
dks çk;% de ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA ;fn fdlh in ij fons'kh fu;qDr Hkh fd, tkrs gSa rks os vYidky ds fy, gksrs
gSAa gk¡] dbZ ckj fu;qfDrdrkZ ns'k yksd lsod dks ukxfjdrk çnku dj nsrs gSAa vesfjdk rFkk dukM+k esa yk[kksa Hkkjrh;
ogk¡ ds ukxfjd cu pqds gSaA Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok rFkk Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok esa HkrhZ gsrq Hkkjrh;
ukxfjdrk vko';d gS tcfd vU; cgqr ls inksa ij usiky rFkk HkwVku dh çtk ,oa frCcrh 'kj.kkFkhZ rFkk dbZ vÝhdh
ns'kksa ls çotu dj vk, Hkkjrh; O;fDr ;ksX; ik=k ekus x, gSaA
2. vf/kokl (Domicile): Hkkjr lfgr vf/kdka'k HkkSxksfyd :i ls foLr‘r ns'kksa esa vf/kokl vFkkZr~ LFkkuh; fuokl Hkh
yksd lsodksa ds fy, vgZrk ekuk x;k gSA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk] laLd‘fr RkFkk {ks=k dh tkudkjh gksuk vPNs yksd lsod ds
fy, cgqr vko';d gSA lu~ 1957 ls iwoZ rd vf/kdka'k inksa ij HkrhZ gsrq vf/kokl lac/a kh fu;e ykxw Fks] vFkkZr~ LFkkuh;
ukxfjd gh HkrhZ ds fy, ik=k Fks fdUrq jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx us vf/kokl lEcU/kh vgZrk dks lekurk ds
vf/kdkj&fojks/kh crk;kA vk;ksx dh fVIi.kh Fkh&ßgesa ;g ns[kdj cgqr nq%[k gqvk gS fd ,d jkT; esa vf/kokl
lEcU/kh fu;e] yksd lsokvksa esa gh ugha vfirq eNyh ekjus] unh&?kkVksa] pq¡xh&iqyksa] ouksa rFkk vkcdkjh dh nqdkuksa
ds Bsds nsus esa Hkh ykxw gSaA gekjh jk; esa ,slh O;oLFkk,¡ lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&15, 16, rFkk 19 ls vlaxr gh ugha
cfYd Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk dh vo/kkj.kk ds Hkh fo:) gSaA vk;ksx dh bl fjiksVZ ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj us tu
jkstxkj ¼fuokl lEcU/kh vko';drk½ vf/kfu;e] 1957 ikfjr fd;k rFkk vf/kdka'k inksa ij vf/kokl dh 'krZ
lekIr dj nh xbZ fdUrq tSlk fd lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&16 (3) esa ;g O;oLFkk gS fd mfpr dkj.kksa ds vk/kkj jkT;
ds fuokfl;ksa dks gh vf/kokl ds vk/kkj ij fdUgha inksa ij fu;qqä fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl gsrq O;oLFkkfidk }kjk
dkuwu cuk;k tkuk visf{kr gSA
3. fyax (Sex): iq:"k ç/kku lektksa esa çk;% fL=k;ksa dks yksd lsok ds ;ksX; ugha le>k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr dk lafo/kku
fyax Hksn dks ekU;rk ughaa nsrk gSA orZeku esa yxHkx lHkh çdkj dh lsokvksa esa efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku gh volj
170 yksd ç'kklu
çnku fd, x, gSaA Hkkjr esa efgyk,¡ vc lSU; lsokvksa] iqfyl lsokvksa] oSekfud lsokvksa lfgr okgupkyd tSls inksa
ij fu;qDr gksus yxh gSaA
fyax dh Hkkafr oSokfgr Lrj dh vgZrk Hkh vc çpfyr ugha gSA iwoZ esa dbZ inksa ij vfookfgr mEehnokj dks gh ojh;rk
nh tkrh FkhA
4. vk;q (Age): Hkkjr esa vk;q dk Lrj Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ vk;ke gS D;ksafd laxBu esa vkus okys O;fDr dh vk;q dk Kku]
vfHko‘fÙk rFkk ekufldrk ls lh/kk lEcU/k gSA vesfjdk dh yksd lsokvksa dh HkrhZ esa ofj"B O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh LFkku
fn;k tkrk gS tcfd Hkkjr rFkk fczVsu esa vf/kdka'k inksa ij uo;qodksa dks vf/kd LFkku fn;k tkrk gS tks Ldwy ;k
dkWyst ls lh/ks ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa vkrs gSaA vk;q&lhek dk fu/kkZj.k in dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vko';drk ds vuqlkj
fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa mPp flfoy lsokvksa esa HkrhZ gksus gsrq 21 ls 30 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek fu/kkZfjr gS tcfd jktLFkku
esa 18 ls 33 o"kZ fofHkUu inksa esa HkrhZ gsrq fu/kkZfjr gSA fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa U;wure vk;q 16 o"kZ rFkk mPp in ij
HkrhZ ds le; vk;q lhek rnuqlkj vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gSA
5. 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk,¡ (Academic Qualifications): lkekU;r% mPp inksa ij fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa Lukrd fMxzh rFkk
v/khuLFk inksa gsrq lSd.Mjh ;k lhfu;j lSd.Mjh dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr dh gqbZ gSA in dh vko';drkuqlkj
'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk,¡ de ;k T;knk gks ldrh gSA
6. 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld ;ksX;rk,¡ (Physical and Mental Abilities): yksd lsokvksa esa ços'k ikus gsrq vH;FkhZ dk
'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls LoLFk gksuk vko';d gSA iqfyl foHkkx ;k blh rjg ds vU; foHkkx esa HkrhZ gsrq yEckbZ]
otu] lhuk&eki rFkk vU; 'kkjhfjd {kerk,¡ fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSa tcfd vU; foHkkxkssa ds vf/kdka'k inksa ij lkekU;
'kkjhfjd lajpuk okyk mEehnokj mi;qä le>k tkrk gSA blh çdkj yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ gkssrs le; çkf/kd‘r
fpfdRld ds ijh{k.k djok ds ^LokLF; çek.k i=k* çkIr dj fu;ksäk dks çLrqr djuk vko';d gSA fodykax
O;fDr;ksa ¼fu%'kätuksa½ dks in ;k dk;Z dh çd‘fr ds vk/kkj ij HkrhZ fd;k tkrk gSA
7. vuqHko ,oa fof'k"V ;ksX;rk,¡ (Experience and Special Qualifications): ckgjh HkrhZ esa cgqr inksa ij HkrhZ ds
le; vuqHko dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS ysfdu mPp rFkk rduhdh çd‘fr ds in ij HkrhZ ds le; dqN o"kksZa dk
vuqHko visf{kr gksrk gSA fpfdRlk] bathfu;fjax] f'k{kk] fof/k rFkk oSKkfud bR;kfn ls lEcfU/kr inksa ij HkrhZ ds fy,
lEcfU/kr {ks=k dh ekU;rk çkIr ,oa fof'k"V ;ksX;rk gksuk Hkh visf{kr gSA
8. pfj=k (Character): yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ gksus okys çR;sd O;fDr dk pfj=k mTToy rFkk fo'oluh; gksuk pkfg,A
bl lEcU/k esa dbZ ckj vkosnu i=k ds lkFk gh jktif=kr vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk çnÙk pfj=k çek.k i=k layXu djus dh
ijaijk fczfV'kdky ls pyh vk jgh gSA ljdkjh lsokvksa esa fu;qDr gksus okys O;fDr;ksa dk ç'kklu }kjk pyh vk jgh
gSA ljdkjh lsokvksa esa fu;qDr gksus okyh O;fDr;ksa dk ç'kklu }kjk iqfyl&lR;kiu (Police Verification) Hkh
djok;k tkrk gS rkfd vPNs pfj=k dh iqf"V gks ldsA
HkrhZ çfØ;k (Recruitment Process)
yksd lsokvksas esa U;k; ,oa lekurk ds vk/kkj ij rFkk ;ksX;rk ds mfpr ekin.Mksa dks viukrs gq, HkrhZ dh tkrh gSA HkrhZ
çfØ;k dks iwjk djus esa dbZ pj.kksa ij fofo/k dk;Z lEikfnr fd, tkrs gSaA HkrhZ çfØ;k esa fofHkUu laxBuksa dh vko';drk
rFkk fu;eksa ds vuqdwy dqN ifjorZu gks ldrs gSaA HkrhZ çfØ;k esa lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr pj.k lfEefyr gSa&
1. loZçFke fdlh foHkkx ds in ds l‘tu] ls fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k] oxhZdj.k rFkk osru Ük‘a[kyk bR;kfn ds fuekZ.k lfgr
inksa dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA
2. fu;ekuqlkj lEcfU/kr foHkkx Lo;a vFkok fdlh HkrhZ vfHkdj.k tSl&s yksd lsok vk;ksx ls HkrhZ djus dk vkxzg djrk
gSA
3. tu lapkj ds ek/;eksa ls lEcfU/kr inksa dh HkrhZ dk foKkiu fn;k tkrk gSA
4. çkIr vkosnu i=kksa dh oS/krk dh tk¡p rFkk NaVuh dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
HkrhZ 171
5. vko';drk gksrh gS rks çfr;ksxh ijh{kk vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA

6. ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ mEehnokjksa dk ;ksX;rk Øe fu/kkZfjr djrs gq, mUgsa lk{kkRdkj gsrq cqyk;k tkrk gSA ¼dqN laLFkk,¡
vkosnu i=k lfgr mEehnokjksa dks lh/ks gh lk{kkRdkj esa Hkh cqykrh gSaA ;g ôkd&bu&baVjO;w* dgykrk gSA½
7. lk{kkRdkj ls iwoZ çek.k i=kksa dh tk¡p rFkk lkewfgd ifjppkZ bR;kfn djokbZ tkrh gSA
8. lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku mEehnokj dk O;fDrRo ijh{k.k gksrk gSA
9. ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij lQy mEehnokjksa dh lwph Øeokj cukbZ tkrh gSA
10. lQy mEehnokjksa dks lwpuk rFkk ifj.kke çdkf'kr djus dh vkSipkfjdrk iwjh dh tkrh gSA
11. p;fur mEehnokjksa dh lwph fu;qfädrkZ vf/kdkjh rd çsf"kr dh tkrh gSA tgk¡ ls fu;qfä i=k tkjh gksrk gSA lkFk
gh mEehnokj ds pfjl=k lR;kiu gsrq iqfyl foHkkx ls tk¡p djokbZ tkrh gSA
12. mEehnokj dks LokLF; ijh{k.k djok ds çek.k i=k lfgr fu;qfä vf/kdkjh ls çkIr funsZ'kkuqlkj dk;ZLFky ij
mifLFkr gksuk iM+rk gSA çR;sd dkfeZd dks çkjaHk esa 6 ekg ls ysdj 2 o"kZ rd dh ifjoh{kk vof/k esa vLFkk;h :i
ls fu;qä fd;k gSA dk;Z fu"iknu dk Lrj larks"ktud gksus ij LFkk;hdj.k ds vkns'k tkjh gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa mPp yksd lsokvksa dh HkrhZ
(Recruitment of Higher Civil Services in India)
Hkkjr esa mPp yksd lsokvksa esa HkrhZ dk dk;Z la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh }kjk lEikfnr gksrk gSA vk;ksx çfro"kZ
^flfoy lsok ijh{kk* vk;ksftr djrk gS ftlds ek/;e ls vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa rFkk dsUnzh; lsokvksa ds fofHkUu in Hkjs
tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok] Hkkjrh; ou lsok rFkk Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok esa vk;ksx }kjk flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds
ek/;e ls [kqyh HkrhZ gksrh gS ogha bu lsokvksa esa jkT; lsokvksa ds vf/kdkjh inksUufr ls Hkh ços'k ikrs gSaA
flfoy lsok ijh{kk esa Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ dqN vko';d ifjorZu fd, x, FksA blh çdkj lu~ 1974 esa dksBkjh lfefr
¼desVh vkWu fjØwVesUV ikWfylh ,.M lySD'ku eSFkM½ dk xBu gqvkA desVh us lu~ 1976 esa viuk foLr‘r çfrosnu ljdkj
dks çLrqr fd;k Fkk ftlesa lHkh lsokvksa ds fy, ,d leku ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus] çfr;ksxh ijh{kk dks çkjfEHkd rFkk eq[;
nks pj.kksa esa ck¡Vus rFkk cgqfodYikRed ç'u i)fr dks lfEefyr djus tSls egÙoiw.kZ lq>ko lfEefyr FksA Kkr jgs fd
lu~ 1979 esa dksBkjh lfefr }kjk lq>k, x, ekWMy ls iwoZ Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok] Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok ,oa dsUnzh; lsokvksa
esa HkrhZ ds fy, vyx&vyx i)fr;k¡ dke esa yh tkrh FkhA dksBkjh lfefr dh vuq'kalk yxHkx Lohdkj dj fØ;kfUor
dh xbZA bl rjg lu~ 1979 ls flfoy lsok ijh{kk rhu pj.kksa ;Fkk&çkjfEHkd ijh{kk] eq[; ijh{kk rFkk lk{kkRdkj esa foHkä
gks xbZA çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds ek/;e ls vf/kdka'k mEehnokjksa dh N¡Vuh gks tkrh gSA la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds iwoZ v/;{k
Jh lrh'k pUnz dh v/;{krk easa ^desVh vkWu nh flLVe vkWQ ,Dtkfeus'ku Vw n gk;j flfoy lfoZlst* xfBr dh xbZ]
ftldh fjiksVZ lu~ 1989 esa ljdkj dks lkSaih xbZ rFkk dqN vuq'kalk,¡ ljdkj us lu‘ 1993 dh flfoy lsok ijh{kk ls
fØ;kfUor dh gSaA dksBkjh lfefr rFkk lrh'k pUnz lfefr nksuksa us vk;q lhek 21-26 o"kZ dks flQkfj'k dh Fkh tks ljdkj
}kjk Lohdkj ugha dh xbZA lu~ 2000 esa okbZ- ds- vy?k dh v/;{krk esa flfoy lsok ijh{kk leh{kk ij ,d lfefr cukbZ
xbZ Fkh ftlus lu~ 2001 esa viuh fjiksVZ ljdkj dks nhA
dkfeZd] yksd f'kdk;r rFkk isa'ku ea=kky; ,oa vU; dsUnzh; foHkkxksa ls fjä inksa dk vuqeku çkIr gksus ij la?k yksd lsok
vk;ksx çk;% fnlEcj ekg esa ^jkstxkj lekpkj* rFkk vU; çeq[k lekpkj i=kksa esa flfoy lsok ijh{kk dk uksfVl çdkf'kr
djokrk gSA vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa rFkk dsUnzh; lsokvksa xziq ^d* rFkk ^[k* esa çk;% 300 ls 500 mEehnokj çfro"kZ HkrhZ fd,
tkrs gSaA çkjfEHkd ijh{kk çk;% ebZ ekg esa rFkk eq[; ijh{kk,¡ vDVwcj esa vk;ksftr gksrh gSaA flfoy lsok ijh{kk esa çeq[k
fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gSa&
172 yksd ç'kklu
ijh{kk dsUnnz
ns'k ds 41 'kgjksa esa fLFkfr ijh{kk dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls çfr;ksxh ijh{kk vk;ksftr gksrh gSA
ik=krk
1. jk"Vªh;rk% Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok vkSj Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds mEehnokj dks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd vo'; gksuk
pkfg,A 'ks"k lsokvksa gsrq mEehnokj Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks ;k usiky dh çtk gks ;k HkwVku dh çtk gks ;k ,slk frCcrh
'kj.kkFkhZ tks Hkkjr esa LFkk;h :i ls jgus ds bjkns ls 1 tuojh] 1992 ls igys Hkkjr vk x;k gks ;k dksbZ Hkkjr&ewy
dk O;fDr tks Hkkjr esa LFkk;h :i ls jgus ls ikfdLrku] cekZ] Jhyadk] mxkaMk] la;qä x.kjkT; ratkfu;k ds iwohZ
vÝhdh ns'kksa] tkfEc;k] eykoh] tSjs] bFkksfi;k rFkk fo;ruke ls çotu dj vk;k gks fdarq bu lHkh ¼Hkkjrh;ksa ds
vfrfjä½ ds ikl Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd;k ik=krk çek.k i=k gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok gsrq usikyh]
HkwVkuh rFkk frCcrh O;fDr ik=k ugha gSA
2. vk;q lhek% 21 ls 30 o"kZ fu/kkZfjr gS tks çk;% ijh{kk vk;ksftr gksus okys o"kZ ds 1 vxLr dks vk/kkj ekudj fxuh
tkrh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds mEehnokjksa dks vf/kdre vk;q lhek ls 5 o"kZ dh vU; fiNM+s
oxksaZ dks 3 o"kZ dh rFkk foLFkkfirksa] l'kLl=k lsuk ds deh'ku çkIr vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk dqN vU; lhek esa NwV çkIr
gSA
3. U;wure 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk% mEehnokj ds ikl Hkkjr ds dsUnz ;k jkT; fo/kku eaMy }kjk fuxZfer fdlh fo'ofo|ky;
dh ;k laln ds vf/kfu;e }kjk LFkkfir ;k fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1956 ds [k.M III ds v/khu
fo'ofo|ky; ds :i esa ekuh xbZ fdlh vU; f'k{kk laLFkk dh Lukrd fMxzh ;k led{k ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A
4. voljksa dh la[;k% lkekU; oxZ ds mEehnokjksa gsrq pkj volj fu/kkZfjr gSa tcfd vU; fiNM+k oxZ (OBC) gsrq lkr
volj fn, x, gSaA fdarq ;g ck/;rk vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuwlwfpr tutkfr ds mEehnokjksa ij ykxw ugha gSA
çkjafHkd ijh{kk esa cSBus ¼oLrqr% pkgs ,d ç'u&i=k esa cSBk gks½ dks ,d volj fxuk tkrk gSA
'kqYd
o"kZ 2002 dh flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds çkjafHkd pj.k gsrq 50 :i, 'kqYd rFkk eq[; ijh{kk gsrq 100 :i, fu/kkZZfjr FkkA
vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds mEehnokjksa dks 'kwYd ls NwV çkIr gSA
ijh{kk dh :ijs[kk
1. çkjfEHkd ijh{kk% mä ijh{kk esa nks ç'u i=k gksrs gSa&¼çR;sd ds fy, le; 2 ?kaVs fuf'pr gS½
ç'u i=k 1 lkekU; v/;;u 150 vad
ç'u i=k 2 fuEukafdr ,sfPNd fo"k;ksa esa ls 300 vad
pquk x;k ,d fo"k; dqy 450 vad
çkjfEHkd ijh{kk gsrq ,sfPNd fo"k;
1. d‘f"k foKku 8. fo|qr bathfu;fjax 16. HkkSfrdh
2. i'kqikyu rFkk i'kq 9. Hkwxksy 17. jktuhfr foKku
fpfdRlk foKku 10. Hkw & foKku 18. n'kZu'kkL=k
3. ouLifr foKku 11. Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 19. euksfoKku
4. jlk;u foKku 12. fof/k 20. yksd ç'kklu
5. flfoy bathfu;fjax 13. xf.kr 21. lekt'kkL=k
6. okf.kT;'kkL=k 14. ;kaf=kdh bathfu;fjax 22. lkaf[;dh
7. vFkZ'kkL=k 15. fpfdRlk foKku 23. çk.kh 'kkL=k
HkrhZ 173
çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds nksuksa ç'u i=k cgqfodYikRed (Objectives) ç'uksa esa ls ;qä gksrs gSaA lkekU; v/;;u esa lafo/kku]
lekt] lkekU; f'k{kk] lkekU; Kku] bfrgkl] jktuhfr] i;kZoj.k rFkk lelkef;d ?kVukvksa ls lEcfU/kr ç'u iwNs tkrs
gSaA ,sfPNd fo"k; ds ç'u i=k esa Lukrd Lrj dk ikB~;Øe gksrk gSA
2. eq[; ijh{kk% çkjfEHkd ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ ?kksf"kr mEehnokj gh eq[; ijh{kk esa cSBrs gSaA ijh{kk dh ;kstuk fuEukuqlkj
gksrh gSA
ç'u i=k 1 lafo/kku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa 300 vad
lfEefyr Hkk"kkvksa esa ls mEehnokj }kjk
pquh xbZ dksbZ ,d Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk
ç'u i=k 2 vaxtsz h 300 vad
ç'u i=k 3 fuca/k 200 vad
ç'u i=k 4 rFkk 5 lkekU; v/;;u çR;sd ds 300 vad
ç'u i=k 6 ls 9 ,sfPNd fo"k;ksa dh lwph esa pqus x, çR;sd ç'u i=k ds 300 vad
dksbZ nks fo"k;] çR;sd fo"k; ds
nks ç'u i=k
eq[; ijh{kk esa fuca/kkRed 'kSyh ds ç'u i=k gksrs gSaA le;kof/k 3 ?kaVs dh gSaA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj vaxzsth dk ç'u i=k
lSd.Mjh ;k led{k Lrj dk gksrk gSA bu ç'u i=kksa esa çkIr vad ;ksX;rk Øe fu/kkZj.k esa ugha fxus tkrs gSa ysfdu bu
Hkk"kkvksa ds ç'u i=kksa dk vgZd vad çkIr djus ij gh lkekU; v/;;u] fuca/k rFkk ,sfPNd fo"k;ksa ds ç'u i=kksa dh tk¡p
gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk çFke ç'u i=k mu mEehnokjksa ds fy, vfuok;Z ugha gS tks v:.kkpy çns'k] ef.kiqj] es?kkye]
fetksje] ukxkyS.M rFkk flfDde jkT;ksa ds gSaA
Hkk"kkvkssa ds ç'u i=k ds lkFk fyfi dk fu/kkZj.k bl çdkj fd;k x;k gS&
Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fyfi
vlfe;k & vlfe;k ejkBh & nsoukxjh
caxyk & caxyk usikyh & nsoukxjh
xqtjkrh & xqtjkrh mfM+;k & mfM+;k
fgUnh & nsoukxjh iatkch & xqjeq[kh
dUuM+ & dUuM+ laLd‘r & nsoukxjh
d'ehjh & Qkjlh fla/kh & nsoukxjh ;k vjch
dksad.kh & nsoukxjh rfey & rfey
ey;kye & ey;kye rsyxq q & rsyxq q
ef.kiqjh & caxyk mnwZ & Qkjlh
eq[; ijh{kk gsrq ,fPNd fo"k;ksa dh lwph bl çdkj gSa&
1. d‘f"k foKku 4. ouLifr 'kkL=k 8. vFkZ 'kkL=k
2. i'kqikyu rFkk i'kq 5. jlk;u foKku 9. fo|qr bathfu;fjax
fpfdRlk foKku 6. flfoy bathfu;fjax 10. Hkwxksy
3. u‘foKku 7. okf.kT; 'kkL=k 11. Hkw & foKku
,oa ys[kk fof/k 12. Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
174 yksd ç'kklu
13. fof/k 25. xf.kr 38. ejkBh

14. çcU/k Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl 39. ey;ky;
15. ;kaf=kdh bathfu;fjax 26. vjch 40. ef.kiqjh
16. fpfdRlk foKku 27. vlfe;k 41. usikyh
17. n'kZu 'kkL=k 28. caxyk 42. mfM+;k
18. HkkSfrdh 29. phuh 43. ikyh
19. jktuhfr foKku rFkk 30. vaxt sz h 44. Qkjlh
vUrZjk"Vªh; lEcU/k 31. Ýspa 45. iatkch
20. euksfoKku 32. teZu 46. :lh
21. yksd ç'kklu 33. xqtjkrh 47. laLd‘r
22. lekt 'kkL=k 34. fgUnh 48. fla/kh
23. lkaf[;dh 35. dUuM+ 49. rfey
24. çk.kh foKku 36. d'ehjh 50. rsyx q q
37. dksad.kh 51. mnwZ
mi;qZDr of.kZr fo"k;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr fo"k; ,d lkFk ugha fy, tk ldrs gSa&
1. jktuhfr foKku rFkk vUrZjk"Vªh; lEcU/k ,oa yksd ç'kklu
2. okf.kT; 'kkL=k rFkk ys[kk fof/k ,oa çca/k
3. u‘foKku ,oa lekt'kkL=k
4. xf.kr ,oa lkaf[;dh
5. d‘f"k foKku ,oa i'kqikyu rFkk i'kq fpfdRlk foKku
6. çcU/k rFkk yksd ç'kklu
7. bathfu;fjax ds dksbZ nks fo"k; ,d lkFk ugha
8. i'kqikyu rFkk i'kq fpfdRlk foKku ,oa fpfdRlk foKkuA
40 çfr'kr ls vf/kd n‘f"Vdks.k okys mEehnokjksa dh ys[ku lgk;d (Scribe) dh vuqefr vk;ksx dh 'krsZa iwjh djus ij
nh tkrh gSA
dqy fjfä;ka dh nqxquh la[;k esa mEehnokjksa dks lk{kkRdkj esa cqyk;k tkrk gSA lk{kkRdkj 300 vadksa dk gksrk gSA eq[;
ijh{kk rFkk lk{kkRdkj ds vadksa dks tksM+dj vafre ;ksX;rk Øe dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS ,oa rnuqlkj mEehnokj dks
fofHkUu lsokvksa esa HkrhZ fd;k tkrk gSA
HkrhZ dh dfe;k¡
Hkkjr esa çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds ek/;e ls gksus okyh HkfrZ;k¡ fooknksa ls f?kjh jgh gSaA ;fn orZeku Hkkjrh; ç'kklu ra=k
U;wukf/kd ek=kk esa lqLr rFkk mÙkjnkf;Rofoghu fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks blds fy, ,d lhek rd HkrhZ O;oLFkk dh dfe;k¡ Hkh
ftEesnkj gSa&
1. vk, fnu U;k;ky;ksa esa nk;j gksus okyh fjV ;kfpdkvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esa HkrhZ çfØ;k fu"i{k ugha gSA
dbZ ckj ç'u i=k Hkh vkmV gq, gSaA
2. çfr;ksxh ijh{kk,¡ ewyr% fo'ofo|ky;h ikB~;Øe ij vk/kkfjr gSAa bu ijh{kkvksa dk lEcfU/kr in gsrq vko';d Kku]
vfHko‘fÙk] ;k dkS'ky ls lEcU/k ugha gSA
HkrhZ 175
3. ijEijkvksa dk ikyu vf/kd fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ uokpkj fojks/kh ço‘fÙk O;kIr gSAa
4. ikWy ,p- ,iych us Hkkjrh; HkrhZ ç.kkyh dks dYiuk 'kfDr rFkk lq/kkjkRed ç;klksa ls nwj ik;k gSA
5. orZeku HkrhZ ç.kkyh fo'ofo|ky;h fMxzh ysus rFkk jVdj i<+us dh ço‘fÙk c<+krh gSA
6. LokFkZ ,oa ladh.kZrk ds dkj.k jktuhfrd gLr{ksi Hkh gksrk gSA
7. lk{kkRdkj ç.kkyh nks"kiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g p;u eaMy dh O;fDrxr ekU;rkvksa ls çHkkfor gSA
8. çfr;ksxh ijh{kk,¡ ;gk¡ ds mEehnokjksa esa dqaBk rFkk uSjk'; iSnk djrh gSA ,slk Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS fd dbZ ckj vfr
lkekU;&lk fo|kFkhZ HkkX; ds lgkjs p;fur gks tkrk gSA
9. mEehnokjksa dh euksoSKkfud ijh{kk dh fo'oluh; ç.kkyh fodflr ugha gqbZ gSA
10. fu/kZu mEehnokj ds fy, çfr;ksxh ijh{kk,¡ cgqr eg¡xh fl) gksrh gSA
11. vyx&vyx foHkkxksa ;k inksa gsrq ckj&ckj ijh{kk,¡ nsuh iM+rh gSaA
HkrhZ dh bu dfe;ksa dks nwj djus gsrq ;g lq>ko fn;k tkrk jgk gS fd lHkh foHkkxksa ,oa inksa dh ,d leku ijh{kk ,d
gh le; jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr dh tk,A mPp ;ksX;rk okys vH;FkhZ mPp inksa ij rFkk fuEu ;ksX;rk Øe okys fuEu
inksa ij p;fur fd, tk,¡A HkrhZ ç.kkyh dh fo'oluh;rk dks cukus ds fy, euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k i)fr dks ykxw fd;k
tk, rFkk jktuhfrd gLr{ksi de gksA nwljk mik; ;g gks ldrk gS fd HkrhZ gsrq fMxzh dh vko';drk lekIr dj nh
tk, rFkk çR;sd in dh HkrhZ esa ml in ls lEcfU/kr ;ksX;rkvksa ds vkdyu gsrq ijh{kk gksA blls ogh mEehnokj ijh{kk
nsxk tks lpeqp ml in fo'ks"k dh O;kolkf;d ;ksX;rk j[krk gks ;k mldh tkudkjh j[krk gks rFkk ml in ij dk;Z
djus dk bPNqd gksA
176 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&21
çf'k{k.k
(Training)
foKku rFkk çkS|ksfxdh ds çlkj ds mijkar ç'kklu lfgr vf/kdka'k {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"kKrk dk opZLo c<+k gSA vkt LFkwy ls
lw{e rFkk lkekU; ls fo'ks"khdj.k dh vksj >qdko gSA yksd lsok,¡ Hkh lelk;fed ifjos'k rFkk vko';drkvksa ls vNwrh
ugha jg ldrh gSaA 'kklu dh uhfr;k¡] dk;ZØeksa rFkk nkf;Ro dh lEiwfrZ gsrq dk;Zjr fo'kky dkfeZd lewg dk çf'kf{kr
gksuk furkar vko';d gSA
ekuo&thou fujarj lh[kus dh çfØ;k ls xqtjrk gSA ek¡&cki] ifjtu] iM+ksl] rFkk leqnk; ge lcds fy, lqyHk
vukSipkfjd ikB'kkyk gS tgk¡ ge thou dh vf/kdka'k ckrsa lh[krs gSaA ikB'kkyk rFkk v/;kid f'k{k.k ds vkSipkfjd
ek/;e gSaA 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd rFkk v/;kfRed :i ls Js"Brk çkIr djuk f'k{kk gSA f'k{kk euq"; dks psruk;qä
rFkk laosnu'khy cukrh gSA f'k{kk lkekU; vuqHkoksa] çopuksa] laLdkjkas rFkk iqLrdksa ls Hkh çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA oLrqr%
f'k{k.k rFkk çf'k{k.k esa vUrj gSA f'k{k.k ls rkRi;Z Ô;fDr dk ckY;dky ls ysdj var rd iwjk iks"k.k] pfj=k] vknrks]a rjhdksa
rFkk ckSf)d ,oa 'kkjhfjd {kerk ds fuekZ.k ls gSA f'k{kk eq[;r% Kku nsrh gS tcfd çf'k{k.k ,d fof'k"V çdkj dk f'k{k.k
gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ckcj ds ;q)ksa ds ckjs esa crkuk] dsoy Kku nsuk gS vFkkZr~ ;g f'k{k.k gS tcfd fdlh O;fDr dks ;q)
dyk fl[kkuk ^çf'k{k.k* gSA çf'k{k.k esa fuEufyf[kr rÙo lfEefyr gSa&
1. çf'k{k.k ls Kku (Knowledge) çkIr gksrk gSA
2. çf'k{k.k ls fof'k"V dkS'ky (Skill) iSnk gksrk gSA
3. çf'k{k.k ls fdlh dk;Z dks djus dh vfHko‘fÙk (Attitude) iSnk gksrh gSA
4. çf'k{k.k ls ml dk;Z dks O;ogkj (Practice) esa djus dh {kerk vkrh gSA
yksd lsokvksa esa dk;Zjr dkfeZdksa esa muds dk;Z ds Kku] dkS'ky] vfHko‘fÙk rFkk ml dk;Z dks O;ogkj esa lQyrkiwoZd
lEikfnr djus dh {kerk,¡ çf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls iSnk dh tkrh gSA
çf'k{k.k % vFkZ ,oa mís'; (Training : Meaning and Objectives)
fofy;e th- VksisZ us çf'k{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gS&ß;g deZpkfj;ksa esa prqjrk] vknrsa] Kku rFkk n‘f"Vdks.k
fodflr djus dh ,d çfØ;k gS ftlls deZpkfj;ksa dh orZeku 'kkldh; fLFkfr çHkko'kkyh gks tk, vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks
Hkkoh ljdkjh fLFkfr ¼in½ ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldsAÞ
eS.My ds vuqlkj&ßçf'k{k.k dk vFkZ u, dke ds fy, fdlh dks mUeq[k djuk] orZeku dk;Z ds fy, Kku rFkk dkS'ky
fodflr djuk rFkk Hkfo"; dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds fy, rS;kj djuk gSAÞ
,s'ksVu lfefr ds vuqlkj&ßçf'k{k.k dk eq[; dk;Z fdlh O;fDr dh çkfof/kd dq'kyrk c<+kus rFkk laxBu esa dk;Z djus
gsrq mRlkg iSnk djuk gSAÞ
1. çf'k{k.k ls dkfeZd ds dk;Z esa Li"Vrk vkrh gSA
2. dkfeZd esa u, mÙkjnkf;Ro ogu djus dh {kerk iSnk gksrh gSA
3. og lektksUeq[k O;ogkj djus ds ;ksX; curk gSA
çf'k{k.k 177
4. og mPp Lrjh; nkf;Ro iwjs dj ldrk gSA

5. dkfeZd dk uSfrd pfj=k Å¡pk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
Li"V gS fd çf'k{k.k dk dk;Z fdlh laxBu esa dk;Zjr dkfeZdksa ds orZeku Kku rFkk dkS'ky dks c<+kuk gS rkfd os dk;Z
;k O;olk; dks dq'kyrkiwoZd dj ldsa rFkk Hkfo"; esa vkus okys mPp nkf;Roksa ds çfr rS;kj Hkh jg ldsaA çf'k{k.k ds
ek/;e ls dkfeZdksa ds O;ogkj rFkk ekufldrk esa Hkh ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSA
çf'k{k.k dk egÙo (Importance of Training)
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; d vfLrRo esa vkus ds i'pkr~ ekuo ds lokZaxh.k fodkl dk mÙkjnkf;Ro 'kklu ds da/kksa ij vk fVdk
gSA vr% lexz fodkl xfrfof/k;ksa dks ç'kklu dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa }kjk fØ;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA fufoZokn :i ls fdlh
Hkh laxBu dh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk mikns;rk mlesa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dh {kerkvksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA blfy, deZpkfj;ksa
dks le;kuqlkj çf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk vfuok;Z gSA yksd lsokvksa esa çf'k{k.k ds egÙo dks fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls
Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1. yksd lsokvksa dh mís';iwfrZ esa vko';d% yksd lsokvksa dk xBu 'kklu dh uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa ds
fØ;kUo;u rFkk laoS/kkfud çko/kkuksa dh vuqikyuk lqfuf'pr djokus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA jkt'kkgh O;oLFkk rFkk
vgLr{ksioknh jkT; dh ekU;rkvksa dks Bqdjk nsus ds i'pkr~ ekuo lH;rk us dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds <k¡ps rFkk n'kZu
dks ekU;rk nh gSA tulk/kkj.k dh lqj{kk] fodkl rFkk dY;k.k dk xq:rj nkf;Ro yksd lsokvksa ij gSA vr% ;g
vko';d gks tkrk gS fd çR;sd NksVs&cM+s deZpkjh dks mlds in&nkf;Roksa ds vuq:i leqfpr çf'k{k.k çnku fd;k
tk,A çf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls fdlh dk;Z ;k mís';] lkekftd mikns;rk rFkk 'kklu dk n‘f"Vdks.k deZpkjh dh le>
esa vkrk gS lkFk gh vkRefo'okliwoZd ml dk;Z dks iwjk djus dk dkS'ky rFkk vfHko‘fÙk Hkh iSnk gksrh gSA
2. fodkl dk;ksZa dks xfr nsus esa lgk;d% vkt dk ;qx e'khuh ;qx gS ftlesa foKku rFkk çkS|ksfxdh dk ços'k thou
ds çR;sd {ks=k esa gks pqdk gSA vHkkoksa rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa ls tw>rh ekuo tkfr dk dY;k.k 'kklu
ds lrr~ ç;klksa ls gh laHko gSA ck¡/kksa] lM+dkasa] Hkouksa] iqyksa dk fuekZ.k gks ;k LokLF; rFkk f'k{kk lsokvksa dk foLrkj]
lHkh txg mPp rduhd rFkk {kerk;qä ekuo lalk/ku dh vko';drk gSA fodkl dk;ksZa dks xfr nsus ds fy,
çkd‘frd rFkk e'khuh lalk/kuksa dh egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk rks gS fdarq bu lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS ekuo lalk/ku vFkkZr~
Je'kfDr] tks vU; lalk/kuksa dk lQyrkiwod Z nksgu rFkk mi;ksx dj ldsA 'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr vke
turk dks Hkh NksVs&NksVs dk;ksZa esa çf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA c<+rh csjkstxkj rFkk pjejkrh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
lgkjk nsus gsrq ns'k ds çR;sd ukxfjd dks rduhdh f'k{kk vFkkZr~ çf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gS rkfd Lojkstxkj dks
c<+kok feysA
,d dgkor gS&ßvki vki fdlh O;fDr dks ,d eNyh nsaxs rks og mls [kkdj Lo;a dk isV Hkj ysxk( fdUrq mls eNyh
idM+us ds dk;Z esa çf'kf{kr djsaxs rks og iwjs ifjokj dk isV Hkj ysxkAÞ lekt ds lHkh oxksZa dk leku fodkl
djus ds fy, fuLlansg fu/kZu yksxksa dks ljdkjh lgk;rk çkIr gksuh pkfg, fdUrq bl lgk;rk ds lkFk&lkFk ;fn
bu yksxksa dks O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k Hkh fn, tk,¡ rks fodkl dk;ksZa dks ,d ubZ fn'kk çkIr gks ldrh gSA orZeku esa
lHkh ljdkjsa vius yksd lsodksa ds lkFk&lkFk vke turk dks Hkh vko';drkuqlkj çf'k{k.k miyC/k djokrh gSaA
3. ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ls lEc)% vkt fdlh Hkh laxBu esa dk;Zjr ekuoh; lEink dks i;kZIr egÙo
fn;k tkrk gSA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl (H.R.D.) dh uohu vo/kkj.kk ;g ekudj pyrh gS fd fdlh Hkh laxBu dh
dk;Zdq'kyrk c<+kus ds fy, loZçFke ml laxBu esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dk fodkl djuk vko';d gSA ekuo
lalk/ku dk ;g fodkl dbZ çdkj ds laxBukRed ç;klksa ij fuHkZj gS ftlesa leqfpr] osru] HkÙks] dk;Z fu"iknu
ewY;kadu] iqjLdkj] i;kZIr vfHkçsj.kk rFkk eukscy] ldkjkRed i;Zos{k.k ,oa çf'k{k.k çeq[k gSA ekuo lalk/ku esa
vikj {kerk,¡ fo|eku gSa ftudk nksgu leqfpr çf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls rFkk deZpkfj;ksa dk larfq "V çnku djds fd;k
tk ldrk gSA blhfy, vc ljdkjh] vkS|ksfxd rFkk futh çfr"Bkuksa esa dk;Zjr dkfeZdksa dks le;≤ ij
lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k çnku fd, tkrs gSaA
178 yksd ç'kklu
4. u, Kku ds foLrkj esa t:jh% ekuo lH;rk rFkk laLd‘fr dh fodkl ;k=kk eq[;r% mlds ckSf)d pkrq;Z rFkk Js"B
'kkjhfjd lajpuk ij fuHkZj djrh jgh gSA lfn;ksa ls pyh vk; jgh ;g ;k=kk ^Kku* ds fuR; u, vk;ke r; djrh
vkbZ gSA Kku esa vfHko‘f) gksus ls gh ekuo thou fujUrj lq[kh rFkk le‘) gqvk gSA Kku ds {ks=k dks foLrkfjr djus
rFkk mls lHkh bPNqd O;fDr;ksa rd ck¡Vus dk dk;Z cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k çR;sd foHkkx
rFkk deZpkjh dks uwru tkudkjh j[kuk vko';d gks x;k gS ojuk vkt foKku dh xfr bruh rhoz gS fd tjk&lh
pwd djus okyk cjlksa ihNs NwV tkrk gSA chloha lnh ds vfUre n'kd esa lapkj ds {ks=k esa vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu vk,
gSa tks ç'kklu ds dk;ksaZ dks çR;{kr% çHkkfor djrs jgs gSa D;ksfa d lapkj rks fdlh Hkh laxBu dk ewy fl)kar gSA Hkkjr
esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr (1991) ls 'kq: gqvk oS'ohdj.k dk nkSj ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd yksd lsodksa dks v|ru
tkudkfj;k¡ 'kh?kz miyC/k gksuh pkfg, ojuk ljdkjh {ks=k bl çfrLi)kZRed ;qx esa fiNM+k tk,xkA
vkt ds ;qx esa Kku dks mRiknd cuk;k tkuk rkRdkfyd vko';drk gS D;ksafd cjlksa iqjkuh ;g ekU;rk ne
rksM+ pqdh gS fd 'kkjhfjd {kerk,¡ gh mRiknd cu ldrh gSa D;ksafd vc [ksy gks ;k ;q) og gdhdr ls igys fnekx
esa yM+k tkrk gSA çcU/k n'kZu ds firkeg ihVj ,Q- Mªdj dk dFku Fkk&ßKku Kku ,d egkeafnj ds leku gS tks
'krkfCn;ksa esa 'kuS% 'kuS% fufeZr gksrk gS ftlesa çR;sd ih<+h fdlh vfrfjDr xfy;kjs] lh<+h ;k ehukj ds :i
esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ;g ¼Kku½ dksbZ dkxt dk cuk <k¡pk ugha gS ftldh uhao dks n'kd esa m[kkM+k tk
ldsAÞ
5. ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lkeatL; esa lgk;d% ifjorZu l‘f"V dk 'kkLor fu;e gSA gekjs vkl&ikl dk lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd‘frd rFkk HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k fujUrj ifjofrZr gksrk jgrk gSA ç'kklu Lo;a bu lc
vk;keksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gS rFkk ç'kklfud dk;Zdyki] fl)kUr] dk;ZØe rFkk bldh dk;Z'kSyh bu lc vk;keksa
dks çHkkfor djrh gSA ç'kklu ds blh ifjfLFkfrdh; n‘f"Vdks.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dk;Zjr rFkk Hkfo"; esa vkus
okys dkfeZdksa gsrq uohu çdkj ds çf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe lajfpr rFkk fØ;kfUor fd, tkrs gSaA vaxzsth 'kkludky esa
ç'kklu dk eq[; dk;Z jktLo ,d=k.k rFkk 'kkafr ,oa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk gksrk Fkk ftUgsas ge fu;kedh; dk;Z dg
ldrs gSa ysfdu orZeku lanHkksZa esa ç'kklu dk Lo:i iw.kZr;k fodklijd gks pqdk gS vFkkZr~ vkt lEiw.kZ lekt ds
lokZaxh.k fodkl dk;ksZa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ljdkj vius dkfeZdksa ds ek/;e ls ogu djrh gSA la{ksi easa dgsa rks ç'kklu
ds ek/;e ls fodkl djuk gh fodkl ç'kklu gSA f'k{kk dk çlkj] c<+rh psruk] ekuokf/kdkj dh ek¡x] lwpuk dk
vf/kdkj] efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk] U;kf;d lfØ;rk] [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk] c<+rh tula[;k] vkradoknh dh leL;k
rFkk miHkksDrk laj{k.k bR;kfn dkj.kksa ls ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds le{k uohu pqukSfr;k¡ iSnk gqbZ gSA bu pqukSfr;ksa
;k leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dsoy leqfpr çf'k{k.k çkIr dkfeZd gh dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i Hkkjr easa iqfyl
çf'k{k.k dh ijEijkxr 'kSyh n'kZdksa ls pyh vk jgh Fkh fdUrq chloha lnh esa uCcs ds n'kd esa mHkjs vkradokn us
iqfyl dks çf'k{k.k] dk;Z'kSyh rFkk gfFk;kjksa dks vk/kqfud Lo:i /kkj.k djus ds fy, foo'k fd;kA bl çdkj
ifjofrZr gksrk i;kZoj.k] ç'kklu dks rnuq:i lkeatL; iSnk djus dks ck/; djrk gS vkSj ;g lkeatL; fuLlansg
çf'k{k.k ls gh laHko gks ikrk gSA
6. vkRefo'okl
vkRefo'okl&o‘f) o‘f) esa lgk;d% fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks lQyrkiwoZd lEikfnr djus esa drkZ dk vkRefo'okl cgqr
fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuokZfgr djrk gSA usiksfy;u cksukikVZ dk ekuuk Fkk fd vk/kh yM+kbZ rks vkRefo'okl ls gh thrh
tkrh gS 'ks"k yM+kbZ O;wgjpuk rFkk gfFk;kjksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA oLrqr% çf'k{k.k ds }kjk O;fDr esa Kku] dkS'ky rFkk
ldkjkRed vfHko‘fÙk dk mn; gksrk gSA tc ge lkbfdy pykuk lh[krs gSa rks 'kq: esa lkbfdy ,d gh vksj eqM+rh
pyh tkrh gS fdUrq T;ksa&T;ksa gekjk çf'k{k.k iwjk gksrk gS gekjs vUnj vkRefo'okl c<+rk pyk tkrk gS vkSj ,d
fnu ge ;g dgus dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrs gSa fd lkbfdy pykuk dkSu lh cM+h ckr gS\ oLrqr% vkRefo'okl rFkk
fujUrj vH;kl fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fuiq.krk çnku djrk gSA vkt ^ç'kklu* dk pykuk Hkh ,d dyk gS tks leqfpr
çf'k{k.k rFkk vkRefo'okl ls ifj"d‘r gksrh gSA orZeku dh tfVy ç'kklfud laLFkkvksa rFkk xq:rj fdLe ds nkf;Roksa
ds nkSj esa dkfeZd dk çf'kf{kr gksuk cgqr gh vko';d gSA
çf'k{k.k 179
dgk tkrk gS fd fdlh O;fDr ds gkFkksa esa canwd Fkek nsus ls og lkglh ugha cu ldrk cfYd cUnwd ls fu'kkuk
yxkuk lh[kus ds i'pkr~ gh vkSfpR; fl) gksrk gS D;ksafd çf'k{k.k vkRefo'okl c<+krk gSA yksd lsodksa dks fn;k
tkus okyk çf'k{k.k u dsoy orZeku in nkf;Roksa cfYd Hkkoh nkf;Roksa dks lQyrkiwoZd iwjk djus dk vkRefo'okl
Hkh c<+krk gSA
7. laxBu dh Nfo rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk esa o‘f)% fdlh Hkh laLFkku ;k laxBu dh lkekftd çfr"Bk mlesa dk;Zjr
dkfeZdksa dh dq'kyrk] dk;Z'kSyh] O;ogkj rFkk çfrc)rk ls çR;{kr% çHkkfor gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa futh rFkk ljdkjh
laxBuksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ds O;ogkj esa fnu&jkr dk varj ik;k tkrk gS D;ksafd futh laxBu viuh Nfo ds çfr cgqr
laosnu'khy gksrs gSa rFkk blh dkj.k os vius dkfeZdksa dks çf'kf{kr djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu esa yksd lsodksa
dks dsoy dk;Z ls lacaf/kr çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS] ekuo O;ogkj dk ughaA vkt Hkh vf/kdka'k i<+s&fy[ks rFkk vui<+
ukxfjd iqfyl Fkkus esa tkus ls drjkrs gSa D;ksafd vke Hkkjrh; ds euksefLr"d esa iqfyl dh Nfo vPNh ugha gSA bl
leL;k dk fujkdj.k dsoy ^laosnu'khy çf'k{k.k* ls laHko gSA Hkkjr esa Mkd?kjksa rFkk cSadksa nksuksa esa /ku tek djkus
rFkk fudyokus dk dk;Z nSufUnu xfrfof/k ds :i esa gksrk gS fdUrq bu nksuksa laxBuksa ds dkfeZdksa dh dk;Z'kSyh rFkk
dq'kyrk esa O;kid varj dsoy blhfy, fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd cSadksa esa çf'k{k.k dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA
bl çdkj yksd lsokvksa lfgr çR;sd çdkj ds laxBuksa esa le;kuqdwy çf'k{k.k dk vR;Ur egÙo gSA
çf'k{k.k ds çdkj (Varieties of Training)
dk;Z djus ds <ax ds vuqlkj çf'k{k.k ds vusd çdkj gksrs gSAa çf'k{k.k dh dykfof/k] çf'k{k.k dk dky] çf'k{k.k dc fn;k
tkrk gS&lsok ds vkjaHk esa ;k e/; es]a deZpkjh ds lsokdky ds fdl Lrj ij çf'k{k.k fn;k x;k] laxBu ds fdlh vfHkdj.k
us çf'k{k.k fn;k] rFkk çf'k{k.k mís';] bu lHkh ds vuqlkj çf'k{k.k eas fHkUurk gksrh gSA bldks ge fuEufyf[kr ik¡p çdkjks
esa j[krs gSa&
1. vkSipkfjd vFkok vukSipkfjd çf'k{k.k(
2. vYidkyhu vFkok nh?kZdkyhu çf'k{k.k(
3. lsok&ços'k ds iwoZ ;k mÙkjdkyhu çf'k{k.k(
4. foHkkxh; vFkok dsUnzh; çf'k{k.k( rFkk
5. dkS'ky çf'k{k.k vFkok lkekU; çf'k{k.kA
1. vkSipkfjd vFkok vukSipkfjd çf'k{k.k (Formal and Informal Training): dk;Z&lEiknu djrs&djrs tks
vuqHko deZpkjh dks çkIr gksrk gS] mldks ^vukSipkfjd çf'k{k.k* dgrs gSaA yksd ç'kklu esa ;gh ijEijkxr çf'k{k.k
gksrk pyk vk;k gS vkSj vc Hkh vf/kdrj {ks=kksa esa ;gh çf'k{k.k&fof/k pkyw gSA MkW0 XySMus ds 'kCnksa es]a lkekU; ifjikVh
vkSj fo'ks"kdj ys[kdoxhZ; deZpkfj;ksa ds ekeyksa esa ;g gS fd uokxarqd dks ,sls dk;Z ij yxk;k tkrk gS ftlesa
U;wure ijke'kZ dh vko';drk gksA lkFk gh mldks vU; lg;ksfx;ksa dh d‘ik ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS tks mnkj
O;ogkj Hkh djrs gSa vkSj dBksj HkhA O;ogkfjd dk;Z vkSj vuqHko ls bl çdkj f'k{kk çkIr djuk cM+k mi;ksxh gksrk
gSA O;ogkfjd n‘f"V okyk ç'kkld bldh cM+h cM+kbZ djrk gS] ijarq 'kkgh dks"k ls lEc) çf'k{k.k rFkk f'k{k.k ds
funsZ'kd (Director of Training and Education, His Majesty's Treasury) Jh fVduj (Mr. Trickner) bl laca/k esa
fy[krs gSa&ßlh[kus dk ;g dBksj ekxZ gS vkSj iw.kZr;k lQy gksus ds fy, vko';d gS fd lh[kus okyk lh[kus ij
rqyk jgsA ;ksa vkSlr deZpkjh vfu"V LoHkko dks gks ldrk gS vkSj fujk'kk ,oa mRlkgghurk ds Hkko yksxksa esa Hkj ldrk
gSA lQy gksus dh n'kk esa Hkh çfØ;k /kheh vkSj nh?kZdkyhu gksrh gSA mlds lkeus tks mnkgj.k vkrs gSa] os dkykUrj
ls vkrs gSa vkSj og muls lefUor fof/k ls dqN lh[k ugha ikrkA vkSipkfjd ç'kklu esa ;s nks"k ugha gksrsA dkj.k
;g gS fd mudh iwoZ;kstuk gksrh gS vkSj ;kstuk dq'ky f'k{kdksa ds usr‘Ro esa pyk;h tkrh gSA
2. vYi vkSj nh?kZdkyhu çf'k{k.k% vYi rFkk nh?kZdkyhu çf'k{k.k dkykof/k dk fo"k; ek=k gSA blds Åij vf/kd
dgus dh vko';drk ugha gSA dsoy bruk dg nsuk i;kZIr gksxk fd le; dh vof/k b"V dkS'ky dh ljyrk vFkok
180 yksd ç'kklu
dfBurk ij voyfEcj gksrh gSA ;g Hkh fopkj esa j[kk tkrk gS fd lsok dSlh gS] LFkk;h gS vFkok vLFkk;hA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ;q)dky esa lSfud rFkk vlSfud nksuksa çdkj ds lsodksa dks vYidkyhu çf'k{k.k nsus dh ckr gksrh gSA
3. ços'k ds iwoZ rFkk mÙkj dk çf'k{k.k% lsok esa çfo"V gksus ds iwoZ tks çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS] mlls HkrhZ ds yksx Hkkoh
lsokdk;Z ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gSaA ,d vFkZ esa Ldwy&dkystksa dh lHkh f'k{kk;sa iwoZ ços'kh; çf'k{k.k gSa] D;ksafd bl çdkj
Hkh yksx çk;% jktdh; lsokvksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA ijarq] fof'k"V vFkZ esa iwoZ&ços'kh; fdlh O;olk; ;k
o‘fÙk ds fy, fdlh fo|ky; esa fn;k tkrk gS] tSls /ka/kh fo|ky;ksa esa ;k esfMdy vFkok bathfu;fjax dkWystksa esaA
bl laLFkkvksa ls fupys Lukrd 'kh?kz gh mfpr dkeksa esa yxk fn;s tkrs gSAa m/kj] fo'ks"kr% vesfjdk es]a ;g ç;Ru fd;k
x;k gS fd ç'kkldh; rFkk çcU/kdh; inksa ds fy, iwoZ&ços'kh; çf'k{k.k dk vk;kstu gksA eksVs rkSj ij ,slk çf'k{k.k
nks çdkj dk gksrk gSA ,d çf'k{k.k&x‘gksa essa ços'k ys ysus ij vkSj nwljk] foHkkxksa esa vH;FkhZ deZpkjh cu tkus ijA
okf'kaxVu&fLFkr yksddk;Z dk jk"Vªh; laLFkku (National Institute of Public Affairs, Washington) çfo"V çf'k{k.k
dk loksÙZ ke ,oa lqfo[;kr mnkgj.k gSA ;g laLFkku 1934 bZ0 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bl ;kstuk ds lac/a k esa nks mís';
lkeus j[ks x;sA igyk mís'; Fkk&egkfo|ky;ksa dh f'k{kk dks O;ogkfjd Lo:i çnku djuk ftlls jktuhfr]
ç'kklu rFkk yksdlsok esa Lukrdkasa dh :fp c<+sA blds fy, fo|ky;ksa ds Lukrdksa esa ls ipkl dks pqu fy;k tkrk
gS vkSj mudks okf'kaxVu esa çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA vuqHkoh inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds O;k[;ku fnyok;s tkrs gSa vkSj Lukrdksa
dks dk;kZy;ksa esa ç'kkldksa ds ikl j[kk tkrk gS fd os ç'kkldh; pØ dks pyrk gqvk ns[k ldsaA
bl çdkj ds çfo"V dk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa [wkc çpkj gqvk gSA ftu&ftu egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa yksdfo"k; vkSj LFkkuh; 'kklu fo"k;ksa dk f'k{k.k gksrk gS] os lHkh bl fof/k dk ç;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vius f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
dks mä fo"k;ksa dh O;ogkfjd f'k{kk nsrs gSaA bl O;ogkfjd fof/k dk mä fo"k;ksa ds v/;kidksa ij Hkh cM+k çHkko
iM+k gSA vc ;g çHkko fczVsu] Hkkjr iSysLVkbu] fQyhihUl vkfn lHkh ns'kksa esa n‘f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA bu iafDr;ksa dk
ys[kd Lo;a LFkkuh; 'kklu vkSj yksd&ç'kklu fo"k;ksa dh ,slh f'k{kk dk laxBu vkSj dk;Z bykgkckn vkSj ukxiqj
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa dj pqdk gSA bl O;ogkfjd f'k{k.k&fof/k dh eq[; dfBukbZ ;g gS fd yksd&ç'kkldksa dk
O;ogkfjd O;k[;kuksa ds fy, i;kZIr la[;k esa rS;kj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mldk Hkjiwj lg;ksx dfBukbZ ls gh
feyrk gSA ;g Hkh gS fd ;fn cgqr ls çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dk;kZy;ksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl Hksts tkrs gSa rks ogha HkhM+ dh
Hkkouk mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj dk;Z esa yxs deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Z esa ck/kk iM+rh gSA
çf'k{k.k ds dky esa çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dks FkksM+s le; ds ckn fdlh ,d vf/kdkjh ds lkFk yxk fn;k tkrk gS tgk¡ og
lgk;d dk dke djrk gSA çf'k{k.k ds Øe esa og mu lHkh i=kksa vkSj fopk;Z fo"k;ksa dks Hkh ns[krk&le>rk gS tks
mlds çf'k{kd vf/kdkjh dh est ij vkrs gSaA og ;g Hkh lksprk gS fd mu ij D;k vkKk ;k vkns'k fd;k x;kA
dHkh&dHkh mlls dqN i=kksa ij fVIi.kh fy[kus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dks Hkh dgk tkrk gSA mldks dHkh&dHkh iwjk fooj.k
rS;kj djus dks Hkh dgk tkrk gS ftldks mldk çf'k{k.k vf/kdkjh ns[krk gS vkSj nks"k ;k =kqfV;ksa dh vksj /;ku
vkdf"kZr djrk gSA U;w;kdZ uxjikfydk dh 'kks/k&laLFkk esa bl çdkj dh f'k";rk&;kstuk cgqr lkyksa rd pyrh
jgh gSA f'k";ksa dks ç'kklu&dk;ks± ,oa leL;kvksa dk okLrfod vkSj O;ogkfjd :i fn[kkuk bldk mís'; gSA ftl
çdkj] fdlh inkFkZ ds iw.kZ Kku ds fy, mlds :i] jl] xa/k] Li'kZ vkSj /ofu dks ns[kk tkrk gSA mlh çdkj f'k";ksa
dks dk;Z ds lHkh Lo:iksa dk çR;{k Kku djkuk mä laLFkk dk ç/kku fo"k; gSA vesfjdk ds vusd egkfo|ky;ksa
vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa us bl çdkj dh f'k";rk&;kstuk;sa pyk;h gS ftuesa f'k";ksa dks ukxfjd laLFkkvksa dh lsok ds
fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
ç'kklu dh ços'k ls iwoZ çf'k{k.k&lEcU/kh lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd çf'kf{krksa dks fdl çdkj vkSj dgk¡ dke
esa yxk;k tk;sA yksdlsokvksa ds fy, çfrLi/khZ ijh{kk;sa gksrh gSaA fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa tks fo"k; i<+k;s tkrs gSa] os çk;%
lHkh mu ijh{kkvksa esa vkrs gSaA mu ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa eas bu çf'kf{krksa dks dksbZ fo'ks"krk ;k lqfo/kk ugha nh tkrhA ge ;g
Hkh ugha dg ldrs fd yksdlsokvksa esa ços'k ds fy, tks ;g çfrLi/khZ ijh{kk fof/k gS] og vuko';d ;k vuqfpr gSA
;fn muesa ços'k ikus ds fy, bu ç'kklu&çf'kf{kr mEehnokjksa dks fo'ks"krk nh tk;s rks og mfpr ugha gksxk] D;ksafd
lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dk {ks=k ladfq pr gks tk;sxkA fQj] vusd ,sls O;fDr mu lsokvksa ls oafpr gks tk;sx a ]s
çf'k{k.k 181
tks ;ksX; gS( ijUrq] ftudks og ç'kklu&çf'k{k.k ugha çkIr gks ldk gSA ;g Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd çf'k{k.k dk
ikB~;Øe ladfq pr gh jgsxkA og ,slk O;kid ugha cuk;k tk ldrk fd mlesa ç'kklu esa dke vkus okys lHkh fo"k;ksa
dk lekos'k gks tk;s vkSj muds Lukrd /kM+k/kM+ jktdh; lsokvksa esa HkrhZ dj fy, tk;s]a tSls esfMdy ;k bathfu;fjax
egkfo|ky;ksa ls fudys Nk=k rRdky dkeksa esa yxk fn;s tkrs gSaA jktdh; lsok {ks=kksa ds ckgj cgqr de txgsa ,slh
gksrh gS tgk¡ bu çf'kf{krksa dks yxk;k tk ldsA
bu dfBukb;ksa dk vuqHko djus okys vusd fopkjokuksa dk er gS fd ;s çf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa cgqr mi;ksxh ugha gS vkSj
mUgsa mrus gh çf'kf{krksa dh HkrhZ djuk pkfg, ftrus dks in fnyk;s tk ldsA ,sls {ks=k eq[;rk;k nks gSa&,d gS
deZpkjh&lewg&ç'kklu( vkSj nwljk gS uxjikfydkvksa dk ç'kkluA vesfjdk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa çkIr ços'k&çf'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa ls fudys lsokFkhZ bUgha nksuksa esa ls fy;s tkrs gSaA
ijUrq bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha fd lkoZtfud ç'kklu&fo"k;d f'k{k.k fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa eas ugha gksuk
pkfg,A vU; fo"k;ksa dh Hkk¡fr blds v/;;u ls Hkh cqf) çf'kf{kr gksrh gS( vkSj ftu vusd ekuoh; laLFkkvksa esa
yksd&ç'kklu ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; gS] muls Nk=kksa dks voxr gksuk pkfg,A çfrLi/khZ; ijh{kkvksa ds fo"k;ksa esa ;g
Hkh lfEefyr gSA vr%] blds fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ikBu ds i{k esa cgqr&lh ckrsa dgh tk ldrh gSA bldk i{k lcy
gSA ijUrq] bldks ,slk fo"k; dnkfi ugha le>uk pkfg, ftlds tkuus okys ds fy, vusd LFkku fjDr iM+s gq, gSaA
bldk lS)kafrd ewY; cgqr vf/kd gS] Hkys gh yksd&O;ogkj ls blds iafMrksa dh ek¡x vYi gksA
budks NksM+dj vU; Lukrdksa dk çf'k{k.k fu;qfä ds ckn gh gksuk pkfg,] fu;qfä ds iwoZ ughaA
4. foHkkxh; rFkk dsUnzh; çf'k{k.k% tc Lor% dk;kZy; ;k foHkkx esa gh çf'k{k.k dk çcU/k gksrk gS] rc bldks foHkkxh;
çf'k{k.k dgrs gSaA vusd çpfyr çf'k{k.k&fof/k;k¡ blh oxZ dh gSA çR;sd foHkkx viuh fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa ds
vuqlkj çf'k{k.k dk vk;kstu djrk gSA çf'k{kd çk;% foHkkx ds vuqHkoh vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA ijUrq] vf/kd lkekU;
rFkk mPp inksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k dh dsUnzh; ;kstuk gksrh gSA blds fy, dsUnzh; laLFkk;sa gS] tSls fczfV'k dks"k dk
çf'k{k.k rFkk f'k{k.k&foHkkxA ;g foHkkx vk;s gq, O;fDr;ksa dks ogk¡ ds dk;ksZa dh çkosf'kd f'k{kk nsrk gSA og muds
ekul dh i‘"BHkwfe cuk nsrk gS ftlds çHkko esa deZpkjh viuk dÙkZO; djrs tk ldrs gSaA blh çdkj] Hkkjrh; lsok
ds fy, çf'k{k.k laLFkk igys ubZ fnYyh esa [kksyh x;h FkhA vc ;g ealwjh esa gSA dHkh&dHkh vyx&vyx foHkkx Hkh
vius dsUnzh; vFkok e.Myh; çf'k{k.kky; pykrs gSa] tSls Hkkjr ds vusd jkT;ska esa iqfyl&çf'k{k.k&Ldwy ,oa dkWyst
gSA
5. dkS'ky rFkk vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k (Skill and Background Training): dkS'ky çf'k{k.k dk mís'; deZpkfj;ksa esas ml
fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dks mRiUu djuk gS] vFkok ,slk dkuwuh ;k fof/k&lEcU/kh Kku nsuk gS] tks fo'ks"k foHkkxksa esa lgk;d
gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] f'k{kdksa dk çf'k{k.k ysaA bldk mís'; v/;kiu&ç.kkyh fl[kkuk gSA nwljh
iqfyl&vf/kdkfj;ksa dh çf'k{k.k laLFkk gS ftlesa vijk/k&lEcU/kh [kkst vkSj fuokj.k dh fof/k;ksa dk çf'k{k.k gksrk
gSA rhljk mnkgj.k] vk;dj&vf/kdkfj;ksa ds çf'k{k.k dsUnz dk gS tgk¡ rRlac/a kh dkuwu vkSj dj fuf'pr djus] yxkus
rFkk olwy djus dh fof/k;ksa dk O;ogkfjd Kku djk;k tkrk gSA blh çdkj dh vusd dykvksa ds çf'k{k.k dks
dkS'ky&çf'k{k.k dgrs gSaA blesa vusd çdkj ds gLr&dkS'ky Hkh lfEefyr gSA blds foijhr] vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k
(background training) gSA blesa ,ssls fo"k; fl[kk;s tkrs gSa ftuls jktuSfrd] ç'kkldh;] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd
i‘"BHkwfe dh tkudkjh gks vkSj f'k{k.kkFkhZ ;g Hkh le> ldsa fd fdu dk;ksZa ds D;k&D;k Qy gks ldrs gSaA bldk
mís'; f'k"; esa fdlh dkS'ky dh l‘f"V ugha gS( blesa fdlh dk;Z dks fo'ks"k fof/k ls djuk Hkh ugha cryk;k tkrk]
cfYd mlds eu dks foLr‘r fd;k tkrk gS ftlls og fdlh Hkh fo"k; dk ljyrk ls xzg.k dj ldsA dks"k foHkkx
ds ç'kkldh; oxZ ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vFkok Hkkjrh; ç'kklu lsok esa çfof"V O;fDr;ksa dks tks çkjfEHkd çf'k{k.k fn;k
tkrk gS] og vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA bl çf'k{k.k ds fo"k;ksa esa yksd&ç'kklu] ns'k dh laoS/kkfud
fLFkfr] dkuwu vkfFkZd leL;k;sa rFkk yksd&lEidZ gksrs gSaA
182 yksd ç'kklu
deZpkfj;ksa dh iqjLljh; f'k{kk (Further Education of Employees)

deZpkfj;ksa esa vusd ,sls gksrs gSa tks çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k viuh f'k{kk chp esa gh NksM+dj lsok;sa Lohdkj dj
ysrs gSaA os vius Hkfo"; dks lq/kkjus ds fy, mPprj f'k{kk ds bPNqd gksrs gSaA os ;k rks O;fäxr ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh rjg ;k
[kkyh le; esa fo|ky;ksa eaas tkdj vkxs dh i<+kbZ djus okyksa dh rjg i<+kbZ djuk pkgrs gSAa ekfydksa (employers) esa muds
çfr mRlkg] mnklhurk vkSj dHkh&dHkh fojks/k rd dh Hkkouk gksrh gSA tgk¡ os mRlkfgr fd;s tkrs gSaA ogk¡ mudh [kkyh
le; esa fo|ky;ksa esa tkus dh vkKk nh tkrh gSA mudks v/;;u&'kqYd dh jkf'k çnku dh tkrh gS] iqLrdsa nh tkrh gS]
ijh{kksÙkh.kZ gksus ij muds uke foKkfir fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj mudh osru&o‘f) dh tkrh gS] vFkok 'kh?kz inksUufr dj nh
tkrh gSA tks ekfyd mnklhu gksrk gS] og buesa ls fdlh rjg dh dksbZ lgk;rk ugha djrkA og dsoy ;g ns[krk gS fd
deZpkjh vius v/;;u ds lkFk fuf'pr dÙkZO; dk ikyu mlh rRijrk ls djrk jgsA ;fn mldks fo'okl gksrk gS fd
dÙkZO; esa dksbZ <hy ugha iM+ jgh] rks og mldks vius O;; vkSj vius <ax ls vkxs dh i<+kbZ djus nsrk gS] dksbZ ck/kk ;k
vkifÙk ugha djrkA fdarq] fojks/kh ekfyd ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd vkxs i<+kbZ ls fu;r dÙkZO; dks fuf'pr gkfu gksxh]
blhfy, og deZpkjh ds ml çLrko dks j) dj nsrk gSA
bl fo"k; esa mnkj uhfr viukus dh vko';drk gSA ;g lp gS fd vkxs f'k{kk ls çR;{k ykHk deZpkjh dk gksrk gS( ij]
vçR;{k :i ls lsok;sa Hkh mlls ykHkkfUor gksrh gSA deZpkjh dh f'k{kk ftruh gh c<+rh gS] mlds dk;Z esa mruh gh dq'kyrk
vkrh gSA vr% mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dk bl çdkj dh vxzljh; f'k{kk dks çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,] blds ekxZ esa ck/kk rks Mkyuh
gh ugha pkfg,A
çf'k{k.k % rjhds ,oa rduhdsa (Training : Methods & Techniques)
in ls gVdj çf'k{k.k nsus çf'k{kk.kkFkhZ in dk;Z ds ncko vkSj nSfud Øe ls nwj pyk tkrk gS rkfd og viuk /;ku çf'k{k.k
ij dsfUnzr dj ldsA vkerkSj ij bls Js.kh&d{k (Classroom) çf'k{k.k dgrs gSaA bl çf'k{k.k dk eq[; mís'; vkneh dks
mlds dk;Z&i;kZoj.k ls nwj ys tkdj ml tSlh fLFkfr ds gh vknfe;ksa ls feyus&tqyus nsuk vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i
mldh vfHk:fp;ksa vkSj n‘f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu ykuk gS rkfd leL;kvksa ds çfr fHkUu n‘f"Vdks.k viukus esa l{ke gks ldsA
bl Js.kh ds varxZr dqN yksdfç; çf'k{k.k rjhds ;s gSa&
1. O;k[;ku (Lectures): O;k[;ku lokZf/kd O;kid :i ls ç;qDr rjhdk gS D;ksafd O;k[;kuksa ij dksbZ [kpZ ugha gksrk
vkSj ;g cM+k ljy rjhdk gSA bl rjhds }kjk vis{kkd‘r de le; esa ,d cM+s xzqi dks i;kZIr ek=kk essa lkexzh tk
ldrh gSA çf'k{k.k vf/kdkjh dqN vo/kkj.kk,a] rF; vkSj fopkj çLrqr dj ldrk gS rFkk mlds ckn Hkkxhnkjksa dks
Li"Vhdj.k ekaxus rFkk fVIif.k;ka djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr dj ldrk gS ;fn çf'k{k.kkFkhZ mRçsfjr gSa vkSj O;k[;ku
vPNh rjg ls rS;kj fd;k x;k gS rFkk çHkko'kkyh <ax ls fn;k x;k gS rks og ykHkçn jgrk gSA ekfVZu ,e0 czkWMoSy
(Martin M. Broadwell) us lQy Js.kh&d{k ifj{k.k ds fy, 3 cqfu;knh vko';drk,a fxukbZ gSaA og gSa% varxzZLrrk
(Involvement) tokcnsgh (Accountability) vkSj iqufuZos'ku (Feedback)A ysfdu bl rjhds ls eksVs rkSj ij bl
vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gS fd Kku çkfIr dh bl çfØ;k dks çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dsoy Kku çkIr djus okys fuf"Ø;
O;fDr dh rjg vkpj.k djrk gS fd lfØ;k O;fDr dh rjgA bl çdkj çf'k{kk.kkFkhZ dh Hkkxhnkjh dk vHkko fuos'ku
esa ck/kd curk gSA blh çdkj ;g ç.kkyh çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa fuf"Ø; ykrh gSA
bu dfe;ksa ds ckotwn O;k[;ku ds rjhds dk fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ykHkçn :i ls ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS&
i. tc ,d xzqi ds le{k iw.kZr;k ubZ lkexzh@tkudkjh çLrqr dh tk,A
ii. tc ,d cM+s xzqi ds lkFk dke djuk gksA
iii. tc f'k{k.k dk dksbZ vkSj rjhdk is'k djuk gksA
iv. tc fdlh vU; f'k{k.k&rjhds }kjk fodflr lkexzh dk lkjka'k nsuk gksA
v. tc Js.kh&d{k dk le; lhfer gksA
bl rjhds dks n‘'; rFkk vU; lgk;d midj.kksa ds mi;qDr ç;ksx dj flQZ vkd"kZd rFkk çHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA
çf'k{k.k 183
2. lEesyu dk rjhdk (Conference Method): fujh{kd vkSj çca/kd inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds çf'k{k.k dk ;g O;kid :i
ls ç;qDr rjhdk gSA çf'k{k.k dk ;g rjhdk lewg dsfUnzr mikxe gS ftlesas usrk ppkZ dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA okLro
esa ,d lEesyu NksVh xzqi&cSBd gh gS ftldk lapkyu ,d lqfu;ksftr ;kstuk ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa
usrk çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls tqckuh Hkkxhnkjh dh i;kZIr ek=kk çkIr djds Kku vkSj lw>&cw> ds fodkl dk ç;kl djrk
gSA ;g rjhdk lkewfgd ppkZ] fopkj fofue; vkSj çf'k{kdksa rFkk çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vuqHkoksa dh ;knsa rktk djus ij
cy nsrk gSA ;g lapkj&;ksX;rkvksa ds fodkl vkSj n‘f"Vdks.k ds foLrkj esa enn nsrk gSA ;g xzqi vkerkSj ij ,d
vukSipkfjd i;kZoj.k esa dke djrk gS] ftlesa ppkZ dh dkQh LorU=krk gksrh gSA çf'k{k.k l=k 10 ls 15 lnL;ksa dk
gksrk gS tks fopkjk/khu fo"k; ds dqN vuqHko vkSj i‘"BHkwfe okys gksrs gSaA bl rjhds dh lQyrk fuEu ckrksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrh gSa&
i. lEesyu ds ikB~;Øe lksís'; vkSj çHkkoh fl) gksus ds fy, t:jh gS fd usrk ;ksX; vkSj mRçsjd gksA
ii. lnL; ppkZ esa Hkkx ysus dks rRij gksaA
iii. ppkZ ds fo"k; ,sls gksa ftuls xzqi ds lnL; lqifjfpr gksa rkfd gjsd lnL; dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr
cu ldsA
iv. usrk xzqi ds gj lnL; ds vf/kdre fopkj] Hkkxhnkjh vkSj ;ksxnku çkIr djsA
v. xzqi vukSipkfjd i;kZoj.k essa 10 ls 25 lnL;ksa dk gks vkSj
vi. lEesyu dh lkefxz;ksa ds fy, fu;kstu rFkk vfxze rS;kjh dh vko';drk O;kid :i ls ekU; gksA
3. Hkwfedk fuHkkuk vkSj vuq:i.k (Role Playing and Simulation): ;g çf'k{k.k ds lokZf/kd çHkkoh rjhdksa esa ls ,d
gS ftls ß[ksy vfHku;Þ (Play Acting), ß;FkkFkZ fØ;kÞ (Reality Practice) vkfn vusd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA okLro
esa Hkwfedk fuHkkuk gh blds uke dk vfHkçk; gS&vki viuh Hkwfedk,a ;k vU; yksxksas dh Hkwfedk,a vuq:i.k dh fof'k"V
fLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr fuHkk,aA ;g vfHku; ls fHkUu gS D;ksafd vfHkusrkvksa dks ;kn djus ds fy, dksbZ igys ls rS;kj
ikaMfq yfi ugha nh tkrhA mnkgj.kr% ,d ofj"B vf/kdkjh rFkk ,d v/khuLFk ds chp dsl ds fookn dk vfHkU; fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ppkZ esa Hkkx ysus okyksa esa ls ,d O;fDr ofj"B vf/kdkjh dk rFkk ,d vU; v/khuLFk inkf/kdkjh dh
Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrk gSA blls çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks fofHkUu n‘f"Vdks.k] vo/kkj.kk,a vkSj vfHk:fp;ka le>us rFkk
inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp vkilh lEcU/kksa dks lq/kkjus esa enn feyrh gSA blds vykok ;g çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dks mlls T;knk
vkRepsru vkSj muds O;ogkj dk vkykspd cuk nsrk gS ftruk os okLrfod thou esa gksaxsA blds lkFk gh ;g
çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks dYiuk'khyrk rFkk lek/kku fudkyus dk lkgl çnku djrk gS vkSj mUgsa vçR;kf'kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa
rFkk çfrlaosnukvksa ls lkeatL; LFkkfir djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA
vuq:i.k (Simulation) ls leL;k,a gy djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA çcU/kdh; [ksy ,d
yksdfç; vuq:i.k fd;k gSA blesa dbZ Vhesa 'kkfey gksrh gSa ftuesa ls çR;sd dks dqN vof/k ds fy, laLFkku ds
lapkyu dk dke lkSaik tkrk gSA gjsd vof/k esa gj Vhe ewY;ksa] mRiknu ij [kpZ dh tkus okyh jkf'k tSls ekeyksa
ij fu.kZ; ysrh gSA ;gka Hkkx ysus okyksa dks rF;ksa rFkk vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k vkSj fofHkUu fodYiksa esa ls ,d dks pquus
dk volj feyrk gSA blh rjg dk ,d vkSj rjhdk bu&ckLdsV xse (In-Basket Game) ;k çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dks ij[kuk
gSA çf'k{k.kkFkhZ ls ,d fu;fer in/kkjh dh Hkwfedk dh ;kstuk lkfFk;ksa dh enn ds fcuk ,d fuf'pr le; esa cukus
ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dks fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij rqjUr fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSaA bl dk;Z ds fu"iknu ds ckn
fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fofHkUu rjhdkasa ij ppkZ gksrh gS mudk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk vkSj ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
4. laosnu'khyrk dk rjhdk (Sensitivity Method): tSlk fd 'kh"kZd ls ladsr feyrk gS] bl çdkj dk çf'k{k.k
eq[;r;k lkewfgd çfØ;kvksa vkSj [kkldj nwljksa ij mlds O;ogkj ds çHkko ds vlj ds çfr çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dh
laosnu'khyrk dks c<+kus ds fy, gksrk gSA Msfol (Davis) ds vuqlkj] ßcqfu;knh rkSj ij laosnu'khyrk çf'k{k.k ,d
fcuk fdlh <kaps ds cus xzqi esa ncko ds v/khu NksVs xzqi dh vr%fØ;k gS ftlds fy, mi;qDr lkewfgd xfrfof/k ds
fodkl gsrq ,d nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa ds çfr laosnu'khy gks tkus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSAÞ oLrqr% bl çf'k{k.k dk
184 yksd ç'kklu
y{; yksxkasa ls O;ogkj esa çf'k{k.kkFkhZ dh {kerk dks lq/kkjuk gSA ykjsal ,0] ,iyoh (Lawrence A, Appleby) us
laosnu'khyrk dks ßmu yksxksa dk] ftuds lkFk vkSj ftuds ek/;e ls çcU/kd dke djsaxs] lg;ksx çkIr djus esa
çcU/kdkasa dks lgk;rk ds fy, c<+rs gq, egÙo okyk miLdj gSAÞ xzqi esa vkerkSj ij 10 ls 15 Hkkx ysus okys gksrs
gSa tks vius in dk;Z ls nwj gksdj fcuk fdlh fu;ksftr fo"k; lwph ds ijLij feyrs gSaA ;g xzqi ,d çf'k{kd ds
funs'Z ku esa lEoknjr gksrk gSA ppkZ esa fgLlk ysus okyksa dks nwljksa dks ;g tku ysus nsus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk
gS fd os vius vrhr ds O;ogkj dh vis{kk bl vk/kkj ij ,d nwljs dks tkusa fd xzqi esa os ,d nwljs dks viuh ckr
dSls le>k ldrs gSaA çf'k{k.k xzqi esa iqufuZos'ku dh çfØ;k egÙoiw.kZ gS rkfd çf'k{kkFkhZ vius dks bruk lqjf{kr
vo'; le>sa fd os ,d&nwljs dks lPpkbZ ls ;g crk ldsa fd muds O;ogkj ls fdl çdkj dh Hkkouk nwljksa esa iSnk
gksrh gSA çf'k{k.k ds bl rjhds dk ykHk ;g gS fd dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ysus ds ckn çf'k{k.kkFkhZ nwljksa ds çfr vf/kd
laosnu'khy vkSj eq[kj gks tkrs gSaA v/;;u ls irk pyk gS fd bl çdkj ds çf'k{k.k ds laLFkk dh dkjxqtkjh c<+h
gSA ysfdu ;g vc Hkh ,d fooknkLin rduhd gSA bldh bl vk/kkj ij vkykspu dh xbZ gS fd ;g viuh gh [kkfrj
ncko okyh fLFkfr;ka iSnk djrh gS] blds y{; laLFkk ds y{;ksa ds fo:i gks ldrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh blls O;fDr dh
,dkarrk (Privacy) ij vokafPNr ^vkØe.k* gksrk gSA
5. flaMhdsV dk rjhdk (Syndicate Method): ;g çf'k{k.k {ks=k ls çklafxd fo"k; ds çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds ,d NksVs xzqi
dks vH;fiZr djus dk rjhdk gSA bu NksVs xzqiksa dks ^flaMhdsV* dgk tkrk gSA xzqi ds ladk;&lnL; ds ekxZ n'kZu
esa ml fo"k; dh xgjkbZ ls v/;;u djus dks dgk tkrk gSA flaMhdsV leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, ;k Kku laxzg
ds fy, gks ldrh gSA ç'kklfud LVkQ dkyst] gsuys vku~ FksEl] ;w0ds0 (Administrative Staff College, Henley-
on Thames U.K.) bl çf'k{k.k rduhd dks tUe nsus okyk gSSA vc bldk ç;ksx lewps fo'o ds çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa
esa O;kid :i ls fd;k x;k gSA gekjs ns'k esa gSnjkckn ds ç'kklfud LVkQ dkyst dh LFkkiuk Hkh gsuys ds uewus
ij dh xbZ gSA mlus m|ksx rFkk okf.kT; ds lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k vkSj yksd ç'kklu dh fofo/k Hkkxhnkjh ls
lQyrkiwoZd vusd dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k gS ;g rjhdk eq[;r% çcU/kdh; inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks] ,d çcU/kd ;k
yksd lsod ds fy, mlds çfrfnu ds dke ds Øe] tSls tSls og mPprj dk;Zdkjh inksa ij igqaprk tkrk gS] ds
fy, vR;ko';d n{krk,a] rduhdsa rFkk çfØ;k,a miyC/k djkus dk y{; j[krk gSA bldk ,d egÙoiw.kZ mís';
fofHkUu çdkj ds m|eksa ds dk;Zdkjh lnL;ksa dks vius vuqHkoksa dks ,d&nwljs ds lkFk ckaVus vkSj ,d&nwljs ls lh[kus
ds fy, çksRlkfgr djuk Hkh gSA
mPp yksd lsodksa dks çf'k{k.k

(Training for Higher Civil Servants)
Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud rFkk rduhdh çf'k{k.k vk;ksftr djus ds fy, dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds v/khu yxHkx 5000 çf'k{k.k
laLFkku dk;Zjr gSA bu foHkkxh;] yksd miØe] Lok;Ùk'kklh rFkk v)Z Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkkvksa ds vfrfjä futh {ks=k esa
Hkh vusd çf'k{k.k laLFkku dk;Zjr gSa tks f'k{kk] LokLF;] vfHk;kaf=kdh] d‘f"k] m|ksx] [knku] fof/k] flapkbZ] okfudh rFkk
i'kqikyu lfgr ç'kklu bR;kfn fo/kkvksa ij fuEu] e/;e ,oa mPp Lrjh; çf'k{k.k ,oa vuqla/kku dk;ksZa esa layXu gSaA ;gk¡
lHkh çdkj ds çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dk o.kZu u rks visf{kr gS vkSj u gh laHko gS vr% mPp yksd lsokvksa ds ¼vkbZ-,-,l-@vkbZ-
ih-,l- bR;kfn½ ds fy, çf'k{k.k O;oLFkk dk gh la{ksi esa o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gSA ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks çf'k{k.k nsus
ds fy, fuEufyf[kr çeq[k laLFkku dk;Zjr gSa&
1. yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh jk"Vªh; ç'kklu vdkneh] elwjh
2. Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
3. lfpoky; çf'k{k.k rFkk çcU/k laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
4. ç'kklfud LVkQ egkfo|ky;] gSnjkckn
5. jsyos LVkQ dkWyst] cM+ksnjk
çf'k{k.k 185
6. jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku] gSnjkckn

7. ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy jk"Vªh; iqfyl vdkneh] gSnjkckn
8. jk"Vªh; LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
9. jk"Vªh; ukxfjd lsok egkfo|ky;] ukxiqj
10. dsUnzh; Jfed laLFkku] eqEcbZ
11. Hkkjrh; jktLo lsok ¼çR;{k dj½ çf'k{k.k laLFkku] ukxiqj
12. Hkkjrh; ys[kk ,oa ys[kk ijh{k.k lsok LVkQ dkWyst] f'keyk
13. Mkd ,oa rkj çf'k{k.k laLFkku] lgkjuiqj
14. ou vuql/a kku laLFkku] nsgjknwu
15. Hkkjrh; vUrjjk"Vªh; v/;;u Ldwy] ubZ fnYyh
16. jk"Vªh; tu lg;ksx rFkk cky fodkl laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
17. vijk/k 'kkL=k rFkk U;k;kyf;d fpfdRlk foKku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
18. Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] [kM+xiqj] fnYyh] psUubZ] eqEcbZ] /kuckn
19. fgeky; ioZrkjksg.k laLFkku] nsgjknwu
20. usrkth lqHkk"k pUnz cksl [ksy laLFkku] ifV;kyk
21. Hkkjrh; çcU/k laLFkku] fnYyh] dksydkrk] y[kuÅ] vgenkckn
22. dsUnzh; Hkk"kk laLFkku] eSlwj
23. jkT;ksa dh ç'kklu vdkneh
24. fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky; rFkk vuqla/kku laLFkku
25. fpfdRlk] bathfu;fjax] uflZax] f'k{kk] lgdkfjrk rFkk d‘f"k bR;kfn ds dsUnzh; rFkk çkUrh; laLFkkuA
Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks çf'k{k.k
Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok (I.A.S.) ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çf'k{k.k fczfV'kdky ls ysdj vc rd vko';drkuqlkj ifjofrZr
gksrk jgk gSA orZeku esa bl lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds çf'k{k.k dh fuEufyf[kr O;oLFkk gS vFkok fuEukafdr pj.kksa esa çf'k{k.k
iwjk gksrk gSA
1. vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k&16 lIrkg
2. vkbZ-,-,l- O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k ¼Qst-I½ & 24 lIrkg & elwjh
3. jkT; Lrj ij çf'k{k.k
• laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst - I & 3 lIrkg
• fofHkUu dk;kZy;ksa esa O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k & 45 lIrkg
• laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst - II & 4 lIrkg
4. vkbZ-,-,l- O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k Qst - II & 9 lIrkg&elwjh
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh flfoy lsok ijh{kk esa p;fur mEehnokj tks Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok] Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok]
Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok rFkk dsUnzh; lsokvksa oxZ ^v* ds Hkkoh vf/kdkjh gksrs gS]a dks ,d lkFk yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh jk"Vªh; ç'kklu
vdkneh] elwjh ¼mÙkjkapy½ esa 16 lIrkg dk vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh çeq[k lsokvksa ds vf/kdkjh ,d lkFk
çf'k{k.k çkIr djrs gSa] blls vkilh lkeatL; rFkk ,drk dk Hkko iSnk gksrk gSA lu~ 1955 esa v'kksd pank lfefr us ;g
vuq'kalk dh Fkh fd fofHkUu lsokvksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks i‘Fkd~&i‘Fkd~ çf'k{k.k nsus ls iwoZ lHkh lsokvksa dk ,d vk/kkjHkwr
186 yksd ç'kklu
çf'k{k.k lkFk gksuk pkfg, rkfd fofHkUu lsokvksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds e/; foHksn rFkk foHkkxh; oxhZdj.k dk Hkko lekIr
gks ldsA vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k (Foundation Course) çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks bfrgkl] lafo/kku] dY;k.kdkjh jkT;] yksd
ç'kklu] vFkZ'kkL=k] lkekftd lsok,¡] lkaf[;dh] tula[;k v/;;u] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLd‘fr]
fof/k rFkk fgUnh Hkk"kk dk v/;;u djok;k tkrk gSA bl çf'k{k.k dk mís'; çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks yksd lsokvksa dh ewyHkwr
tkudkjh nsus] mUgsa vfHkçsfjr djus] lafo/kku rFkk ç'kklu ra=k dks le>us rFkk Hkkjrh; ifjos'k ,oa ewY;ksa dks tkuus ds
fy, vfrfjDr vU; lsokvksa ds lkFk leUo; Hkko fl[kkuk gSA bl vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ vkb-,-,l- laoxZ ds
vf/kdkjh elwjh gh jgrs gSa tcfd vU; lsokvksa ds vf/kdkjh vius&vius çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa pys tkrs gSaA
vkbZ-,-,l- O;kolkf;d (Professional) çf'k{k.k Qst-I esa çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 24 lIrkg rd Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok
ds nkf;Roksa dk xgu v/;;u djok;k tkrk gSA bl çf'k{k.k ds nkSjku bu çf'k{kqvksa dks nks lIrkg ds fy, fofHkUu xzqiksa
Hkkjr n'kZu* ds fy,
esas ck¡Vdj ok;q lsuk] ukS lsuk] Fky lsuk] futh rFkk yksd miØeksa] LoSfPNd vfHkdj.kksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa ^Hkkjr
Hkstk tkrk gSA vdkneh esa miyC/k yksd ç'kklu] fof/k] jktuhfr] vFkZ'kkL=k] Hkk"kk] dEI;wVj] ?kqM+lokjh rFkk ioZrkjksg.k
bR;kfn ds fo'ks"kK çf'k{kd bu vf/kdkfj;ksa esa dkS'ky iSnk djrs gSaA nSfud v/;;u ds vfrfjDr ;gk¡ ij fofHkUu {ks=kksa
ds çfl) O;fDr;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj rFkk O;k[;ku Hkh djok, tkrs gSaA lu~ 1995-97 ds vkbZ-,-,l- cSp dks es/kk ikVsdj]
fnfXot; flag] ekxZjsV vYok] vksfrek cksfnZ;k rFkk jaxukFk feJ lfgr cgqr ls ofj"B ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ls laokn
djok;k x;kA O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k dh ;g egÙoiw.kZ rFkk çHkkoh fof/k gSA
elwjh esa vk/kkjHkwr rFkk O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k Qst-I iwjk djus ds i'pkr~ bu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks mudks vkoafVr jkT; esa Hkst
fn;k tkrk gSA jkT; esa vkdj ;s çf'k{k.kkFkhZ jkT; ç'kklu vdknehA ¼tSls gfj'pUnz ekFkqj jktLFkku jkT; yksd ç'kklu
laLFkku] t;iqj½ esa 3 lIrkg dk laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-I çkIr djrs gSaA jkT; dk ç'kklfud ra=k rFkk vU; egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa
çf'k{kqvksa dk le>kbZ tkrh gSaA bl laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ bu çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ftUgsa ^çks çkscs'kuj
kuj* dgk tkrk
gS dks okLrfod ç'kklu Kku çkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu dk;kZy;ksa esa yxk;k tkrk gSA jkT; esa çf'k{k.k dk eq[; mís';
lkekU; dkuwu ,oa fu;e] dkfeZd ç'kklu] foÙkh; ç'kklu] Hkw&lq/kkj rFkk fu;kstu ,oa fodkl dk lS)kfUrd rFkk
O;kogkfjd Kku miyC/k djkuk gksrk gSA jkT; çf'k{k.k dk C;kSjk bl çdkj gS&
vkbZ-,-,l- çf'k{kqvksa dk jkT; çf'k{k.k
Ø-ladk;kZy;@foHkkx çf'k{k.k vof/k
1. laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-I 3 lIrkg
2. rglhy dk;kZy; 1 lIrkg
3. fodkl vf/kdkjh rFkk xzke lsod ds lkFk 1 lIrkg
4. ftyk ifj"kn~ dk;kZy; 2 fnu
5. mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ds lkFk 1 lIrkg
6. ftyk U;k;k/kh'k] eq[; U;kf;d n.Muk;d rFkk ftyk esa fofHkUu foHkkx ;Fkk 2 lIrkg
&f'k{kk] LokLF;] flapkbZ] jln] i'kqikyu] lkoZtfud fuekZ.k] ou rFkk ;krk;kr
7. ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k rFkk fof'k"V ;kstuk laxBu 1 lIrkg
8. iqfyl LVs'ku ij 2 lIrkg
9. jktdks"k dk;kZy; 2 fnu
10. uxjh; laLFkk,¡ 2 fnu
11. fodkl vf/kdkjh dk Lora=k çHkkj 4 lIrkg
12. rglhynkj dk Lora=k çHkkj 4 lIrkg
13. lSVyesVa esa çf'k{k.k 1 lIrkg
14. lgk;d ftyk dyDVj rFkk dk;Zikfyd n.Muk;d dk Lora=k çHkkj 28 lIrkg
15. ftyk dyDVj ls ekxZn'kZu ,oa ppkZ 3 fnu
16. laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-I 4 lIrkg
dqy vof/k yxHkx 1 o"kZ
çf'k{k.k 187
O;kogkfjd Lrj ij çf'k{k.k çkIr djrs le; vkus okyh leL;kvksa rFkk 'kadkvksa dk lek/kku ftyk dyDVj ds ekxZn'kZu
esa gksrk gSA jkT; esa gksrs gq, ;s çf'k{kq vf/kdkjh elwjh ds çf'k{kd ls Hkh laidZ cuk, j[krs gSaA jkT; çf'k{k.k ds vafre
pj.k esa iqu% jkT; ç'kklu vdkneh esa 4 lIrkg dk laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-II fn;k tkrk gSA lHkh çf'k{kq vius jkT;
çf'k{k.k dh foLr‘r fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs gSaA
jkT; esa çf'k{k.k lekIr dj lHkh jkT;ksa ls vkbZ-,-,l- çf'k{k.kkFkhZ iqu% elwjh ykSV vkrs gSaA ;gk¡ vkbZ-,-,l- O;kolkf;d
çf'k{k.k Qst-II 'kq: gksrk gS tks ukS lIrkg dk gksrk gSA bl çf'k{k.k esa çf'k{kk.kkFkhZ vius&vius vuqHko lqukrs gSa rFkk
ml ij fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk gSA bl çf'k{k.k dk eq[; mís'; vkbZ-,-,l- vf/kdkjh ds :i esa çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkjhfjd]
ekufld :i ls rS;kj djuk] dEI;wVj f'k{kk nsuk] jktHkk"kk esa ;ksX; cukuk rFkk vkRefo'okl ls ;qä Js"B vf/kdkjh cukuk
gSA vdkneh esa vkbZ-,-,l- çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks O;k[;ku] fQYe 'kks] dsl LVMh] lewg ifjppkZ] fleqys'ku lfgr vU;
vk/kqfud çcU/kdh; çf'k{k.k i)fr;ksa ds }kjk çf'k{k.k çnku fd;k tkrk gSA çf'k{k.k ds çR;sd Lrj ij ewY;kadu dk;Z
Hkh gksrk gS tks budh jSad fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;d curk gSA
bl çdkj vkbZ-,-,l- dk ;g çf'k{k.k bUgsa vkxkeh 6-8 o"kZ ds lsokdky esa mi[k.M vf/kdkjh] ifj;kstuk funs'kd]
vfrfjDr ftyk dyDVj] uxjikfydk vk;qä] ftyk ifj"kn~ ds dk;Zikyd vf/kdkjh rFkk yksd miØeksa ds dk;Zdkjh ;k
çcU/k funs'kd :i esa dk;Z djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA
lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k
vkbZ-,-,l- vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lsok esa jgrs gq, 6-9 o"kZ] 10-16 o"kZ rFkk 17-20 o"kZ dh vof/k ij lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k Hkh fn,
tkrs gSaA ;s çf'k{k.k çk;% vYikof/k ds gksrs gSaA blh çdkj jkT; lsokvksa ls vkbZ-,-,l- esa inksUufr gksus okys vf/kdkjh
Hkh elwjh esa 5 lIrkg dk vkxeu çf'k{k.k çkIr djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu laLFkku Hkh 38 lIrkg dk ^,MokaLM
çksQs'kuy çksxzke bu ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku* çnku djrk gSA ;g laLFkku rFkk gSnjkckn dk xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku ,oa
ç'kklfud LVkQ dkWyst lfgr vusd laLFkk,¡ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij çf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe vk;ksftr djrs jgrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks çf'k{k.k
elwjh esa 16 lIrkg dk vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k çkIr djus ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok esa p;fur gq, mEehnokj ,d o"kZ
ds fy, gSnjkckn fLFkr ljnkj iVsy jk"Vªh; iqfyl vdkneh esa vkrs gSaA igys ;g vdkneh ekm.V vkcw ¼jktLFkku½ esa
dk;Zjr Fkh ysfdu vkikrdky ¼25 twu] 1975 ls 23 ekpZ] 1977½ ds nkSjku bls gSnjkckn esa LFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjrh;
iqfyl lsok ds mEehnokjksa vFkkZr~ çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks loZçFke laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-I esa 4 lIrkg rd Hkkjrh; n.M
fof/k] Hkkjrh; n.M çfØ;k] vijk/k'kkL=k] Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e rFkk lafo/kku dh lw{e tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA tSlk
fd visf{kr gS bu vf/kdkfj;ka rFkk lafo/kku dh lw{e tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA tSlk fd visf{kr gS bu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks
'kkjhfjd O;k;ke] fMªy rFkk gfFk;kj pykus ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsus dks dgk tkrk gSA laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-I ds i'pkr~
çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ,d o"kZ ds fy, iqfyl v/kh{kd] mik/kh{kd] o‘Ùk fujh{kd rFkk Fkkukf/kdkjh ds ikl yxk;k tkrk
gSA fofHkUu çdkj ds vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh tk¡p rFkk dk;kZy; çfØ;k,¡ le>us ds fy, O;ogkj esa ;s vf/kdkjh Fkkus esa
jgdj dk;Z lh[krs gSaA foLr‘r fooj.k lkj.kh esa n‘"VO; gSA
fofHkUu çdkj ds gfFk;kjksa dk çf'k{k.k fnykus ds fy, çf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks lhek lqj{kk cy ds bUnkSj fLFkj ^lsUVªy Ldwy QkWj
oSiUl ,.M VSfDVDl* esa 28 fnu j[kk tkrk gS tgk¡ leLr NksV&s cM+s gfFk;kj [kksyuk] lkQ djuk rFkk iqu% tksMu + k fl[kk;k
tkrk gSA VSfDVDl ¼O;wg jpuk½ ds vUrxZr uD'kk i<+uk] nfc'k nsuk] jkf=k fopj.k] [kkst rFkk ?kkr yxkuk bR;kfn fl[kk;k
tkrk gSA ?kqMl
+ okjh] mxz HkhM+ fu;a=k.k] vfXu 'keu] turk ls fe=kor~ O;ogkj] rSjkdh] ioZrkjksgh] QksVksxkz Qh] okgu pykuk]
vkradokn fu;a=k.k] egÙoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa dh lqj{kk] csrkj lapkj ç.kkyh rFkk lkEçnkf;d naxksa ls lEcfU?kr vko';d
çf'k{k.k çnku fd;k tkrk gSA O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ iqu% vdkneh esa laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-II 'kq: gksrk gSA ,d
fu/kkZfjr ijh{kk dks lHkh vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk mÙkh.kZ djuk vko';d gSA
188 yksd ç'kklu
Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds çf'k{kqvksa dk çf'k{k.k

Ø-la- fooj.k vof/k
1. vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k ¼elwjh½ 16 lIrkg
2. laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-1 41 lIrkg
3. dsUnzh; gfFk;kj rFkk VSfDVDl Ldwy 4 lIrkg
4. Fky lsuk ds lkFk çf'k{k.k 2 lIrkg
O;kogkfjd
5. iqfyl çf'k{k.k laLFkku rFkk xzkeh.k iqfyl Fkkuk 6 lIrkg
6. iqfyl v/kh{kd ds lkFk 8 lIrkg
7. lafpr fujh{kd ¼iqfyl ykbUl½ ds lkFk 1 lIrkg
8. lgk;d tu vfHk;kstd ds lkFk 1 lIrkg
9. ftyk iqfyl eq[;ky; esa 2 lIrkg
10. o‘Ùk fujh{kd@mik/kh{kd ds lkFk 2 lIrkg
11. l'kL=k iqfyl cy ds lkFk 1 lIrkg
12. iqfyl Fkkuk çHkkjh ¼LorU=k çHkkj½ 12 lIrkg
okilh
13. laLFkkxr çf'k{k.k Qst-II 12 lIrkg
lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k
lsok esa jgrs gq, mPp inksa dks /kkj.k djus dh {kerk rFkk ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lkeatL; cSBkus ds fy, Hkkjrh; iqfyl
lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy jk"Vªh; vdkneh] Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu laLFkku rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk
çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k esa eq[;r% ç'kklfud çfØ;k,¡] tu lEidZ] naxk fu;a=k.k] ekuokf/kdkj] mxz
vkUnksyu] çkd‘frd vkink,¡] rFkk çsl ls lEcU/k bR;kfn fo"k; lfEefyr jgrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çf'k{k.k
elwjh easa pkj ekg dk vk/kkjHkwr çf'k{k.k çkIr djus ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok ds çf'k{kq vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vUrZjk"Vªh;
v/;;u Ldwy] ubZ fnYyh esa pkj ekg dk fons'k uhfr] dk;Zç.kkyh] vUrjjk"Vªh; lEcU/k rFkk Hkk"kk ls lEcfU/kr ewyHkwr
tkudkjh djokus okyk çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA blds i'pkr~ fons'k ea=kky; esa N% ekg dk O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k rFkk lSfud
bdkbZ lEidZ ,oa Hkkjr Hkze.k djok;k tkrk gSA var esa çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk muds Hkk"kk;h {ks=k ds vk/kkj ij ,d o"kZ ds
vk/kkj ij ,d o"kZ ds fy, fons'kksa esa fLFkr mPpk;qä dk;kZy; ;k nwrkoklksa esa ifjoh{kk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
mi;qZä of.kZr lsokvksa ds çf'k{k.kksa ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh lsokvksa ds çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe Hkh lEcfU/kr çf'k{k.k dsUnzksa ij
vk;ksftr gksrs gSa&Hkkjrh; ys[kk rFkk ijh{k.k lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks f'keyk esa ,d o"kZ dk çf'k{k.k rFkk vk;dj lsok
ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ukxiqj esa 18 ekg dk çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok gsrq lu~ 1969 ls rFkk Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok gsrq lu~ 1986 ls lS.Mfop (Sandwich) çf'k{k.k dh
O;oLFkk gqbZ gSA lS.Mfop dk vFkZ gS&ß,slk çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe tks fdlh laxBu esa dk;Z djrs gq, çkIr fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~
f'k{k.k rFkk dk;kZuqHko lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaAÞ
Hkkjr esa çf'k{k.k dh dfe;k¡
Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k esa fn;k tk jgk çf'k{k.k fuLlansg çHkkoh rFkk fons'kksa ds led{k gS tcfd yksd lsokvksa dks fn;k tk
jgk ç'kkldh; rFkk rduhdh çf'k{k.k vusd U;wurkvksa ls xzLr gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gS&
1. çf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe esa ifjorZu cjlksa rd ugha gksrk gS tcfd ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ijEijkxr ikB~;Øe vçHkkoh
fl) gksrk gSA
2. dq'ky vkSj çfrc) çf'k{kdksa dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
çf'k{k.k 189
3. vf/kdka'k çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa O;k[;ku vk/kkfjr çf'k{k.k i)fr gh viukbZ tkrh gSA blesa Hkh ,d rjQk lapkj gksrk
jgrk gSA
4. çf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk ekgkSy jktuhfrd nk¡o&ispksa dk v[kkM+k cu tkrk gSA
5. vfHkçsj.kkvksa ds vHkko esa çf'k{kk.kkFkhZ :fp ugha ysrs gSaA
6. vusd çf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa fo'ks"kr% rduhdh fo"k; rFkk fuEu Lrjh; dkfeZdksa dks çf'k{k.k nsus okyksa esa vk/kkjHkwr
lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA blesa d{kk&d{k] [ksy&eSnku] çf'k{k.k lkexzh] iqLrdky;] dSUVhu] Nk=kkokl]
çf'k{kd rFkk ctV dk vHkko jgrk gSA
7. çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh çf'k{k.k vko';drkvksa dk v/;;u (T.N.A.) fd, fcuk çf'k{k.k cnLrwj tkjh jgrk gSA
8. çf'k{k.k esa fn, tkus okys Kku ¼fl)kUr½ dk O;ogkj esa çR;{kr% lEcU/k ugha jgrk gS vFkkZr~ i<+k;k dqN vkSj tkrk
gS tcfd ;FkkFkZ esa dqN vkSj feyrk gSA
9. çf'k{kdksa ds çf'k{k.k (T.O.T.) dh i;kZIr O;oLFkk ugha gS ftlls fd os mPp Lrjh; Kku ,oa dkS'ky ls ;qä gks
ldsAa
10. vf/kdka'k foHkkxksa dh lsokvksa esa fn, tk jgs çf'k{k.k esa tu lEidZ rFkk ekuo lEcU/k ij ;fRdafpr Hkh /;ku ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA bldk nq"ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd yksd lsod turk ds lkFk Lokeh&lk O;ogkj djrs gSaA
11. çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk vftZr Kku ,oa dkS'ky dk ewY;kadu djus dh le‘) ç.kkyh dk;Zjr ugha gSA
12. çf'k{k.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i çf'k{k.k uhfr dk vHkko gSA
13. vf/kdka'k dkfeZdksa ds fy, lsokdkyhu çf'k{k.k dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gSA
ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dh uwru vo/kkj.kk çf'k{k.k dks laxBukRed dk;Z dq'kyrk dk ey vk/kkj ekurh gSA vr% Hkkjrh;
yksd lsokvksa ds çf'k{k.k esa O;kIr bu U;wurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k uhfr cukbZ tk,A çf'k{k.k
dk;ksZa dks ,dhd‘r rFkk O;kogkfjd cukus ds fy, fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds çfrfuf/k;ksa dks ysdj dsUnzh; rFkk jkT; çf'k{k.k
vk;ksx dk xBu gks tks çf'k{k.k uhfr dh vuqikyuk lqfuf'pr djs D;ksfa d i;kZIr dq'ky rFkk O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k ds vHkko
esa jk"Vªh; fodkl çR;{kr% çHkkfor gksrk gSA
190 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&22
izksUufr@inksUufr
(Promotion)
fdlh fu;kstu ds i'pkr~ izksUufr ,d vR;ko';d rRo cu tkrk gS ftl ij fdlh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk ifj.kke
ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA [kkldj yksd iz'kklu ds varxZr dk;Zjr inkf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds chp lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls
iz'kklu dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, izkUs ufr lqfuf'pr gksuh pkfg, rkfd os n{krk] dq'kyrk] bZekunkjh vkSj fuiq.krk ds lkFk
dk;Z djsAa oLrqr% izkUs ufr iz'kklu dh og 'kq) izk.kok;q gS ftlds cnkSyr lai.w kZ iz'kklfud 'kjhj leqfpr lapkyu esa LoLFk
,oa lfØ; jg ikrk gS vkSj izksUufr izsj.kk òksr ds :i esa fu;kstu i;±r cuk, j[krk gSA
izkUs ufr dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ dk;Zjr Js.kh ls mPp Js.kh esa ifjofrZr dj inuke] osrueku] drZO; ,oa ftEesokjh dh vfHko‘f)
fd;k tkuk gSA izR;sd in ds osrueku esa okf"kZd osruo‘f) gksrh gS fdarq ;g izksUufr ughaA izksUufr ds fuEu rRo gksrs gSa%
1- dk;Zjr Js.kh ls mPp Js.kh esa Js.kh ifjorZuA
2- inuke ifjorZuA
3- osrueku esa ifjorZuA
4- drZO; ,oa ftEesokjh esa vfHko‘f)A
izlaxkuq:i fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa }kjk izksUufr dks fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS%
izksUufr ,d O;kid 'kCncks/k gSA ewyr% ;g dk;Zjr in Js.kh ls mPp in ,oa Js.kh esa ifjorZu gS tgka dk;Z esa Hkh ifjorZu
gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds ifjofrZr dk;Z esa ftEesnkjh vf/kd gks tkrh gS rFkk inuke esa Hkh ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA izksUur
in ij tckonsgh ,oa Lora=k fu.kZ; ysuk Hkh lfEefyr gksrk gSA
izkSUufr@inkséfr ls vfHkizk;
(Meaning of the Promotion)
;g ckr HkyhHkkafr le> ysuh pkfg, fd inkséfr ls rkRi;Z deZpkjh ds osru dh okf"kZd o‘f) ls ugha gSA izR;sd ljdkjh
ukSdjh esa fuf'pr osru Øe (Pay scale) jgrk gSA mlesa deZpkjh ds osru esa okf"kZd o‘f) gksrh jgrh gSA bl osru o‘f)
dks gh in o‘f) vFkok inkséfr ugha ekuk tkrkA inkséfr ls vk'k; gS deZpkjh dh in lEcU/kh izfLFkfr (Status) esa o‘f)
djuk rFkk mls vf/kd cM+s ,oa dfBurj nkf;Ro lkSaiukA
inkséfr ls rkRi;Z gS fd ,d fuEu Js.kh ls mPp Js.kh ds in ij mér gksuk vkSj mlds lkFk&gh&lkFk drZO;ksa o
mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksukA ^drZO;ksa rFkk mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa ifjorZu gksuk inkséfr izfØ;k dk ,d vfuok;Z y{k.k
gSA
àkbV us inkséfr dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gS% Þinkséfr dk vFkZ gS ,d in ls fdlh nwljs ,sls in ij fu;qfä] tks mPprj
Js.kh dk gS rFkk ftlesa dfBurj izÑfr ,oa vf/kd cM+s mÙkjnkf;Ro dk dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA blesa in dk uke cny
tkrk gS rFkk izk;% osru esa o‘f) gks tkrh gSA fofy;e th VkWihZ ds vuqlkj] Þinkséfr inkf/kdkjh ds ,d in ls ,sls nwljs
in ij igqapus dh vksj ladsr djrh gS] tks mPprj Js.kh ;k mPprj U;wure osru okyk gksrk gSA inkséfr dk vfHkizk;
izkUs ufr@inksUufr 191
gS deZpkjh ds drZO;ksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa o‘f) dj nsukA

inkséfr rFkk osru o‘f) ds vUrj dks foyksch us bu 'kCnksa }kjk Li"V fd;k gS] Þosru o‘f) dk vFkZ dsoy ;g gS fd deZpkjh
ds orZeku in vFkok mlds dk;Z dh izÑfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;s fcuk mlds osru esa o‘f) dj nh x;h gSA inkséfr dk
vFkZ ;g gS fd deZpkjh dks fuEu Lrj ds in ls mPp Lrj ds in ij fu;qä dj fn;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn
,d izoäk dks fdlh dkWyst esa foHkkxk/;{k fu;qä fd;k tkrk gS rks bls inkséfr dgk tk,xk D;ksafd ,d izoäk mPprj
Js.kh ds in ij igqap x;k gS vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk] mlds drZO;ksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gks x;kA ;fn foHkkxkè;{k
dks dkWyst ds izkpk;Z ds in ij fu;qä fd;k tk;s rks bls inkséfr dgk tk;sxkA tc ,d deZpkjh dh inkséfr gksrh gS
rks mlds ifj.kkeLo:i mlds osru esa Hkh o‘f) gksrh gSA ijUrq dsoy osru esa o‘f) gksuk gh inkséfr ugha gSA osru esa o‘f)
gksuk rks inkséfr dk ,d lgk;d vax gS] inkséfr dk okLrfod vFkok eq[; vax gS deZpkjh dh in fLFkfr (Class Status)
ftlds dkj.k fd mlds drZO; o mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
inkséfr izk;% foHkkxh; (Departmental) gksrh gSA bldk vk'k; gS fd ,d foHkkx esa mPp in fjä gksus ij mldh iwfrZ
izk;% ml foHkkx ds fuEu Lrjh; deZpkfj;ksa esa ls gh dh tkrh gS] Hkys gh vU; foHkkxksa esa muls vf/kd vuqHkoh vkSj ;ksX;
deZpkjh bl dk;Z ds fy, miyC/k gksaA bl O;oLFkk dk leFkZu izk;% nks dkj.kksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA igyk dkj.k ;g gS
fd foHkkx esa ckgj dk deZpkjh ykus ls foHkkxh; deZpkjh ;g le>rs gSa fd méfr dk }kj cUn gks x;k gSA blls muesa
vlUrks"k vkSj fujk'kk dh Hkkouk mRié gksrh gSA bldk nwljk dkj.k ;g gS fd foHkkxh; deZpkjh vius foHkkx ds dk;ks±
dks ftruh vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSa vkSj dq'kyrkiwod Z dj ldrs gSa mruk nwljs foHkkx ds deZpkjh ugha dj ldrs gSAa fdUrq
bl O;oLFkk esa ,d cM+k nks"k ;g gS fd lc yksd lsodksa dks inkséfr ds leku volj ugha feyrs gSaA
bl izdkj ,d lsok ls nwljh lsok esa inkséfr lkekU; :i ls ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] iqfyl foHkkx dh lsok esa dk;Z
djus okys O;fä dh inkséfr f'k{kk vFkok LokLF; lsok foHkkx esa ugha gks ldrh gSA
inksUufr@izksUufr dk egRo
1- izksUufr dk;Zdq'kyrk dk izsjd rRo gS vU;Fkk vdq'ky vkSj v{ke O;oLFkk iuisxhA
2- izksUufr O;fDr;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k gsrq vko';d gS vU;Fkk O;fDrxr iz'kklu ds izfr >qdko vkSj iyk;u dh
laHkkouk c<+sxhA
3- izksUufr vUr%izsj.kk vkSj izfrHkk tkxzr djus dk lqvolj gS vU;Fkk og dqafBr gksdj jkT;] ns'k vkSj jk"Vª ds fy,
mi;ksxh vkSj lkFkZd ugha gksxkA
4- fu;kstdksa dks vuqHkoh deZpkfj;ksa dk ykHk feysxk vU;Fkk pys tkus dh ck/;rk mRiUu gksxhA
5- izksUufr ls deZpkfj;ksa esa eukscy] larq"Vrk vkSj uSfrd fodkl c<+rk gS vU;Fkk buds Ðkl gksus ij fofo/k dk;Znks"k
mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk c<+rh gSA
inksUufr@izksUufr dh fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ka

(Different Methods of Promotion)
1- ojh;rk Øe ls izksUufr (Promotion by Seniority)
2- ;ksX;rk }kjk izksUufr iz.kkyh (Promotion by Merit)
3- lsok dq'kyrk vk/kkfjr izksUufr (Service-efficiency Rating)
ojh;rk Øe ls izksUufr@inksUufr
(Promotionly Seniority)
ojh;rk Øe ls izksUufr iz.kkyh vR;ar gh lqyHk ekuh tkrh gS tks LopØpkfyr fu"i{k fl)kar ds :i esa dk;kZfUor gksrh
gSA blds varxZr lsok Üka‘[kyk esa fdlh mPp in ij izkUs ufr nsus ds fy, ojh;rk ds vk/kkj ij Øeokj ojh;rk dks izkUs ufr
192 yksd ç'kklu
ns nh tkrh gSA ;g ,d vR;ar gh ljy vkSj lqxe ek/;e gS tgka fdlh gsjkQsjh dh laHkkouk ugha jgrh gSA izR;sd O;fDr
tkurk gS fd veqd vofèk ds varxZr vewd O;fDr ds ckn mls ojh;rk Øe esa izksUufr ns fn;k tk,xkA bl fl)kar ds
i{k/kjksa dk fuEu rdZ gS%
ykHk
(Merits)
1- ojh;rk vk/kkfjr ;g LopØpkfyr iz.kkyh gSA
2- izksUufr fuf'pr gksus ds dkj.k lsok iyk;u ugha gksrk gSA
3- ;g fu"i{k vkSj rVLFk izfØ;k dk |ksrd gSA
4- foHkkx dks vuqHkoh vkSj dq'ky iz'kkld fey tkrs gSaA
5- lqfuf'pr izksUufr dh izR;k'kk esa Åapk eukscy cuk jgrk gSA
6- fu/kkZfjr dky vof/k ds varxZr lqfuf'pr izksUufr ds dkj.k dk;Zdq'kyrk vkSj larqf"V fojkteku gSA
gkfu
(Demerits)
1- ojh;rk Øe esa izksUur gksus okys O;fDr dk ;ksX; ,oa dq'ky gksuk vko';d ughaA
2- mPp in la[;k de gksus dh fLFkfr esa lHkh fuEuLFk ds fy, izksUufr lqfuf'pr ughaA
3- vLoLFk iz'kklfud <kapk cuus dh laHkkouk jgrh gS tc v;ksX; O;fDr ojh;rk ds vk/kkj ij izksUur gksaxsA
4- vdeZ.;rk ,oa vdq'kyrk dh o‘f) gksrh gS tgka izksUufr ,d fu/kkZfjr dkykof/k esa lqfuf'pr gks tk,A
5- izfrLi/kkZ ds ugha gksus ls ekuoh; fodkl xq.k vkSj {kerk u"V gks tkrs gSaA
6- vf/kdrj foHkkxksa esa ,d fu/kkZfjr izfr'kr izksUufr }kjk rFkk vo'ks"k izR;{k uofu;qDr }kjk gksus ds dkj.k lcdh
izksUufr laHko ugha gks ikrh ftlls ojh; deZpkfj;ksa ds chp vlarks"k O;kIr gksrk gSA
7- l{ke O;fDr Hkh izksUur gksus dh izR;k'kk esa v{ke cu tkrs gSa fd le; vkus ij mUgsa Hkh izksUufr feysxhA
8- izR;{k fu;qfDr gsrq ifjJe vkSj izfrLi/kkZ ls ?kcjkus okys bl fl)kar ds izeq[k i{k/kj gksrs gSa tks HkkX;oknh cudj
jke Hkjksls izksUufr ij fuHkZj jgdj thou fcrkus dh lksprs gSA
;ksX;rk dk fl)kUr
(Principle of Merit)
T;s"Brk dh rqyuk esa inksUufr dk nwljk fl)kUr ;ksX;rk dk fl)kUr gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj deZpkfj;ksa dks mudh
;ksX;rk rFkk izkfIr;ksa (Achievements) ds vk/kkj ij inksUur djuk pkfg,A ;ksX;rk dk vfHkizk;% ,d deZpkjh dh f'k{kk]
ekufld fLFkfr] O;fDrRo] vkpj.k rFkk usr‘Ro djus dh {kerk ls gSA fdUrq iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd deZpkjh dh ;ksX;rk
fdl izdkj ns[kh tk,A lk/kkj.kr;k ;ksX;rk dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- foHkkxh; v/;{k }kjk fu.kZ; (Personal Judgement of the Head of Department)
2- inksUufr ijh{kkA
3- lsok vadu (Service Rating)
1- foHkkxh; v/;{k }kjk fu.kZ; (Personal Judgement of the Head of Department): bl fof/k ds vuqlkj
deZpkjh dh ;ksX;rk dh tkap ds lEcU/k esa fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr foHkkxh; v/;{k dks lkSai nsuh pkfg,A bl èkkj.kk
dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd foHkkxh; v/;{k ds v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ls vf/kd&ls&vf/kd lEidZ jgrk gS ftlds dkj.k og
mudh ;ksX;rk] uSfrdrk] lkgl] pfj=k] dÙkZO;ijk;.krk dk;Z djus dh {kerk vkfn ds ckjs esa Hkyh&HkkfUr tku
ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr D;ksafd foHkkxh; v/;{k dk deZpkjh ds lkFk izR;{k lEidZ gksrk gS] blfy, mUgsa bl
ckr dk iw.kZ Kku gksrk gS fd deZpkjh dks vuq'kklu lEcU/kh psrkouh fdruh ckj fey pqdh gS vFkok mls fdruh
ckj n.M fn;k tk pqdk gSA bl fl)kUr dk lcls cM+k xq.k ;g gS fd ;g vR;Ur ljy fof/k gSA blds }kjk mPp
vf/kdkjh vius v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ij fu;U=k.k j[k ldrs gSaA bl iz.kkyh ds v/khu deZpkfj;ksa dks inksUufr nsus esa
de le; yxrk gS vkSj fu.kZ; 'kh?kz gks tkrk gSA
ijUrq bl iz.kkyh ds dqN nks"k Hkh gSa&
(i) ;g fl)kUr NksVs laxBuksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tgka ij foHkkxh; v/;{k dk vius v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ls izR;{k
:i esa lEidZ gksrk gSA ijUrq cM+s laxBuksa ds fy, ;g mi;ksxh ugha gSA cM+s laxBuksa vFkok yksd iz'kklu tSls
O;kid laxBuksa esa ;g lEHko ugha gS fd foHkkxh; v/;{k foHkkx ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir dj
ldsA ,d rks deZpkfj;ksa dh bruh la[;k gksrh gS fd ,d O;fDr ds fy, lHkh dks tkuuk dfBu gh ugha cfYd
vlEHko gSA nwljs lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk rFkk vU; ;ksX;rkvksa dk ,d O;fDr }kjk lgh izdkj ls
ewY;kadu djuk ljy ugha gSA
(ii) nwljs ;g iz.kkyh cgqr gh vkReijd (Subjective) gS rFkk blesa i{kikr rFkk O;fDrxr ilUn vFkok ukilUn
vkfn =kqfV;ka ikbZ tkrh gSAa bl iz.kkyh esa deZpkjh ds lEcU/k esa foHkkxh; v/;{k dh ekU;rk,a O;fDrxr lEcUèkksa
,oa lEidZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd ;ksX; deZpkjh tks vkRelEeku ds dkj.k vuqfpr
<ax ls vius mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dh pkiywlh ugha djrs] os lnSo ihNs jg tkrs gSa vkSj vuqfpr <ax ls [kq'kken
djus okys deZpkjh vkxs c<+ tkrs gSaA foHkkxh; v/;{k [kq'kkenh deZpkfj;ksa dh =kqfV;ksa dh vksj /;ku ugha nsrs
cfYd mudh j{kk djrs gSa ijUrq nwljs deZpkfj;ksa dh NksVh&NksVh Hkwyksa ij n.M ugha nsrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr
bl iz.kkyh esa jktuhfrd o vU; izHkkoksa dk Hkh izHkko gksrk gSA
nks"kksa dks nwj dSls fd;k tk,\ (How to remove these Defects?): bl fl)kUr esa fo|eku nks"kksa dks nwj djus
ds fy, dqN lq>ko bl izdkj fn, tkrs gSa&
(i) es;j (Mayers) ds vuqlkj inksUufr dk iz'u foHkkxh; v/;{k ds O;fDrxr fu.kZ; ds LFkku ij ,d fuf'pr
foHkkxh; inksUufr cksMZ (Departmental Promotion Board) }kjk djuk pkfg,A mlds 'kCnksa esa] izR;sd lsok]
C;wjks ;k vU; laxBu dh bdkbZ esa iz'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ,d lfefr gksuh pkfg, ftl inksUufr ls
lEcfUèkr lHkh flQkj'ksa djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksuk pkfg,A bl lfefr dks inksUur gksus okys lHkh deZpkfj;ksa
ds pfj=k] dk;Z{kerk] inksUufr dh ;ksX;rk,a vkfn ds lEcU/k esa iw.kZ lwpuk iznku djus dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
(ii) ;fn dksbZ deZpkjh bl cksMZ ds fu.kZ; ls larq"V u gks rks mls vihy djus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A bl cksMZ
esa foHkkx ds eq[; vf/kdkjh lfEefyr fd, tkus pkfg,A ,sls vf/kdkfj;ksa dks cksMZ esa euksuhr djrs le; mudh
T;s"Brk rFkk vU; dk;ks± ,oa ;ksX;rkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A pkgs foyksch (Willoughby) bl lq>ko ls
lger ugha gSa ijUrq bl iz.kkyh esa dbZ mi;ksxh ckrsa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ml esa dkQh lhek rd jktuhfrd rFkk
vU; izHkkoksa ls eqfDr ikbZ tk ldrh gSA
blfy, bl i)fr dks cgqr ls ns'kksa esa viuk;k x;k gS rFkk inksUufr ds fy, ,sls cksMks± dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS tks
bl ds lEcU/k esa foHkkxh; v/;{k dks ijke'kZ nsrs gSaA blfy, Hkkjr esa dsUnz rFkk jkT; Lrj ij mPp inksa ds fy,
inksUufr;ka yksd lsok&vk;ksxksa ds ijke'kZ ls dh tkrh gSaA
2- inksUufr ijh{kk (Promotion Examination): deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dh tkap djus ds fy, ijh{kk dks mi;ksxh
ekuk tkrk gSA HkrhZ djrs le; rks bls ,d egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku ds :i esa viuk;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj deZpkfj;ksa
dh ;ksX;rk ,oa dk;Z&{kerk dh tkap djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bls oLrqvkRed fof/k le>k
tkrk gSA inksUufr ls lEcfU/kr ijh{kk,a rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa&
(i) [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk (Open Competition): [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkkx ys ldrk gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] tc inksUufr dh ijh{kk esa foHkkxh; deZpkfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkkx ys ldrk gks
194 yksd ç'kklu
rks mls [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk dgrs gSaA blds fy, ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ijh{kk esa dsoy foHkkx ds
deZpkjh gh Hkkx ysaA bl i)fr ds i{k esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd (i) bl ds }kjk mPp inksa ds fy, pquko djus
dk {ks=k O;kid cu tkrk gS vkSj orZeku deZpkfj;ksa dk fgr Hkh fof{kIr ugha gksrkA mUgsa ;ksX; O;fDr ds vèkhu
dke djus dk volj feyrk gSA (ii) bl i)fr ds vUrxZr u, jDr ds lsokvksa esa izo's k djus ds dkj.k muds
izxfr'khy fopkjksa dk orZeku deZpkfj;ksa rFkk iz'kklu ij izHkko iM+rk gSA (iii) bu ykHkksa ds vfrfjDr bl
i)fr dk ,d fo'ks"k ykHk ;g Hkh gS fd [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk }kjk orZeku deZpkfj;ksa dks viuh ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa
ekufld {ks=k O;kid cukus dk volj feyrk gSA
ijUrq bl iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk bl vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS fd blds }kjk orZeku deZpkfj;ksa ds eukscy ij
nq"V izHkko iM+rk gS D;ksafd ckgj ls u, deZpkfj;ksa dks iqjkus deZpkfj;ksa ds mPp inksa ij fu;qDr fd, tkus
ls iqjkus deZpkfj;ksa esa ?k‘.kk rFkk }s"k dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
(ii) lhfer izfr;ksfxrk (Limited Competition): bl iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr dsoy mu deZpkfj;ksa dks izfr;ksfxrk
ijh{kk esa cSBus dh vuqefr gksrh gS tks igys gh lsok esa gksrs gSAa bl iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj ckgj ls fdlh Hkh O;fDr
dks inksUufr dk volj iznku ugha fd;k tkrkA bl iz.kkyh dk Hkkjr esa fuEu inksa ds fy, inksUur djus ds
fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dsUnzh; ljdkj bl dk iz;ksx lSDlu vf/kdkjh] lgk;d vkfn ds inksa ds fy,
inksUufr djus ds fy, bl fof/k dk iz;ksx djrh gSA bl iz.kkyh ls deZpkjh izlUu jgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g muds
fgrksa ds vuqdwy gS rFkk bl ls mUgsa bl ckr dk lUrks"k jgrk gS fd inksUufr mUgha esa ls dh tk,xhA ijUrq
;g fl)kUr lkoZtfud rFkk ;ksX;rk lEcU/kh fl)kUrksa ds fo:) gSA
(iii) mÙkh.kZ ijh{kk,a (Pass Examinations): inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa rhljh izdkj dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ ijh{kk,a gSaA
blds vUrxZr deZpkjh dks dsoy ijh{kk esa ikl gksuk gksrk gS rFkk blds }kjk og viuh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp;
nsrk gSA ijh{kk esa ikl gksus okys deZpkfj;ksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dj yh tkrh gS vkSj tc inksUufr ds fy,
dksbZ fjDr LFkku gksrk gS rks bl lwph ds izR;kf'k;ksa esa ls Øekuqlkj deZpkfj;ksa dks inksUur fd;k tkrk gSA
bl i)fr dk vf/kdka'k iz;ksx fyfid rFkk Typist vkfn Jsf.k;ksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
mijksDr ijh{kkvksa ds lEcU/k esa ,d ckr Lej.kh; gS fd dqN ijh{kk,a lUn'kZu (Interview) lfgr gksrh gSa vkSj dqN
lUn'kZu jfgr gksrh gSaA izk;% yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk lapkfyr lHkh ijh{kk,a lUn'kZu lfgr gksrh gSa vkSj mÙkh.kZ
ijh{kk,a tks fuEu inksa dh inksUufr ds fy, dh tkrh gSa] lUn'kZu jfgr gksrh gSaA
vkykspuk (Criticism): pkgs inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa ijh{kkvksa dks vf/kd mi;ksxh ekuk tkrk gS rFkk buesa fdlh izdkj
dh gkfu gksus dh lEHkkouk ugha gksrh gS ijUrq fQj Hkh budh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS rFkk buds fo:) fuEufyf[kr
rdZ fn, tkrs gSa&
(i) ijh{kk }kjk fdlh deZpkjh ds O;fDrRo dh iw.kZ tkap ugha dh tk ldrhA
(ii) ijh{kk ,d ,slh iz.kkyh gS ftlesa dsoy fo'ks"k rF;ksa dks jVdj izR;k'kh ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ gks ldrk gSA blls
mlds okLrfod Kku rFkk xq.kksa dk irk ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA
(iii) ijh{kk iz.kkyh iw.kZr% U;k;iw.kZ ughaA blds }kjk nh?kZ vk;q deZpkfj;ksa dks uo;qod izR;kf'k;ksa ls eqdkcyk djuk
iM+rk gS tks vuqfpr gS D;ksafd nh?kZ vk;q okys deZpkjh uo;qodksa dh HkkfUr fo"k;&oLrq rFkk vkadM+ksa dks u
rks ;kn dj ldrs gSa vkSj u gh vf/kd le; rd ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA
(iv) iz'kklu esa mPp inksa ds fy, usr‘Ro iznku djus dh ;ksX;rk] fujh{k.k ,oa fu;U=k.k djus dh {kerk vkfn mPp
xq.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftudh tkap ijh{kkvksa }kjk ugha dh tk ldrhA
(v) cgqr ls ns'kksa esa ijh{kk dh iz.kkyh dks inksUufr dk vk/kkj ugha ekuk tkrk( tSls baXySaM] Ýkal rFkk Hkkjr esa
inksUufr ds fy, foHkkxh; ijh{kkvksa dks cgqr de egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA
bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls ijh{kk i)fr dks ;ksX;rk fu/kkZj.k djus dh yksdfiz; fof/k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA
3- lsok vfHkys[k vFkok dk;Zdq'kyrk dk eki (Service Record or Efficiency Rating): deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dks
vf/kd fo"k;xr (Objective) :i esa fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ,d vkSj i)fr lsok&vfHkys[k j[kuk vFkok dk;Zdq'kyrk
dk eki djuk gSA bl i)fr ds vuqlkj izR;sd deZpkjh dh lsok dk vfHkys[k j[kk tkrk gS vkSj mlh ds fooj.k
ds vk/kkj ij lsok ds mPp inkf/kdkjh vius v/khu deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk dk irk yxkrs gSaA tc deZpkfj;ksa
dh inksUufr dk iz'u mRiUu gksrk gS rks muds lsok vfHkys[k dks ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj ftl deZpkjh dk vfHkys[k vPNk
gks] mls inksUur dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl lsok vfHkys[k ds fooj.k esa deZpkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks
fy[kk tkrk gS&
(i) deZpkfj;ksa dks 'kk[kk rFkk foHkkx ds lEcU/k esa KkuA
(ii) deZpkjh dk O;fDrRo ,oa pfj=kA
(iii) deZpkjh dh foosd 'kfDrA
(iv) deZpkjh dh mÙkjnkf;Ro xzg.k djus dh {kerkA
(v) deZpkjh esa Lo;a izsj.kk (Initiative)A
(vi) deZpkjh dh ifj'kq)rk (Accuracy)A
(vii) deZpkjh dh ckrphr djus dk <ax rFkk O;ogkj dkS'kyA
(viii) deZpkjh dh i;Zos{k.k djus dh {kerkA
(ix) deZpkjh dk mRlkgA
(x) deZpkjh ds fo"k; esa ;g fy[k fn;k tkrk gS fd og vkSlr ls Åij gS ;k uhps ;k vkSlr ij gSA
(xi) deZpkjh vlk/kkj.k :i ls inksUufr ds ;ksX; gS ;k ughaA
lsok vfHkys[k dh leh{kk djrs le; mPp vf/kdkjh vius v/khu deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk ds lEcU/k esa ikap izdkj
ds fo'ks"k.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa& 1- mRÑ"V (Outstanding), 2- cgqr Js"B (Very Good), 3- lUrks"ktud (Satisfac-
tory), 4- mnklhu (Indifferent) rFkk 5- fuÑ"V (Poor)A
dk;Z&dq'kyrk ekius dh izeq[k fof/k;ka
(Different Methods of Efficiency Rating)
dk;Z&dq'kyrk dks ekius ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&
1- mRiknu vfHkys[k (Production Record): bl i)fr ds }kjk deZpkjh ds dk;Z vFkok mRiknu dks ekik tkrk gS
vkSj mldh lgk;rk ls deZpkjh dh dk;Z{kerk ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gS ftlds vk/kkj ij deZpkjh
dks inksUufr nh tkrh gSA ijUrq bl i)fr dk iz;ksx dsoy eqnzys[kd (Typist), vk'kqfyfid (Stenographer), Qkby
DydZ] ys[kkdkj vkfn ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftuds dk;ks± vFkok mRiknu dk eki fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
i)fr dks mPp Lrj ds iz'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
2- fcUnqjs[kh; nj ekinku iz.kkyh (The Graphic Rating Scale System): bl iz.kkyh dks 1935 esa vesfjdk esa la?kh;
ljdkj }kjk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA bl jhfr vuqlkj ,d izi=k ij deZpkjh dh ;ksX;rk ds lEcU/k esa cgqr&lh ckrsa
fy[k nh tkrh gSaA deZpkjh ds dk;Z dks ns[krs gq, ekid vf/kdkjh mldh cgqr lh ckrksa ij fpUg yxk nsrk gSA ;fn
mu fpUg yxh gqbZ ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij deZpkjh dh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; feyrk gS rks mls inksUur dj fn;k tkrk
gSA bl iz.kkyh ds v/khu tks izi=k eki vf/kdkjh j[krk gS] mlesa deZpkjh ds lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk mYys[k
gksrk gS&
(i) deZpkjh dh ifj'kq)rk (Accuracy),
(ii) ijk;.krk (Reliability),
(iii) dk;Z dh LoPNrk ,oa Øec)rk (Neatness and orderliness),
196 yksd ç'kklu
(iv) dk;Z{kerk dh xfr (Speed),

(v) ifjp;'khyrk ,oa dÙkZO;&fu"Brk (Industry and Diligence),
(vi) dk;Z dk Kku (Knowledge of Work),
(vii) foosd 'kfDr rFkk vuqHko ls ykHk mBkus dh {kerk (Judgement and the Ability to get benefit from
Experience),
(viii) fou;'khyrk]
(ix) O;ogkj dq'kyrk]
(x) lEeku izkIr djus dh ;ksX;rk]
(xi) Hkkoukvksa ij fu;U=k.k]
(xii) uohu fopkjksa ds xzg.k djus dh {kerk]
(xiii) izcU/kdksa dh vkKk ikyu dh {kerk (Initiative),
(xiv) dk;Z dks vkjEHk djus dh {kerk]
(xv) dk;Z dk fu"iknu (Execution),
(xvi) laxBu djus dh ;ksX;rk (Organizing Ability),
(xvii) fu;kstu dh {kerk (Planning Ability),
(xviii) fu.kZ;kRed 'kfDr]
(xix) vkRe&fu;U=k.k]
(xx) deZpkfj;ksa ds O;fDrRo esa fodkl djus dh ;ksX;rk vkfnA
eki vf/kdkjh izi=k esa vafdr dh xbZ mDr ckrksa dk /;ku j[krk gS rFkk ;g ns[krk gS fd deZpkjh esa bu ckrksa esa
ls fdruh ckrsa fo|eku gSaA bu ckrksa dks vk/kkj eku dj og deZpkjh dks vad iznku djrk gS rFkk vadksa ds vkèkkj
ij deZpkjh ds xq.kksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA bl ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij deZpkjh dks inksUufr nh tkrh gSA
3- O;fDrRo rkfydk i)fr (Personality Inventory System): ;g iz.kkyh mijksDr iz.kkyh ls mYV gSA blds eq[;
izoDrk lsUViky flfoy lsok C;wjks ds HkwriwoZ eq[; ijh{kd Jh ts0 ch0 izkscLV (J.B. Probst) Fks ftUgksaus bls 1927
esa iz;ksx fd;kA bl iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr eki vf/kdkjh deZpkjh ds voxq.kksa dk ,d izi=k cuk ysrk gS rFkk fQj ml
izi=k esa vafdr fd, x, voxq.kksa esa ls mu xq.kksa ij fu'kku yxk nsrk gS tks inksUufr ds fy, izR;k'kh deZpkjh esa
ik, tkrs gksaA bl lwph esa izk;% fuEufyf[kr voxq.k lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSa&
(i) vkylh]
(ii) dk;Z djus esa lqLrh]
(iii) rst+ rFkk lfØ; (Quick and Active),
(iv) 'kkjhfjd nks"k okyk dk;Z]
(v) ekewyh 'kkjhfjd nks"k (Minor Physical Defect),
(vi) xEHkhj 'kkjhfjd nks"k (Serious Physical Defect),
(vii) mnklhu vFkok dk;Z esa #fp u ysus okyk (Indifferent not Interested),
(viii) LokfHkekuh (Too much Self-importance),
(ix) vf/kd Li"Voknh (Too Blunk or Outspoken),
(x) oxZ ds :i esa vPNk dk;Z djus okyk vFkok vPNk dk;Z djus okyk ugha (Good Team Worker or not a Good
Team Worker),
(xi) vkykspuk ij Øksf/kr gksus okyk (Resents Criticism),

(xii) izk;% vf/kd fopkj'khy jgus okyk]
(xiii) vO;kogkfjd]
(xiv) vlkekU; :i esa fou;'khy (Unusually Courteous),
(xv) vlarq"V jgus okyk (Often Dissatisfied),
(xvi) foosdghu fu.kZ; ysus okyk (Uses Poor Judgement),
(xvii) fpM+fpM+s LoHkko okyk (Often Grumbling) vkfnA
eki vf/kdkjh mDr ckrksa esa ls mu ckrksa dks NkaV ysrk gS tks inksUufr ds fy, izR;k'kh deZpkjh esa ikbZ tkrh gksaA fQj
muds vk/kkj ij deZpkjh dh ;ksX;rk dk ewY;kadu djrk gSA
bl iz.kkyh dks pkgs dkQh lhek rd fo"k;xr ekuk tkrk gS rFkk bl }kjk ijh{kk iz.kkyh ds nks"kksa dks Hkh nwj fd;k tk
ldrk gS] ijUrq bl i)fr dk lcls cM+k nks"k ;g gS fd blesa izR;k'kh dh ;ksX;rk dk ewY;kadu eki vf/kdkjh dh bPNk
rFkk ewY;kadu djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ,slh n'kk esa vko';d gS fd eki vf/kdkjh cM+h lko/kkuh ls inksUufr
ds izR;k'kh deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dk ewY;kadu djs rFkk tgka rd lEHko gks] vius O;fDrxr Hkkoksa dk iz;ksx u djsA
dk;Zdq'kyrk eki i)fr ds lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn, tk ldrs gSa&
1- ekid vf/kdkjh ;ksX; gksuk pkfg, rFkk mldk izf'k{k.k vo'; gksA
2- mls deZpkfj;ksa ds xq.kksa rFkk voxq.kksa dk ewY;kadu djus esa prqj gksuk pkfg,A
3- ;fn deZpkjh ds xq.k dk ewY;kadu djus esa dksbZ =kqfV jg tk, ;k izR;k'kh deZpkjh ewY;kadu ls lUrq"V u gks rks
mls ekid vf/kdkjh ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) vihy djus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A
4- dk;Zd'q kyrk vfHkys[kksa dks gh inksUufr dk ,d ekxZ ugha cukuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr vU; i)fr;ksa dks Hkh iz;ksx
esa ykuk pkfg,A
lHkh ns'kksa esa inksUufr bu fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA
inksUufr dh fo'ks"krk,a
(Essentials of Promotion System)
Jh foyksch (Willoughby) us vPNh inksUufr iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk fooj.k bl izdkj fn;k gS&
1- ljdkj ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds dÙkZO; rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dks fuf'pr djukA
2- inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds pfj=k rFkk mudh fLFkfr tks mUgsa ljdkjh lsok esa gksus ds dkj.k feyh gks] dk oxhZdj.k djukA
3- lHkh lsokvksa esa inksa dk mudh lkekU; izo‘fÙk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k djuk rFkk bu lsokvksa ds lHkh inksa dks
inlksiku ds fl)kUr ij laxfBr djukA
4- jktuhfrd izÑfr ds inksa dks NksM+dj lHkh mPp iz'kkldh; inksa dks bl oxhZdj.k esa lfEefyr djukA
5- tgka rd lEHko gks lds mPp inksa ij fu;qfDr;ka djus ds fy, Hkhrj ls gh HkrhZ ds fl)kUr dks viukukA
6- deZpkfj;ksa dh inksUufr esa ;ksX;rk ds fl)kUr gks viukukA
7- inksUufr djus ds fy, fofHkUu deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, lk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk djukA
Hkkjr esa inksUufr iz.kkyh

(Promotion System in India)
Hkkjr dh izFke Js.kh dh lsokvksa esa 55% deZpkfj;ksa dks izR;{k HkrhZ }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k inksa dh iwfrZ inksUufr
}kjk dh tkrh gSA izR;{k HkrhZ rFkk inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh O;oLFkk fHkUu&fHkUu gS rFkk bu nksuksa ds
198 yksd ç'kklu
vuqikr esa Hkh vUrj ik;k tkrk gSA lcls de inksUufr }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkus okys inksa dh la[;k fons'k lsok dh 'kk[kk
esa gSA buesa dsoy 10% inksa ij gh ^ch* Js.kh okys vf/kdkfj;ksa dks inksUur fd;k tkrk gSA inksUufr }kjk Hkjs tkus okys
inksa dh lcls vf/kd la[;k dsUnzh; lfpoky; esa gS tgka izR;{k HkrhZ }kjk fu;qfDr ugha dh tkrhA
nwljh Js.kh ds jktif=kr (Gazetted) deZpkfj;ksa esa yxHkx 65% inksa dh HkrhZ r‘rh; Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dh inksUufr }kjk
dh tkrh gSA bl Js.kh esa oSKkfud] fpfdRlk rFkk bathfu;fjax lsokvksa dh HkrhZ izk;% izR;{k :i ls gksrh gSA nwljh Js.kh
dh vjktif=kr lsokvksa esa yxHkx 78% deZpkfj;ksa dh izR;{k HkrhZ dh tkrh gSA
r‘rh; Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa esa foHkkxksa ds vUrxZr gh inksUufr gks tkrh gSA bl Js.kh esa mPp osru Je ds izk;% lHkh LFkku
inksUufr }kjk Hkjs tkrs gSaA
prqFkZ Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ izR;{k :i ls dh tkrh gS rFkk jsyos vkSj Mkd ,oa rkj foHkkxksa ds vfrfjDr fdlh
vkSj foHkkx esa prqFkZ Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dks mUur djds r‘rh; Js.kh esa ugha fy;k tkrkA dsoy Mkd rkj foHkkx esa r‘rh;
Js.kh ds 40% in rFkk jsyos ds foHkkx esa r‘rh; Js.kh ds 10% in prqFkZ Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dks mUur djds Hkjs tkrs gSaA
vc nwljs foHkkxksa esa Hkh fuEu oxZ ds DydZ (Lower Division Clerks) ds 10 izfr'kr in prqFkZ Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dks mUur
djds Hkjs tkrs gSa vkSj rhljs osru vk;ksx us bl la[;k dks 15 izfr'kr djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA
Hkkjr esa inksUufr djrs le; ;ksX;rk ,oa T;s"Brk vkfn nksuksa dks vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA buesa ls fdls vf/kd egÙo fn;k
tkrk gS blds lEcU/k esa dqN ugha dgk tk ldrk D;ksafd fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh O;oLFkk fHkUu&fHkUu gSA fdlh foHkkx esa
;ksX;rk dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gS rks nwljs esa T;s"Brk dks mPp le>k tkrk gSA fuEu inksa ds fy, T;s"Brk dks izk;% Js"B
le>k tkrk gSA mPp inksa] lfpo] lgk;d lfpo vkfn egÙoiw.kZ inksa ds fy, inksUufr djrs le; dsUnz esa iz/kkueU=kh
rFkk jkT; esa eq[;eU=kh ls ijke'kZ fy;k tk ldrk gSA lafo/kku ds vuqlkj inksUufr lEcU/kh fu;e yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk
cuk, tkrs gSa rFkk ljdkj muds vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gSA Hkkjr esa inksUufr dh izfØ;k fuEu izdkj gS&
Hkkjrh; vlSfud lsokvksa ds mPp iz'kkldh; inksa] lfpo] la;qDr lfpo (Joint Secretary) rFkk dsUnzh; jktLo cksMZ
(Central Board of Revenue) ds lnL;ksa dh vk; ds inksa ds fy, inksUufr dsUnzh; leqPp; iz.kkyh (Central Pool System)
}kjk dh tkrh gSA izR;sd jkT; esa ,d dk;Zlfefr dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA jkT; esa vlSfud lsokvksa ds T;s"B (Senior)
inkf/kdkjh blds lnL; tks izk;% jkT; ds inklhu vf[ky Hkkjrh; iz'kkldh; lsokvksa (I. A. S.) ds T;s"B vf/kdkjh gksrs
gSa rFkk yksdlsok vk;ksx dk v/;{k ;k ,d lnL; bl lfefr dk lHkkifr gksrk gSA lfefr jktdh; yksd&lsokvksa (State
Civil Services) ds deZpkfj;ksa ftUgsa og inksUufr ds mi;qDr le>s] dh ,d lwph rS;kj djrh gSA lwph dks rS;kj djrs
le; ;ksX;rk ,oa T;s"Brk nksuksa dks lEeq[k j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ T;s"B deZpkjh v;ksX; gks rks mlds v/khu dk;Z djus
okys deZpkjh dks inksUufr ds ;ksX; eku fy;k tkrk gS rFkk mldk uke ml lwph ds vUr esa fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA blds
i'pkr~ lfefr viuh flQkfj'k lesr ml lwph dks jkT; ljdkj ds ek/;e ls dsUnzh; ljdkj dks Hkst nsrh gSA dsUnzh;
Lrj ij tc Hkh dksbZ LFkku fjDr gks] mldh iwfrZ ml lwph esa ls Øekuqlkj inksUufr djds gh dj nh tkrh gSA iz'kklfud
lq/kkj vk;ksx us jkT; yksdlsokvksa ls vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa esa inksUufr djus dh la[;k dks 25% ls c<+kdj 40% dj
nsus dk lq>ko fn;k Fkk vkSj blh rjg jkT; ljdkj Hkh bl ckr dh ekax dj jgh gSA ;g ekeyk dsUnzh; ljdkj ds
fopkjk/khu gSA
dsUnzh; lfpoky; ds izR;sd foHkkx (Ministry) esa inksUufr foHkkxh; inksUufr lfefr }kjk dh tkrh gSA bl lfefr ds
lnL; foHkkx ds T;s"B deZpkjh gksrs gSa rFkk la?k yksdlsok vk;ksx dk ,d lnL; bldk lHkkifr gksrk gSA ;g mi;qDr
deZpkfj;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djrh gS rFkk bls la?k yksdlsok vk;ksx dh LohÑfr ds fy, Hkst nsrh gS D;ksafd lafo/kku esa
;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd ,d ls nwljs in ds fy, inksUufr yksdlsok vk;ksx ds ijke'kZ ls dh tkuh pkfg,A foHkkx ds
mik/;{k }kjk la?k yksdlsok vk;ksx }kjk LohÑr dh xbZ lwph vuqlkj inksUufr;ka iznku dh tkrh gSaA ;fn fdlh foHkkx
dk v/;{k lwph esa ifjorZu djuk pkgs ;k fdlh ckgj ds deZpkjh dks inksUur djuk pkgs rks mls dkj.k lfgr vk;ksx
dks lwfpr djuk iM+rk gSA rhljk osru vk;ksx }kjk Hkh inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa inksUufr lfefr vFkok cksMZ }kjk izoj dh
O;oLFkk dks fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k x;k gS rFkk bls deZpkfj;ksa dks T;s"B deZpkfj;ksa dh rkuk'kkgh ls lqjf{kr j[kus vkSj
deZpkfj;ksa esa }s"k dh Hkkouk dks jksdus dk mfpr lk/ku djkj fn;k x;k gSA bl iz.kkyh dks dbZ jkT;ksa esa Hkh viuk;k
x;k gSA dsUnz rFkk jkT; Lrj ij r‘rh; Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dh inksUufr foHkkxh; ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA
Hkkjr dh inksUufr iz.kkyh esa nks"k

(Defects of the Promotion System in India)
Hkkjr dh inksUufr iz.kkyh oSKkfud fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr ugha gSA bl iz.kkyh ls yksdlsok,a lUrq"V ughaA ;|fi T;s"Brk
,oa ;ksX;rk ds fl)kUrksa dks lS)kfUrd :i esa viuk;k x;k gS rFkkfi O;kogkfjd :i esa budk iz;ksx mfpr <ax ls ugha
fd;k tkrkA bl iz.kkyh ds nks"kksa dk v/;;u fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy;s dksbZ fuf'pr fl)kUr ugha gSA dqN foHkkxksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dh
;ksX;rk rFkk dk;ks± dk lsok vfHkys[k (Service Record) j[kk tkrk gS] ijUrq bu vfHkys[kksa dks bruk xqIr j[kk tkrk
gS fd deZpkfj;ksa dks dsoy rHkh lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS tc mUgsa psrkouh (Warning) nh tkrh gS ;k mu ij dksbZ
v;ksX;rk dk nks"k yxk;k tkrk gSA lsok vfHkys[kksa ds ewY;kadu ds fo:) izk;% vihy djus ds de volj fn;s
tkrs gSaA
2- lk/kkj.kr;k fuEu oxks± esa inksUufr T;s"Brk ds fl)kUr ij dh tkrh gS blls ;ksX; inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks mUufr djus
dk volj ugha feyrkA
3- inksUufr lEcU/kh lfefr;ksa vFkok cksMks± dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k inksUufr iznku djus dk vf/kdkj T;s"B
inkfèkdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa fufgr gksrk gS] blfy, i{kikr dk Mj gSA foHkkxksa ds v/;{kksa }kjk inksUufr iznku djus
ds lEcU/k esa izk;% 'kadk dh tkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh foHkkxh; v/;{k viuh 'kfDr dk ,slk nq:i;ksx djrs gSa fd os uhps
ds deZpkfj;ksa ds izkFkZuk&i=kksa dks vxzLFk (Forward) ugha djrsA
4- deZpkfj;ksa dks inksUufr lEcU/kh fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:) vihy djus ds fy;s izHkko'kkyh vf/kdkj ugha fn;k tkrkA
5- deZpkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vfHkys[k mfpr :i esa ugha j[ks tkrs rFkk foHkkxksa ds v/;{k vius iwokZf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk nh
xbZ fVIif.k;ksa (Remarks) ds fcuk fujh{k.k fd;s T;ksa dk R;ksa eku ysrs gSaA os viuh cqf) dk iz;ksx ugha djrs rFkk
vius v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa mUgha fVIif.k;ksa (Remarks) ds vk/kkj ij fopkj cuk ysrs gSaA
6- bl iz.kkyh esa ,d vkSj xEHkhj =kqfV ;g Hkh gS fd inksUufr ds le; deZpkjh ds lEcU/k esa mlds leLr lsok vfHkys[k
dks le{k j[kus dh vis{kk mlds vfUre dqN o"kks± ds vfHkys[k ij gh fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
7- ;|fi lafo/kku }kjk inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa yksdlsok vk;ksx dk ijke'kZ ysus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] ijUrq ;g dsoy
mPp inksa dh fu;qfDr ds fy, gh fy;k tkrk gS vkSj mlesa Hkh vfUre fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr ljdkj ds gkFk esa gSA
8- bl iz.kkyh esa deZpkfj;ksa dh inksUufr ds le; muds nks"kksa dks rks lEeq[k j[kk tkrk gS] ijUrq mlds xq.kkRed :i
dh vksj bruk /;ku ugha fn;k tkrkA
9- inksUufr izk;% xksiuh; izfrosnu (Confidential Report) ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS tks fd lk/kkj.kr;k fo'oluh;
ugha gksrh] D;ksafd mPp vf/kdkjh bu xksiuh; izfrosnu dks fu"i{k gksdj ugha fy[krs rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds iz'kkldh;
lEcU/kksa dh vis{kk futh&O;ogkj ds vk/kkj ij fy[krs gSaA
10- deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dk vfHkys[k j[kus ds fy, oSKkfud rFkk euksoSKkfud fu;eksa dks ugha viuk;k tkrkA muds
vfHkys[kksa dk uohu [kkstksa ds vk/kkj ij ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tkrkA
lq>ko
(Suggestions)
1- inksUufr ds fy, izR;sd foHkkx esa LorU=k lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg, rFkk bu lfefr;ksa ds lnL; foHkkxh;
v/;{kksa ls LorU=k gksus pkfg,A
200 yksd ç'kklu
2- deZpkfj;ksa ds lsok vfHkys[kksa dks oSKkfud :i esa j[kuk pkfg,A ;fn fdlh deZpkjh ds fo#) dksbZ fVIif.k;ka
(Remarks) fy[kh xbZ gksa rks mls lwfpr djuk pkfg, vkSj mls vihy djus dk volj iznku djuk pkfg,A
3- inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa vihy djus ds fy, fo'ks"k ;U=k dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A
4- inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa LFkkuksa dh lwpuk deZpkfj;ksa dks le;kuqlkj nsuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa viuk vf/kdkj izLrqr djus
dk volj nsuk pkfg,A
5- ;fn fdlh inksUufr lEcU/kh lfefr ;k cksMZ }kjk fn, x, ijke'kZ ls foHkkxh; v/;{k ;k T;s"B vf/kdkjh lger
u gks rks ml ij foLr‘r :i ls fopkj&foe'kZ djds fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A
6- mPp inksa ds fy, ;ksX;rk dks ekSfyd vk/kkj ekuuk pkfg, rFkk deZpkfj;ksa dks izfr;ksfxrk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd
vfèkdkj nsuk pkfg,A
7- inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa izR;sd Lrj ij izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, rFkk izR;sd Lrj ij izR;{k
HkrhZ rFkk inksUufr }kjk HkrhZ esa vuqikr fuf'pr djuk pkfg,A
fu;ksDrk&deZpkjh lEcU/k 201
v/;k;&23
fu;ksDrk&deZpkjh lEcU/k
(Employer-Employee Relations)
fu;ksDrk&deZpkjh lEcU/kksa dh O;k[;k fuEu rhu 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr dh tk ldrh gS%
1- la?k cukus ds vf/kdkj (Right to Association)
2- gM+rky ds vf/kdkj (Right to Strike)
3- fooknksa ij okrkZ djus vkSj fuiVkus ds lk/ku (Machinery for Negotiation and Settlement of Disputes)
la?k cukus dk vf/kdkj
(Right to Association)
la?k cukus ds vf/kdkj ls fuEufyf[kr rhu leL;k,¡ lEcfU/kr gSa&
1- D;k yksd deZpkjh vius la?k cuk ldrs gSa\
2- D;k ;g la?k ckgj dh VªsM ;wfu;uksa ls lEc) gks ldrs gSa\
3- D;k ;g la?k jktuSfrd nyksa ls lEcfU/kr gks ldrs gSa\
Hkkjr% if'peh ns'kksa ds VªsM ;wfu;u vkUnksyu ls izHkkfor gksdj izFke fo'o;q) ds mijkUr Hkkjr esa Hkh VsªM ;wfu;uokn
dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA lcls igys 1922 esa jsyos deZpkjh la?k LFkkfir fd;k x;kA mlds rqjUr ckn Mkd&rkj foHkkx ds
deZpkfj;ksa us viuk vf[ky Hkkjrh; la?k LFkkfir fd;kA bl la?k dks Øe'k% jsyos cksMZ ds izcU/kd rFkk Mkd ,oa rkj foHkkx
ds eq[; lapkyd }kjk ekU;rk iznku dh x;hA lu~ 1926 esa Hkkjrh; VsªM ;wfu;u vf/kfu;e (Indian Trade Union Act,
1926) ikl fd;k x;kA blds }kjk VsªM ;wfu;uksa dks dkuwuh Lrj iznku fd;k x;kA blds ckn rks ljdkj ds dbZ foHkkxksa
ds la?kksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA Hkkjr ds u;s lafo/kku }kjk ukxfjdksa dks laxBu cukus dh LorU=krk iznku dh x;h gS
ijUrq ;g ,d vlhfer vf/kdkj ugha gSA
Hkkjr esa orZeku fLFkfr ;g gS fd yksd lsod fdlh Hkh ,sls lsok la?k dk lnL; ugha cu ldrk ftls vfLrRo esa vkus
ds N% ekg ds Hkhrj gh ljdkj }kjk ekU;rk nsus ls euk dj fn;k x;k gks] ;k mldh ekU;rk okil ys yh x;h gksA
fdlh la?k dks ekU;rk fuEufyf[kr 'krks± ij nh tkrh gS&
1- dksbZ xSj&ljdkjh deZpkjh ml la?k ls lEcfU/kr u gks]
2- la?k dk v/;{k dsoy lnL;ksa esa ls gh fu;qDr fd;k tk,] rFkk
3- la?k fdlh jktuhfrd ny dk izpkj ugha djsxkA
iz'u ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks la?k cukus ds vf/kdkj ls D;ksa oafpr j[kk x;k gS] tcfd Hkkjr dk lafoèkku
lHkh ukxfjdksa dks la?k cukus dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA muds fo#) vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh dsoy blh dkj.k D;ksa
dh tkuh pkfg, fd os ,sls la?kksa ds lnL; gSa ftUgsa ljdkj }kjk ekU;rk ugha nh x;h\ Hkkjr esa fLFkfr ;g gS fd ljdkj
dks vius foosdkuqlkj ekU;rk nsus ;k u nsus dh LorU=krk gSA bl ij Vhdk&fVIi.kh djrs gq, f}rh; osru vk;ksx us dgk
Fkk ^fdlh vekU; la?k dh lnL;rk ek=k gh vuq'kklukRed vijk/k ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,A-------- tgka rd la?kksa dh ekU;rk
202 yksd ç'kklu
dk lEcU/k gS] ljdkj }kjk cuk;s x;s fu;e gesa dqN dBksj ekywe iM+rs gSaA deZpkfj;ksa ds la?k lQyrkiwoZd dke dj
ldsa] blds fy, vko';d gS fd ekU;rk ds fy, ;qfDr&laxr 'krs± gksAß
Hkkjr esa deZpkfj;ksa ds dqN izeq[k la?k bl izdkj gSa&
1- dsUnzh; lfpoky; laxBu]
2- j{kk eq[; dk;kZy; laxBu]
3- Hkkjr ljdkj v/khuLFk rFkk layXu foHkkxh; laxBu]
4- Hkkjrh; ys[kk ijh{k.k rFkk ys[kkadu lsok deZpkjh la?k]
5- vk;dj vf/kdkjh la?k]
6- vf[ky Hkkjrh; jsyos deZpkjh la?k]
7- vf[ky Hkkjrh; iksLVeSu rFkk fuEu Js.kh LVkQ la?k]
8- vf[ky Hkkjrh; jsy&Mkd lsfo;ksa dk la?k (All India Post and R.M.S. Union),
9- vf[ky Hkkjrh; rkj deZpkjh la?k] bR;kfnA
gM+rky ds vf/kdkj
(The Right to Strike)
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Jfed la?kksa dks vius osru dh o‘f)] dke dh n'kk,a lq/kkjus vkfn ds ckjs esa dh tkus okyh ekaxksa dks
iwjk djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS fdUrq ,slk vf/kdkj yksd lsodksa ds la?kksa dks izkIr ugha gSA gM+rkyksa ds lEcU/k esa vyx&vyx
ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx fLFkfr gSA
Hkkjr% Hkkjr esa deZpkfj;ksa dh tks gM+rkysa vkt+knh ds ckn ds le; esa gksrh jgh gSa mu gM+rkyksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kklu
ds lEeq[k pqukSrhiw.kZ fLFkfr dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA lu~ 1960 ds tqykbZ ekg esa dsUnzh; ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa us vke gM+rky
dj nhA dsUnzh; ljdkj ds fo#) ;g dksbZ igyh gM+rky ugha FkhA blls iwoZ Hkh gM+rkysa gks pqdh FkhaA bl izdkj dh
gM+rkysa jkT;ksa esa Hkh gksrh jgh gSAa mÙkj izn's k esa iVokfj;ksa dh gM+rky dkQh izfl) gS] vkSj vc rks ;g etZ ns'k ds MkWDVjksa
rFkk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks Hkh lrkus yxkA lu~ 1974 esa 8 ebZ ls izkjEHk gqbZ jsy deZpkfj;ksa dh gM+rky rks vkSj Hkh Hk;adj
FkhA bl gM+rky esa 17 yk[k deZpkjh 'kkfey FksA gM+rkfy;ksa dh ekax Fkh fd osru esa 75% dh o‘f) gksuh pkfg, ,d ekg
ds osru ds cjkcj cksul feyuk pkfg, vkSj 8 ?k.Vs dk fnu gksuk pkfg,A
gM+rky ds vf/kdkj ds lEcU/k esa f}rh; osru vk;ksx dh jk; bl izdkj gS% ^gekjk ;g fuf'pr fopkj gS fd yksd lsodksa
}kjk gM+rky dk vkJ; ysuk ;k mldh /kedh nsuk loZFkk xyr gSA ;g vkSj Hkh xyr gS fd ftUgsa leqnk; ds thou ds
fy, vko';d lsokvksa ds izorZu dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSia k x;k gS] os Lo;a vius fgr lk/ku ds fy, mu lsokvksa esa fo?u mifLFkr
djsa rFkk mudk fo?kVu djus dk iz;Ru djsaA bl uSfrd i{k ds vfrfjDr Hkkjr esa] tgka lekt ds fdlh u fdlh oxZ
esa vuq'kklughurk ds Hkh"k.k foLQksV dh lEHkkouk izk;% cuh jgrh gS] ljdkjh lsodksa dh gM+rkyksa ;k izn'kZuksa ls lkekU;
:i esa vuq'kklughurk ds fy, fuf'pr gh ekxZ iz'kLr gksrk gSAß
blh izdkj iz'kkldh; lq/kkj vk;ksx ¼1966&70½ us vius izfrosnu esa yksd lsodksa }kjk gM+rky ij iw.kZ fu"ks/k dk izLrko
fd;kA vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] Þgekjk ;g lqfuf'pr er gS fd 'kkldh; foHkkxksa esa gM+rkyksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA
'kkldh; vf/kdkjh dks] iz'kklu dk vax gksus ds dkj.k] lekt esa fo'ks"k fLFkfr izkIr gSA mlds Li"V ,oa l{ke
dk;Z&lapkyu ij lekt dk gh dY;k.k ugha vfirq thou Hkh fuHkZj gksrk gSA og fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa dk;Z D;ksa u djsa]
mlds dk;Z ,oa vkpj.k dk turk ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA blls mls fof'k"V fLFkfr izkIr gks tkrh gSA QyLo:i] og
lÙkk ,oa lEeku dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA vr% lekt mlls ,d vkn'kZ ukxfjd dh Hkkafr vkpj.k djus dh lgt esa vis{kk
djrk gS ftlls mlds fdlh dk;Z ls lekt dk vfgr u gksA 'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks viuh oS;fDrd ;k lkewfgd
f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus ds fy, vfuok;Zr% fopkj&foe'kZ ds mi;qDr ek/;e ds gh iz;ksx dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A mUgsa
fdlh voLFkk esa iz'kklu ds 'kkfUriwoZd dk;Z&lapkyu dks vO;ofLFkr djus okys fo/oald rjhds ugha viukus pkfg,A
yksd lsodksa ds gM+rky ds vf/kdkj ds i{k esa rdZ &izfl) ys[kd MCyw0 bZ0 eks'kj bl fopkj ds leFkZd gSa fd yksd
deZpkfj;ksa dks gM+rky djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk,A muds 'kCnksa es]a Þyksd lsok fu;eksa }kjk gM+rky dk fu"ks/k u rdZ'kkL=k
vkSj u jktuhfrd n'kZu esa gh U;k;laxr dgk tk ldrk gS------ deZpkfj;ksa ds fdlh lewg dks vlguh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
fo#) gM+rky djus dk vf/kdkj u nsus dk vFkZ gS mUgsa nklrk ds Lrj rd igq¡pk nsukAß
1- U;k;laxr ,oa LokHkkfod ek¡x% gM+rky dk vFkZ gS viuk 'kkjhfjd vFkok ekufld Je LFkfxr djukA budk
vfèkdkj lcdks feyuk pkfg,A fdlh O;fDr dks mldh bPNk ds f[kykQ dke djus ds fy, etcwj ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
2- iztkrU=k dh ek¡x% lHkh dks vius dke djus dh vlguh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fojks/k izn'kZu djus dk vf/kdkj
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- xSjljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls lekurk% ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ;k futh m|eksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ds chp dksbZ Hksn ugha gksuk
pkfg,] rkfd os vius d"Vksa ds izfr tu&psruk tkxzr dj ldsa vkSj vius d"V fuokj.k ds fy, yksd leFkZu izkIr
dj ldsaA
4- ,d fu;ksDrk (Employer) rFkk ,d lEizHkqrk lEiUu (sovereign) jkT; esa vUrj% ,d fu;ksDrk ds :i esa jkT;
ds f[kykQ gM+rky djus ls ,d lEizHkqrk lEiUu laLFkk ds :i esa jkT; dh xfjek dks dksbZ /kDdk ugha igq¡pukA
jkT; ds bu nksuksa Lo:iksa esa Li"V Hksn fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
yksd lsodksa ds gM+rky ds vf/kdkj ds foi{k esa rdZ% jktdh; deZpkfj;ksa dks gM+rky ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr djus ds
dbZ dkj.k gSa%
1- lkoZtfud deZpkfj;ksa }kjk gM+rky turk esa vLoLFkrk] vuSfrdrk] vlqfo/kkvksa dk ,d vfuf'pr ,oa vfu.khZr
okrkoj.k mRiUu dj nsrh gSA
2- bl lEcU/k esa dqN O;fDr;ksa dk ;g dguk gS fd lsokvksa esa iznÙk lqj{kk dh fLFkfr dks ns[kdj ljdkjh&deZpkfj;ksa
dk ;g vf/kdkj O;kid leFkZu izkIr ugha dj ldrkA
3- ljdkj lkoZtfud fgr ds cgqr&ls ,sls dk;Z djrh gS tks deZpkfj;ksa }kjk gM+rky dh fLFkfr esa lEiUu ugha gks
ldrs vkSj ftuds u gksus ls ljdkj vlQy fl) gks tk;sxh rFkk lkoZtfud fgr fof{kIr gks tk;sxkA
4- Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa gh ppkZ dh tk;s rks Hkkjr esa vkt 40% yksx xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps thou O;rhr dj jgs gSaA
;fn izfr O;fDr okf"kZd vkSlr vk; dks ns[kk tk, rks bruh de gS fd vkt dk NksVs ls NksVk 'kkldh; deZpkjh
vke O;fDr dh rqyuk esa vPNk gSA Hkkjr esa izfr O;fDr vkSlr vk; 3]835 #i;s okf"kZd ls vf/kd ugha gSA mldh
rqyuk esa prqFkZ osru vk;ksx ds vuqlkj dsUnzh; deZpkjh dk U;wure osru 750 #i;s ekfld fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
tks deZpkjh o"kZ esa 9]000 #i;s ikrk gS mldks Hkkjr esa gM+rky djus dk vf/kdkj dSls izkIr gks ldrk gS\ 'kkldh;
deZpkjh ,d izdkj ls fo'ks"k lqfo/kk izkIr O;fDr gSA 'kkldh; lsok ds fy, yksx rjlrs gSaA yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa ds
deZpkfj;ksa dks tks osru feyrk gS og ml ns'k esa izfr O;fDr dh vkSlr vkenuh ls vf/kd gks tkrk gSA tc deZpkjh
vf/kd osru izkIr djrk gS rks vkSj Hkh vf/kd osru ds fy, ;k vkSj Hkh vf/kd lsok 'krks± ds fy, gM+rky djuk dSls
mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS\
Ýsadfyu :tosLV us vesfjdk ds la?kh; deZpkfj;ksa dks 1937 esa fy[kk Fkk& -------deZpkfj;ksa }kjk gM+rky dk lqLi"V vFkZ
blds flok vkSj dqN ugha gks ldrk fd os viuh vksj ls ljdkj ds dk;Z lapkyu esa ml le; rd ck/kk mifLFkr djuk
pkgrs gSa tc rd fd mudh ek¡xas iwjh ugha gks tkrh gSAa ljdkj dk leFkZu djus dh mUgksua s 'kiFk yh gSA muds }kjk ljdkj
dks fuf"Ø; djus okys dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa u rks lkspk gS] vkSj u gh mls lgu fd;k tk ldrk gSAß
ch0 f'kokjko ds vuqlkj] Þljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh dksbZ Hkh lkekU; gM+rky] Hkys gh mlds usrk mldk o.kZu fdlh izdkj
djsa] ,d jktuhfrd gfFk;kj gSA blds lQy gksus dk rkRi;Z gS iz'kklu dk BIi gks tkuk] ftldh vuqefr dksbZ ljdkj
204 yksd ç'kklu
ugha ns ldrhAß MkW0 ,0 voLFkh ds vuqlkj] Þyksd deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dh x;h dksbZ Hkh gM+rky ,d izdkj dh fiLrkSy gS
ftldk y{; os yksx gSa ftudh lsok djus ds fy, ;s deZpkjh fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaAß
fu"d"kZ% yksd lsodksa ds gM+rky ds vf/kdkj ds leFkZd gM+rky ls dbZ ykHk fxukrs gSa%
1- izcU/kd rFkk lsok ;kstdksa ds e/; tks lEcU/k Ük‘a[kyk gS mlds fo"k; esa ljdkj dks rqjUr fopkj djus ds fy, foo'k
gksuk iM+rk gSA
2- os ljdkj ds fpUru ,oa lq/kkj gsrq lkexzh izLrqr djrs gSa] lEHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd mÙkjksÙkj muds izfr ljdkj
dk n‘f"Vdks.k mnkjoknh curk tk jgk gSA
3- gM+rky us ljdkj dks deZpkjh la?kksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks vuqHko djus ds fy, foo'k fd;k gSA mu vuqHkoksa ds izdk'k
esa fofo/k&iz'kkldh; la'kks/kuksa ,oa 'kks/kksa dks tUe feyk gSA iz'kkldh; laLFkkuksa esa deZpkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa
ij fopkj djus ds fy, ljdkj foo'k gqbZ gS] deZpkfj;ksa dh lsokvksa esa mÙkjksÙkj la'kks/ku ,oa lq/kkj gqvk gSA
yksder yksd deZpkfj;ksa }kjk gM+rky ds i{k esa ugha gS vkSj gM+rkyksa ij izfrcU/k dk leFkZd gSA iz'kkldh; lq/kkj vk;ksx
ds erkuqlkj] ^'kkldh; foHkkxksa esa gM+rky xEHkhj ?kVuk gS vkSj ;g vko';d gS fd mls fof/k }kjk n.Muh; vijk/k ?kksf"kr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A* iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx (A.R.C.) us dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk fufeZr 1968 ds vfuok;Z lsok lj{k.k
vfèkfu;e (Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968) dk Lokxr fd;k] ftlds }kjk 'kklu dks vfuok;Z lsokvksa ds
lUnHkZ esa dh x;h gM+rkyksa ds nf.Mr djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k] ,oa fuf"k) gM+rkyksa esa Hkkx ysus rFkk mudks izkRs lkfgr
,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsus okyksa dks Hkh nf.Mr djus dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA blh n‘f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu djrs gq, fyvksukMZ
àkbV us fy[kk gS fd Þ,slh gM+rky dks] tks leqnk; ds fdlh ize[q k fgr ds fy, lh/kk] rRdky] fuf'pr rFkk xEHkhj ladV
mRiUu djus okyh gks] dkuwu }kjk fuf"k) dj nsuk pkfg,Aß vHkh rfeyukMw jkT; esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh gM+rky dks
Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; us 6 vxLr] 2003 ds QSlys esa bls voS/kkfud vkSj vuSfrd djkj fn;kA deZpkfj;ksa dks viuh
f'kdk;rksa@leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k fu/kkZfjr e'khujh ds ek/;e ls djuk pkfg,A
fooknksa ij okrkZ djus vkSj fuiVus ds lk/ku
(Machinery for Negotiation and Settlement of Disputes)
yksder ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh gM+rkyksa dk fojks/k djrk gSA gM+rky ds lk/ku dks ;fn vuqfpr vkSj xSj&dkuwuh Hkh
?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk;s rks ;g ekuuk gksxk fd deZpkfj;ksa rFkk 'kklu ds e/; iSnk gq, fookn dks lqy>kus dk dksbZ vU;
izHkkodkjh rjhdk rks gksuk gh pkfg,A ;fn ckrphr ,oa lqyg ds fy, dksbZ fu/kkZfjr ;U=k ugha gS rks 'kkld o deZpkjh
ds ikjLifjd erHksn c<+rs tkrs gSa vkSj okrkoj.k ,slk nwf"kr gks tkrk gS fd dk;Z lEiknu gh vlEHko gks tkrk gSA baXyS.M
esa ckrphr vkSj lqyg ds fy, ,d ;U=k fodflr fd;k x;k gS] ml ;U=k ;k fudk; dks ^fàVys ifj"kn* (Whitely Council)
ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA baXyS.M esa fàVys ifj"knksa dk cgqr izopu gSA vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh bl izdkj dh ifj"knksa dk izpyu
c<+rk tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k

(Joint Consultative Machinery in India)
Hkkjr esa la;qDr lykgdkj iz.kkyh dk mn~xe gky gh esa gqvk gSA fdUrq dsUnzh; ljdkj esa fOgVys ifj"knksa tSls rU=k dh
LFkkiuk ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dh ek¡x Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kkludky ds le; ls pyh vk jgh FkhA igyh ckj 1928 esa 'kkgh
lfpoky; ,lksfl,'ku (Imperial Secretariat Association) us] tks dsUnzh; lfpoky; esa dk;Zjr yksd inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh
LVkQ+ ,lksfl,'ku Fkh] Hkkjr esa fOgVys ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dh ek¡x dhA ;g ek¡x 1942 esa nksgjkbZ xbZA nksuksa voljksa ij
x‘g foHkkx us ¼tks vlSfud lsokvksa lEcU/kh ekeyksa ls fuiVrk Fkk½ ;g vuqjks/k Bqdjk fn;kA 1931 esa Hkkjr esa Je lEcUèkh
'kkgh vk;ksx (Royal Commission on Labour in India) us jsyos ds fy, ,d la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k dh LFkkiuk dh
flQ+kfj'k dh ysfdu og Hkkjr esa fOgVysokn ds izpyu ds eqís ij ekSu FkkA ;g ckr bl n‘f"V ls vk'p;Ztud gS fd blds
v/;{k Lo;a ts0 ,p0 fOgVys (J.H. Whitley) gh Fks] dksbZ vkSj ughaA 1945 esa lj fjpMZ VkWVugse (Sir Richard Tottenham)
us dsUnzh; ljdkj ds iquxZBu ij viuh fjiksVZ (Report on the Reorganisation of Central Government) esa lfpoky;
esa fOgVys ifj"kn~ iz.kkyh ykxw djus dh flQ+kfj'k dh] fdUrq ljdkj us bl flQkfj'k dks dk;Z:i ugha fn;kA
izFke osru vk;ksx ¼1946½ ls vU; eqíksa ds vykok lsok 'krks±] ftu ij ljdkj vkSj mlds deZpkfj;ksa esa erHksn gks ldrs
gSa] ckjs ckrphr ds fy, ,d rU=k dh LFkkiuk ckjs fjiksVZ nsus dks Hkh dgk x;kA 1947 esa nh xbZ viuh fjiksVZ esa vk;ksx
us bl leL;k ds izfr viuk lkekU; n‘f"Vdks.k O;Dr djrs gq, dgk fd ljdkj dks vius deZpkfj;ksa dks bl ckr dk
dk;y djus dk egÙo le>uk pkfg, fd deZpkfj;ksa dh vH;FkZukvksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa ij rqjUr /;ku fn;k tk,xkA Þge
bl uqDrs ij fo'ks"k cy blfy, nsrs gSa fd gekjs le{k izLrqr lk{; ls ;g ckr Li"V gqbZ gS fd yksd lsodksa dh vf/kdrj
Jsf.k;ksa esa viuh vH;FkZukvksa ds ekeys esa fujk'kk dh rks ckr gh D;k] ,dne vfo'okl dh Hkkouk gSAß vk;ksx bl fu"d"kZ
ij igqp a k fd ÞLVkQ+ rFkk ljdkj ds chp lg;ksx] lykg&e'kfojs] fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ckrphr ds fy, fdlh u fdlh izdkj
ds rU=k dks ges'kk dk;Z'khy j[kk tkuk pkfg,ßA blds vykok ;g lkspuk xyr gksxk fd fOgVys iz.kkyh esa dqN ,slk gS
ftls mi;ksxh <ax ls Hkkjr esa ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldsxkA vr% vk;ksx us ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,] izFke Js.kh ds
deZpkfj;ksa dks NksMd + j] fOgVys ifj"knksa ds <ax ij la;Dq r ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dhA vk;ksx us vkSj vkxs tkdj Ô;kogkfjd
rFkk vkf/kdkfjd jk;* ij vk/kkfjr pkj eq[; fl)kUrksa dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh&
1- jkT; rFkk mlds deZpkfj;ksa ds chp erHksnksa ds lek;kstu (adjustment) esa loksZÙke jkLrk bu erHksnksa dks fookn
dk :i /kkj.k djus ls jksdrk gSA
2- tc dksbZ iz'u fookn dk :i /kkj.k dj ys rc Hkh lcls vPNk rjhdk nksuksa i{kksa ds chp okrkZ }kjk bldk lekèkku
<wa<us dk gSA
3- fdUrq ;fn ckgjh enn ysuk gh t:jh gks tk, rks ;g iap fu.kZ; dh ctk, e/;LFkrk vFkok fopkj&foe'kZ ds fy,
gksuh pkfg,] vkSj vUr esa
4- ;fn ckrphr ds lHkh iz;kl foQy gks tk,a rks vfuok;Z dh ctk, LoSfPNd (voluntary) lUnHkZ }kjk iap fu.kZ; fy;k
tk,A
Hkkjr ljdkj us 1952 esa ;s flQ+kfj'ksa Lohdkj dha vkSj nks o"kZ ckn okLrfod ;kstuk ykxw dh xbZA
LVkQ+ ifj"knsa (Staff Councils): x‘geU=kh us LVkQ+ lfefr;ka LFkkfir djus ds fy, lHkh eU=kky;ksa dks funsZ'k tkjh fd,A
LVkQ+ lfefr;ksa dh lajpuk vkSj Lo:i ds ckjs esa uewus ds funsZ'k Hkh eU=kky;ksa esa izpkfjr fd, x,A fdUrq muesa vko';d
la'kks/ku djuk eU=kky;ksa ij NksM+ fn;k x;kA 1957 esa bu LVkQ+ lfefr;ksa dk uke cny dj LVkQ+ ifj"knsa dj fn;k x;kA
gjsd eU=kky; esa nks LVkQ+ ifj"knsa Fkha&
1- f}rh; Js.kh vkSj rhljh Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, lhfu;j LVkQ+ ifj"knsa rFkk
2- prqFkZ Js.kh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, twfu;j LVkQ+ ifj"knsaA
lhfu;j LVkQ+ ifj"kn~ dk xBu lEc) foHkkx ds lfpo ;k la;Dq r lfpo Lrj ds vf/kdkjh dh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k vkSj
ljdkjh izfrfuf/k eU=kky; }kjk fu;qDr fd, x, ysfdu os dHkh Hkh voj&lfpo (under-secretary) ls de nts± ds ugha
FksA muls dqN vf/kdkjh Hkh tksM+s x, vkSj v/khuLFk (subordinate) vf/kdkjh Hkh euksuhr fd, x,A LVkQ+ i{k dks LVkQ+
ds lnL;ksa }kjk vius esa ls gh pquk x;k ysfdu bu pqukoksa esa lhVksa dh la[;k fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa dks vykV dh xbZ vFkkZr~
lSD'ku vkfQ+ljksa] lhfu;j vflLVsaVksa] vflLVsaVksa] vij fMoht+u Dydks± vkfn dksA LVkQ+ ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dk ,d lfpo Hkh
LVkQ+ ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk lykg&e'kfojs ds ckn ifj"kn~ ds v/;{k }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA
twfu;j LVkQ+ ifj"knksa dh lajpuk Hkh yxHkx blh <ax ij Fkh ysfdu ,d vUrj ;g Fkk fd ljdkj dh vksj ls vis{kkÑr
fupys ntsZ ds vf/kdkjh buesa 'kkfey gksrs FksA bu ifj"knksa ds v/;{k lEc) eU=kky; ds milfpo gksrs FksA LVkQ+ ds
izfrfufèk;ksa dks LVkQ+&lnL;ksa ds nks xzqiksa esa ls pquk tkrk FkkA ,d xzqi n¶rfj;ksa rFkk fjdkMZ&dhijksa dk Fkk tcfd nwljk
xzqi piM+kfl;ksa] teknkjksa vkfn dk FkkA gj xzqi lSD'ku vkfQ+lj ds ntsZ ds ,d vkSj ljdkjh lsod Hkh vius n‘f"Vdks.k
dks mi;qDr <ax ls izLrqr djus ds fy, pqurk FkkA
206 yksd ç'kklu
y{; vkSj mís'; (Aims and Objectives): LVkQ+ ifj"knksa ds mís'; yxHkx fOgVys ifj"knksa tSls gh FksA fdUrq mudk
>qdko inksUufr] iquxZBu] izf'k{k.k vkfn tSlh xEHkhj xfrfof/k;ksa dks gkFk esa ysus dh ctk, dY;k.k&dk;ks± lEcU/kh
xfrfofèk;ksa dh vksj vf/kd FkkA LVkQ+ ifj"knksa ds eq[; dk;Z bl izdkj Fks&
1- dk;Zd'q kyrk c<+kus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dh M~;fw V;ksa ds fu"iknu ds jkLrs esa vkus okyh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks nwj djus
ds rjhdksa ij fopkj vkSj ppkZ djukA
2- LVkQ+ dh f'kdk;rsa ljdkj rd igqapkus ds lk/ku ds :i esa dke djukA
3- ,d lka>s est+ ij vkilh fopkj&foe'kZ }kjk dkedkt dk csgrj okrkoj.k iSnk djuk rFkk ekewyh xyrQgfe;ksa
dks nwj djukA
4- deZpkfj;ksa dh mPp] e/;e vkSj fupyh Jsf.k;ksa ds chp csgrj rkyesy dh O;oLFkk djukA
5- bu ifj"knksa ds ek/;e ls dk;Z&fLFkfr;ksa dks csgrj cukus vkSj LVkQ+ ds dY;k.k ds fy, dke djukA
vkykspuk (Criticism): LVkQ+ lfefr;ka rFkk ifj"knsa dksbZ vPNs ifj.kke iSnk u dj ldha vkSj os baXySaM dh fOgVys ifj"knksa
ds eqdkcys dh ugha FkhaA muesa vo/kkj.kkRed] lS)kfUrd] jpukRed] dk;kZRed] #>ku lEcU/kh vkSj euksoK S kfud dfe;ka
FkhaA os deZpkfj;ksa ds lEcU/kksa dks u lq/kkj ldhaA
dbZ ckj deZpkfj;ksa us f'kdk;r dh gS fd fgLlk ysus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa dk joS;k lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ugha gS vkSj cSBdsa Hkh fu;fer
:i ls ugha gksrh gSaA blds vykok bu ifj"knksa esa fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa ij Hkh rqjUr vey ugha fd;k tkrkA 1957&59 ds osru
vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa fVIi.kh dh gS fd LVkQ+ ifj"knksa vkSj fOgVys ifj"knksa ds rU=k esa flok, muds ukeksa esa lekurk
ds izk;% vkSj dqN Hkh lka>k ugha gSA muds mís';ksa dh O;oLFkk O;kid vk/kkj ij dh xbZ gS ysfdu mudh 'kfDr;ka rFkk
izfØ;k,a mudh izHkkfork dk {ks=k lhfer dj nsrh gSaA
osru vk;ksx ds le{k lk{; nsrs gq, deZpkjh laxBuksa us ljdkj rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds chp fooknksa dks fuiVkus rFkk ckrphr
ds fy, LFkkfir orZeku rU=k ds fo#) fuEu izdkj ls vkykspuk dh Fkh fd&
1- Þfooknksa dks jksdus ds izHkkoh miLdj ds :i esa la;qDr fopkj&foe'kZ ds fl)kUrß dks Lohdkj djus dh bPNk dh
ljdkj esa deh gSA
2- tgka dgha ;g rU=k vPNs :i esa fo|eku Hkh gS] mls dk;Zdq'ky <ax ls pyk;k ugha tk jgkA
3- cSBdsa fu;fer :i ls ugha gksrha vFkok cSBdksa esa fu.kZ; ugha fy, tkrs ;k fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa dks rqjUr dk;kZfUor ugha
fd;k tkrkA
4- iz'kklu dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys dqN vf/kdkfj;ksa dk bl rU=k] ftlds ckjs esa lkspk tkrk gS fd mudk lapkyu
muds }kjk fd;k tkuk gS] ds izfr lgh joS;k ughaA
LVkQ+ ifj"knksa ds ckjs esa fy[krs gq, osru vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ esa vkxs dgk x;k gS] Þbu ifj"knksa dks okrkZ&rU=k ugha dgk
tk ldrkA okLrfod O;ogkj esa os LVkQ+ izfrfuf/k;ksa ds fy, viuh f'kdk;rsa vfHkO;Dr djus vkSj ljdkj ds
izfrfuf/k;ksa ds le{k viuk n‘f"Vdks.k izLrqr djus dk eap ek=k gSaA gesa ;g Hkh fo'okl ugha fd bu ifj"knksa dks
lykg&e'kfojs dk rU=k izLrqr djus okyh dgk tk ldrk gSA gesa izkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj ,slk izrhr ugha gksrk fd
ljdkj bu ifj"knksa dks muls lykg ysus ds fy, dksbZ leL;k,a ;k lq>ko Hkstrh gks---bu ifj"knksa dh vo/kkj.kk gh fOgVys
ifj"knksa ls fHkUu gSAß
Hkkjr esa fOgVys ifj"knksa dh Hkkjh vko';drk gSA osru vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa ljdkj&deZpkjh fooknksa ds fuiVkjs vkSj
ckrphr ds fy, fuEu uqDrksa dh flQ+kfj'k dh gS&
,d fOgVys ifj"kn~ tSlk rU=k] ftlesa lewps dsUnzh; deZpkfj;ksa] vkS|ksfxd rFkk xSj&vkS|ksfxd] nksuksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus
okyh dsUnzh; la;Dq r ifj"kn~ 'kkfey gks] ckrphr vkSj fooknksa ds fuiVkjs ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k tk,A dsUnzh; la;Dq r ifj"kn~
dh ,d lfefr vkS|ksfxd LVkQ+ dh fo'ks"k leL;kvksa ls fuiV ldrh gSA
foHkkxh; la;qDr ifj"knsa Hkh LFkkfir dh tk,aA la;qDr okrkZ&rU=k ds vuqiwjd ds :i esa vfuok;Z iapfu.kZ; dk izko/kku
Hkh gks ysfdu ;g fodYi ekU;rk izkIr ,lksfl,'kuksa ds fy, [kqyk gks rFkk dsoy osru vkSj HkÙkksa] lkIrkfgd dke ds ?k.Vksa
vkSj NqV~Vh rd lhfer gksA ;g izko/kku dsoy mu deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, gks tks orZeku f}rh; Js.kh ds Lrj ls Åij ugha
gSaA
Je eU=kky; dks LVkQ+&lEcU/kksa ls okLrk j[kus okys egÙoiw.kZ ekeyksa ls lEc) fd;k tk,A mls [kkl rkSj ij izLrkfor
dsUnzh; la;Dq r ifj"kn~ ls lEc) fd;k tk, vkSj og iapfu.kZ; ysuk t:jh gks tkus ij iapksa ds cksMZ (Board of Arbitrators)
dk v/;{k fu;qDr djsA
la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k (Joint Consultative Machinery): 1960 esa dsUnzh; ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa us 5 fnu dh vke
gM+rky dh D;ksafd vko';drk ij vk/kkfjr U;wure t:jrksa rFkk egaxkbZ&HkÙkk QkewZyk ij ljdkj rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds
chp fookn ugha lqy> ldk Fkk vkSj deZpkjh fOgVys 'kSyh ij la;qDr lykgdkj rFkk okrkZ&rU=k dh ekax dj jgs FksA
gM+rky ds rqjUr ckn ljdkj us f}rh; osru vk;ksx }kjk dh xbZ Hkkjr esa fOgVys ifj"knksa tSls rU=k dh LFkkiuk lEcUèkh
flQ+kfj'kksa dks] rhu pj.k dh iz.kkyh ds :i esa Lohdkj djus dk QSlyk fd;kA
la;Dq r lykgdkj rU=k dh ;kstuk 1966 esa ykxw gks xbZA la;Dq r lykgdkj rU=k ds mn~?kkVu dks rRdkyhu dSfcusV lfpo
us Hkkjr esa fu;ksDrk&fu;ksftr lEcU/kksa ds bfrgkl esa Þ,d u, v/;k; dk [kqyukß djkj fn;kA ;g vk'kk dh xbZ fd blls
ikjLifjd ln~Hkko iSnk gksxk vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ rjhdksa] vkilh fopkj&foe'kZ rFkk ckrphr ls fooknksa dks gy djus ds fy,
vuqdy w okrkoj.k iSnk gksxkA ;g ;kstuk ukxfjd lsok la?kokn (Unionism) ds {ks=k esa u, ?kVuk Øe] cnyrs gq, lkekftd
i;kZoj.k] ljdkj dh cnyrh gqbZ vo/kkj.kk vkSj ekuoh; lEcU/kksa ds n‘f"Vdks.k ds fodkl dk ifj.kke le>h tkrh FkhA
;g ;kstuk] tks ljdkj ds vkS|ksfxd rFkk xSj&vkS|ksfxd nksuksa rjg ds deZpkfj;ksa dks vius nk;js esa ysrh Fkh] fu;ksDrk
ds :i esa ljdkj vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ds lkekU; fudk; ds chp lka>s fgr ds ekeyksa esa lg;ksx izkfIr ls lcls cM+s dne
ds :i esa vkSj muesa ln~Hkkoiw.kZ lEcU/kksa dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls rS;kj dh xbZ FkhA bldk mís'; yksd&lsokvksa dh
dk;Zdq'kyrk dks rFkk dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa ds dY;k.k dks vkSj vf/kd c<+kok nsuk FkkA ;g ;kstuk rnFkZ (adhoc), LoSfPNd
vkSj orZeku lqfo/kkvksa dh iwjd FkhA bl izdkj ;g eq[;r% deZpkfj;ksa ls lkFk lEcU/kksa dks lq/kkjus rFkk iz'kklu esa
dk;Zdq'kyrk c<+kus ds fy, vfHkizsr FkhA
lykgdkj rU=k jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~] foHkkxh; ifj"knksa vkSj {ks=kh; vkSj@vFkok dk;kZy;&ifj"knksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA os lsok vkSj
dk;Z dh 'krks±] deZpkfj;ksa ds dY;k.k vkSj dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk dke ds Lrj esa lq/kkj vkSj HkrhZ] inksUufr rFkk vuq'kklu
ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa ij fopkj djrs gSaA mUgsa O;fDrxr dslksa ij fopkj dh l[r eukgh gSA bl izdkj lykgdkj rU=k
rhu Lrjh; gSA ysfdu gjsd Lrj viuh lajpuk rFkk dk;Zlapkyu esa nwljs ls loZFkk LorU=k gSA
;g f}i{kh; fudk; gS ftlesa Hkkjr ljdkj ¼ljdkjh i{k½ vkSj deZpkjh laxBuksa ¼LVkQ+ i{k½ ds izfrfuf/k 'kkfey gksrs gSAa
LVkQ+ i{k esa lhVksa dk forj.k lEc) LVkQ+ dh Jsf.k;ksa dh la[;k vkSj gj laxBu dh lnL; la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tkrk gSA fdUrq ljdkj fdlh HkwriwoZ deZpkjh dks Hkh] gj O;fDrxr dsl ds xq.k&nks"kksa dh tkap ds ckn] lnL; cuus dh
vuqefr ns ldrh gSA
jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ (National Council): jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ 'kh"kZ Lrj dk fudk; gS ftlesa ljdkjh i{k vkSj LVkQ+ i{k ds
izfrfufèk gksrs gSaA dSfcusV lfpo jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k gksrk gSA ljdkjh i{k esa 25 lnL; gksrs gSa ftudh fu;qfDr
dsUnzh; ljdkj djrh gSA LVkQ+ i{k esa vf/kdre 60 lnL; gksrs gSa ftUgsa ekU;rk izkIr LVkQ+ ,lksfl,'kusa euksuhr djrh
gSa] lhVksa dk forj.k ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k muds lkFk lykg&e'kfojs ls djrk gSA LVkQ+ i{k vius lnL;ksa esa ls ,d usrk dks
pqurk gSA ifj"kn~ ds lafo/kku esa ifj"kn~ ds ,d LFkk;h lfpoky; (Secretariat) dk izko/kku gS tks v/;{k ds fu;U=k.k esa
dke djrk gSA
ifj"kn~ nks LFkk;h lfefr;ka (Standing Committees) LFkkfir dj ldrh gS ftuesa ,d vkS|ksfxd LVkQ+ ds fy, vkSj nwljh
xSj&vkS|ksfxd LVkQ+ ds fy, gksrh gSA ;s muds vius&vius ekeyksa ls fuiVrh gSaA ifj"knsa viuh 'kfDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh]
208 yksd ç'kklu
;fn os vko';d le>sa] dke dks rst+h ls fuiVkus ds fy, LFkk;h lfefr dks iznku dj ldrh gSaA blds vykok ifj"kn~
vkSj bldh LFkk;h lfefr;ka vius vf/kdkj {ks=k okys fdlh Hkh ekeys ds v/;;u vkSj ml ij fjiksVZ nsus ds fy,
milfefr;ka fu;qDr dj ldrh gSA
jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ vkerkSj ij dsUnzh; ljdkj ij vlj vankt gksus okys ekeyksa ls fuiVrh gSA og fdlh ,d foHkkx ds
deZpkfj;ksa ds fgrksa ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa ij fopkj ugha djrhA
ifj"kn~ dh lk/kkj.k cSBdsa ftruh ckj vko';d gksa cqykbZ tk ldrh gSa ysfdu pkj eghus esa de ls de ,d ckj cSBd
vo'; gksuh pkfg,A v/;{k }kjk vius rkSj ij ;k ljdkjh i{k vFkok LVkQ i{k ds usrk }kjk vuqjks/k fd, tkus ij fo'ks"k
cSBd Hkh cqykbZ tk ldrh gSA ifj"kn~ dk tks lnL; dksbZ fo"k; cSBd dh fo"k; lwph esa 'kkfey djokuk pkgrk gks] mls
og fo"k; ,d O;k[;kRed Kkiu ds lkFk lfpo dks vFkok LVkQ+ i{k ds vf/kdkjh dks cSBd dh frfFk ls 8 lIrkg iwoZ
Hkstuk iM+rk gSA lfpo ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lq>k;s x;s fo"k; ifj"kn~ ds vf/kdkj {ks=k esa gSa ;k ughaA ifj"kn~ }kjk
,d ckj fuiVk fn;k x;k ekeyk vxys 12 eghuksa esa ifj"kn~ dh fo"k; lwph esa nksckjk 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrk c'krs±
fd v/;{k fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls mls 'kkfey djus dh vuqefr u ns nsA
jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ dh dk;Z iz.kkyh ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd ifj"kn~ dh cSBdsa gh gj o"kZ esa vkSlru nks ls Hkh de gksrh
jgh gSAa vkSj mlus dqy eíksa esa ls rhu&pkSFkkbZ ij gh vfUre fu.kZ; fy, gSAa fdUrq vf/kdrj foÙkh; ekeyksa ¼55%½ esa nksuksa
i{kksa ds chp lgefr ugha gks ldhA bl ij Hkh lfefr iz.kkyh dh tM+sa xgjh gksrh tk jgh gSa vkSj mlus dke&dkt ds
izHkkoh <ax ls fu"iknu esa ;ksxnku fd;k gSA
Hkkjh mFky&iqFky ds ckotwn jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ us vius dqN mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dh gS vkSj ;g LVkQ+ lEcU/kksa rFkk lg;ksx dh
,d ,d iz.kkyh izLrqr djrh gS LVkQ+ i{k Hkh jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ esa ikjLifjd le>kSrs ds ek/;e ls Hkkjh la[;k esa deZpkfj;ksa
ds fy, dqN jkgr izkIr dj ldk gSA ifj"kn~ us 'kh"kZ O;wjksØVs l
~ vkSj efU=k;ksa dh LVkQ+ i{k ds lkFk cSBdksa dk vk/kkj izLrqr
fd;k gSA
foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ (Departmental Council): la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k dh ;kstuk esa gjsd foHkkx ds fy, ,d foHkkxh;
ifj"kn~ dk izko/kku gS ysfdu ,d gh eU=kky; ds v/khu nks ;k vf/kd foHkkxksa ds fy, Hkh ,d ifj"kn~ Hkh gks ldrh gSA
ekfeZd rFkk iz'kklfud lq/kkj foHkkx esa dsUnzh; lfpoky; lsokvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d ifj"kn~ gSA foHkkxh; ifj"knksa
dk okLrk mu deZpkfj;ksa dh leL;kvksa ls gksrk gS tks ,d gh eU=kky;@foHkkx esa vkSj foHkkx ds v/khuLFk rFkk lEc)
dk;kZy; esa dke dj jgs gksrs gSaA lEc) eU=kky; dk lfpo ljdkjh i{k dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS vkSj foHkkxh; ifj"kn~
dk v/;{k gksrk gSA ljdkjh i{k ljdkj }kjk euksuhr gksrk gS rFkk mlesa gks ldrk gS fd 10 ls vf/kd lnL; u gksaA
LVkQ+ i{k dh lnL;&la[;k 20 ls 30 rd gksrh gSA mudh Bhd la[;k LVkQ+ dh dqy la[;k rFkk foHkkx esa xzsMksa vkSj
lsokvksa dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA bl LVkQ+ i{k dk pquko LVkQ+ ,lksfl,'kuksa }kjk rhu o"kZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ dh cSBd ftruh ckj vko';d gks] gks ldrh gS ysfdu rhu vFkok pkj eghuksa esa de ls de ,d ckj
vo'; gksuh pkfg,A v/;{k }kjk bldh fo'ks"k cSBd Hkh cqykbZ tk ldrh gSA cSBd dk dksje ljdkjh i{k rFkk LVkQ+
i{k ds dqy lnL;ksa dh la[;k dk ,d&frgkbZ gksrk gSA
foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ dk dk;Z&{ks=k ogh gS tks jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ dk gksrk gSA lykg&e'kfojk dsoy lk/kkj.k fl)kUrksa rd lhfer
gksrk gSA O;fDrxr dslksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k tkrkA
;g ik;k x;k gS fd lHkh foHkkxksa us ;s ifj"knsa LFkkfir ugha dh gSa vkSj LFkkfir ifj"knksa esa ls Hkh flQZ ,d&frgkbZ gh lQy
jgh gSAa mudh cSBdsa fu;fer :i ls ugha dh tkrhaA ifj"kn~ dh cSBdksa esa ftu ekeyksa ij ppkZ dh tkrh gS] muesa ls vfèkdka'k
eísa inksUufr] erksa rFkk osru ds iqujh{k.k ls lEc) gksrh gSaA LVkQ+ ofj"Brk (seniority) ds vk/kkj ij inksUufr vkSj fjDr
LFkku lh/kh HkrhZ dh ctk, inksUufr }kjk Hkjs tkus dks vf/keku nsrk gSA ifj"kn~ fofHkUu eqíksa ds ckjs esa okLrfod vkadM+ksa
vkSj rqjUr miyC/k tkudkjh ds vHkko esa rsth ls QSlys ugha dj ldrhA LVkQ+ i{k vius fy, ,d lfpoky; dk xBu
ugha dj ldk vkSj cSBdksa ls iwoZ vfxze rkSj ij mudh cSBdsa cgqr de gksrh gSAa bu ifj"knksa esa LVkQ+ ds usrk ckrphr djus
esa fl)gLr ugha gksrs vkSj izHkkoh :i ls lkSnsckt+h djus esa vlQy jgrs gSaA usr‘Ro dh det+ksjh eq[;r% lS)kfUrd rFkk
futh erHksnksa] lnL;ksa ds fufgr LokFkks± vkSj ljdkj }kjk dqN ;wfu;uksa rFkk usrkvksa dks fn, tkus okys laj{k.k ds dkj.k
gksrh gSA okLro esa nksuksa gh i{kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds izcU/ku (participative management) vkSj vkS|ksfxd yksdrU=k (Industrial
democracy) esa cgqr de vkLFkk gksrh gSA
{ks=kh; vkSj@vFkok dk;kZy; ifj"knsa (Regional and/or Office Councils): ;s ifj"knsa dsoy dk;Z&fLFkfr;ksa] dY;k.k]
dk;Z dq'kyrk esa lq/kkj vkSj dk;Z ds eku n.Mksa ls lEcfU/kr {ks=kh; vFkok LFkkuh; ekeyksa ls fuiVrh gSa vkSj flQZ ogha
LFkkfir dh tkrh gSa tgka foHkkx ,slk djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA dk;kZy; ifj"kn~ esa ljdkjh i{k ds 5 ls vf/kd lnL;
vkSj LVkQ+ i{k ds 8 ls vf/kd lnL; ugha gksrsA la;qDr lfpo ¼iz'kklu½ bl ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k gksrk gS vkSj voj lfpo
dY;k.k (Under Secretary) ljdkjh i{k dk lfpo gksrk gSA LVkQ+ i{k viuk usrk ,d o"kZ ds fy, pqurk gS vkSj vius
lnL;ksa esa ls ,d lfpo fu;qDr djrk gSA ifj"kn~ dh cSBd nks ekl esa de ls de ,d ckj gksuh vko';d gS vkSj dksje
nksuksa i{kksa dh lnL; la[;k dk ,d&frgkbZ gksrk gSA ifj"kn~ ,d lfefr Hkh fu;qDr dj ldrh gSA
;fn nksuksa i{kksa esa fdlh eqís ij lgefr u gks vkSj ;fn og ekeyk iap fu.kZ; ysus ;ksX; gks rks mls lEc) foHkkxh; ifj"kn~
ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
1981 rd ,d gt+kj ls vf/kd {ks=kh; rFkk dk;kZy; ifj"knsa LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhaA
;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ;s fofHkUu pj.k lqLi"V vkSj vyx&vyx gSa vkSj muds chp dksbZ vkSipkfjd dM+h ugha gSA okLro
ls muesa dksbZ Js.khc)rk ugha gS vkSj bl izdkj os efU=ke.Myh; nkf;Ro dh vo/kkj.kk dk vfrØe.k ugha djrs gSaA
vfuok;Z iap fu.kZ; (Compulsory Arbitration): la;Dq r lykgdkj rU=k ;kstuk esa nksuksa i{kksa ds chp vlgefr dh fLFkfr
esa vfuok;Z iap fu.kZ; ysus dk izko/kku gSA ysfdu vfuok;Z iap fu.kZ; bu ckrksa rd lhfer gS&
1- osru HkÙks]
2- lIrkg esa dke ds ?k.Vs vkSj
3- deZpkfj;ksa dh fdlh ,d Js.kh vFkok xzsM dk vodk'k@vfuok;Z iap fu.kZ; la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ;kstuk dk lkj
gSA
1968 esa ,d iap fu.kZ; cksMZ (Board of Arbitration) dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA cksMZ esa rhu lnL; Fks&,d ljdkjh i{k }kjk
euksuhr] ,d jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ esa LVkQ+ i{k dh rjQ ls euksuhr rFkk rhljk ,d LorU=k O;fDr tks cksMZ dk v/;{k FkkA
;|fi cksMZ dh flQ+kfj'kksa ds nksuksa gh i{k ikcUn gksrs gSa] ljdkj dks fdlh eqís ij iap fu.kZ; ysus ;k u ysus dk fu.kZ;
djus dk vfUre vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS vkSj iap fu.kZ; cksMZ dh flQ+kfj'kksa dks laln~ jk"Vªh; ferO;f;rk vkSj lkekftd
U;k; ds vk/kkj ij la'kksf/kr ;k vLohÑr Hkh dj ldrh gSA
fnlEcj 1980 rd cksMZ dks lkSais x, 164 dslksa esa ls 98 dk QSlyk fd;k x;k tks ÞyfEcrß (Pending) FksA dbZ ekeyksa
esa LVkQ+ dh ek¡xsa Lohdkj dj yh xbZ gSaA
jkT;ksa esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k (J.C.M. in States): la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k dh ;kstuk dk izpyu jkT;ksa esa
lQyrkiwoZd dke ugha dj ldkA dbZ jkT;ksa us rks dsUnz esa bldh vlQyrk ds dkj.k Mj dj bl ;kstuk dks ykxw gh
ugha fd;kA jkT; ljdkjsa rFkk deZpkjh Hkh eglwl djrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkgh (bureaucracy) esa la;qDr lykgdkj
rU=k ;kstuk dh dksbZ mi;ksfxrk ugha D;ksafd fu;ksDrk rFkk fu;ksftr O;fDr;ksa ds chp lEcU/kksa dk fu'p; jktuSfrd rFkk
vkfFkZd dkjd djrs gSaA
fdUrq vkykspuk ds ckotwn] la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ;kstuk LVkQ+ ds fy, viuh f'kdk;rksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus vkSj vius
fopkj ljdkj ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ls le{k izLrqr djus dk ,d eap gSA bl mís'; dks /;ku esa j[k dj dqN jkT;ksa us
le;≤ ij bl ;kstuk dks ykxw fd;kA ;gka ge nks iM+kSlh jkT;ksa&jktLFkku vkSj gfj;k.kk ds <kaps ij ppkZ djsaxsA
bu nksuksa jkT;ksa esa ;g ;kstuk dsoy izk;kSfxd :i esa ykxw dh xbZA jktLFkku esa ;g ekpZ 1970 esa ykxw dh xbZ tcfd
gfj;k.kk esa 1979 esa ykxw dh xbZA
210 yksd ç'kklu
<kapk (Structure): jktLFkku esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k rhu Lrjh; gS& izFke] iqfyl vkSj foHkkxksa dks NksM+ dj 'ks"k lHkh
foHkkxksa ds vjktif=kr (non-gazetted) deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, jkT; Lrj ij la;qDr lykgdkj ifj"kn~] nwljs] foHkkxh; Lrj
ij ljdkj ds izfrfuf/k;ksa vkSj v/khuLFk fyfidoxhZ; (ministerial) vkSj prqFkZ Js.kh deZpkfj;ksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr
gj foHkkx ds fy, foHkkxh; ifj"knsa rFkk vfUre] lfpoky; LVkQ+ ifj"kn~ ftlesa lfpoky; esa ljdkj ds izfrfuf/k rFkk
jkT; lfpoky; esa vjktif=kr deZpkfj;ksa ds izfrfuf/k 'kkfey FksA bl ;kstuk ds nk;js esa jkT; ljdkj ds vjktif=kr
rFkk xSj&vkS|ksfxd deZpkjh vkrs gSaA bl lhek rd ;g jk"Vªh; ;kstuk ls fHkUu gSA blds vykok jktLFkku esa (i) iqfyl
rFkk tsy foHkkxksa] (ii) vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa vkSj (iii) oS/kkfud fuxeksa (Statutory Corporations) esa dk;Z ny deZpkfj;ksa dks
Hkh blds nk;js ls ckgj j[kk x;k gSA
jkT;Lrjh; ifj"kn~] tks jktLFkku esa 'kh"kZ fudk; gS] esa 18 lnL; 'kkfey gSaA muesa ls vk/ks ljdkjh i{k ds gSa vkSj 'ks"k
vk/ks LVkQ+ i{k dsA ljdkjh i{k esa fuEufyf[kr O;fDr 'kkfey gSa&
1- ljdkj ds eq[; lfpo v/;{k
2- foÙk vk;qDr (Finance Commissioner) lnL;
3- jktLo vk;qDr (Revenue Commissioner) lnL;
4- inkf/kdkjh rFkk iz'kklfud lq/kkj foHkkx ds fo'ks"k lfpo lnL;
5- phQ+ bathfu;j] yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx lnL;
6- funs'kd izkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk (Director, Primary and Secondary Education) lnL;
7- milfpo ¼vks0 ,.M0 ,e0½ lnL;
8- inkf/kdkjh foHkkx ds milfpo rFkk LVkQ+ dY;k.k vf/kdkjh lnL; lfpo
9- fpfdRlk rFkk LokLF; foHkkx ds funs'kd lnL;
LVkQ+ i{k esa ekU;rk izkIr ,lksfl,'kuksa ds izfrfuf/k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr gjsd foHkkx ds fy, ,d foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ dk izko/kku gSA ifj"kn~ esa 12 lnL;
gksrs gSa ftuesa ls vk/ks ljdkjh i{k ds vkSj 'ks"k vk/ks LVkQ+ i{k ds izfrfuf/k gksrs gSaA foHkkx dk v/;{k ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k
gksrk gS] ljdkjh i{k ds 'ks"k ikap izfrfuf/k mlds }kjk inkf/kdkjh foHkkx esa ljdkj dh LohÑfr esa euksuhr fd, tkrs
gSaA nks ;k vf/kd foHkkxksa dh ,d gh foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ gksus vFkok foHkkx ds v/;{k ,d ls vf/kd gksus dh fLFkfr esa ifj"kn~
dk v/;{k ljdkj }kjk euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSA
gfj;k.kk esa ;g ;kstuk ewyr% gfj;k.kk ukxfjd lfpoky; (Civil Secretariat) foHkkx ij ykxw dh xbZ Fkh ysfdu ckn esa
ljdkj us lfpoky; esa la;qDr lafo/kku ifj"kn~ (Joint Constitution Council) LFkkfir djus dk QSlyk fd;kA
foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ esa ljdkjh i{k ds pkj lnL; gksrs gSa ftUgsa ljdkj }kjk euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa LVkQ+ ds ikap
izfrfuf/k gksrs gSa ftuesa ls gfj;k.kk flfoy lsØsVsfj;sV ¼ukWu&xt+sfVM½ ,Eykbt+ ,lksfl,'ku }kjk rFkk nks izfrfuf/k
gfj;k.kk flfoy lsØsVsfj;sV Dykl IV ,EIykbt+ ,lksfl,'ku }kjk vkSj 'ks"k ,d gfj;k.kk flfoy lsØsVsfj;sV LVsuksxzkQ+lZ
,lksfl,'ku }kjk euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSA ,lksfl,'kuksa ds izfrfuf/k 3 o"kZ ds dk;Zdky ds fy, euksuhr fd, tkrs gSa ysfdu
nksckjk euksu;u ij dksbZ jksd ugha gSA gfj;k.kk lsØsVsfj;sV ,LVscfy'keSaV ds fy, ljdkj ds milfpo foHkkxh; ifj"kn~
ds v/;{k gksrs gSaA
nksuksa jkT;ksa esa lfefr iz.kkyh (Committee System) ds fy, izko/kku gSA
mís'; rFkk dk;Z (Objectives and Functions): jkT; Lrj ij la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ds mís'; yxHkx ogh gSa tks dsUnz
esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ds gSaA mnkgj.kr;k] gfj;k.kk esa blds mís'; gSa&
1- ln~Hkkoiw.kZ lEcU/kksa dks c<+kok nsuk]
2- fu;ksDrk ds :i esa ljdkj vkSj mlds deZpkfj;ksa dh egklHkk ds chp lka>s fgr ds ekeyksa ij vf/kdre lg;ksx
izkIr djuk vkSj
3- yksd lsokvksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk c<+kukA
gfj;k.kk esa foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ (i) deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok vkSj dk;Z fLFkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa] (ii) muds dY;k.k vkSj (iii)
mudh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk dke ds ekun.Mksa ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa ij fopkj djrh gS] ysfdu
1- HkrhZ] inksUufr vkSj vuq'kklu lEcU/kh fopkj&foe'kZ lkekU; fl)kUrksa rd lhfer jgsxk] vkSj
2- O;fDrxr dslksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k tk,xkA
jktLFkku esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ds dk;Z jkT; ljdkj }kjk lhfer vkSj fu;fU=kr gSaA la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k osru
vkSj HkÙkksa] dk;kZy;&rU=k esa lq/kkj] ukxfjd lsodksa dh ukSdjh ij vlj vankt gksus okys u, fo/kk;u (legislation) ls
lEcfUèkr ekeyksa ij fopkj ugha dj ldrkA la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k dk;Z fLFkfr;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa ds dY;k.k] dke rFkk
dk;Zd'q kyrk ds Lrj ls lEcfU/kr lHkh ekeyksa ls fuiVrk gSA tgka rd HkrhZ] inksUufr vkSj vuq'kklu ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa
dk lEcU/k gS( fopkj&foe'kZ dsoy lkekU; fl)kUrksa rd gh lhfer jgrk gS] O;fDrxr dslksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k tkrkA
dkedkt (Working): tgka rd jkT;ksa esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ds dkedkt dk lEcU/k gS] ;g igys gh dgk x;k gS
fd ;g ;kstuk dsoy izk;kSfxd vk/kkj ij ykxw dh xbZ FkhA tgka rd bu laLFkkvksa dh lQyrk dk lEcU/k gS vf/kd vk'kk
ugha dh xbZ FkhA bl lkjh vof/k esa Hkkxhnkjksa dk n‘f"Vdks.k Hkh izk;kSfxd gh FkkA jkT;ksa esa la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k ds dk;Z
vkSj Hkh lhfer gSaA dsoy dqN lsok 'krks± vkSj dY;k.k&lqfo/kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa ij gh ifj"knksa esa fopkj fd;k tkrk
gS tksfd osru] egaxkbZ HkÙks] iz'kklu esa ftEesnkjh] izkf/kdkj dk vH;iZ.k] dk;Zd'q kyrk vkSj iz'kklu dh izHkkfork vkfn vusd
egÙoiw.kZ ekeys ifj"kn~ dks cSBdksa esa dHkh fopkjk/khu ugha yk, tkrsA blds vykok ppkZ dk Lrj Hkh gYdk gksrk gSA lnL;]
[kkl rkSj ij LVkQ+ i{k ds lnL; iwjh rS;kjh djds ugha vkrsA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ;kstuk esa vkSj lkFk gh ,d&nwljs
xzqi esa fo'okl dk vHkko gSA ljdkjh i{k ds lnL; vDlj viuk ukSdj'kkgh dk joS;k fn[kkrs gSa vkSj nwljs xzqi ds lkFk
muds lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj dk Hkkjh vUrj dbZ ckj mHkj dj lkeus vkrk gSA la;Dq r lykgdkj rU=k dks jkT;ksa esa dsoy
lk/kkj.k egÙo ds {ks=kksa esa gh FkksM+h lQyrk feyh gSA
fu"d"kZ (Conclusion): vPNs fu;ksDrk&fu;ksftr lEcU/k iz'kklu ds vPNs LokLF; dks lqfuf'pr cukrs gSaA ;g inkf/kdkjh
iz'kklu dk ,d uktqd {ks=k gS] vr% blls lko/kkuhiwoZd fuiVuk vko';d gSA blds fy, ikjLifjd vknj vkSj nksuksa
i{kksa ds chp Hkjksls dh vko';drk gSA blds lkFk gh vPNs lEcU/k vfuok;Zr% ys vkSj ns dh Hkkouk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA
,d ljdkj esa nksuksa i{kksa ds chp lEcU/k] lafo/kku esa O;ofLFkr ukxfjd lsok ds ewY;ksa vkSj ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, ukxfjd
lsokvksa ds fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa }kjk vuqlfjr vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd dkjdksa }kjk r; fd, tkrs gSaA blds vykok
lkaLÑfrd dkjd] deZpkfj;ksa dh ,lksfl,'kuksa dh izÑfr vkSj lewpk i;kZoj.k bu lEcU/kksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
vnk djrs gSaA la;qDr lykgdkj rU=k us vusd ns'kksa esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS ysfdu Hkkjr esa ;g cgqr izHkkoh fl) ugha
gqvkA dbZ ekspks± ij ;g foQy jgk gS vkSj fLFkfr esa Bksl lq/kkj ugha yk ldkA nqHkkZX; ls bldh izHkkfork mÙkjksÙkj de
gksrh tk jgh gSA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha fd ;kstuk fujFkZd gS( vko';drk bl ;kstuk dks iquthZfor dj bldk iw.kZ fodkl
djus dh gS& blds fy, bl ;kstuk esa vkSj nksuksa i{kksa esa vkilh fo'okl fQj ls iSnk djuk t:jh gSA blfy, blesa
ubZ igydneh flQZ ljdkj gh dj ldrh gSA
212 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&24
ukSdj'kkgh% fl)kUr] izdkj] eSdl oscj ds fopkj
vkSj muds vkykspd
(Bureaucracy: Theories, Types, Max-Weber and His
Critics)
vkt laxBu dk izHkqRo'kkyh :i ukSdj'kkgh gSA ÞukSdj'kkghß 'kCn dk iz;ksx vkerkSj ij udkjkRed ;k cqjs vFkZ esa fd;k
tk ldrk gS] bldk vFkZ ,slk laxBu le>k tkrk gS tks yky Qhrk] vdq'kyrk vkSj izHkkoghurk ls nck gSA okLro eSa
bldh mRifÙk ,d rduhdh 'kCnkoyh ds :i eas gqbZ ftldk vFkZ ;g fy;k tkrk Fkk fd ;g iz'kklfud mís';ksa ds fy,
lkekftd laxBu dk ,d :i gSA ¼vf/kd foLrkj ds fy, vkxs dk ukSdj'kkgh ij v/;k; nsf[k;s½A ukSdj'kkgh rF; dk
lcls vf/kd O;ofLFkr v/;;u teZuh ds ,d lekt'kkL=kh eSDl oscj (Max Weber½ ¼1864-1920½ us fd;k gSA
laxBu (Verband½ dh mRifÙk vkSj izÑfr ds lEcU/k eas viuh /kkj.kk dks oscj (Weber½ 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk ij vk/kkfjr djrk
gSa oscj ds vuqlkj] 'kfDr (Match½ ml O;fDr ds ikl dgh tk ldrh gS tks fojks/k ds ckotwn Hkh lkekftd lEcU/kksa ds
vUrxZr viuh bPNk dks ykxw dj ldrk gSA ;fn bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ekuo-lewgkas dh lajpuk ds fy, fd;k tk;s] rks
;g 'kfDr dk ,d fo'ks"k mnkgj.k gksrk gS ftls lÙkk (Harrschaft½ dgrs gSaA vr% oscj 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk ;k îzHkqRo^ esa
Hksn djrk gSA lÙkk ;k izHkqRo laxBu dh mRifÙk dk lk/ku gksrh gSA laxBu ds fu;eksa dks oscj us iz'kklu dk uke fn;k
gSA iz'kklu dk lcls egRoiw.kZ igyw ;g gS fd blds }kjk ;g fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS fd dkSu fdldks vkns'k nsxkA vr%
ÞlÙkk dk izR;sd Lo:i vius vkidks iz'kklu esa izdV djrk gS vkSj mlh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSAß
oscj ds vuqlkj] lHkh lÙkk fof/klaxr gksrh gS] D;ksafd lnk gh bldk vk/kkj yksd&fo'okl lajpuk ij gksrk gSA yksxkas
esa ;g fo'okl gksrk gS fd vkKkikyu mfpr Fkk] D;ksafd vkns'k nsus okys O;fDr esa dksbZ ifo=k ;k mRÑ"V fo'ks"krk FkhA
ml O;fDr dh bl lÙkk dks peRdkfjd lÙkk (Charismatic authority½ dgrs gSaA ;fn ml vkns'k dk ikyu iqjkuh fpj
LFkkfir O;oLFkk dh e;kZnkvksa dks izfr J)k ds dkj.k fd;k x;k gks] rks og lÙkk ijEijkxr (traditional½ dgyk;sxk]
rhljh izdkj dh lÙkk dkuwuh ;k oS/kkfud lÙkk (legal authority½ gksrh gS] oscj bldks foosd'khyrk dk xq.k nsrs gSaA ,slh
fLFkfr esa yksxksa dks ;g fo'okl gksrk gS fd vkns'k nsus okyk O;fDr vius drZO;ksa ds vuqdwy dk;Z dj jgk gS tks drZO;
dkuwuh fu;eksa vkSj vf/kfu;eksa esa fy[ks x;s gSaA
oscj dk fopkj Fkk fd vkn'kZ ukSdj'kkgh&laxBu O;fDr;ksa vkSj lewgksa ds ijLij&lEcU/kksa esa >xM+ksa vkSj LosPNkpkfjrk dks
lekIr djds lcls vf/kd izHkkoh rjhds ls fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA
oscj ds vuqlkj ukSdj'kgh dk vFkZ gS& fu;qDr fd;s x;s vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ,d iz'kklfud laLFkkA og ukSdj'kkgh dks fu;qDr
fd;s x;s vf/kdkfj;ksa dh laLFkk le>rs Fks tks ,d fuf'pr vkSj fHké lewg gksrk gS vksj ftldk dk;Z vkSj izHkko lHkh
izdkj ds laxBuksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gcZVZ th- fgDl rFkk lh- js xqfyV (C. Ray½ ukSdj'kkgh dh O;k[;k bl izdkj
djrs gSa% Þ;g fof'k"V inksa dk ,dhÑr inlksiku gksrk gS ftudks O;ofLFkr fu;eksa ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gksrk gS&
;g ,d voS;fDrd fuR;kp;kZ ij pyus okyh lajpuk gS ftlesa fof/kor lÙkk in ls tqM+h gksrh gS] u fd ml O;fDr ds
lkFk tks ml in ij dke djrk gSA
ukSdj'kkgh% fl)kUr] izdkj] eSdl oscj ds fopkj vkSj muds vkykspd 213
ukSdj'kkfg;k¡ lHkh cM+s vkSj tfVy laxBuksa eas ikbZ tkrh gS]a pkgs os laxBu jktuhfrd gks]a pkgs /kkfeZd] O;kikfjd] lSfud]
f'k{kk&laca/kh ;k dksbZ vkSjA mjfod (Urwick½ ;g ekurs gSa fd ;fn ekuoh; lg;ksx dh O;oLFkk;sa ,d fuf'pr vkdkj
ls cM+h gks tkrh gSa] rks laxBu ds ukSdj'kkgh Lo:i ls cpk ugha tk ldrk] vkSj og gS ,d NksVs ls eqëh Hkj vuq;kf;;ksa
ds lkFk usrk vkeus&lkeus dk lEcU/kA blh izdkj fMeksd (Dimock½ dgrs gSa fd ÞtfVyrk ukSdj'kkgh dks tUe nsrh gSA
tc rd thou ljy jgrk gS] rc rd O;fDr;ksa ds ijLij lEcU/k izR;{k jgrs gSa vkSj laLFkku ljy jgrs gSa] rc O;fDr
Hkys gh lqLr] mnklhu vkSj vkylh gksa] fdUrq rc vki dksbZ Hkh ,slh laLFkkRed fLFkfr ugha ns[ksaxsA ftldks Bhd&Bhd
ukSdj'kkgh dgk tk ldrk gksA ijUrq ,d tfVy okrkoj.k esa laLFkku cM+s gks tkrs gSa] lEcU/k voS;fDrd cu tkrs gSa vkSj
laxBuksa rFkk dk;Zfof/k;ksa dks cM+s /;ku ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS] bl lcdk LokHkkfod ifj.kke gksrk gS& ukSdj'kkghA
vr% ukSdj'kkgh vk/kqfud lH;rk dk vfuok;Z rÙo tku iM+rk gSA
ukSdjd'kkgh ds mn; ds dkj.k

(Factors for the Rise of Bureaucracy)
ukSdj'kkgh dk fodkl 18oha 'krkCnh esa lcls igys if'peh ;wjksi ds ns'kksa esa vkSj mlds mijkUr fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa esa
gqvkA 20oha 'krkCnh eas ;g viuh ijkdk"Bk ij igqaph] gkykafd dbZ jkT;ksa esa ekDlZoknh fl)kUr dh fot; gqbZ tks bldks
lekIr dj nsuk pkgrk gSA
ykWLdh ukSdj'kkgh ds mn; dks dbZ rRoksa ds ;ksxnku dk ifj.kke ekurs gSaA izFke] ;g dqyhura=k dh mit ds :i eas
fodflr gqvkA blds vius bfrgkl esa dqyhura=k esa lfØ; ljdkj ds fy, :fp dk vHkko ns[kk x;k ftlls dbZ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lÙkk LFkk;h vf/kdkfj;ksa ds gkFkksa esa pyh xbZA f}rh;] ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; lezkV dh bl bPNk ls Hkh ekuk
tk ldrk gS] tcfd os vius O;fDrxr v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa dks j[kuk pkgrk Fkk ftudk iz;ksx dqyhu oxZ esa 'kfDr ds
fy, c<+rh gqbZ ykylk ds foijhr fd;k tk ldsA r‘rh;] yksdra=k ds mn; us blds fodkl esa nks rjhds ls lg;ksx fn;k&
¼d½ méhloha 'krkCnh eas if'peh lalkj esa yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj ds mn; gks tkus ls ,slh O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus dk la;ksx
lekIr gks x;k ftlesa vf/kdkjh iSr‘d rFkk LFkk;h tkfr cu ldrsA
¼[k½ yksdra=k ds lkFk&lkFk tks vU; ifjfLFkfr;ka mRié gqb±] muds dkj.k ;g vfuok;Z gks x;k fd fof'k"V lsok dk dk;Z
djus ds fy, fo'ks"kKksa dk lewg gksuk pkfg,A prqFkZ] vk/kqfud jkT; dk fo'kky vkdkj vkSj blds miyC/k dh tkus
okyh lsok dk foLrkj bl ckr dks vfuok;Z cuk nsrk gS fd fo'ks"kKksa dk iz'kklu vo';EHkkoh gksA
ukSdjd'kkgh ds mn; ij eSDl oScj ds fopkj

(Max Weber on the Rise of Bureaucracy )
vrhr eas Hkh ukSdj'kkgh Fkh] tSls fd izkphu felz esa] izkphu jkse vkSj phu ds iz'kkluksa essa vkSj rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds vUr ls
jkseu dSFkksfyd ppZ esaA fdUrq os bruh ukSdj'kkgh ugha Fkh] mudh la[;k Hkh lhfer Fkh vkSj os dsoy jkT; vkSj ppZ ds
nk;js rd lhfer FkhaA ;ksjksi esa fujadq'kokn ds mn; vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk ukSdj'kkfg;ka fo'kn :i esa vfèkd
ukSdj'kkg cu xbZ] vf/kd QSy xb± vkSj lkekftd thou ds foLr‘r {ks=kksa esa ?kql xbZA jkT; iz'kkluksa ds vfrfjDr lsuk,a]
ppZ] fo'ofo|ky;] vkfFkZd laLFkku vkSj jktuhfrd ny Hkh ukSdj'kkgh :i /kkj.k dj x;sA oScj dk fopkj gS fd
ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; muds dkj.kksa ls gqvk&
1- eqnzk&vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk (The Creation of Money Economy)% ;g izfØ;k rc 'kq: gqbZ tc ;wjksi eè;;qx
ls fudykA oScj eqnkz &O;oLFkk dks ukSdj'kkgh ds mn; dh vfuok;Z 'krZ ugha ekurk] D;ksfa d felz] jkse rFkk phu tSls
ns'kksa us ukSdj'kkfg;ka ml le; Hkh Fkha tc tc eqvkotk iSls ds :i esa fn;k tkrk FkkA fdUrq blls ukSdj'kkgksa dks
iôh Hkjksls ;ksX; vkneuh dk fo'okl ugha FkkA ukSdj'kkgksa dks Hkwfe dk vuqnku nsus dh O;oLFkk Fkh rFkk@vFkok
fuf'pr izns'kksa esa ls dj] jktLo bdëk djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ukSdj'kkfg;ka fo?kfVr gksdj lkeUrh rFkk
vèkZ&lkeUrh tkxhjksa dk :i /kkj.k dj xb±A
214 yksd ç'kklu
2- iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mn; (The Emergency of Capitalist Economy)% eqDr O;kikj dh O;oLFkk tks
iwt
a hokn dk lkj gS] us ukSdj'kkgh dks c<+kok fn;kA bl dkj.k ,slh vko';drkvksa us tUe fy;k tks dsoy ukSdj'kkgh
laxBy gh iwjk dj ldrs FksA iwathokn dks vius gh fgrksa ds fy, 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj lqO;ofLFkr ljdkjksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj og budk izksRlkgu djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iwathokn dks ,slh
ljdkj dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj og ,slh ljdkj dks izksRlkgu nsrk gS tks ukSdj'kkgh laxBuksa ij vk/kkfjr gksA
dsoy ljdkjsa gh ugha] vfirq Loa; iwt
a hoknh miØe Hkh laxBu ds ukSdj'kkgh fl)kUrksa dk vuqdj.k djus yxs] D;ksfa d
bueas foosd'khyrk vkSj iwoZ fopkj'khyrk dh vko';drk,a gksrh gSa tks iwathokn dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
3- if'peh lekt esa rdZ'kfDr dh vksj vf/kd ifjosf"Br izo‘fÙk (More Encompassing Trend Towards
Rationality in Western Society)% vk/kqfud if'pe lekt us dbZ {ks=kksa esa cqf)okn ds fodkl dk vuqHko fd;kA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij bl izo‘fÙk dks izksVsLVsUV uSfrd fu;eksa esa Li"V ns[kk tk ldrk Fkk ftlus dfBu ifjJe vkSj
Lovuq'kklu dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA ;gh uSfrd fu;e iwathokn dh Hkkouk dk vk/kkj Fkk ftlesa le; vkSj iz;Ruksa dk
foosdiw.kZ <ax ls yxkus ds fy, dgk tkrk Fkk] rkfd vf/kd&ls&vf/kd miyfC/k;ka vkSj equkQk gksA blds mijkUr
;gh Hkkouk cqf)oknh iwt
a hokn ds fodkl ds fy, ,d iwoZ 'krZ cu xbZA nwljs {ks=kksa tSls foKku ds fodkl vkSj 'kklu
esa Hkh rdZ'kfDr dh vksj ;gh lkekU; izo‘f+Ùk Li"V rkSj ij ns[kh x;hA
4- ;wjksi dh tula[;k esa o‘f) (Growth of European Population)% tula[;k ds fodkl ls iz'kklfud dk;Z c<+
tkrs gSa ftudk lkeuk dsoy cM+s&cM+s laxBuksa }kjk fd;k tkrk ldrk gSA nwljh vksj cM+s&cM+s laxBuksa esa ukSdj'kkgh
vkdkj izkIr dj ysus dh izo‘fÙk gksrh gSA
5- yksdra=k (Democracy)% yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkuksa ds fodkl dk nwljk i{k rFkk lkeUrksa vkSj dqyhu rRoksa ds ijEijkxr
'kklu dk fojks/k djuk Fkk mldks lekIr djus esa lgk;rk nsuk vkSj lkFk gh f'k{kk dks izksRlkgu nsuk rFkk Kku
vkSj f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij inksa ij fu;qfDr;ksa dk leFkZ djukA
6- tfVy iz'kklfud leL;kvksa dh mRifÙk (Emergence of Complex Administrative Problems)% ljdkjksa ds
}kjk fd; tkus okys dk;ks± dh tfVyrk cM+s iSekus ij ukSdj'kkgh laxBuksa dks iSnk djrh gSA ;gh izkphu felz esa
gqvkA og ns'k ftlesa bfrgkl esa igyh ckj ukSdj'kkgh dk cM+s iSekus ij laxBu gqvk tc bldks ugjksa dk fuekZ.k
djus vkSj fu;af=kr djus tSls tfVy dk;Z djus dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA vk/kqfud le; esa ;wjksi esa dsUnzh;dj.k ij
vk/kkfjr u, jkT;ksa dks dbZ ,sls iz'kklfud dk;ks± ls tw>uk iM+k ftudks vrhr esa dksbZ Hkh ugha tkurk FkkA us dsoy
mudks igys ls vf/kd cM+s izn's kksa vkSj tulewgksa ij fu;a=k.k djuk iM+k] vfirq mudks bl izdkj dh lkekftd lsok,a
iznku djuh iM+ha tks igys dksbZ jkT; ugha djrk FkkA
7- lapkj ds vk/kqfud :i (Modern Forms of Communication)% lapkj ds vk/kqfud lk/kuksa ds dkj.k vf/kd tfVy
vkSj izHkkoh izdkj ds iz'kklu vFkkZr~ ukSdj'kkgh dh vko';drk gqbZ vkSj blds fodkl esa vklkuh Hkh gqbZA
oScj (Weber) dk dFku gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dk fodkl blfy, gqvk fd ;g viuh foosd'khyrk vkSj rduhdh mPprk ds
dkj.k vk/kqfud tfVy lekt dh leL;kvksa vkSj dk;ks± dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ;s lcls vf/kd mfpr ;a=k fl) gqvk
gSA blh mPprk ds dkj.k ukSdj'kkgh vf/kd O;kid cu xbZ vkSj Hkfo"; eas bldk vkSj Hkh vf/kd O;kid cu tkuk
ykfteh gSA
ukSdj'kkgh ds izdkj
(Types of Bureacuracy)
ukSdj'kkgh dk Lo:i lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd rRoksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA bfrgkl ds fofHké pj.kksa
eas ukSdj'kkgh us rRdkyhu lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd izHkko esa vkdj viuk :i rFkk vkdj cnykA ekWlZfVu ekDlZ
(Morstein Marx) eksVs rkSj ij ukSdj'kkgh dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk gS& vfHkHkkod ukSdj'kkgh] tkrh; ukSdj'kkgh] izJ;
;k laj{k.k ukSdj'kkgh rFkk ;ksX;rk ij vk/kkfjr ukSdj'kkghA vc ge bu pkjksa izdkjksa dk foospu djsaxsA
1- vfHkHkkod ukSdj'kkgh% IysVks }kjk of.kZr vfHkHkkodksa us vius dk;ks± esa tufgr dks loksZifj j[kk gSA mUgsa leqnk;
ds U;k; rFkk tufgr dk laj{kd ekuk tkrk FkkA bu vfHkHkkodksa dks mudh f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij pquk tkrk FkkA
bl izdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh phu eas 960 bZloha ls igys rFkk :i esa 640 ls 1740 bZloha ds chp fo|eku FkhA phu
dh ljdkj dh lHkh xfrfof/k;k¡ IysVks ds fl)karksa ds vuq:i Fkh] ;|fi mu ij phuh fopkjd dUQ;wf'k;l ds U;k;
;qfDr laca/kh fopkjksa dk izHkko FkkA vf/kdkfj;ksa dk eq[; drZO; yksxksa ds lkeus ,d vkn'kZ thou dk mnkgj.k is'k
djuk FkkA vf/kdkfj;ksa dk eq[; drZO; yksxksa ds lkeus ,d vkn'kZ thou dk mnkgj.k is'k djuk FkkA mudk pquko
mudh fo)Ùkk ds vk/kkj ij gksrk Fkk rFkk mudks lgh vkpj.k ds fy;s 'kkL=kh; i)fr ds vk/kkj ij izf'k{k.k fn;k
tkr FkkA mu vfHkHkkodksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh Fkh fd os vius esa uSfrd lgu'khyrk fodflr djsa ftlls os U;k; ;qfDr
ds vk/kkj ij viuh lÙkk dk iz;ksx dj ldasA
vfHkHkkod&ukSdj'kkgh fujadq'krk dks vkn'kZ ekurh gSa blhfy, ;g ijEijkoknh ,oa :f<+oknh cu x;h gSA ;g Hkh
lEHko gksrk gS fd ;g turk ds ekeyksa rFkk rRdkyhu jktuSfrd leL;kvksa esa vius dks vyx j[ks] blhfy, ;g
tuer dh vogsyuk djrh gS] vkSj fujadq'k cu tkrh gSA
2- tkrh; ukSdj'kkgh% ;g ukSdj'kkgh lÙkkjr O;fDr;ksa ds oxhZ; laca/kksa ls iSnk gksrh gSA blds vUrxZr inkf/kdkfj;ksa
dh fu;qfDr dsoy ,d gh oxZ ls gksrh gS bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dsoy mPp vFkok tkfr ls lacaf/kr yksx dh yksd
lsokvksa dh vksj vkÑ"V gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, izkphu Hkkjr esa dsoy czkã.k ;k {kf=k; gh mPpkf/kdkjh cu ldrs
FksA ,Q- ,e- ekDlZ dk fopkj gS fd tkrh; ukSdj'kkgh ,d vU; :i eas izLQqfVr gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ mPp inksa ds fy;s
;ksX;rk dks tkfrxr izkFkfedrkvksa ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, baxySaM esa yksd lsokvksa ds inksa ds fy;s
dqyhu oxZ ds yksxksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh FkhA Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok ds ckjs esa fVIi.kh djrs gq, ,Iiyoh
(Appleby) us dgk gS fd bl lsok ds inkf/kdkjh fofHké fo'ks"k oxks± esa ck¡Vs tkrs gSa vkSj mudks fo'ks"k lsok,¡ fo'ks"k
:iksa esa miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA ;g vf/kdkjh in] oxZ] inoh ,oa lsokvksa ds oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj ij O;ofLFkr fd;s
tkrs gSaA pwafd ukSdj'kkgh esa mPp ckSf)d Lrj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl ckr dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS fd mPp
oxZ ,oa tkfr ds yksx gh mlesa vk ldrs gSaA fofHké lsokvksa ds fy;s vyx&vyx lkekftd Lrj cuk, tkrs gSaA
;g ns[kk x;k gS fd yksd lsod viuh xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk viuh tkfr;ksa ds fy;s vf/kd dk;Z djus dh dksf'k'k djrs
gSaA tkrh; ukSdj'kkgh ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gS& izkjfEHkd jkseu&lkezkT; ds varxZr yksd lsok,¡( est+h (Meiji)
lafo/kku ds varxZr tkikuh yksd lsok,¡] 1950 ds n'kd esa Ýkalhlh yksd lsok,¡A
3- izJ; vFkok laj{k.k ukSdj'kkgh% bl izdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh dks in iq#Ldk O;oLFkk (Spoil-system) Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA blds varxZr laj{k.k ;k izJ; dks jktuSfrd fu;a=k.k ds ,d lk/ku ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk ds
varxZr efU=k;ksa ;k pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa ds jf{krksa dks yksd lsokvkas ds fy;s uketn fd;k tkrk gSA lkoZtfud inksa
dks muds leFkZdksa esa O;fDrxr ;k jktuSfrd bukeksa dh rjg ck¡Vk tkrk gSA méhloha 'krkCnh ls igys fczVsu esa bl
O;oLFkk us dqyhu oxZ dks yksd lsokvksa esa izos'k djus eas enn nhA vejhdk dks laj{k.k&ukSdj'kkgh dk tud ekuk
tkrk gSA ogk¡ ij ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd fdlh dks Hkh yksdlsokvksa esa fu;qfDr dk nwljs ls vf/kd vf/kdkj ugha gSA
blfy;s vius O;fDr;ksa dks fu;qDr djds laj{k.k iznku fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] ysfdu dkykarj esa laj{k.k ukSdj'kkgh
dh fuank gksus yxh D;ksafd blesa fuEu nks"k vk x, Fks%
(i) ;ksX;rk dk vHkko
(ii) vuq'kklughurk
(iii) vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ykyphiu
(iv) nks"kiw.kZ i)fr;k¡
(v) i{kikr
(vi) lsok Hkou dk vHkko
216 yksd ç'kklu
4- ;ksX;rk ij vk/kkfjr ukSdj'kkgh% geus vc rd ukSdj'kkgh ds ftrus izdkjksa dk fooj.k fn;k gS] muds nks"kksa dh
izfrfØ;k ls gh ;ksX;rk ij vk/kkfjr ukSdj'kkgh dk tUe gqvkA bl izdkj ukSdj'kkgh esa fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds
vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS vkSj mlesa fu"i{k ekinaMksa dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckj izo's k ds ckn inoh rFkk LFkkf;Ro
lqfuf'pr jgrs gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx eas ukSdj'kkgh ds vU; izdkjksa dh rqyuk esa ;ksX;rk ij vk/kkfjr ukSdj'kkgh
iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ds Åij jktuSfrd fu;a=k.k ij tksj nsrh gSA bl ukSdj'kkgh dks vU; izdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh ls
vf/kd izHkkoh ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g iz'kklfud ekeyksa esa rkfdZdrk dks egÙo nsrh gSA
ukSdj'kkgh ds nks"k
tSlk igys crk pqds gSa ukSdj'kkgh ds udkjkRed rFkk ldkjkRed nksuksa gh :i gSaA vkykspdksa dk er gS fd ukSdj'kkgh
laxBu dh ,d chekjh gSA ;g mu izo‘fÙk;ksa dks tUe nsrh gS tks fd bldh miyfC/k;ksa dks udkj ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy, in lksiku O;oLFkk ukSdj'kkgh esa izkjfEHkd dne mBkus dh 'kfDr dks fu:Rlkfgr djrh gSA ;g laxBu dks fofHké
Lrjksa eas ck¡Vrh gS vkSj ykyQhrk'kkgh ,oa vdq'kyrk dks iuius esa enn djrh gSA bldh vkykspuk blfy, Hkh dh tkrh
gS D;ksafd ;g yksd lsodksa ds O;ogkj ,oa dk;Zdq'kyrk ij foijhr izHkko Mkyrh gSA bl izdkj tgk¡ ,d vksj ukSdj'kkgh
dks vk/kqfud iz'kklu ,oa rdZlaxr <k¡ps dk igyw ekuk tkrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj blesa dqN udkjkRed ckrsa Hkh gsaA bldh
vkykspuk blfy, Hkh dh tkrh gS fd ;g turk dh ekaxksa dh vogsyuk djrh gSA vuko';d vkSipkfjdrk] vius dks c<+kok
nsus] vius izHkko {ks=k dk foLrkj djus rFkk nfd;kuqlh O;ogkj dh izo‘fÙk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA tks vU; nks"k blesa gS os
bl izdkj gSa& vgadkj] vkRelarks"k] ek=k fu;e ,oa fuR;Ø (Routine) dBksjrk] iz'kklfud O;ogkj esa ekuoh; O;ogkj
dh mis{kk rFkk yksdrkaf=kd izfØ;k ds izfr mnklhurkA
ukSdj'kkgh ds fl)kar
(Theories of Bureaucracy)
tc ls vk/kqfud jkT;&O;oLFkk esa ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; gqvk gS vkSj 'kfDr ij bldh idM+ c<+ xbZ gS vkSj ukxfjdksa ds
thou ij bldk fu;a=k.k c<+rk tk jgk gS] rc ls dbZ fopkjdksa vkSj lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us fofHké igyqvksa ls bl ij fopkj
fd;k gSA vr% ;g ykHknk;d gksxk fd bl fo"k; ij tks fofHké fopkj/kkjkvksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSa] mu
ij ;gk¡ la{ksi esa fopkj fd;k tk;sA
ukSdj'kkgh dk ekDlZoknh n‘f"Vdks.k

(Marxist View of Bureaucracy)
dkyZ ekDlZ (Karl Marx) us cgqr igys lSUV lkbeu (Saint Simon) us ukSdj'kkgh ds lEcU/k esa dgk Fkk fd ÞukSdj'kkgh
esa os vf/kdkjh vkrs gSa tks 'kkflr yksxksa ds fgrksa dh n‘f"V ls ugha] vfirq vius fgrksa ds fy, 'kklu djrs gSaA os vius fy,
mPp osru dk iz;kl djrs gSa vkSj dsoy O;FkZ gh ugha] vfirq v;ksX; ijthoh yksxksa dh cgqr cM+h c<+rh gqbZ foLr‘r HkhM+
Hkh gSA pwafd mRikndksa ds :i esa mudh vko';drk,¡ vkSj bPNk,¡ ,d tSlh gSa] fdUrq os Lo;a dqN mRiknu ugha djrsA
os yksx vfuok;Z :i ls nwljksa ds dk;Z ij thfor jgrs gSa] ;k mudks nsuk iM+rk gS vFkok Nhu ysrs gSaA la{ksi esa os csdkj
gSa] vFkkZr~ pksj gSA
ukSdj'kkgh ij dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj
(Karl Marx on Bureaucracy)
dkyZ ekDlZ us ÞukSdj'kkghß 'kCn dk iz;ksx viekutud Hkkouk ls fd;k gSA lHkh ekDlZoknh ;g ekurs gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh
iwt
¡ hoknh jkT; ds lkFk c¡/kh gqbZ gS] vr% ;g ,d cwtv Zq k ?kVuk gSA ghxy ds foijhr] ekDlZ bl ckr esa fo'okl ugha j[krk
Fkk fd jkT; lekt ds lkekU; fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA blh izdkj ukSdj'kkgh ,d loZO;kih voLFkk esa ugha gS]
og jkT; ds Hkhrj ,d fo'ks"k rax lekt gS tks lkekU; fgrksa dk ugha vfirq vius gh fgr dh j{kk djrk gSA ;g ,d
lkekftd 'kfDr gS ftlds ek/;e ls iwt ¡ hokn vkSj cwtv Zw k ds fgrksa dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gS& ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; vkSj bldk
fujUrj cus jgukA vr% iwt ¡ hoknh jkT; dh izÑfr ds foLr‘r fo"k; ds lkFk ;g vHksn :i ls tqMh+ gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk dk;Z
;g gS fd og okLrfod 'kfDr&lEcU/kksa dks fNik, vkSj 'kkldksa vkSj 'kksf"krksa ds chp lkekU; fgr dk >wBk inkZ [kM+k djsA
ekDlZ dk ;g Hkh fo'okl Fkk fd ukSdj'kkgh yksxksa esa vuU;rk dk Hkko iSnk djus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ;g ,d Lora=k vkSj
neudkjh 'kfDr cu tkrh gS ftldk vkHkkl vf/kdrj yksxksa esa gksrk gSA ;g ,d xqIr rFkk varfjr bdkbZ tku iM+rh gS
tks ;|fi muds thou dks fu;af=kr djrh gS vkSj ftl ij mudk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksrk vkSj ;g mudh le> ls ckgj
gksrh gSA ;g ,d izdkj dk nsoRo gS ftlds lkeus O;fDr fu%lgk; rFkk ?kcjk;k gqvk eglwl djrk gSA
ekDlZ dk dguk Fkk fd jkT; rFkk bldh dk;Zdkfj.kh ;a=k gS ftuds ek/;e ls 'kkld oxZ viuh 'kfDr dks izdV djrk
gSA ukSdj'kkgh oxZ&Hksnksa dks lqn‘<+ cukus ds dk;Z esa ;ksxnku nsrh gS vkSj 'kkld oxZ dh 'kfDr dk leFkZu djrh gSA ekDlZ
bl ckr ij cy nsrs Fks fd ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; ckgjh rFkk foÑr lkekftd oxhZdj.k dk ifj.kke gSA Hkys gh ;g fdruh
gh Lora=k D;ksa u fn[kkbZ nsrh gks] ;g lekt ds Hkhrj orZeku oxhZdj.k ij nks rjhds ls vkfJr gksrh gS& (1) ;g lekt
vkSj jkT; ds chp Li"V i‘Fkdrk ij vkfJr gksrh gS ftlds fcuk bldk dksbZ vfLrRo] dkj.k vFkok iz;kstu ugha jgrkA
;g lekt vkSj laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrjh oxhZdj.k dh okLrfodrk ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl lkekftd oxhZdj.k esa izR;sd oxZ vius
fo'ks"k fgrksa dh gh ns[kHkky djrk gSA ekDlZ ds fopkjksa esa oxZiw.kZ lektksa esa ukSdj'kkgh Lo;a ,d oxZ ugha gS ;g oxks± dk
ukSdj gS ftldk viuk ewy vk/kkj ugha] fdUrq tks varr% 'kkld oxZ ds v/khuLFk gksrk gSA iwt ¡ hokn lekt esa ;s oxZ cwtvZq k
vFkok e/;eoxZ gksrk gSA
ukSdj'kkgh vius lHkh dk;ks± dks xqIr j[krh gSA ;g xksiuh;rk Hkhrjh inlksiku vkSj ckgjh lekt esa viuh izÑfr ls tc
;g ckgjh lalkj ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrh gS] ds }kjk cuk, j[krh gSA vfuok;Z :i ls bldk lEcU/k pkykdh ls dke
fudkyus dk gSA dsoy ,d gh ckj ftlds fy, ekDlZ (Marx) ukSdj'kkgh dh iz'kalk djrs gSa] og gS blds }kjk jk"Vªkas
ds dsUnzh;dj.k esa fuHkkbZ xbZ HkwfedkA
ekDlZ (Marx) bl i{k esa ugha Fks fd iwoZ dh Økafr;ksa dh Hkk¡fr Jfed&oxZ ukSdj'kkgh ij viuk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djs]
vfirq os bl i{ks esa Fks fd Jfed&oxZ ukSdj'kkgh laLFkku dks gh u"V dj nsA
ekDlZ (Marx) us bl ckr dks iwjh rjg Li"V ugha fd;k fd Økafr ds ;qx esa ukSdj'kkgh dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkwfedk D;k gksxhA
lkE;oknh lekt ds LFkkfir gks tkus ij lPps yksdra=k dk fodkl gks ldrk gSA lkE;oknh lekt esa lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tk,xkA blls 'kks"k.k rFkk lkekftd oxZ lekIr gks tk,¡xsA Økafr ds mijkar
ds lekt esa dsoy jkT; dk yksi gks tk,xkA tc jkT; iqfyleSu ds :i esa lekIr gks tk,xk] rks dk;ks± dh la[;k esa eh
gks tk,xh vkSj lkoZtfud 'kfDr ds }kjk fd, tkus okys dk;ks± dh izÑfr esa iw.kZ ifjorZu vk tk,xkA rc turk dks
vfHkekuh] ik'kfod rFkk neudkjh ukSdj'kkgh dh vko';drk ugha jgsxhA
ysfuu ds ukSdj'kkgh ij fopkj
(Lenin on Bureaucracy)
ysfuu (Lenin) ekDlZ (Marx) ls lger Fks fd ukSdj'kkgh ijthoh gS vkSj cwtqZvk lekt ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gSA mudk
dguk Fkk fd nks laLFkku jkT;&:ih e'khu ds vR;f/kd rÙo gSa& ukSdj'kkgh rFkk LFkk;h lsukA ÞukSdj'kkgh rFkk LFkk;h
lsuk cwtqZvk lekt ds 'kjhj ij ijthoh gSa& og ijthoh ftldh jpuk bl lekt ds Hkhrjh fojks/kkHkklksa ds dkj.k gksrh
gSA ;g og ijthoh gS tks blds ftou ds lHkh fNnzksa dks cUn dj nsrh gSaA
ysfuu (Lenin) ;g ekurs gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh tSfod rkSj ls iw¡thoknh jkT; ds lkFk c¡/kh gqbZ gSA bldks fo'ys"k.k dh ,d
Lora=k bdkbZ ugha le>k tk ldrkA ukSdj'kkgh ds }kjk fdlh Hkh ,slh Økafr dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh tks 'kkld
oxZ ds vk/kkj ij vkSj tM+ksa ij vkØe.k djrh gksA ysfuu (Lenin) fy[krs gSa fd ÞukSdj'kkg cwtqZvk ds lcls vf/kd
fo'oluh; ukSdj gSa tks blds lkFk gtkjksa /kkxksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ukSdj'kkg fu"i{k ugha gks ldrs] Jfed oxZ ds izfr
fe=krkiw.kZ gksus dk rks iz'u gh ugha mBrk( viuh lkekftd fLFkfr&lEcU/kksa rFkk i;kZoj.k ds dkj.k og vfuok;Z :i ls
cwtqZvk i{k dk leFkZ djsaxsA og Jethoh jkT; ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus ds fy, iw.kZr;k vk;ksX; gSA mudks ukSdj'kkgh
ij ,rjkt blfy, Fkk] D;ksafd ukSdj'kkg ,d fo'ks"k lqfo/kk&izkIr lewg gS ftudks mPp cwtqZvk Lrj ij mPp osru okys
218 yksd ç'kklu
in izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj blfy, Hkh fd iqfyl rFkk ukSdj'kkgh turk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrh vkSj budks turk ls Åij
le>k tkrk gSA
Økafr ds mijkUr ukSdj'kkgh dk d;k cusxk\ ysfuu dh ewy /kkj.kk ;g Fkh fd jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks thr ysus ds mijkUr
Jfed iqjkus ukSdj'kkgh ;a=k dks u"V dj nsaxsA og bldh cqfu;knksa rd bldks rksM+ Mkysaxs vkSj bldks /kjk'kk;h dj nsaxsA
fdUrq mudks bl ckr dk vkHkkl Fkk fd lektoknh lekt dk izcU/k djus ds fy, Hkh fdlh&u&fdlh iz'kklfud ;a=k
dh t:jr gksxhA mudk fopkj Fkk fd Jfed iqjkus miØe ds LFkku ij u;k cuk ysaxsA bl ckr ds iz;Ru fd, tk,¡xs
fd u, Jfedkssa dks ukSdj'kkg cuus ls jksdk tk ldsA bl fn'kk eas ekDlZ (Marx) rFkk ,aftYl (Engles) us dqN dk;Z
djus ds fy, lq>ko is'k fd, Fks&
1- dsoy pquko gh ugha] vfirq fdlh Hkh le; okil cqykus ;k in ls gVkus dh O;oLFkk gksxh(
2- fdlh dk osru Jfed ds osru ls vf/kd ugha gksxk(
3- lHkh ds }kjk fu;a=k.k vkSj fujh{k.k dks rqjUr ykxw fd;k tk,xk] rkfd dqN le; ds fy, lHkh ukSdj'kkg cu tk,¡
vkSj blfy, fd dksbZ Hkh ukSdj'kkg u cu ldsA ysfuu (Lenin) us ckj&ckj dgk fd ukSdj'kkgksa dh vis{kk Jfed
rFkk fdlku vf/kd vPNh izdkj 'kklu pyk,axAs iqjkuh jkT;&'kfDr ds dk;ks± dks bruk ljy cuk fn, tk,ax]s rkfd
dksbZ Hkh lk/kkj.k Jfed lk/kkj.k dk;ZdrkZ dk osru ysdj mudks vklkuh ls dj ldsA--- bu dk;ks± ls u
fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh izR;ssd ijNkb± ij ljdkjh 'kku&'kkSdr dh fdlh Hkh lekurk dks gVk nsuk t:jh gksxkA
ekDlZ (Marx) ds foijhr ysfuu (Lenin) ds lkeus 1917 ds mijkar :l esa lkE;oknh ljdkj dk usrk gksus ds ukrs
lektoknh iqufuekZ.k dh ;FkkFkZ leL;kvksa ls tw>us dk dk;Z FkkA ;|fi os bl ckr dk nkok jdrs Fks fd geus ukSdj'kkgh
ds fo#) yM+kbZ esa tks dk;Z fd;k gS] fdlh Hkh vU; jkT; us ugha fd;k FkkA geus bldks bldh cqfu;knksa rd u"V dj
fn;k gSA fdUrq fQj Hkh og bl ckr ls tkx:d Fks fd ;s dk;Z cgqr eqf'dy gSA bl ;a=k ds fcuk ubZ ljdkj Hkh dke
ugha dj ldrh Fkh] tSlk fd mUgksu a s ,d ckj dgk] ljdkj dh izR;sd 'kk[kk ,sls ;a=k dh ek¡x mRié djrh gSAa os lksfo;r
lekt esa bathfu;jksa vkSj vU; fo'ks"kKksa dh vko';drk dks Lohdkjrs Fks vkSj mUgksu a s dgk] ;gh odZ'kkiksa dks pykuk tkurs
gSa------- dksbZ vkSj nwljk ugha tkurk( dksbZ vkSj nwljh b±V ugha gSa ftlus fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gksA ;gk¡ rd fd mUgksaus
cwtqZvk fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, vf/kd vPNk lywd vkSj mPp osru nsus ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;k tks osru etnwjksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd
ikVhZ usrkvksa ds osru ls Hkh vf/kd FkkA
;g Li"V gS fd ,d ekDlZoknh fl)kUroknh gksus ds ukrs ysfuu (Lenin) us ukSdj'kkgh ij vius tks fopkj crk,] muesa
rFkk jkT; dk iz'kklu pykus ds dk;Z esa yxs gq, lksfo;r ljdkj ds usrk ds fopkjksa esa fojks/kHkkl FkkA mUgksaus ;g dgdj
bl fojks/kHkkl dks nwj djus dk ;Ru fd;k fd ukSdj'kkgh ds HkwriwoZ dk;Z tcfd os cwtqZvk oxZ ds lk/ku ds :i esa dke
dj jgh Fkh] lekIr gks x, gSa] fdUrq ukSdj'kkgh O;oLFkk ds izHkko vHkh cps gq, gSaA ysfuu (Lenin) tkurs Fks fd lksfo;r
:l esa yksd&deZpkfj;ksa dh c<+rh gqbZ la[;k ,d cM+h ukSdj'kkgh dk :i /kkj.k dj jgh gS vkSj lektoknh Økafr bldks
lekIr ugha dj ikbZ gSA mUgksaus bl dfBukbZ dk Li"Vhdj.k ;g dg dj fn;k fd ukSdj'kkgh dks rHkh ijkftr fd;k
tk ldrk gS ;fn lewps yksxkas dks jkT; ds iz'kklu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, tqVk;k tk,----A ukSdj'kkgh dks ijkftr dj fn;k
x;k] gS] 'kks"kdksa dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA fdUrq yksxksa dks lkaLÑfrd Lrj dks Åij ugha mBk;k tk ldkA vr%
ukSdj'kkgh vius iqjkus inksa ij vkt Hkh yxs gq, gSAa budks rHkh tcnZLrh gVk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn Jfed&oxZ vkSj fdlkuksa
dks bruks cM+s Lrj ij laxfBr fd;k tk, tks blls igys ugha fd;k x;kA
ukSdj'kkgh ,d u, oxZ ds :i eas
(Bureaucracy as a New Class)
VªkVLdh ds fopkj (Trotsky's Views)
VªkVLdh (Trotsky) bl ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ls lger gS fd ukSdj'kkgh 'kkludrkZ cqtqZvk oxZ ds fgrksa dk ikyu djrh
gSAa 1923 ds mijkar mUgksu
a s tks ys[k fy[ks ¼tSls mudh iqLrd The Revolution Betrayed) muesa ukSdj'kkgh gh muds /;ku
dk eq[; dsUnz FkhA mUgksasus dgk fd ukSdj'kkgh dk gksuk izR;sd oxZ'kklu dh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA bldh 'kfDr izfrfcfEcr
izdkj dh gksrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh ck/;dkjh :i ls 'kklu djus okys vf/kd oxZ ds lkFk c¡/kh gqbZ gksrh gS tks bl oxZ dh
lkekftd tM+ksa ls viuk vkgkj izkIr djrh gS vkSj blh oxZ ds lkFk gh ;g vius vkidks dk;e j[krh gS ;k blds lkFk
dh fxjrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh ,d lk/ku ;k ;a=k gS tks 'kkld oxZ dk fdjk, dk ukSdj gS vkSj ftldks izR;sd oxZ&lekt
eas n[kk tk ldrk gSA mudk fo'okl Fkk] pwafd ukSdj'kkgh cwtqZvk jkT; ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gS] ,sls jkT; ds fo#) Jfed
Økafr ,slh ifjfLFkfr;kas dks mRié dj nsxh tks ukSdj'kkgh dks lekIr djus ds fy, vfuok;Z gksrh gSA
VªkVLdh (Trotsky) ;g ekurs Fks fd ukSdj'kkghokn ,d lkekftd ?kVuk gSA ;g yksxksa vkSj oLrqvkas ds iz'kklu dh ,d
fuf'pr O;oLFkk gSA ;g ,d fof'k"V vfHkfu/kkZfj.kh; lkekftd Lrj vFkkZr~ ukSdj'kkgh dk dk;Z djus dk <ax gS]
O;ogkj djus ds BsB rjhds vkSj ,d fof'k"v euksoSKkfud cukoV gSA mUgksaus ukSdj'kkghokn ds QSyus ds fo#) dke
fd;k tks fd vrhr ds o"kks± esa la;ksftr iz'kklfud vkpkj&:iksa vkSj dk;Z&i)fr;ksa dks ikVhZ dks lkSai nsus dk ifj.kke
FkkA
VªkVLdh (Trotsky) ds vuqlkj ukSdj'kkgh dsoy lkE;oknh lekt esa gh yqIr gks tk,xh tgk¡ u dksbZ oxZ&Hksn jgsaxs vkSj
u 'kks"k.kA ;g fujFkZd ;k Qkyrw cu tk,xhA ;g lekt esa yqIr gks tk,xh vkSj iz'kklfud dk;Z viuh 'kks"kd izÑfr
dks NksM+ nsaxsA u, lekt esa iz'kklfud O;oLFkk oLrqvkas ds iz'kklu dk dk;Z djsxh] u fd yksxksa ds iz'kklu dk tSls fd
cwtqZvk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh eas gksrk FkkA
1930 ds mijkUr VªkVLdh (Trotsky) bl ckr ij cy nsrs jgs fd vDVwcj Økafr ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;k x;k gS] ;g
fo'okl?kkr LokFkhZ ukSdj'kkg oxZ ds }kjk fd;k x;k gS tks Jfed oxZ ds lPps laj{kd cksy'ksfod ikVhZ (Bolshevik Party)
dks u"V djus eas lQy gqvk gSA tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS] os ukSdj'kkghokn ds QSyus ds fo#) dk;Z djrs jgsA og
ukSdj'kkgh ds rkuk'kkgh ds fo#) FksA mudks bl ckr dk n‘<+ fo'okl Fkk fd O;kolkf;d ukSdj'kkgh ds fo'ks"K
lqfoèkk&izkIr fuf'pr lewg ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ds <k¡ps dks Hkh varr% lekIr dj fn;k tk,xkA fdUrq varfje le; esa
ukSdj'kkgh dks j[kuk t:jh gSA vi;kZIr lalk/kuksa ds fy, la?k"kZ esa e/;LFkrk djus] vf/kdre mRiknu dks izkRs lkfgr djus
vkSj tc rd viokn rFkk vHkko ekStwn gS] foHkktu] dks fu;af=kr vkSj j[kokyh djus ds fy, bldh vko';drk gS( vkSj
tc rd bu dk;ks± dks djus dh vko';drk gS] osru&izyksHku tSls iwathoknh rÙoksa dks j[kuk iM+sxk] rkfd vf/kd dke
djus ds fy, ukSdj'kkgksa dks mRlkfgr fd;k tk ldsA
,d lPps ekDlZoknh gksus ds ukrs VªkVLdh (Trotsky) bl fopkj ij MVs jgs fd ukSdj'kkgh ,d Lora=k oxZ ugha gS] ;|fi
,slk gks tkus dk Hk;] mudks dHkh&dHkh jgrk FkkA ;fn lksfo;r la?k eas izHkqRodkjh ukSdj'kkgh ,d u;k 'kkld oxZ gS]
rks Jfed oxZ dks oafpr dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj ;g ,d u, izdkj ds 'kks"kd lekt dk vfLrRo dk;e gqvk gSA mUgkasus
dgk] ;fn oksukikfVZLV (Bonarpartist) dqM+k&ddZV ,d oxZ gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd xHkZikr ugha] vfirq bfrgkl
dk ,d lsus ;ksX; cPpk gSA ;fn bldh ywVekj dh ijthfork 'kCn ds oKkfud vFkZ esa 'kks"k.k gS] rks bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk
fd ukSdj'kkgh dk 'kkld oxZ ds :i esa ,d ,frgkfld Hkfo"; gS tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, vfuok;Z gSaA VªkVLdh
(Trotsky) :l esa LVkfyu ds 'kklu ds vkykspd Fks vkSj os ekurs Fks fd cwtqZvk lekt dks lektoknh lekt ds <k¡ps esa
<kyus dh izfØ;k esa ;g ,d ?k‘.kkeh; iwoZ fLFkfr esa ykSVkuk gSA ;fn nwljh vksj] LVkfyu (Stalin) dk 'kklu ,d u;k
'kks"kd lekt dk igyk pj.k gS rks ukSdj'kkgh ,d uk 'kks"kd oxZ cu tk,xhA lksfo;r jkT; esa bu izo‘fÙk;ksa ds ckotwn
vkSj lksfo;r ukSdj'kkgh dks cgqr jktuhfrd 'kfDr] vkfFkZd lqfo/kk,¡ rFkk cM+s iSekus ij Lora=krk izkIr gksus ds ckotwn
Hkh os bldks ,d Lora=k oxZ ugha ekurs FksA mRiknu esa ukSdj'kkgh dh dksbZ Lora=k Hkwfedk ugha gS vkSj u gh mRiknu ds
lk/kuksa esa bldh dksbZ lEifÙk gSA blds ikl u LVkWd gS] u iwathi=kA iz'kklfud inlksiku ds :i esa bldh HkrhZ&lgk;rk
rFkk iquuZohurk vius fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k lEifÙk&lEcU/kksa ls Lora=k gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh ,d ukSdj'kkg jkT; dks 'kks"kd miØe
esa vius vf/kdkjksa dks vius mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, ugha NksM+ ldrk----------------- ;g ,d oxZ ugha gSA VªkVLdh (Trotsky)
;g ekurs Fks fd dsoy ,d oxZ gh ,d Lora=k ,sfrgkfld 'kfDr gks ldrk gSA fuf'pr :i ls ;g ml lekt dks ywVrh
220 yksd ç'kklu
gS ftlesa ;g jgrh gS] fdUrq tc rd ;g mu lEifÙk&lEcU/kksa ds vk/kkj ij ,slk djrh tks fd vk/kqfud iknjh oxZ] ;g
cwtqZvk 'kks"k.k dh Hkkafr oxZ&'kks"k.k ugha gSA
u;k oxZ fl)kUrokfn;ksa ds nks n‘f"Vdks.k
(Two Angles of New Class Theorists)
ekDlZoknh Hkys gh Lohdkj u djsa] D;ksafd ,slk djuk ekDlZ dk [kaMu djuk gksxk] fdUrq ukSdj'kkgh ds rduhdh
n‘f"V ls ifjf'kf{kr vkSj fo'ks"khÑr lewg ds :i esa mHkjus dks ,d û;k oxZ* ds :i eas ns[kk tkus ydkA ,d vksj
rks fo'o Hkj dk u;k oxZ fl)kUroknh gSa vkSj nwljh vksj lektoknh fopkjdA
lalkjorhZ u, oxZ fl)kUrokfn;ksa esa vf/kd izfl) gSa ykSjkV (Laurat) fjth (Rizzi) cukZge (Burnaham) vkfn&vkfnA
fjth (Rizzi) mu igys fopkjksa esa ls Fks ftUgksaus ;g rdZ fn;k fd ukSdj'kkgh mlh izdkj lEifÙk dh Lokeh gS] tSls
fd iw¡thoknh gksrs FksA tc ;g Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k djrh gS] rks ;g mldk Lokeh gS vkSj Jfed tks mRiknu djrs
gSa] mldk vfrfjDr ewY; ;g Nhu ysrh gS( ;|fi ,slk O;fDrxr :i esa ugh] fdUrq lkewfgd :i esa fd;k tkrk
gSA fjth (Rizzi) ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd LokfeRo dk ;g rjhdk cwtqZvk Lokfero ds fHké gS] fdUrq fQj Hkh ;g
LokfeRo gh gSA os ;g ekurs gSa fd LokfeRo dk ;g rjhdk cwtqZvk Lokfero ls fHké gS] fdUrq fQj Hkh ;g LokfeRo
gh gSA os ;g ekurs gSa fd tks ukSdj'kkgh :i esa 'kklu dj jgh gS] og ,d oxZ dh gS vkSj ;g lekt ds lHkh
{ks=kksa ij izHkqRo j[krh gSA mudk vkxs pydj ;g Hkh dguk gS fd Þ:l esa ukSdj'kkgh 'kklu us igys dE;qfuLV
ikVhZ vkSj FkMZ bUVjus'kyu (Third International) dks cfynku fd;k vkSj fQj Lo;a yky lsuk (Red Army) dkAß
mudk dguk gS fd bl izdkj ds cM+s dk;Z xqVksa] lykgdkjksa vFkok Dydks ± ds }kjk ugha fd, tk ldrs( dsoy oxZ
gh ;s dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
u, oxZ ds fopkjdksa dh nwljh Js.kh lkE;oknh jkT;ksa ds vUn lgefr j[kus okyksa dh gSA buesa ls lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
;qxksLokfy;k ds feyksou fnykl (Milovan Djilas) gSA fnykl (Djilas) us ukSdj'kkghokn vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ij 1948
esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkE;oknh vkUnksyu eas QwV iM+ tkus vkSj 1949 ds jftd (Rajik) eqdnesa ds mijkUr lksfo;r :l
ij ;qxksLykfo;k vkykspdksa ds :i esa fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA mudk rdZ Fkk fd loZgkjk oxZ dk rkuk'kkgh 'kklu
nks esa ls ,d fn'kk esa py ldrk gSa& ;k rks Lo;a lekIr gks tk;sxk vFkok ukSdj'kkgh dks fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr tkfr
esa ifjofrZr djus vksj etcwr djus dh fn'kk esa] tks lewps lekt dh ykxr ;k [kpZ ij thfor jgrk gSA
mUgksaus dgk fd :lh ukSdj'kkgh esa ijEijkxr 'kkld oxks± dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa] vFkkZr~ foHkktu rFkk mRiknu
ij ,dkf/kdkj fu;a=k.k] vf/k'ks"k ds vfèkd fgLls dks vius fy, cVksjuk rFkk mRikndksa dh ykxr ij thfor
jgukA fQj Hkh mUgksaus dgk fd ukSdj'kkgh ,d tkfr gS] oxZ ugha] D;ksafd mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij bldk
LokfeRo ugha gSA
fdUrq blds ckn muds fopkjksa esa vkSj Li"Vrk vkbZA mUgkasus dgk fd 'kkld ukSdj'kkgh jktuhfrd usr‘Ro dk ntkZ
j[krh gS vkSj ckdh lkekftd Lrj ds v/khu gSaA lEifÙk ds LokfeRo ds lEcU/k esa mUgkasus dgk Þ ---------- lEifÙk dk
vfHkizk; HkkSfrd lkeku dk iz;ksx] miHkksx rFkk izcU/k djuk gSA u;k oxZ viuh 'kfDr fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa] fopkjk/kkjk
vkSj vius jhfr&fjoktksa dks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj ds LokfeRo ls izkIr djrk gS& og lkewfgd LokfeRo ftlesa oxZ gh
jk"Vª vkSj lekt ds uke ij iz'kkfld vkSj forfjr djrk gSA
û;k oxZ* fl)kUr ds vU; leFkZd gSa% la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds eSDl LcSDVeSu (Max Sbakhtman)] iksys.M ds
tSfld dq:u (Jacek Kuron) rFkk dSjksy ekstfy;qLdh (Karol Modzelewski) rFkk ;wxksLykfo;k ds LohVkstkWj
LVkstSeksfod (Svetozar Stojamovic)A ;s lHkh bl ckr ij lger gSa fd vDVwcj dh Økafr Jfedksa dh gh ,d
Økafr Fkh] fdarq blds lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;k x;k gSA ukSdj'kkgh Hkz"Vrk ds dkj.k ,d u;k 'kkld oxZ lÙkk:<+
gks x;k gSA
nksuksa n‘f"Vdks.kksa esa vUrj

(Difference between the Two Angles)
lalkjorhZ u;k oxZ fl)karoknh lektoknh u;k oxZ fl)karoknh

(Global New Class Theorists) (Socialist News Class Theorists)
1- ;g lalkjO;kih ?kVuk vFkok fLFkfr dh 1- bldh egRokdka{kk cgqr lhfer rFkk

igpku djds mldks Li"V djus dk nkok djrk gSA ;FkkFkZ gSA
2- vkS|ksfxd izcU/k rFkk blh izdkj ds dk;ZdrkZ] 'kkld 2- u;k oxZ ml jktuhfrd ukSdj'kkgh ij
oxZ ds LFkku ys jgs gSaA vk/kkfjr gS tks lkE;oknh ny ds bnZ&fxnZ
cu tkrk gS
3- u;k oxZ fodflr lalkj esa mér iw¡thokn dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh 3- ;g u, oxZ dks lalkj dks de fodflr {ks=kksa
cuus dh fLFkfr gSA {ks=kksa esa rsth ls vkS|ksxhdj.k ykus ds lk/ku
ds :i esa n[krk gSA
ukSdj'kkgh ij eSDl oscj ds fopkj

(Max Weber on Bureaucracy)
ukSdj'kkgh dk O;ofLFkr v/;;u teZuh ds lekt'kkL=kh eSDl oscj (Max Weber) ds lkFk vkjEHk gqvkA oscj us
ukSdj'kkgh ij tks dqN fy[kk gS] mlus ftruk izHkko Mkyk gS vkSj ftrus okn&fookn dks mRlkfgr fd;k gS] ml n‘f"V
ls ;g vusd foKkuksa ds lkewfgd ;ksxnku ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA gkWfyoh fy[krs gSa] ekDlZ dh Hkkafr oscj fl)kar ij
Hkh foLr‘r vkSj fujarj vkykspuk gqbZ gS vkSj bl vkykspuk dk eq[; fu'kkuk mudh ukSdj'kkgh dh /kkj.kk gSA fdUrq okLro
esa ;g bl fl)kar ds izHkko dk ladsr gSA vke rkSj ij vuk';d fl)karksa dh vogsyuk dj nh tkrh gS vkSj mudks 'kh?kz
gh Hkqyk fn;k tkrk gSA dsoy ogh fl)kar] tks v/;;u&'kkL=k ds fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk&fpUgksa dk dke djrs gSa] dks
gh ckj&ckj vkykspuk ds fy, pquk tkrk gSA vkSj ftruk mu ij vf/kd vkØe.k gksrk gS] mruk gh os vf/kd yphyk cu
tkrs gSaA oscj (Weber) dk ukSdj'kkgh dk fl)kar bl izdkj dk ,d Li"V mnkgj.k gSA ukSdj'kkgh ij vusd ledkyhu
ys[kd muds fl)kar dh vkykspuk ls vkjEHk djrs gSa fQj Hkh ;gh ys[kd oscj (Weber) ds fl)kar ls ijs gVus dk iz;ksx
vius fopkjksa dk Li"Vhdj.k djus ds fy, djrs gSAa dsoy ;g fn[kkus ds fy, fd muds fopkj mlls fdrus fHké gSAa ;|fi
;g fVIi.kh FkksM+h yEch gS] fQj Hkh lkfgR; esa oscj (Weber) ds ukSdj'kkgh fl)kar vkSj egRo dks Bhd&Bhd fpf=kr
djrh gSA
oscj us iz'kklu ij cM+k foLr‘r vkSj O;ofLFkr fopkj viuh iqLrd bdkWukseh ,.M lkslkbVh (Economy and Society)
ds vUrxZr izHkqRo ds lekt foKku esa fd;k gSA bl fo"k; ij muds vusd fopkj tkuus dk ,d vkSj lk/ku mudh ,d
vU; iqLrd gSA îkfyZ;kesUV ,.M xouZesUV bu n U;wyh vkWjxsukbTM teZuh* (Parliament and Government in the Newly
Organised Germany)A
'kfDr] lÙkk rFkk ukSdj'kkgh
(Power, Authorty and Bureaucracy)
ukSdj'kkgh ij oscj (Weber) dh /kkj.kk dh 'kfDr] izHkqRo rFkk lÙkk ij O;Dr fd;s x, muds fopkjksa eas ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA oscj (Weber) us 'kfDr dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gS] ÞlEHkkouk gS fd lkekftd laca/kksa ds vUrxZr ,d O;fDr fojksèk
gksus ds ckotwn bl fLFkfr esa gksxk fd og viuh bPNk dks ykxw dj ldrk gSA vf/kdkfjd fu;a=k.k vFkok izHkqRo inkuqØe
esa 'kfDr gS bl ckr dh laHkkouk gS fd ;fn blesa fof'k"V lkj gks rks O;fDr;ksa ds lewg eas bldk ikyu fd;k tk,xkA
lÙkk ds iz;ksx essa ;g vfuok;Z gS fd ,d O;fDr vius v/khuLFk lewg dks lQyrkiwod Z vkns'k tkjh djrk gS vkSj og bldk
222 yksd ç'kklu
ikyu bl fo'okl ds lkFk djrk gS fd vkns'k fof/kor~ gSaA vr% fof/kor~ gksuk ;k oS/krk gh 'kfDr vkSj izHkqRo dks lÙkk
eas cny nsrh gSA
oscj (Weber) us lÙkk dk oxhZdj.k oS/krk ij blds nkos ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gS] D;ksafd blh ij gh ;k vkfJr gS fd
mldk ikyu fdl izdkj gksrk gS] fdl izdkj dk iz'kklfud LVkWQ blds fy, mi;qDr gS vkSj fdl <ax ls lÙkk dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA ;g oxhZdj.k rhu izdkj dk gS&
ijEijkxr lÙkk (Traditional Authority)– bldh oS/krk bl ckr ij gS fd ;g vrhr eas cgqr le; ls pyrh vk jgh gSA
;g izkphu ijEijkvksa dh ifo=krk esa LFkkfir fo'okl rFkk mu yksxksa ds Lrj ij oS/krk ij vk/kkfjr gS ftuds v/khu os
lÙkk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
peRdkfjr lÙkk (Charismatic Authority)– bl lÙkk dh oS/krk iz;ksx djus okys O;fDr dh mRÑ"V O;fDrxr usr‘Ro dh
fo'ks"krkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA bldk vk/kkj ,d O;fDr ds vkn'kZkkRed pfj=k vFkok 'kkS;Z ds izfr vklk/kkj.k ifo=krk
vkSj HkfDr gS rFkk ewY;ksa dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS ftldh LFkkiuk mlus dj j[kh gSA
dkuwuh foosd'khy lÙkk (Legal Rational Authority)– bldh oS/krk dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd ;g mfpr vkSipkfjd fu;eksa ds
vuqdwy gksrh gS vkSj lÙkk:<+ O;fDr;ksa ds bl vk/kkj ij fd mudks fu;eksa ds v/khu vkns'k tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
;g bu fu;eksa dh oS/krk ds fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gSA
lÙkk dk tks oxhZdj.k oscj (Weber) us fd;k] mlls mls laxBuksa dk oxhZdj.k djus dk vk/kkj izkIr gks x;kA tSlk fd
mUgksaus dgk] Þlkjh lÙkk dh cqfu;k vkSj bl izdkj vkns'kksa dk lHkh izdkj dk ikyu lEeku eas fo'okl ij v/kkfjr gS]
tks 'kkld vFkok 'kkldkssa ds ykHk ds fy, dk;Z djrh gSA lÙkk dh oS/krk esa fofHké izdkj ds fo'oklksa ds lkFk fofHké
lÙk ds <k¡ps vkSj laxBukRed Lo:i tqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA
ijEijkxr lÙkk ijEijkxr laxBuksa dk vk/kkj gksrh gSA peRdkfjr lÙkk peRdkfjr vkanksyuksa dk vk/kkj curh gSA dkuwuh
foosd'khy lÙkk vk/kqfud laxBuksa dk vk/kkj gS ftuds lkFk ykxkrkj c<+rk gqvk ukSdj'kkgh iz'kklfud LVkWQ tqM+k
gksrk gSA
oscj dk vkn'kZ izk:i
(Weber's Ideal Type)
oscj (Weber) us ûkSdj'kkgh* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d fuf'pr izdkj ds iz'kklfud laxBu dks crkus ds fy, fd;kA mUgksaus
bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd i=k ds :i esa vk/kqfud ukSdj'kkgh laxBu Lo;a LokHkkfod gSA mUgksaus dHkh bl izdkj Li"V
rkSj ij ukSdj'kkgh dh O;k[;k ugha dh] tSlk dh oxZ vFkok Lrj lewg dh O;k[;k dh gSA ekyfVu ,ycjks (Maltin Albro)
dgrs gSa fd oscj (Weber) dh ukSdj'kkgh dh /kkj.kk dks bl izdkj dh ifjHkk"kk esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ÞukSdj'kgh
dk vFkZ fu;qDr fd, x, deZpkfj;ksa dk iz'kklfud lewg gSA os ,sls deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdj'kkgh esa lfEefyr ugha djrs tks
fuokZfpr gSa vFkok ftudk p;u ykVjh ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA ukSdj'kkgh deZpkfj;ksa dh vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd og
,d fu;qDr vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA oscj (Weber) ukSdj'kkgh dks ,sls vf/kdkfj;kas ds lewgksa ds fy, lkewfgd 'kCnkoyh ekurs
Fks tks ,d fuf'pr rFkk vyx lewg gksrk gS vkSj ftldk izHkko lHkh c<+s laxBuks]a tSl&s jkT;] ppZ] jktuhfrd ny] etnwj
la?k] O;kikfjd miØe] fo'ofo|ky; vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blds vius gh vyx izdkj ds dk;Z gksrs gSaA
oS/k foosd'khy lÙkk veqd lacaf/kr fo'oklksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS%
1- ,d fof/k lafgrk rS;kj dh tk ldrh gS tks laxBu ds lnL;ksa ls vkns'k ikyu dk nkok dj ldrh gSA
2- iz'kklu laxBu ds fgrksa dks dkwuu ds nk;js esa jgdj laxBu ds fgrksas dh ns[kHkky djrk gS] dkuwu dkYifud fu;eksa
dk og lewg gS tks fof'k"V eqdneksa vFkok ?kVukvksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA
3- tks O;fDr lÙkk dk iz;ksx djrk gS] og Hkh bl voS;fDrd vkns'k dk ikyu djrk gSA
4- ,d lnL; dkuwu dk ikyu lnL; ds :i esa gh djrk gSA
5- vUr esa] oQknkjh ml O;fDr ds izfr ugha gksrh ftlds gkFk eas lÙkk gS] vfirq ml voS;fDrd fof/k vFkok vkKk ds
izfr gksrh gS ftlus mldks ml in ij fu;qDr fd;k gSA
jes'k vjksM+k us cM+s lqUnj <ax ls dkuwuh foosd'khy lÙkk ds v/khu iz'kklfud LVkQ ftldk o.kZu oscj (Weber) dk us
fd;k gS] dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj fl)karksa dks fu"df"kZr fd;k gSA ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&
1- vius fo'kq) :i esa dkuwuh lÙkk ukSdj'kkgh iz'kklfud LVkQ dk iz;ksx djrh gSA
2- ukSdj'kkgksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gS ¼ihNs fn, x, laxBu ds fl)karksa ij v/;k; dks Hkh fn[k,½&
(i) os dsoy vius in dh gSfl;r esa gh lÙkk ds v/khu gksrs gSaA
(ii) os inkuqØe vFkok inlksiku ds :i esa laxfBr gksrs gSaA
(iii) izR;sd in dh fuf'pr dh xbZ ;ksX;rk gksrh gSA
(iv) inksa ij fu;qfDr;k¡ vktkn p;u ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA
(vi) vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr;k¡ mudh rduhdh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSaA
(vii) mudk osru /ku esa fn;k tkrk gS] ;g osru fuf'pr gksrk gS vkSj buds osru Øe Lrjksa ds :i esa gksrs gsAa budks
isa'ku Hkh nh tkrh gSA
(viii) mudk in vFkok ukSdjh gh mudk izkFkfed O;olk; gksrk gSA
(ix) ukSdj'kkgh thoudkfyd méifr iznku djrh gS ftleas inkséfr ofj"Brk vkSj@vFkok miyfC/k ds vk/kkj ij
gksrh gSA
(x) deZpkjh ds iz'kklu ds lk/kuksa ls vyx dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(xi) vius in dk dk;Z djrs gq, deZpkjh vuq'kklu ds v/khu gksrs gSaA
3- fu;qfDr ,oa egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gS] D;ksafd fuokZpu ls inkuqØe&laca/kh vuq'kklu esa ck/kk iM+rh gSaA
4- ;|fi ukSdj'kkgh dk loksZPp v/;{k ,d ukSdj'kkgh ugha gksrk] fQj Hkh fo'ks"khÑr Kku dks vfr vfuok;Z le>k
tkrk gSA
5- vius fo'kq) :i eas iz'kklfud ukSdj'kkgh LVkWd rkuk'kkgh izdkj dk gksrk gSA
(i) euq";ksa ij vkns'kd fu;a=k.k j[kus ds fy, ;g vfr mÙke foosdiw.kZ lk/ku gSA
(ii) bldh mPprk dk izkFkfed lzksr bldk rduhdh Kku gSA
(iii) og orZeku ukSdj'kkgh lÙkk ls rHkh cp ldrk gS ;fn fdlh vU; ukSdj'kkgh lÙkk dh LFkkiuk djsA
(iv) iw¡thokn ukSdj'kkghokn dh fn'kk esa ,d eq[; izsj.kk jgk gSA
(v) ukSdj'kkgh ds fodkl ds lkekftd cjkcjh dks c<+kok feyrk gS vkSj lkekftd cjkcjh ukSdj'kkgh dk leFkZu
djrh gS vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ds i{k esa gksrh gSA
vkn'kZ izdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh dh bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks oscj (Weber) us iz'kklu ds iz'kklfud fl)karksa vkSj ;wjksi ds
iz'kklfud bfrgkl ls fy;kA fdUrq ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ;g ,d vkn'kZ izk:i gS ¼y{; ugha½ ftldks fo'kq) vFkok
vHkhflIr :i esa okLrfodrk esa ugha ik;k tk ldrkA if'peh vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,¡ dkQh gn rd
bl vkn'kZ izk:i ls feyrh gSA tc oscj (Weber) fdlh fuf'pr okLrfod iz'kklfud laxBu ds laca/k eas fy[krs gSa rks
os budks ukSdj'kkfg;ksa dk uke nsrs gSaA ;|fi mueas ls fdlh esa Hkh bu lHkh vFkok bUgha fo'ks"krkvksa dks u ik;k tkrk gksA
oscj (Weber) bl ckr ij ekDlZ (Marx) vkSj ysfuu (Lenin) ls lger ugha gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh iw¡thokn ds lkFk tqM+h
gqbZ gksus ds dkj.k yqIr gks tk,xh] tcfd lektoknh Økafr ds }kjk iw¡thokn dks u"V dj fn;k tk,xkA og bl ckr ij
cy nsrs gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh ,d Lora=k bdkbZ gS vkSj lekt pkgs iw¡thoknh gks ;k lektoknh] ;g fQj Hkh thfor jgsxhA
blds nks dkj.k gS% izFke] D;ksafd ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; mu rÙoksa ds dkj.k gqvk gS ftUgksaus vk/kqfud lekt dh LFkkiuk
224 yksd ç'kklu
dh gS] tSls& iw¡thokn] dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo‘fÙk;ksa rFkk tulewg& yksdra=kA ;g ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftudks lekIr ugha
fd;k tk dlrkA oscj ukSdj'kkgh dks ,sls lekt dk ,d vfHké fgLlk ekurs gsa tks JetfVy foHkktu] dsfUnzr iz'kklu
rFkk eqnzk&vFkZO;oLFkk ij cuk gSA bldks fdlh gkyr esa u"V ugha fd;k tk ldrkA oscj dk dguk gS] ckdh lHkh 'krs±
ds ,d tSlk gksrs gq,] ;fn rduhdh n‘f"V ls ukSdj'kkgh iz'kklu lnk gh lokZf/kd foosd'khy izdkj dk gS] rks
tu&lewg&iz'kklu dh vko';drk,¡ vkt bldks iw.kZr;k vfuok;Z cuk nsrh gSaA iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa ukSdj'kkgh vkSj
iYyoxzkfgrk ¼yfyr dykvksa dk iz'kald½ ds chp gh pquko djuk gksxkAß
oscj (Weber) us dsoy vk/kqfud jkT;ksa vkSj futh iwt a hoknh miØeksa esa gh ukSdj'kkgh izo‘fÙk;ksa dks ns[krs gS]a vfirq vèkqfud
lsuk] ppZ rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Hkh bu izo‘fÙk;ksa dks ikrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd lsuk] ppZ rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa
/khjs& èkhjs izkphu rRo lekIr gks x, gSaA LFkk;h lsuk,¡ HkkSfrd /ku vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i lkoZtfud {ks=k dh c<+rh gqbZ Hkwfe
dk lapkj ds vk/kqfud lk/ku] o;Ld erkf/kdkj] tulewg] jktuhfrd nyksa dk mn; tSls jktuhfrd rÙo lHkh
ukSdj'kkghokn dh fn'kk esa dke djrs gSa
oscj (Weber) ekurs gSa fd fodflr ukSdj'kkgh dh vfuok;Zrk vk/kqfud ;qx dk dsUnzh; jktuhfrd lR; gSA ,d O;fDrxr
ukSdj'kkg] ÞfujUrj pyrs jgus okys ;a=k&jpuk esa 'kfDrghu iqtkZ gksrk gS tks mlds fy, pyus dk ,d fufpr ekxZ dj
nsrk gSA tks Hkh dksbZ 'kfDr dks izkIr djrk gS] bl laxBu ds fcuk 'kklu ugha dj ldrkA
u dsoy ukSdj'kkgh vifjgk;Z gS] vfirq blds izHkko ls cpk ugha tk ldrkA Martin Krygier dk dguk gS fd Þ,d
iz'kklfud laxBu ds :i eas tks gj izdkj ds miØe eas ik;k tkrk gS] bldk izHkko vk/kqfud lalkj esa foosd'khyrk ds
fdlh Hkh vU; okgd dh vis{kk cgqr vf/kd foLr‘r gS vkSj iz'kklfud laxBu ds :i esa lcls vf/kd fodflr gksus ds
dkj.k ;g vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gS vkSj laxBu ds fiNys fdlh Hkh :i dh vis{kk blds izHkko ls cpuk vf/kd dfBu gSA
ukSdj'kkgh rFkk iwathokn
(Bureaucracy and Capitalism)
tSlk dh Åij dgk x;k gS] oscj (Weber) ukSdj'kkgh dks mRiknu dh iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ls ugha ck¡/krsA bleas dksbZ lansg
ugha fd os ukSdj'kkgh ds mn; ds iw¡thoknh O;oLFk dh izÑfr ds lUnHkZ esas O;k[;k djrs gSa ¼tgka dgha iwathokn iuirk
gS] ukSdj'kkgh dk mn; gksrk gS½] fdUrq iwathokn rks ukSdj'kkgh dh mRifÙk ds dbZ dkj.kksa esa ls ,d dkj.k gSaA ukSdj'kkgh
dh mRifÙk vFkok cus jguk rks vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa tSls lektokn esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA ,d lektoknh Økafr dk ifj.kke
Jfed oxZ ds rkuk'kkgh 'kklud ds :i esa ugha gks ldrkA vk/kqfud tulewg lekt esa bldk ifj.kke ukSdj'kkgksa ds
rkuk'kkgh 'kklu ds n‘<+hdj.k eas gh gks ldrk gSA lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr lekt esa ukSdj'kkgh v[kafMr vpy
<k¡pk cu tkrk gSA
iwt
a hoknh dks fodkl ds orZeku :i esa ukSdj'kkgh dh vko';drk gS] nwljh vksj iwthokn ukSdj'kkgh iz'kklu dk lokZfèkd
foosd'khy vkfFkZd vk;/kkj gS vkSj bldks lokZf/kd foosd'khy :i eas fodflr djus ds ;ksX; curk gSA ;fn iw¡thokn
dks lekIr Hkh dj fn;k tk,] ukSdj'kkgh rks Hkh jgsxhA iwathoknh lekt esa futh vkSj yksd ukSdj'kkfg;k¡ dqN gn rd
,d&nwljs dks jksdrh gSaA fdUrq ;fn futh iw¡thokn lekIr dj fn;k tk;] rks ;s ukSdj'kkfg;k¡ ,d gh inkuqØe esa fey
tk,¡xh] rc dsoy jkT; dh ukSdj'kkgh gh 'kklu djsxh vkSj oscj (Weber) ,slh ifjfLFkfr dks ilUn ugha djrs FksA
ukSdj'kkgh ds ifj.kke
(Consequences of Bureaucracy)
oscj (Weber) dks orZeku ;qx esa ukSdj'kkgh ds izfr fojks/kghu QSyko ds lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ifj.kkesa ls cgqr fpUrk
FkhA ekfVZu Øhfx;j (Martin Krygier) oscj (Weber) dh fpUrk ds nks dkj.k ekurs gSa% izFke] lkjs lekt dk
ukSdj'kkghdj.k] ftldk vfHkizk; gSa& ukSdj'kkgh ewY;ksa] fopkj izokgksa vkSj O;ogkj dk lkjh tula[;k ds chp izlkjA
oscj (Weber) dh fpark dk nwljk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd tks ukSdj'kkgh laxBuksa eas inkf/kdkjh gSa] ogh jkT; dk okLrfod
'kkld cu cSBsA csaXV cvzkgelu (Bengt Abrahmsson) dgrs gSa fd oscj bl ckr dh lEHkkouk dks ns[krs Fks fd ,d
ukSdj'kkgh e'khu vkus 'kkldkas ds fo#) fonzksg dj mBsA mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ukSdj'kkfg;ksa ds ikl mPp rduhdh
rFkk O;kogkfjd Kku gksrk Fkk rFkk egRoiw.kZ lwpuk dks bdëk djus vkSj izlkfjr djus ij izHkqRo j[kus dh ;ksX;rk Hkh-
gksrk gSA ÞukSdj'kkgh iz'kklu dk vfHkizk; gS– Kku ds }kjk ekSfyd izHkqRoA
vkxs pydj os+ocs j (Weber) dgrs gSa fd ;fn ukSdj'kkgh jktuhfrd dk;Zokgh djuk pkgs] rks blds 'kkld vklkuh ls
blds f'kdkj cu ldrs gSaA mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd jktuhfrd 'kkldksa ds ikl vko';d fo'ks"kKrk dk vHkko gksrk gS
ftls og ukSdj'kkgh dh yxke djuk LFkk;h vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, dgha T;knk vklku gksrk gSA blds foijhr mu vf/
kdkfj;ksa ds uke–ek=k ofj"B vFkkZr~ dSfcusV ea=kh ds fy, bruk vklku ugha gksrkA ,d vkSj LFkku ij oscj (Weber)
psrkouh nsrs gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh ds ikl 'kfDr ds cgqr vf/kd lalk/ku gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn mudks jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k ds vèkhu
u j[kk tk, rks os Lo;a 'kklu djus ds ;ksX; cu ldrs gSaA
gkWfyoh (Halevy) nks vU;] fdUrq buls tqM+s gq,] ifj.kkekas dk mYys[k djrs gSa ftudks laca/k esa oscj dks fpUrk FkhA mUgksua s
ukSdj'kkgh ds Hkhrj O;fDr vFkkZr~ ukSdj'kkgh ,d ,sls O;fDr dks iSnk djrs gSa tks ,d cM+h e'khu esa ,d NksVk lk iqtkZ
gksrk gS vkSj tks ,d cM+k iqtkZ cuus dk ;Ru djrk gSA iw¡thokn vkSj ukSdj'kkgh nksuksa gh ,d rduhdh fo'ks"kK dks iSnk
djrs gSa tks vrhr ds lqlaLÑr O;fDr dk LFkku ys ysrk gS ftldks vius mPprk esa fo'okl gksrk FkkA oscj (Weber) dk
dguk gS fd ÞHkkouk ds fcuk fo'ks"kK] ân; ds fcuk foykklh] ;g 'kwU;rk le>rh gS fd ;g lH;rk ds ml Lrj ij igqp a
x;k gS tgk¡ og igys dHkh ugha igqapk FkkAß ukSdj'kkgh ds vkykspd bldks ekuorkghu O;fDr dk uke nsrs gSaA oscj
(Weber) dh n‘f"V esa ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d vkSj ifj.kke] ftlds mYys[k gkfyoh (Halevy) us fd;k gS] og laxBu dh vfèkdrk
tks Lora=krk ds iw.kZr;k foijhr gksrh gSaA
ukSdj'kkgh fl)kUr dk ewY;kadu
(Evaluation of the Bureaucratic Theory)
ekDlZoknh lS)kfUrd n‘f"V ls oscj dh vkykspuk djrs gSAa og ;g ekurs gSa fd oscj dk fl)kUr lekt ij iwt a hoknh izHkqRo
dks mfpr Bgjkrk gSA mudk rdZ gS fd oScj ds rFkkdfFkr ^bfrgkl dk n'kZu* (Philosophy of history) dk bjknk lÙkk
;k izHkqRo dks fof/klaxr cukuk Fkk vkSj blds }kjk x‘g;q) ;k oxZ&la?k"kZ dks dsoy ^'kfDr dh jktuhfr* dk :i nsuk Fkk-
------- lkekftd ;FkkFkZrk ¼izHkqRo½ dks jgL;iw.kZ cukuk iSxEcjksa dk is'kk jgk gSA fdlh ds fy, ;g le>uk dfBu ugha gS
fd D;k oScjokn ,d foKku gS ;k Hkfo";ok.khA foKku ds uke ij dYiuk dk izpkj djuk iwathokn dh ,sfrgkfld
vko';drk gSA
;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd oScj us ukSdj'kkgh dk tks fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS] og viw.kZ gS] fo'ks"kr;k ukSdj'kkfg;ksa ds Hkhrj thou
ds O;ogkjkRed i{kksa dh n‘f"V lsA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh ds inlksiku ij vk/kkfjr lÙkk ds <kaps vkSj
voS;fDrd dk;Zfof/k;ka ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka mRié dj ldrh gSa tks lgk;d ds rkSj ij dk;Z djus dh bldh ;ksX;rkvksa
dks de dj ns ;k lhfer dj nsaA eVZu (Merton) dk rdZ gS fd Þfu;eksa vkSj inlksiku ij vk/kkfjr lÙkk&lEcU/kksa ds
}kjk fu;a=k.k ij ukSdj'kkgh tks cy nsrh gS] mldk mís'; Hkys gh fo'oLrk vkSj iwoZlwpuh;rk dks c<+kuk gks] fdUrq mlls
lkjs laxBu esa O;fDrxr vkSj lewg Lrjkas ij O;kogkfjd dêjrk] tkf[kd&Hkjs fu.kZ; djus ls drjkuk vkSj cpko ds
lkekU; joS;s dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSAß
;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ckgj ls vPNs O;ofL/Fkr vkSj vuq'kkflr fn[kkbZ nsus okys ukSdj'kkgh ds vkSipkfjd <kaps ds Hkhrj
fLFkfr vkSj 'kfDr ds fy, loZ=k QSys gq, la?k"kZ dh okLrfodrk fNih iM+h gSA
ukSdj'kkgh ,d viw.kZ vkStkj gS&
1- ;g cgqr vf/kd O;kolk;hÑr deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drkvksa ds fy, mfpr ugha] D;kafs d bldh lajpuk eas lÙkk Åij
ls uhps dh vksj vkrh gSA
2- vkt dh foKku ij vk/kkfjr lH;rk esa izHkkoh dk;Z djus ds fy, Hkkxsnkjh dk tks okrkoj.k gksuk pfg,] og blesa
ugha gksrk] D;ksafd ijaijkxr ukSdj'kkgh inlksiku ij vk/kkfjr gS] inksa ds fy, iz;Ru'khy jgrh gS vksj /kkj.kk esa
rkuk'kkg gSA
226 yksd ç'kklu
3- viuh O;kogkfjd fo'ks"krkvkas ds dkj.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rhoz vkfFkZd vkfFkZd lekftd fodkl dh vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk djus ds fy, ;g i;kZIr ugha gSA
vUr esa ;g t:j dguk iM+sxk fd ;fn vk/kqfud laxBu vkeus lkeus ds ljy lEcU/kksa ls vf/kd tfVy gS] rks mu lHkh
esa ukSdj'kkgh ds rRo loZO;kIr gSAa ljdkj] cM+s cM+s O;kikfjd laxBu] fo'ofo|ky;] /kkfeZd laLFkku] jktuhfrd ny vkfn
vf/kdrj ukSdj'kkgh /kkj.kkvkssa ij gh vk/kkfjr gSaA ;|fi ukSdj'kkgh ds vUr dh Hkfo";ok.kh dbZ ckj dh xbZ] fQj Hkh
bldk dksbZ fodYi <wa<+k ugha tk ldk tks brus vPNs rjhds ls tfVy laxBu eas O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dj ldsA ekuo
tkfr ij ukSdj'kkgh dk cM+k xgjk izHkko iM+k gS] fdUrq ;g laxBu ds izfr lEiw.kZ fl)kar gksus ls vHkh cgqr ihNs gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd izfrfuf/k ukSdj'kkgh] Hkkxsnkjh ukSdj'kkgh] larqfyr ukSdj'kkgh vkfn fHké&fHké izdkj ds la'kks/kuksa dk lq>ko
fn;k x;k gS] rkfd mldks vf/kd thoulaxr (Viable) cuk;k tk ldsA
laxBu dk 'kkL=kh; fl)kar rhu /kkjkvksa esa fodflr gqvk% ukSdj'kkgh fl)kUr] iz'kklfud fl)kUr rFkk oSKkfud izcU/kA
os yxHkx ,d gh le; ij fodflr gq, ¼lu~ 1900&1950½] fdUrq budk leFkZu djus okys ys[kd rhu i‘Fkd lewgksa ls
lEcfU/kr Fks tks ,d&nwljs ls yxHkx Lora=k :i ls dke dj jgs FksA
ukSdj'kkgh fl)kar dk fodkl vf/kdrj lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us fd;k ftudk n‘f"Vdks.k vis{kkÑr o.kZukRed] fo}rkiw.kZ rFkk
vuklDr FkkA nwljh vksj nksuksa vU; fl)kUrksa&iz'kklfud fl)kUr vkSj oSKkfud izcU/k fl)kUr] dk fodkl ,sls ys[kdksa
us fd;k ftudh izkFkfed #fp izR;{k :i ls iz'kklfud O;ogkj esa lq/kkj djuk FkkA dsoy laxBuksa dk o.kZu djds] laxBuksa
dh fØ;k'khyrk c<+kus ds fy, fu;e vkSj O;ogkj fu/kkZfjr djds gh os larq"V ugha FksA oSKkfud izcU/k dk fl)kUr ,d
lw{e fl)kUr gSA dk;Z dh HkkSfrd fØ;k;sa blds fo'ys"k.k dh bdkbZ gSaA izeq[kr;k bldh #fp Jfed rFkk mlds dk;Z
ds lkFk mlds lEcU/k esa gSA blesa euq";&e'khu lEcU/kksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gS ftldk mís'; ,sls mRiknu dk;ks± dh
fØ;k'khyrk esa lq/kkj djuk gS tks jkstejkZ ds vkSj iqjko‘fÙk okys gSaA blds foijhr ukSdj'kkgh fl)kUr vkSj iz'kklfud
fl)kUr ekuoh; laxBu ds <kaps vkSj izfØ;kvksa ij cy nsrs gSaA os cM+s (Macro) fl)kUr gSaA
eU=kh&yksd lsod lEcU/k 227
v/;k;&25
eU=kh&yksd lsod lEcU/k
(Minister-Civil Servants Relations)
lalnkRed iztkra=k esa eaf=k;ksa vkSj yksdlsodksa ds e/; ijLij ?kfu"B lEcU/k jgrs gSaA bUgsa iz'kklfud ;ku ds nks ifg,
dgk tk ldrk gSA eaf=k;ksa }kjk fufeZr iz'kklfud uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u dk mÙkjnkf;Ro yksdlsodksa ij jgrk gSA
yksdlsodksa dk dk;Z uhfr ds fØ;kUo;u rd gh lhfer ugha gS oju~ og mudks cukus eas Hkh ¼eaf=k;ksa dks½ viuh fof'k"V
lykg nsrs gSaA
eaf=k;ksa dh iz'kklfud vufHkKrk
ea=kh ;|fi vius foHkkx ds v/;{k gksrs gSa] rFkkfi foHkkx ds okLrfod vuqHkoksa vkSj iz'kklfud ckjhfd;ksa dk mUgsa izk;%
Kku ugha gksrkA eaf=kx.k rduhdh fo"k;ksa vFkok iz'kklu dh xgjkbZ;ksa eas igqapus dh lkeF;Z ugha j[krsA ;|fi eaf=k;ksa dks
Hkh turk dh leL;k,¡ i‘Fkd~ :i ls tkuus dk volj izkIr gksrk gS] rFkkfi os mudk loZ{s k.k mrus rh{.k rFkk fo'ys"k.kkRed
:i esa ugha dj ikrs ftruk fd vlSfud deZpkjh djrs ;k dj ldrs gSaA eaf=k;ksa ds fy, ,slk gksuk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa
ls LokHkkfod Hkh gS&
izFke] ea=kh&in ij mudh fu;qfDr jktuhfrd vk/kj ij gksrh gSA jktuhfrd ny eas mudh fLFkfr] muds O;fDrRo] mudh
O;ogkfjd ,oa lekU; ;ksX;rk] iz/kkuea=kh dh n‘f"V essa mudk egRo vkfn ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa ea=kh&in fn;k tkrk gS u fd
mUgksaus dksbZ fof'k"V izfr;ksxh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dh gSA
nwljs] ea=khx.k vLFkkbZ :i ls vius in ij jgrs gSaA mudk dk;Zdky vfuf'pr gksrk gS vkSj os fdlh foHkkx ds LFkkbZ
v/;{k ugha gksrAs os vkrs gSa vkSj pys tkrs gSa vr% viuk lkjk le; vkSj Je yxkdj muls foHkkx dh ckjhfd;ksa dks tkuus
dh vk'kk ugha dh tk ldrhA ,d le; eas muds fy, iz'kklu dk iwjk&iwjk Kku dj lduk lEHko ugha gksrkA
rhljs] eaf=kx.k jktuhfrd iziapksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa esa brus Q¡ls jgrs gSa fd iz'kklu ds okLrfod dk;Z dks lapkfyr djus
dk mUgsa cgqr de gks ikrk gSA eaf=k;ksa dks laln~ esa] turk esa ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ij fofHké mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ djuk iM+rk
gSA bu lcds ckn muds ikl bruk vf/kd le; ugha cp ikrk fd os iz'kklfud ekeyksa esa vf/kd #fp ys ldsa vFkok
xgjkbZ ls tk¡p dj ldsaA
mDr dkj.kksa ls eaf=k;ksa dks ukSflf[k, ;k vfo'ks"kK dgk tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa os ,sls O;fDr gSa tks is'ksoj iz'kkld ugha
gksr]s ftUgsa iz'kklu lEcU/kh dksbZ izf'k{k.k izkIr ugha gksrk gS vkSj ftUgsa izk;% iz'kklu dk i;kZIr vuqHko ugha gksrkA os dsoy
jktuhfrd iz'kkld gksrs gSaA
eaf=k;ksa dh bl iz'kklfud vufHkKrk ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa us vusd jkspd ckrsa crk;h gSaA eujks us fy[kk gS] ÞdbZ voljksa
ij fczVsu dk ;q) eU=kh dksbZ n'kZfud ;k izkUr dk ukSlsuk ea=kh dksbZ O;kikjh ;k cSfjLVj vkSj O;kikj ea=kh fo|ky; dk
dksbZ izksQslj jgk gSA foÙk ea=kh ds lEcU/k esa rks ;g vk'kk dh tkuh pkfg, fd bl in ij dksbZ ,slk O;fDr fu;qDr fd;k
tk, tks vFkZ (Finance) dh ckjhfd;ksa ls ifjfpr gks] ij ugha] vusd ckj vFkZ&eaf=k;ksa ds in ij ,sls O;fDr Hkh jg pqds
gSa tks is'ksoj jktuhfrK ;k odhy FksA**
eaf=kin ds fy, dksbZ iz'kklfud Kku ;k izfr;ksxh ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZrk vkfn dk vk/kkj ugha gksrk] bl ij izdk'k Mkyrs
gq, flMuh yks us dgk gS] ÞfoÙk eU=kky; esa f}rh; Js.kh ds DydZ dk in izkIr djus ds fy, uo;qod dks vadxf.kr dh
228 yksd ç'kklu
ifj{kk esa mÙkh.kZ gksuk iM+sxk] ij foÙk ea=kh v/ksM+ mez dk ,d ,slk O;fDr Hkh gks ldrk gS tks vadksa ds vius FkksM+s cgqr
Kku dks Hkwy pqdk gks tks mlus bZVu vFkok vkWDlQksMZ esa izkIr fd;k gks vkSj tc n'keyo vadksa esa ys[kk mlds lkeus
igys ckj j[kk tk, rks og mu NksVs&NksVs fcUnqvksa dk vFkZ tkuus ds fy, mRlqd gksAß ;gk¡ ;g Lej.kh; gS fd vc ;g
ekuk tkus yxk gS fd efU=kx.k iz'kklu ds fo'ks"kK ugha gksrs gSaA
ea=kh yksd lsod lEcU/k
(Minister-Civil Servants Relations)
eU=kh vius foHkkx dh iz'kkldh; uhfr cukrk gS] iz'kklfud <k¡ps dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gS] vius foHkkx ds vf/kdfj;ksa vkSj
deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] lsok fLFkfr rFkk vuq'kklu dh leL;k,a fu;a=k.k Hkh mlh ds ek/;e ls ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA ;g
ea=kh iz'kkld ls viuh HkrhZ] ;ksX;rk] jktuhfrd izÑfr rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro lHkh ls fHké gksrk gSA iz'kkld ;k yksd lsod
tks ea=kh ds foijhr fo'ks"kK] ;ksX;] LFkk;h] xSj jktuhfrd ,ao fu;qfDr izkIr O;fDr gksrs gSAa Hkkjro"kZ esa tgka fczfV'k i)fr
dh jktuhfr dk iz'kklu lfn;ksa ls jgk gS fo'ks"kK ,oa vifjiDo yksx iwjd ds :i esa viuh Hkwfedk,a fuHkkrs jgs gSAa Lorakr
ds ckn bl lEcU/k esa tks tfVyrk vkbZ gS mlds vusd dkj.k gSaA iz'kklu dk Hkhedk; foLrkj] efU=k;ksa dh nqcZy fLFkfr]
iz'kklu dk dsUnzh; Lo:i] jktuhfrdj.k dk tks'k] fo'ks"kKksa dk iz'kklu eas inkiZ.k vfn dqN ,slh ckrsa gSa ftUgksaus eUkh
iz'kkld lEcU/kksa esa dqN my>usa mRié dh gSaA eU=kh ;g ekax djus yxs gSa fd iz'kkld muds brus v/khu gksus pkfg, fd
os viuh uhfr;ksa dks muls fØ;kfUor djok ldsa vkSj mudh rVLFkrk ;k ;ksX;rk jktuhfrd fodkl ds ekxZ esa ck/kk u
cusA blh izdkj jktuhfrd fodkl ds ckn viuh dsUnzh; fLFkfr ls vinLFk fd;s tkus okys iz'kkld ;s dgus yxs gSa fd
jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k dk vFkZ jktuhfrd gLr{ksi ugha gksuk pkfg,A iz'kklfud Lok;Ùkk dk ukjk jktuhfrKksa }kjk
iz'kklfud xSj ftEesnkjh dgk tk jgk gS vkSj blh izdkj efU=k;ksa }kjk dBksj fu;a=k.k dh ckr iz'kkldksa }kjk jktuhfrd
vjktdrk dgh tkus yxh gSA bl fu;a=k.k ds iz'u ds pkj igyw gSa&
1- eU=kh dh uhfr fuekZ.k ,oa fØ;kUo;u esa Hkwfedk% ea=kh ds fu;a=k.k dks iz'kkldh; v/;{krk dk Lo:i dgk tk
ldrk gS ftlesa uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj uhfr fØ;kfUor lEcU/kh vfUre 'kCn dgus dk vf/kdkj dsoy ea=kh dks gh gSA
iz'kkld lykgdkj gks ldrk gS( fdUrq mldh lykg psrkouh vFkok /kedh dk :i ugha ys ldrhA uhfr dk gj
Lrj ea=kh }kjk fu;fer fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj iz'kklu o ea=kh esa ;fn erHksn gSa rks iz'kkld dks mlh lhek rd
vius dne okfil gVkus iM+saxsA
2- lalnh; turU=k ,oa iznÙk fo/kk;u% bl fu;a=k.k dk ,d vU; vk/kkj ,d vksj lalnh; turU=k dh O;oLFkk gS
rFkk nwljh vkSj iznÙk fof/k ds izko/kku gSAa lÙkk laln dh Fkh] mlus ea=kh dks nh vkSj ea=kh us iz'kklu dksA vr% iz'kklu
dks izR;{k :i ls fdlh ds izfr vfuok;Z :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksuk pkfg,A fQj ea=kh iz'kklu dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lPpk
izfrfuf/k gS vkSj laln] ny rFkk turk mls fu;fU=kr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSAa vr% ea=kh iz'kklu dks fu;af=kr djsxk]
iz'kklu ea=kh dks ughaA turkaf=kd ifjorZu ds Øe esa iz'kklu LFkkf;rRo dk izrhd gS vkSj ea=kh fujUrjrk dkA vr%
iz'kklu dks ea=kh ds funsZ'k ysus vkSj ekuus gksaxsA
3- iz'kklfud fl)kUr vkSj dkfeZd uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa lEiknu% bl fu;a=k.k dk ifjpkyu eq[; :i ls fofèk
fuekZ.k] funZs'k] deZpkjh iz'kklu rFk iksLVdkWMZ fof/k;ksa ls gksrk gSA lkjs fu;e] eU=kh ds ek/;e ls oS/kkfudrk izkIr
djrs gSAa og iz'kklu dks LFkk;h vkSj foLr‘r funZ's k ns ldrk gSA iz'kklfud fØ;kvksa dk i;Zo{s k.k] leUo;] laxBu]
ctV rFkk fu;a=k.k ds vU; ;U=k eU=kh ds ek/;e ls lapkfyr gksrs gSaA vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] inkséfr] lsok&fLFkfr
Lo;a eU=kh }kjk fu/kkZfjr uhfr dk ifj.kke gksrs gSaA
4- eU=kh&iz'kklfud lEcU/kksa esa leUo;% bl izdkj eU=kh;&fu;a=k.k iz'kklfud n‘f"V ls ;|fi vko';d vkSj
O;kogkfjd ekuk tkrk gS fd ea=kh dk fu;a=k.k mudh rVLFkk dks rksMr + s gS] muesa vuq'kklughurk txkrk gS vkSj mUgsa
jktuhfrd gLr{ksi dk f'kdkj cukdj vdk;Zdq'kyrk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh rjQ eksM+rk gSA blds foijhr eU=kh dk
i{k ;g dgdj lefFkZr fd;k tkrk gS fd ea=kh ds dBksj fu;a=k.k ds fcuk iz'kkld uhfr dh vuqikyuk ugha djrs
vkSj Loa; fufgr LokFkks ± ds izfrfuf/k cu tkrs gSaA tura=k dh izxfr dks /khek djrs gSa vkSj lekt dks jktuhfrd
Ðkl dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA
bu tfVy leL;kvksa ls tw>us vkSj mcjus ds fy, tks ekxZ fn[kyk;h nsrk gS og dsoy ;gh gS fd jktuhfr vkSj
iz'kklu esa leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk; nksuksa vfHkusrkvksa ij O;oLFkk ds vyx&vyx fu;a=k.k izHkko'kkyh cuk;s tk;sa
vkSj mudh ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwfedk dk vlUrqyu bruk u c<+us fn;k tk; fd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk VwV tk;sA ea=kh dks
mlds ny] lekpkj&i=kks]a tuer rFk pquko izfØ;kvksa ds }kjk vuq'kkflr O;oLFkk cnyh tk;A blh izdkj iz'kkldksa
dks ijEijkvksa }kjk rFkk yksd lsok lq/kkjksa }kjk ,slh fLFkfr esa yk;k tk; fd mudh ;ksX;rk vuq'kklughurk dk
vlUrqyu jksd ldsA tc rd jktuhfrKksa ds /kjkry vFkok ckSf)d Lrj Åapk ugha gksrk vFkok iz'kkldksa dk
Þ,fyfVTeß ¼vfHktuokn½ ?kVdj mUgsa tuizfrfuf/k;ksa ds lehi ugha ykrk rc rd ;g dgk tkrk gS fd izfrc)
ukSdj'kkgh dk fopkj Hkkjrh; iz'kklu esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds izHkko ds izfrdwy gS tks lkekU; :i ls lektoknh
fopkj/kkjk dh ijNk;h yxrh gSA lksfo;r :l ds ekWMy ¼izfreku½ esa ukSdj'kkgh dk Lo:i ;ksX;rk vk/kkfjr
lsohoxZ gksus dh vis{kk fopkj/kkjk ls vuqizkf.kr rd ÞdkMj C;wjksØslhß dk fopkj gS ftls jktuhfr ds ;U=k ds :i
esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA iz'kklu ds jktuhfrdj.k dks lksfo;r :l jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k dk ,d vko';d vax
ekurk gS vkSj ogka ij iz'kkldksa dh Hkwfedk uhfr fuekZ.k esa lykg u nsuk gksdj mls dq'kyrkiwoZd fØ;kfUor djuk
gSA ns[kuk ;g gS fd orZeku lksfo;r jk"Vªifr xksckZpkso dh cgq&pfpZr Þ[kqykiuß (Glasnost) ÞiqujZpukß (Perstroika)
vkSj Þlksp ds u;s rjhdsß (Novonye Myshlene) dh uhfr;ksa dk ogka ds iz'kkldksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA vesfjdk
esa ;g fu;a=k.k ogka ds iz'kklurak dks v/kZ&jktuhfrd cuk dk iwjk fd;k x;k gSA ogk¡ izR;sd jk"Vªifr vkSj jkT;iky
vius jktuhfrd lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk vius iz'kklu dfeZ;ksa dks Hkh ,d vof/k fo'ks"k ds fy, fu;qfDr nkjk ykrk
gS vkSj mudh O;fDrxr fu"Bk vkSj LokfeHkfDr] mudh fu;qfDr i)fr }kjk Lo;aeos fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA vaxt zs h O;oLFkk
esa iz'kklura=k dk;Zdkfj.kh dk fu;a=k.k ekudj pyrk gS vkSj mldh fo'ks"kK+rk mlds ekxZ eas ck/kk ugha curhA
baxyS.M us ftl izdkj ds iz'kklu dk fodkl fd;k mlesa izfrc)rk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA fczfV'k lalnh;
O;oLFkk iz'kkld dks rVLFk] vuke] csuke vkSj lkekU;K ekudj pyrh gS vkSj mlls ;g vis{kk djrh gS fd og
uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj uhfr fØ;kfUofr nksuksa esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkk;sA izfrc)rk bl fn'kk esa lsok dk jktuhfrdj.k
djrh gS ftlds QyLo:i efU=ke.Myh; fu;a=k.k ,d nqfo/kk vkSj foMEcuk cu ldrk gSA
Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ es]a eU=kh ds fu;a=k.k vFkok eU=kh iz'kklu ds lEcU/kksa ds fy, tks rdZ fn;s tkrs jgs gSa os fczfV'k ijEijk
ds ijaijkoknh rdZ FksA fl)kUr ;g Fkk fd iz'kkld jktuhfr ls rVLFk] ea=kh dk ijke'kZnkrk cu ldsxkA ;|fi
Hkkjr esa ,d ny iz/kku O;oLFkk us bl fLFkfr dks lqn‘<+ djus esa dkQh lgk;rk dh] fdUrq tSl&s tSls fodkl iz'kklu
dk dk;Z lkeus vkus yxk oSl&s oSls gh ea=kh o iz'kklu ds chp uhfr ,oa Hkwfedk lEcU/kh erHksn iSnk gksus yxsA rVLFkrk
dk fl)kUr VwVk vkSj 'kklu vkSj iz'kklu nksuksa gh ;g vuqHko djus yxs fd eU=kh; fu;a=k.k vkSj iz'kkldh;
Lok;Ùkrk dk lke tL;oknh fczfV'k fl)kUr Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ eas iqufuZjh{k.k pkgrk gSA dqN ,sls rRo ftUgksaus bu
lEcU/kksa esa njkj vFkok dVqrk mRié dh fuEufyf[kr Fks%
(i) iz'kklu rU=k ds fodkl ds lkFk ea=kh oxZ us lsokvksa dks viuk lkezkT; ekudj dkfeZd uhfr;ksa dks bl rjg
cukuk 'kq# fd;k fd yksd iz'kkld ;k rks ea=kh ds pkVqdkj cudj jg x;s vFkok muesa vkSj ea=kh esa bruk
xgjk erHksn mRié gks x;k fd lq;ksX; iz'kkld ea=kh fu;a=k.k dks gLr{ksi crykus yxsA
(ii) Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ eas ;kstukc) fodkl us uhfr lEcU/kh iz'u bl :i esa [kM+s fd;s fd iz'kkldksa us jktuhfr ds
ncko dks Lohdkj djus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA fdrus gh mnkgj.k m)r fd;s tk ldrs gSa tc jktuhfrd ncko
vkfFkZd iz'kklu esa jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysuk pkgrs Fks vkSj iz'kkldksa us vuh rVLFkrk ds uke ij mudk fojksèk
fd;kA ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd efU=k;ksa us lkjh dh lkjh ukSdj'kkgh dks vizfrc) ?kksf"kr dj fodkl dh
vlQyrk ds fy, mUgsa nks"kh Bgjk;k vkSj tulk/kkj.k ds lkeus mudk Þ,fyfVLVß (Elitist Meritocrat) dk
:i izLrqr djrs gq, mUgsa fufgr LokFkZ ?kksf"kr fd;kA
(iii) rhljs] Hkkjrh; iz'kklu es]a cgqr ls vUrZfojks/k fodkl dh izfØ;k ds }kjk Lor% gh lkeus vk;sA ;g ladV oSèkrk
dk ladV Fkk] ftlesa iz'kkld ;g le>rk Fkk fd jktuhfrK ;k ea=kh ,d voS/k rRo gS] tks mls dke djus
ls jksdrk gSA pwafd jktuhfr esa ea=kh dk fu;a=k.k oS/k :i ls LohÑr ugha Fkk] vr% eU=kh us Hkh ;g iz;kl fd;k
230 yksd ç'kklu
fd og yksd iz'kkld dks v/khu fl) dj mls mldh txg cryk nsA }U} dh ;g fLFkfr eU=kh dh fot;
ds :i eas ifjf.kr gqbZ vkSj dk;Zdkfj.kh us ;g vis{kk dh fd yksd&iz'kkld izfrc) gksA
izfrc)rk 'kCn ls vk'k; ;fn yksd&iz'kklu dh v/khuLFkrk ls gS rks ml ij dksbZ fookn ugha gks ldrkA lHkh iz'kkld
;g pkgsaxs fd dk;Zdq'kyrk] n{krk] ifj.kke izkfIr ;k mRiknu vkfn {ks=kksa esa os laiw.kZ fu"Bk ds lkFk izfrc) gksa blh izdkj
ls ;fn iz'u ;g gS fd os lafo/kku ds ewy vkn'kks± ds izfr izfrc) gksa rks blesa Hkh mUgsa dksbZ vkifÙk ugha gks ldrhA jktuhfr
dks uhfr fuekZ.k ds :i esa viuk fu;ad ekuuk Hkh mUgsa izfrc)rk ugha yxrh fdUrq izfrc)rk ds {ks=k esa okLrfod fojksèk
ftl iz'u ij gS og ;g gS fd D;k izfrc)rk in fo'ks"k ls tqM+dj O;fDr fo'ks"k ds izfr gks ldrh gS rFkk nwljs] D;k
izfrc)rk ds uke ij ukSdj'kkgh dks tkucw>dj fdlh fo'ks"k fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj dke djus ds fy, foo'k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
tks rdZ jktuhfrKksa ;k efU=k;ksa dh vksj ls fn;s tkrs jgs gSa os lkjka'k :i esa ;g ekurs gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh dk dk;Z djus
dk viuk ,d {ks=k gS] fdUrq vUrrksxRok mldh ,slh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gS tks mls jktuhfrK ;k eU=kh ls Js"B ;k mPprj
fl) dj ldsA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ea=kh dk gLr{ksi tSlh dksbZ pht ugha gksrh pwafd ea=kh dk izR;sd dk;Z mlds
foHkkx esa mfpr ,oa oS/k gSA bruk gh ugha tks yksd iz'kkld eU=kh ds vkn'kks ± dh vogsyuk djsa] mUgsa nf.Mr fd;k tkuk
pkfg;s pwafd iz'kklfud vuq'kklu ,slk pkgrk gS vkSj ;fn ea=kh dh uhfr;ksa dks ;ksX; iz'kkld vO;kogkfjd crykdj
mldk e[kkSy mM+k;s rks ;g fLFkfr tura=k dk migkl gSA dq'ky ls dq'ky iz'kkld dks bl vk/kkj ij jktuhfr dh
vèkhuLFkrk Lohdkjuh gksxhA tura=k esa jktuhfr dk opZLo ,d iwoZ fLFkfr gSA efU=k;ksa dk ;g dguk jgk gS fd mudh
tuuhfr;ksa dks os iz'kkld fØ;kfUor ugha dj ldrs tks tulk/kkj.k ds lEidZ ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tks iz'kklura=k
izfrfuf/kRowi.kZ ugha gS] ;fn og tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dk dguk ugha ekurs rks vuqÙkjnk;h iz'kklu] vuqÙkjnk;h 'kklu dk Lo:i
/kkj.k dj ysxkA vr% eU=kh pkgs og dSlk gh jktuhfrK+ gks og yksd iz'kkldksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa rVLFkrk dk lEeku djrs
gq, muds vuqÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ vkpj.k dks dsoy mudh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij Lohdkj ugha dj ldrkA
blds foijhr] yksd iz'kkldksa dk dguk gS fd mueas rFkk muds jktuhfrd >xMkssa ds chp bruh cM+h [kkbZ gS fd muls
fdlh Hkh izdkj dk jktuhfrd laokn djuk vlEHko gSA jktuhfrK bruh y?kq n‘f"V j[krs gSa fd os yksdfgr ds uke ij
yksd&gkfu dks mfpr crykrs gSaA os uhfr fuekZrk gSa] ij bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd os fo'ks"kKksa ds i{k dh vogsyuk djsaA
nwljs 'kCnksa eas iz'kklu jktuhfr ij ,d fu;a=k.k ds :i eas gksuk pkfg, vkSj izfrc) ukSdj'kkgh jktuhfrKksa dks xqejkg
dj ldrh gSA iz'kkldkas dk ;g dguk gS fd gLr{ksi vkSj fu;a=k.k 'kCn dh lhek&js[kk,a dkuwu ls [khaph tk ldrh gSa
vkSj eU=kh ;fn pkgs rks izfrc)rk dk loky mBk;s fcuk iz'kkldksa dks ;g cryk ldrk gS fd muls D;k&D;k visf{kr
gS vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls {ks=k esa mldk fdruk izHkko mUgsa ekuuk gksxkA iz'kklu&izfrc)rk dk Hkkjr esa blfy, Hkh fojks/k
gS fd blls lsokvksa dk jktuhfrdj.k ftl xfr ls gksxk og jktuhfr eas vfLFkjrk yk ldrk gS] O;oLFkk dks rksM+ ldrk
gS vkSj iz'kkldksa ds eukscy dks fxjkdj mUgsa lkoZtfud ywV vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh vksj mUeq[k dj ldrk gSA izfrc)rk dk
fopkj lsokvksa dh rVLFkrk ij vk?kkr gS vkSj mudh ;ksX;rk ds fy, ,d Hkkjh [krjk cu ldrk gSA iz'kkld jktuhfr
dk lEeku djrs gSa( fdUrq os ;g ugha pkgrs fd fu;a=k.k ds uke ij mudh fLFkfr nklrk dh cu tk;A
Hkkjro"kZ esa lektoknh O;oLFkk ds vH;qnr ds lkFk izfrc) ukSdj'kkgh ukjs us cy idM+kA tc izfrc) U;k;ikfydk dk
fopkj Hkkjrh jktuhfr dks fn;k tkus yxk gS rks ,slk yxrk gS fd iz'kklu dh izfrc)rk rks gksuh gh pkfg,A fdrus gh
iz'kkld Hkh viuh bl Hkwfedk dks cnyus vkSj Lohdkj djus ds fy, lkeus vk;sa gSaA dqN dk er gS fd ;fn lektoknh
fu;qfDr;ka vkSj iz'kklu pyrk gS rks fczVsu tSls rVLFkrk ,oa jktuhfrd fu"i{krk lEHko ugha gks ldrhA os ;g Hkh dgus
yxs gSa fd ,d odhy dh Hkkafr iz'kkld dks Hkh ,d lykgdkj ;k dUlyVsUV cu tkuk pkfg,A og ;g tkurs gSa fd dkSu
lh uhfr;ka xyr gSa] viuh ckr fo'ks"kK+ ds :i esa dgs vkSj mldk laiw.kZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ea=kh ij NksM+ nsA ;fn jktuhfrK
vko';drk ls vf/kd nyxr jktuhfr esa Qlsa gSa rks oSls Hkh iz'kkld dh lykg mUgsa vPNh ugha yxsxhA vr% uhfr;ksa dks
izHkkfor djus dh lykg dk vknj djsaA gLr{ksi dh rjg izfrc)rk Hkh ,d n‘f"Vdks.k dk iz'u gS vkSj ;fn gLr{ksi
iz'kkldksa dk ukjk gS rks izfrc)rk efU=k;ksa dh ekax gSA Hkkjr ds iz'kklu esa lalnh; jktuhfr bl Hkwfedk dks vkSj Hkh tfVy
cukrh gS fd izfrc)rk lkekU;K++ ;k fo'ks"kK eas ls fdl esa vf/kd gks ldrh gS] ;g iz'u Hkh fu;a=k.k dh lhek js[kk eas
?klhV dj yk;k tk ldrk gSA
oSls rks lkekU;K+ cuke fo'ks"kK+ vius vki esa Hkkjrh; iz'kklu dh ,d ,frgkfld ,oa ToyUr leL;k gS] fdUrq lkekU;K
lsokvksa dk ;g dguk gS fd ;fn izfrc)rk tSlh fLFkfr jktuhfr ds lkFk leUO; djus ds fy, vko';d gS rks mls ,d
lkekU; iz'kkld gh ljyrk ls yk ldrk gSA fo'ks"kK+ ,d lykgdkj ds :i eas vFkok uhfr&fØ;kUo;d ds :i eas ,d
,slk O;fDr gksrk gS tks jktuhfr ds oSpkfjd nckoksa dks ljyrk ls u le> ldrk gS vkSj u Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA vius
{ks=k eas mldk ckSf)d /kjkry ftl Lrj ij gksrk gS og mlds O;fDrRo dks vturkaf=kd iznku djrk gSA mls vius
O;olk; esa bruh fu"Bk gksrh gS fd og O;fDr vkSj uhfr;ksa ds izfrc) ugha gks ldrkA vr% ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd
;fn Hkkjrh; eU=kh iz'kklu dks dBksjrk ls fu;fU=kr djuk pkgrk gS rks mls iz'kklu ds mPp Lrjksa ij fo'ks"kKksa dks ugha
j[kuk pkfg, pwafd erHksn dh [kkbZ ,oa fojks/k rFkk voKk dh fLFkfr fo'ks"kK+ ds lkFk vf/kd xgjh vkSj xEHkhj gksxhA
blds foijhr fo'ks"kKksa dk ;g rdZ gS fd izfrc)rk dk vFkZ ;fn ea=kh dh vuq#irk gS rks lykgdkj tSlh dksbZ fLFkfr
ugha jgrhA lkekU;K tks viuk fo"k; ugha tkurs Loa; jktuhfrK dh rjg vfuHkK yksx gSa vkSj mUgsa ;fn izfrc)rk dh
lhek esa vkSj cka/k fn;k x;k rks og efU=k;ksa ds vuqpj ek=k cudj jg tk;saxsA izfrc)rk yksp'khyrk pkgrh gS rks mls
vius vi esa ,d lurqyudkjh fLFkfr ykus esa Hkh lgk;d gksuk pfg,A vr% lkekU;K iz'kkld dk rdZ mldh lcls cM+h
nqcZyrk cuk ldrk gS pwafd izfrc)rk dh ;ksX;rk ds uke ij ;g Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsxk ftlds fy, og vius vkidks
mi;qDr ik=k le>rk gSA
lkekU;K fo'ks"kK+ izfrLi/kkZ ;k fojks/k us ,d vksj tcfd lsokvksa dh vlekurk dks lkekftd izfr"Brk ds iz'kuksa ds lkFk
tksM+ fn;k gS ogka nwljh vksj mldk ,d dsUnzh; rRo ;g Hkh gS fd ea=kh dks lykg dkSu ns\ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa us
bl Hkwfed ij ,dkf/kdkj dj j[kk gS vkSj ea=kh dks lykg nsus ds uke ij os viuk opZLo cuk;s gq, gSASa izfc)rk dks tcfd
os Lo;a udkjrs gSa rks nwljh vksj os vius vkidks fo'ks"kK+ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd izfrc) cnykrs gSaA ;g fLFkfr laØe.kdky
dk ykHk mBkus dh gS ftlesa ,d vsj lkekU;K lsok,a jktuhfr esa n;uh; gSa rks nwljh vksj fo'ks"kK lsokvksa dh lekurk
dh ekax dks dqpyuk pkgrh gSA ea=kh lalnh; jktuhfr dk vk/kkj LrEHk gS vkSj og uhfr fuekZrk] uhfr fu;a=kd o uhfr
fØ;kUo;d gSA iz'kld mldk lykgdkj ¼pkgs og vizfrc) lkekU;K gks ;k izfrc) fo'ks"kK+ ;k blds foijhr lHkh
fLFkfr;kas esa iz'u ;g gS fd ea=kh fdl lhek rd iz'kklu ra=k dks fdl izkdj fu;fU=kr djsa lektoknh ns'kksa us iz'kklu
dh lok;Ùkrk Nhu dj jktuhfr vkSj fopkj/kkjk ds opZLo dks ea=kh ds fu;a=k.k ds :i esa ns[kk gSA fczfV'k ekWMy vFkok
Ýsap izfreku tks lsokvksa dks ,d fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr esa j[kdj jktuhfrdj.k fd izfØ;k ls mUgsa cpkuk pkgrs gSa]
C;sjksØslh dks ikWfyfVDl dk fu;akd o lUrqyd ekurs gSaA Hkkjro"kZ :l dh fLFkfr esa ugha gS] fdurq fczVsu dh fLFkfr Hkh
vc bfrgkl cu pqdh gSA vesfjdh v)Z&jktuhfrd iz'kklu lalnh; O;oLFkk ls rkyesy ugha [kkrkA vr% Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ
essa eU=kh iz'kkld lEcU/kksa dk ,d ,slk izfreku cukuk ;k fodflr djuk gksxk tks fczVsu ls vf/kd jktuhfrd gks vkSj
lksfo;r :l de izfrc) rFkk vesfjdk dh rjg v)Z&jktuhfrd ,oa Ýkal dh rjg jktuhfr dk lUrqyudÙkkZ cu ldsA
bl izfreku ds dqN fuf'pr fl)kUr ugha gks ldrs( fdUrq jktuhfrd vko';drkvks]a nckvksa ,oa vifjgk;Zdkj.kksa ds izlx a
esa ;g fLFkfr Lo;a mHkjsxh vkSj Hkkjrh; izfreku bl n‘f"V ls lcdk feJ.k gksrs gq, Hkh lcds i‘Fkd rFkk Lora=k gks
ldrk gSA
eU=kh yksd lsod lEcU/kksa esa lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko
eU=kh yksd lsod lEcU/kksa dks leqfpr Lrj ij ykus ds fy, vusd lS)kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd lq>ko izLrqr fd, x;s gSaA
Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa bu lEcU/kksa ds fxjrs gq, Lrj dks ns[krs gq, ,slk fd;k tkuk vko';d Hkh gSA ,l- ih- v¸;j us vius
jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu vkSj iz'kklu fopkj fp=k esa jktuhfrKksa ,oa iz'kkldksa ds e/; vf/kd fopkj&foe'kZ rFkk vuqHko
dk vknku&iznku djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA izks- lh- ih HkkEHkjh us iz/kku ea=kh ,oa ukSdj'kkgh ds lEcU/kksa rFkk vU; jk"Vªh;
egRo dh ?kVukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, cryk;k gS fd ea=kh dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr nqcZy gksus ij ukSdj'kkgh gkoh gks
tkrh gSA 'kfDr'kkyh ukSdj'kkgh us nyh; usrkvkas ds lkFk ikjLikfjd ykHkksa ds fy, le>kSrk fd;k gSA Lo;a ukSdj'kkgh
232 yksd ç'kklu
us vius vkidks 'kkld ny ds mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dk ,d lk/ku cuk fn;k gSa vlUrq"V ,oa voekfur vf/kdkfj;ksa us izl
s ] laln
rFkk fojks/kh nyksa dk Hkh lgkjk fy;k gSA bl nqjkoLFkk ds fuLrj ikus ds fy, nks mik; lq>k;s x;s gSaA izFke] ea=kh dks
vius dk;ks± ds fu"iknu gsrq 'kfDr'kkyh cukdj] rFkk f}rh;] yksd iz'kklu dks lkoZtfud cukdjA ea=kh dks lkekU;
ukSdj'kkgh ls vyx ny rFkk ckgj ls fo'ks"kK lykgdkjksa dks fu.kZ;] uhfr&fuekZ.k] fØ;kUo;u ds ewY;kadu vkfn esa 'kkfey
djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd og ukSdj'kkgh lfpo dh izHkqÙkk ls NqVdkjk ik ldsA bl O;oLFkk dk
laLFkhdj.k dj eaf=k;ksa dks lfpoky; iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A iz'kklu esa ea=kh ,oa lfpo ds e/; vekur ,oa xksiuh;
dk;Z O;kikj ugha jguk pkfg,A iz'kklu dk ÞlkoZtfudß ;k yksd&Lo:i fofHké laLFkkvksa tSls] lrdZrk vk;ksx]
yksd&iky vkfn ds }kjk Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k x;k gS fd lÙkk ifjorZu gksus] ljdkjksa ds vLFkkf;Ro rFkk feys&tqys :i vkSj eaf=k;ksa ds vKku
ds dkj.k yksd&lsod gkoh gks tkrs gSaA bVyh] Ýkal rFkk Hkkjr dh 1967 dh feyh&tqyh ljdjksa dk vuqHko rFkk Hkkjr
esa turk ikVhZ dk 'kklu ukSdj'kkgh dh c<+rh gqbZ 'kfDr;ksa dk ifjpk;d jgk gSA vius lEcU/kksa dks fNikus ds fy, ljdkjsa
ds cuus ls iwoZ iqjkuh i=kkofy;ksa dks tyk fn;k tkrk gSA bldk ewy&dkj.k ea=kh yksd lsod ds e/; LokFkZiw.kZ lkaB&xkaB
gSA bl lkaB&xkaB dk dkj.k ;g nks"kiw.kZ /kkj.k gS fd muesa ijLij iw.kZ fu"Bk] lg;ksx ;k yxko gksuk pkfg,A muesa ,drk
o izfrc)rk jktuhfrK dk ukSdj'kkghdj.k rFkk ukSdj'kkgh rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dk jktuhfrdj.k dj nsrh gSA mu nksuksa
esa ,d nwjh gksrh gS] og cuh jguh pkfg,A bl nwjh dks cuk;s j[kus dk nkf;Ro iz/kkuea=kh vkSj dsfcusV lfpo ij
gksrk gSA
ea=kh }kjk lfpo ds ckgj ls fo'ks"kK+ vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 'kkfey djus ls ,d vksj yksd&lsod dh rVLFkrk cyorh cusxh]
nwljh vksj eU=kh dh dk;Z{kerk esa o‘f) gksxhA fQj Hkh muesa vPNs lEcU/k cuk;s j[kus ds fy, vko';d gS fd yksd&lsodksa
esa ,iych ds 'kCnksa esa Þ'kklfud Hkkoukß gks] vkSj mudk lÙkk ds fØ;kUo;u ds {ks=k esa vf/kdkf/kd izR;k;kstu fd;k tk;A
lkFk gh efU=k;ksa esa ,d iz'kklfud Hkkouk (Espirit de-Corps) Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ;fn jktuhfrd {ks=k esa tSlk fd xzsV&fczVsu]
la;qDr jk"Vª vesfjdk vkfn ns'kksa esa gksrk gS] ea=kh dks jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ] fo/kk;d] ik"kZn] lkaln] lfefr lnL; vkfn
lhf<+;ksa dks Øe'k% ij dj ea=kh cukus dh ijEijk fodflr gks lds rks ml fLFkfr esa iz'kklu esa ukSdj'kkgh dk dkQh Kku
iz kz Ir gks tkus dh lEHkkouk gksxhA Þiz'kklfud Hkkoukß ea=kh ds vfr mRlkg] vga] vkSj ladfq pr LokFkhZ dks larfq yr dj nsus
{kerk j[krh gSA
fofHké Hkz"Vkpkj dk.Mksa ds lanHkZ esa ea=kh yksd&lsod lEcU/k ,d ftK+klk] ?k‘.kk] 'kadk vkSj vuSfrdrk dk fo"k; cu pqds
gSA bl fo"k; ls fo"k; ls fo/kku e.Myksa ,oa lfefr;ks]a U;k;ky;ksa rFkk vU; U;kf;d vfHkdj.kks]a vkSj Lo;a turk dk izR;{k
lEcU/k tqMk+ gSA vr,o lalnh; Lrj ,d Þfo'ks"kK+ lfefrß cuk;h tkuh pkfg,] tks rc rd izkIr 'kklfud ,oa iz'kklfud
vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij ea=kh yksd&lsod lEcU/kksa dks rhu oxks± esa foHkkftr djsa&
1- izFke oxZ esa pkj mi{ks=k gSa&
(i) dkuwuh nkf;Ro dk {ks=k% blesa vkus okys fo"k;ksa ds fy, ea=kh rFkk lfpo nksuksa dkuwuh :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksa]
(ii) jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk {ks=k% blesa ea=kh dks eaf=ke.Myh; uhfr;ksa ds lkFk la;qDr fd;k tk; vFkkZr~ og lcds
lkFk la;qDr :i ls mÙkjnk;h ekuh tk;]
(iii) foHkkxh; nkf;Ro dks {ks=k% blesa ea=kh vius foHkkx ds fy, cuk;h xbZ uhfr;ksa ds fy,] pkgs muds fuekZ.k esa
lfpoksa ds ijke'kZ dk ;ksxnku jgk gks] mÙkjnk;h jgsa] fdUrq mldk mÙkjnkf;Ro jktuhfrd ekuk tk;] rFkk
(iv) iz'kklfud nkf;Ro dk {ks=k% blesa lfpoksa dks uhfr;ksa rFkk Li"V fu.kZ;ksa ds vfrfjDr fd;s x;s dk;ks± ds fy,
dkuwuh ,oa iz'kklfud :i ls mÙkjnk;h le>k tk;A
2- f}rh; oxZ esa okys ijEijkvksa] ifjikfV;ksa] fjoktksa vkfn ds :i esa Li"V fd;s tk;saA ;s foHkkxh; ekudksa dks ekudksa
dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSaA bUgsa lkekU; :i ls pyus fn;k tk;] fdUrq muds nq"ifj.kkeksa ds fy, lfpo dks mÙkjnk;h
Bgjk;k tk;A bUgsa lfpo ds fy, dkuwuh :i ls ck/; ekuuk vko';d ugha gSA
3- r‘rh; oxZ esa Lofoosd ,oa fof/k fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;A budks lfnPNk cus jgus rd fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ds :i
esa lHkh ds gLr{ksiksa ls eqDr j[kk tk;A lHkh lEc) i{kksa dks muds fo"k; esa vf/kd iwNrkN ;k ?kqliSB djus dk
vf/kdkj ugha gksuk pkfg,A
fu%lUnsg] bl izdkj dk oxhZdj.k O;ogkj esa fd;k tkuk dfBu gS] fdUrq bl ;kstuk dks ewrZ&:i nsuk vlEHko ugha gSA
vkt jktuhfr iz'kklu dks gh vkPNkfnr dj jghA mldh xfrfo/k;ka bruh vf/kd O;kid o tfVy gks xbZ gSa fd ea=kh
,d ckyd ds leku ^gka* ;k ûka* djus ds fy, foo'k gks x;k gSA mldh ^gka* ;k ûka* ds ifj.kke brus vf/kd izHkko'kkyh
gks x;s gSa fd lEc) i{kksa dks igys ls gh Kkr gksuk pkfg, fd dkSu fdruh ek=kk esa vkSj fdl Lrj ij mu fu.kZ;ksa ds
fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk] fodkl dh vko';drk,a] rFkk fØ;kfof/k&mUeq[k iz'kklu ,sls oxhZdj.k dh
ekax djrs gSaA blls u dsoy yksd&lsodksa dh eU=kh ds lkFk vius lEcU/kksa ds LoLFk fodkl esa lgk;rk feysxh] vfirq
fofHké U;kf;d ,oa v)Z U;kf;d fudk;ksa dh tkap ds le; mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fu/kkZfj.k djus esa lqfo/kk gksxh ,d vksj foèkku
e.My] ea=kh ds izfr vf/kd foosdiw.kZ n‘f"Vdks.k viuk ldsaxs] rks nwljh vksj lkekU; turk dks eU=kh rFkk yksd lsod ls
vis{kk j[krs le; fujk'kkvksa ds lkeuk ugha djuk iM+xs kA ;fn bls ÞdkSu D;k dj ldrs gS\ß dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr lkekftd
f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; cuk fy;k tk; rks vusd iz'kklfud O;kf/k;ksa ls NwVdkjk ik;k tk ldrk gSA vc le;
vk x;k gS fd lkoZtfud fgr esa vusd iz'kklfud O;kf/k;ksa ls NqVdkjk ik;k tk ldrk gSA vc le; vk x;k gS fd
lkoZtfud fgr esa ea=kh yksd&lsod lEcU/kksa dk dkuwuh fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk; rFkk muds e/; lEcU/kksa dh leL;k dk lekèkku
fd;k tk;A
blh rjg lUnHkZ esa iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx us Hkkjr ljdkj ds iz'kklfud ra=k ds lEcU/k esa dfri; egRoiw.kZ flQkfj'ksa
j[kh gSa&
1- tgka ljdkj dh uhfr Li"V u gks ;k uhfr ls gVuk iM+s ;k eU=kh fdlh egRoiw.kZ ekeys esa lfpo ls foer gks] ,sls
lHkh fu.kZ;ksa dss dkj.k lfgr la{ksi esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg,]
2- ea=kh dks ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ds e/; fuMjrk rFkk U;k; dk okrkoj.k fodflr djuk pkfg, rFkk mUgsa Li"V vkSj
fu"i{k ijke'kZ nsus ds fy, mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius vkns'k ,oa uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, lfpoksa
dk ekxZ funZs'ku Hkh djuk pkfg,]
3- iz/kkuea=kh dks pkfg, fd og ea=kh rFkk yksd&lsod ds e/; vLoLF; O;fDrxr fu"Bk ;k yxko ds fodkl dks jksdus
dk iz;kl djsA
4- eU=kh dks pkfg, fd og xEHkhj vU;k;] Hkkjh pwd ;k dq'kklu ds ekeyksa dks NksM+dj] fnu&izfrfnu ds iz'kklu esa
gLr{ksi u djsA tgka dksbZ ukxfjd izkFkZuk ;k f'kdk;r fu;e] dk;Zfof/k ;k uhfr esa ifjorZu dh ekax djrh gS] ogka
,sls O;fDrxr ekeys esa <+hy nsus dh ctk; mu ij iqufoZpkj djds ifjorZu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
5- lfpoksa rFkk vU; yksd&lsodksa ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd os eaf=k;ksa dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks vPNh rjg ls le>sa rFkk
muds izfr vf/kd tkx:drk fn[kykosaA os ,d vksj rks NksVs lkekUtL; rFkk nwljh vksj lsokvkas dh dk;Z&dq'kyrk
,oa eukscy ij nwjxkeh izHkko Mkyus okys vk/kkjHkwr fu;eksa esa ifjorZu ds chp vUrj djuk lh[ksa]
6- lfpo dk ea=kh ds izfr ljdkjh lEcU/k fu"Bk dk rFkk ea=kh dk lfpo ds izfr fo'okl gksuk pkfg,A
234 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&26
foÙkh; iz'kklu
(Financial Administration)
iz'kklu rFkk foÙk 'kjhj vkSj mldh Nk;k dh Hkk¡fr tqM+s gSaA lHkh iz'kkldh; dk;ks± esa /ku O;; gksrk gS] D;ksafd iz'kkldh;
ÑR;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq vko';d deZpkjh oxZ dh fu;qfDr rks vko';d gh gSA iz'kkldh; batu dk b±/ku foÙk gSA igys
dk ifjpkyu nwljs ds fcuk vlEHko gSA vr% dkSfVY; us Bhd gh dgk gS% ÞlHkh m|e foÙk ij fuHkZj gSaA vr% dks"kkxkj
(treasury) ij lokZf/kd /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
n‘<+ foÙkh; O;oLFkk dk 'kklu ds fy, cgqr egÙo gSA jktLo fu/kZu ukxfjd ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gS vr% ljdkj dk
uSfrd dÙkZO; gS fd og ml /ku dh dq'kyrk rFkk ferO;;rk ls O;; djsA vdq'ky foÙkh; O;oLFkk ds dkj.k 'kklu turk
ls nwj gks tkrk gS vkSj vUr esa 'kklu dk vfLrRo gh ladV esa iM+ tkrk gSA iztkrU=k esa Bksl foÙkh; O;oLFkk ds i{k esa
fuf'pr Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,A blds vHkko esa viO;; rFkk vU; cqjh ckrksa dk nks"k turk iztkrU=k ij gh e<+ nsrh gS vkSj
ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd turk ,sls iztkrU=k ls gh ?k‘.kk djus yxrh gSA bl izdkj dk foÙkh; iz'kklu Lo;a iztkrU=k ds
Hkfo"; ij rq"kkjkikr dj nsrk gSA ,d vU; ckr Hkh gS ftlds dkj.k foÙkh; iz'kklu dk vkt cM+k egÙo gSA vk/kqfud
le; esa 'kkldh; O;; esa vlk/kkj.k o‘f) ds dkj.k ;g furkUr vko';d gks x;k gS fd foÙkh; iz'kklu lEcU/kh mÙke
fl)kUrks]a midj.kksa ,oa i)fr dk fodkl fd;k tk;s ,oa gj 'kklu }kjk mudk ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A foÙkh; iz'kklu
cM+s fudV ls turk ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkpj.k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA VkWLd QkslZ (Task Force), gwoj deh'ku ds
'kCnksa esa] Þvk/kqfud 'kklu ds vUr%LFky rd igq¡p x;k gSAß ctV lkoZtfud uhfr ds uV vkSj cksYV gSaA
foÙkh; iz'kklu esa os leLr fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSa tks yksd lsokvksa ij O;; gsrq vko';d /kujkf'k dh izkfIr] O;; rFkk ys[kkadu
ls lEcU/k j[krh gSaA ;s fØ;k,¡ ,d fu;U=k.k Üka‘[kyk ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa rFkk fuEufyf[kr vfHkdj.kksa }kjk lEikfnr
gksrh gSa%
1- dk;Zikfydk (Executive), ftls /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
2- fo/kkue.My (Legislature), ftls vdsys gh /kujkf'k dks Lohdkj djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA
3- foÙk eU=kky; (Ministry of Finance) ¼;k fczVsu esa dks"kkxkj½] tks fo/kkue.My }kjk LohÑr /kujkf'k ds O;; ij
fu;U=k.k j[krk gSA
dk;Zikfydk rFkk fo/kkue.My

bu fofHkUu vfHkdj.kksa dk dk;Z ;kstuk cukuk] fu'p; djuk] fu"iknu rFkk fu;U=k.k djuk gSA dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk }kjk
o"kZHkj ds fy, viuk dk;ZØe cuk fy;k tkrk gS] vkSj ogh fo/kkue.My dks ljdkj dh okf"kZd foÙkh; vko';drkvksa
ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrh gSA bl izdkj ctV cukus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro dk;Zikfydk dk gSA ÞØkmu }kjk nzO; dh ek¡x dh tkrh
gSß (The Crown demands the money)A blls dk;Zikfydk ds ctV lEcU/kh nkf;Ro Li"V gks tkrs gSaA fo/kkue.My
èkujkf'k miyC/k djkus rFkk mldk vuqnku djus okyh laLFkk gSA lalnh; ljdkj esa dk;Zikfydk rFkk fo/kkue.My ds
chp dSls foÙkh; lEcU/k gksus pkfg,] bl ij lj FkkWel ,£Ldu es (Sir Thomas Erskine May) us mÙke <ax ls izdk'k
Mkyk gSA mudk dFku gS%
foÙkh; iz'kklu 235
ÞØkmu tks vius mÙkjnk;h efU=k;ksa dh eU=k.kk ls dk;Z djrk gS] dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr gksus ds ukrs ns'k esa leLr jktLo
dk iz/kku rFkk yksd lsok ds fy, lHkh ns'kksa dk izHkkjh gSA bl izdkj Økmu izFkekoLFkk esa rks dkWeUl lHkk (House of
Commons) dks 'kklu dh /ku lEcU/kh vko';drkvksa ls voxr djkrk gS vkSj dkWeUl lHkk mu iznk;ksa ,oa vuqnkuksa dks
Lohdkj djrh gS tks bu ek¡xksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vko';d gksrs gSa rFkk djksa ,oa lkoZtfud vk; ds vU; lk/kuksa }kjk og
,sls mik; o lk/kuksa dk izcU/k djrh gS ftuls LohÑr ek¡xksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldsA bl izdkj Økmu nzO; dh ek¡x djrk
gS] dkWeUl lHkk mldks Lohdkj djrh gS] vkSj ykWMZ lHkk (House of Lords) ml LohÑfr ij vuqefr iznku djrh gSA fdUrq
dkWeUl lHkk nzO; ds fy, ml le; rd ernku ugha djrh tc rd Økmu mldh ek¡x ugha djrk] vkSj u og ml le;
rd dj gh yxkrh gS ;k muesa o‘f) djrh gS tc rd fd Økmu vius lao/S kkfud ijke'kZnkrkvksa ds ek/;e ls mls tufgr
ds fy, vko';d ?kksf"kr u dj nsA
Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 112 ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds le{k foÙkh;
o"kZ ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj ds O;; rFkk vuqekfur vk; dk ,d fooj.k izLrqr djkrk gSA bls ôkf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k* dgrs
gSaA blesa Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k (Consolidated Fund) ij O;;&Hkkj okyh /kujkf'k;ksa rFkk vU; O;;ksa gsrq vko';d
/kujkf'k;ksa dk mYys[k gksrk gSA lafpr fuf/k ij O;;&Hkkj ds fy, ernku ugha gksrk gS] fdUrq 'ks"k O;;ksa ij ernku gksrk
gSA ernku okys vuqekuksa (estimates) dks yksdlHkk ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA yksdlHkk dks vuqnku dh vuqefr nsus
vkSj mUgsa vLohdkj ;k de djus dk vf/kdkj gSA vuqnkuksa rFkk dj&izLrkoksa ds lEcU/k esa lHkh ek¡xsa dk;Zikfydk izLrqr
djrh gS] O;;ksa dh LohÑfr dsoy laln }kjk gh nh tk ldrh gSA ;g ifo=k fl)kUr ^fcuk izfrfuf/kRo ds dksbZ dj ugha*
(No taxation without representation) ds fopkj esa fufgr gSA foÙkh; iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa djnkrk ds fgrksa rFkk vf/kdkjksa
dh vfHkj{kk ds fy, Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa rhu ewyHkwr izko/kku fd;s x;s gSa%
1- dksbZ Hkh dj dkuwu dh lÙkk ds fcuk ugha yxk;k tk ldrk vkSj u ,d=k gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ^fcuk izfrfufèkRo
ds dksbZ dj ugha* dk ;gh izfl) fl)kUr gSA
2- lkoZtfud dks"k esa ls dksbZ Hkh O;; rc rd ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc rd fd og lafo/kku esa crk;s x;s rjhds ds
vuq:i rFkk fof/k ds vuqlkj u gks( vFkkZr~ tc rd laln us mudk vuqeksnu u dj fn;k gks rc rd dksbZ O;; ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA
3- laln }kjk LohÑr uhfr ds vuqlkj gh /ku dk O;; djus ds fy, dk;Zikfydk ck/; gSA laln ;g fu;U=k.k ys[kk
fu;U=kd rFkk egkys[kkijh{kd (Comptroller and Auditor General) ds ek/;e ls djrh gSA
foÙk eU=kky;
foÙk eU=kky; ljdkj ds foÙk dk iz'kklu djrk gSA oLrqr% foÙkh; iz'kklu dk lEiw.kZ rkuk&ckuk blh eU=kky; ds pkjksa
vksj cquk gqvk gSA foÙk eU=kky; dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og vU; iz'kkldh; eU=kky;ksa ds lkFk ijke'kZ djds ôkf"kZd
foÙkh; fooj.k* rS;kj djsA ctV ij laln dk vuqeksnu izkIr gks tkus ds i'pkr~ foÙk eU=kky; ljdkj ds lEiw.kZ O;;
dk fu;U=k.k djrk gSA bldk mís'; ;g gS fd iz'kkldh; eU=kky;ksa }kjk lkoZtfud /ku ds O;; esa ferO;;rk cjrh tk;sA
ys[kk&ijh{k.k
nzO; dk O;; gks pqdus ds i'pkr~ lEiw.kZ O;; ij ,d LorU=k ys[kk&ijh{k.k (Audit) ds }kjk lpZykbV :ih n‘f"V Mkyh
tkrh gS vFkkZr~ mldk lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS rkfd O;; dh oS/krk rFkk vkSfpR; dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldsA ;g
tkuus ds fy, fd laln ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu fd;k x;k gS ;k ugha] ;fn dksbZ izHkko'kkyh O;oLFkk u dh tk;s rks dj
yxkus rFkk O;; Lohdkj djus ds lEcU/k esa lalnh; vuqeksnu dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg tkrk vkSj u mldk dksbZ ewY; gh
gSA LorU=k ys[kk&ijh{k.k ;gh Kkr djus dh ;qfDr gSA 'kkldh; vuqnkuksa ij laln }kjk ernku dj pqdus ij
ys[kk&fu;U=kd rFkk egkys[kkijh{kd fujh{k.k djrk gS vkSj ;g ns[krk gS fd fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e (Appropriation Act)
esa LohÑr vuqekfur en ds vuqlkj gh O;; fd;k x;k gS ;k ughaA nwljs] og ;g Hkh ns[krk gS fd O;; dh jkf'k LohÑr
236 yksd ç'kklu
/kujkf'k ls vf/kd rks ugha gSA ys[kk&fu;U=kd rFkk egkys[kkijh{kd dk;Zikfydk ls LorU=k jgdj ;g dk;Z djrk gSA
;g dsoy laln ds izfr gh mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA bl vf/kdkjh dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd og turk dh izfrfuf/k lHkk dks mu
O;;ksa ds fo"k; esa lwpuk ns ns tks laln ds ?kksf"kr eUrO;ksa ds vuq:i ugha gS] vkSj vuqnku ds nq#i;ksx ij Hkh izdk'k MkysA
,sfrgkfld n‘f"V ls ns[kk tk;s rks dk;Zikfydk ls LorU=k ,d ,slh laLFkk ds :i es]a tks izR;{kr% laln ds le{k gh izfrosnu
izLrqr djs] ys[kk&ijh{kd dk mn~Hko loZizFke fczVsu esa 1866 esa ml le; gqvk Fkk tc jktdks"k ,oa ys[kk&ijh{kk foHkkx
vf/kfu;e (Exchequer and Audit Department Act) ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr esa LorU=k ys[kk&ijh{k.k dk iz'u
loZizFke 1912 esa mBk FkkA lj xkbZ ¶yhVoqM foYlu (Sir Guy Fleetwood Wilson) us] ftuds ikl mu fnuksa Hkkjrh;
foÙk dk nkf;Ro Fkk] egkys[kkijh{kd dks dk;Zikfydk ls LorU=k j[kus lEcU/kh rdZ izLrqr fd;s FksA mUgksaus n‘<+rkiwoZd
dgk Fkk fd ÞbZekunkj ,oa lqn‘<+ foÙk gekjs vfLrRo ds fy, lnSo gh vko';d jgk gS] vkSj ,sls bZekunkj rFkk n‘<+ foÙk
dks lqfuf'pr djus dk ,dek=k ekxZ ;g gS fd O;; dh tk¡p LorU=k ys[kk&ijh{k.k ds v/khu gksuh pkfg,A ;g fopkj
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izLrqr fopkj ds foijhr gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr lfpo dks vf/kd mi;qDr izrhr gqvk FkkA lEHkor% blh
dkj.k 1913 ls Hkkjr esa ys[kk&ijh{k.k dh LorU=krk lkekU; :i ls ekU; gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 148 ls 151
rd ys[kk&fu;U=kd rFkk egkys[kkijh{kd ds dk;ks± rFkk fLFkfr dks Li"V :i ls O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA ys[kk&fu;U=kd rFkk
egkys[kkijh{kd dsoy laln ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gSAß
ys[kk&fu;U=kd rFkk egkys[kkijh{kd vius izfrosnuksa dks jk"Vªifr ds le{k izLrqr djrk gS] tks ÞmUgsa laln ds izR;sd lnu
ds le{k j[kus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA le;kHkko ds dkj.k laln dsUnzh; ljdkj ds lHkh ys[kkvksa (accounts) dh tfVyrkvksa
dks le>us] muds fo"k; esa egkys[kkijh{kd dh fVIif.k;ksa ij /;ku nsus rFkk uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds nkSjku ljdkj }kjk
iz;Dq r ferO;;rk rFkk dk;Zd'q kyrk ij leqfpr /;ku nsus esa vleFkZ jgrh gSA QyLo:i] laln us nks lfefr;ks&a yksx ys[kk
lfefr (Public Accounts Committee), rFkk vuqeku lfefr (Estimates Committee)—dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA foÙkh;
iz'kklu dh lajpuk esa yksd ys[kk lfefr dk dk;Z vis{kkÑr vf/kd Li"V gSA egkys[kkijh{kd ds izfrosnuksa ds izdk'k esa
;g fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dh iqf"V ls dsUnzh; ljdkj ds ys[kkvksa dk ijh{k.k djrh gS%
1- ys[kkvksa esa tks Hkqxrku fn[kk;k x;k gS] D;k og ml lsok ;k iz;kstu ds fy, gh gS ftlds dkj.k og /ku [kpZ fd;k
x;k gS] rFkk oS/k :i ls izkI; gS vkSj mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS( rFkk
2- D;k O;; ml lÙkk ds vuq:i gS tks mldks fu;fU=kr djrh gS\
vuqeku lfefr dks ge ^,d fujUrj ferO;;rk lfefr* dg ldrs gSaA ;g ljdkj ds mís';ksa rFkk uhfr ds v/khu O;;
lEcUèkh ferO;;rk dk >qdko nsrh gSA vkxs bu nksuksa lfefr;ksa ij ppkZ dh tk;sxhA
ctV (Budget)
fu"ikndh; izcU/k rFkk fo/kk;h fu;U=k.k dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ midj.k gksus ds lkFk gh ctV (budget) foÙkh; iz'kklu dk
iz/kku miknku gSA bl n‘f"V ls ;g iztkrkfU=kd ljdkj dk vk/kkj dgk tk ldrk gSA ctV cukrs le; foÙkh; fu.kZ;
djus ds nkSjku lokZf/kd iz'u uhfr fo"k;d gksrs gSaA ;fn 'kCn&foU;kl fd;k tk;s rks ‘budget’ 'kCn dh mRifÙk iqjkus
vaxzsth 'kCn bougette ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS FkSyk ;k >ksyk] ftlesa ls fczVsu dk jktdks"k egkek=k (Chancellor of the
Exchequer), 'kklu dh vkxkeh o"kZ dh foÙkh; ;kstuk ds dkxtkr laln ds le{k izLrqr djus gsrq] fudkyk djrk FkkA
vc ^ctV* 'kCn foÙkh; dkxtkr dk funsZ'k djrk gS] u fd >ksyk bR;kfn dkA
mÙkj&e/; ;qx esa ctV iz.kkyh dk fodkl gqvk FkkA bl dky esa baXyS.M rFkk ;wjksi esa LosPNkpkjh 'kklu&i)fr ik;h
tkrh FkhA ctV jktLo rFkk O;; dk fooj.k gksrk Fkk] ijUrq og jktk dk O;fDrxr fo"k; rFkk jktdh; jgL; ekuk
tkrk FkkA bldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd jktLo jktk dh viuh gh Hkw&lEink ls izkIr gksrk FkkA ijUrq ;q)dky esa djksa dk
lgkjk ysuk vko';d gks tkrk FkkA QyLo:i] ,sls le; esa vehjksa dks jktLo lk/kuksa ij] fo'ks"kr% ;q) ij] vius fopkj
rFkk izfrfØ;k,¡ izdV djus dk volj jktk }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk FkkA ^fcuk izfrfuf/kRo ds dksbZ dj ugha* ds fl)kUr
dks 1688 dh ØkfUr ds le; gh ekU;rk izkIr gqbZ FkhA fdUrq ml le; lHkh iz'kkldh; O;; lalnh; fu;U=k.k ds
foÙkh; iz'kklu 237
v/khu ugha FksA foÙk ij iw.kZ fo/kk;h fu;U=k.k rks blh 'krkCnh esa LFkkfir gqvk gSA bl izdkj] foÙkh; funsZ'ku rFkk fu;U=k.k
ds dsUnzh; midj.k ds :i esa ctV dh vo/kkj.kk vis{kkÑr uohu gSA
ctV iz.kkyh dq'ky jktLo (fiscal) izcU/k dk vk/kkj gSA lekt&foKku fo'odks'k (Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences)
ds vuqlkj] ÞctV iz.kkyh dk okLrfod egÙo bl dkj.k gS fd ;g fdlh ljdkj ds foÙkh; ekeyksa ds Øec) iz'kklu
dh O;oLFkk djrk gSAß jktLo lEcU/kh izcU/k esa vusd fØ;kvksa dh ,d fujUrj Üka‘[kyk jgrh gS] tSls jktLo rFkk O;;
dk vuqeku] jktLo rFkk fofu;kstu vf/kfu;eksa dk ys[kk] ys[kk&ijh{k.k rFkk izfrosnuA bu fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu fdl
izdkj gksrk gS] bldk o.kZu MCY;w0 ,Q0 foyksch us bl izdkj fd;k gS% Þigys rks ,d fuf'pr le;&izk;% ,d o"kZ&ds
fy, ljdkjh iz'kklu dks Bhd izdkj ls pykus gsrq ftu O;;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] mudk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS]
vkSj bu O;;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq /ku ds izcU/k lEcU/kh izLrko gksrs gSAa bl vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij jktLo rFkk fofu;kstu vfèkfu;e
ikfjr fd;s tkrs gSa] tks LohÑr dk;ks± ds fy, oS/k vf/kdkj iznku djrs gSaA blds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu dk;Zjr foHkkxksa }kjk
jktLo rFkk fofu;kstu vf/kfu;eksa ds vuqlkj jktLo ,oa fofu;kstu ys[ks [kksys tkrs gSa] vkSj bl izdkj LohÑr nzO; dk
O;; izkjEHk gksrk gSA ys[kk&ijh{k.k rFkk ys[kk foHkkx ;g ns[kus ds fy, bu ys[kkvksa dk ijh{k.k djrk gS fd os Bhd gSa
;k ugha] okLrfod rF;ksa ls laxfr j[krs gSa ;k ugha] vkSj fof/k ds lHkh izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i gSa ;k ughaA rnqijkUr bu ys[kkvksa
ls izkIr lwpukvksa dk lkjka'k fudkyk tkrk gS vkSj izfrosnuksa ds :i esa mudks izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA vUr esa blds vkèkkj
ij vxys o"kZ ds fy, u;s vuqeku rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSa] vkSj fQj ogh pØ iqu% vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa ctV
gh og rU=k gS ftlds }kjk ,d gh le; esa dbZ fØ;k,¡ ikjLifjd :i ls lEc) dh tkrh gSa] vkSj mudh rqyuk rFkk
ijh{kk dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj ctV jktLoksa rFkk O;;ksa dk vuqeku ek=k u gksdj dqN vkSj vf/kd gksrk gSA ;g ,d
izfrosnu] ,d vuqeku rFkk izLrko] ,d izys[k gksuk pkfg, ftlds ek/;e ls eq[; dk;Zikfydk] tks ljdkjh iz'kklu ds
okLrfod lapkyu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h lÙkk gS] /ku ,d=k djus rFkk fof/k;ksa dks Lohdkj djus okyh lÙkk ¼laln½ ds le{k
bl vk'k; dk lEiw.kZ izfrosnu mifLFkr djrh gS fd fdl <ax ls mlus rFkk mlds v/khuLFkksa us foxr o"kZ ds nkSjku
iz'kklfud dk;Z fd;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk] og lkoZtfud dks"kkxkj dh orZeku n'kk dk ,d fooj.k Hkh izLrqr djrh gSA
bl lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij dk;Zikfydk vkxkeh o"kZ ds fy, viuk dk;ZØe cukuk izkjEHk djrh gS] vkSj ,sls dk;ks± ds fy,
foÙkh; izcU/k lEcU/kh izLrko izLrqr djrh gSA
vr% ctV dk;Z lEcU/kh ,d ;kstuk gSA og vkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, eq[; dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ZØe dks izfrfcfEcr
rFkk Li"V djrk gSA ;g ljdkj ds jktLo rFkk O;; ds fooj.k ek=k ls dgha vf/kd O;kid oLrq gSA blds rhu dk;Z
gSa% fu;U=k.k] izcU/ku vkSj fu;kstuA
Hkkjr esa ctV fuekZ.k izfØ;k

(Budgetary Process in India)
fdlh Hkh ns'k dh ctVh; izfØ;k esa pkj fHkUu fØ;k,¡ fufgr gksrh gSa&
1- ctV dh rS;kjh vFkkZr~ vkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, vk;&O;; ds izkDdyu rS;kj djuk(
2- ctV dk fof/kdj.k vFkkZr~ jktLo vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fofu;ksx vf/kfu;eksa ds :i esa fo/kkueaMy }kjk bldh LohÑfr(
3- ctV dk fØ;kUo;u vFkkZr~ jktLo vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fofu;ksx vf/kfu;eksa dks ykxw djuk( nwljs 'kCnksa esa VSDlksa dks
bdV~Bk djuk rFkk O;; djuk tSlk laln us vf/kÑr fd;k gS( rFkk
4- ctV dk fo/kk;h fu;a=k.k vFkkZr~ fo/kkue.My dh vksj ls ys[kk ijh{kk }kjk foÙkh; fØ;kvksa dh leh{kk ,oa mudk
fu;a=k.kA
bl v/;k; esa izFke rhu fØ;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk,xkA pkSFkh izfØ;k dk o.kZu vxys v/;k; esa fd;k tk,xkA
Hkkjr esa ctV fuekZ.k
(The Preparation of Budget in India)
ctV fuekZ.k esa fuEufyf[kr fØ;k,¡ Øe'k% fufgr gSa&
238 yksd ç'kklu
1- Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk izkjfEHkd izkDdyu rS;kj djuk(

2- fu;a=k.k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk bu izkDdyuksa dh leh{kk ,oa Nkuchu(
3- iz'kkldh; foHkkx ,oa egkys[kkdkj }kjk la'kksf/kr izkDdyuksa dh Nkuchu ,oa leh{kk(
4- bu la'kksf/kr izkDdyuksa dh foÙk foHkkx }kjk Nkuchu ,oa leh{kk(
5- eaf=keaMy }kjk bu ,df=kr izkDdyuksa ij vafre fopkjA
1- Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk rS;kjh (Preparation by the Disbursing Officers): ctV dks rS;kj djus dk dk;Z
vkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ ds izkjEHk gksus ls NS ;k vkB ekl iwoZ 'kq: gks tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa foÙkh; o"kZ izFke vizSy ls 'kq:
gksrk gS vr,o vxLr&flrEcj ds ekl ls ctV dh rS;kjh vkjEHk gks tkrh gSA foÙk ea=kky; tqykbZ&vxLr ds eghus
esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds v/;{kksa dks vk; ,oa O;; ds izkDdyu vyx&vyx rS;kj djus ds fy, fu;r QkeZ Hkst nsrk
gSA foHkkxk/;{k bu Qkeks± dks Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl Hkst nsrk gS tks izkjfEHkd izkDdyu rS;kj djrs gSaA
izkDdyu rS;kj djus dk dk;Z lcls egÙoiw.kZ gSA ih0 ds0 okVy (P.K. Wattal) ds 'kCnksa es]a Þ;g ,d ljy xf.krh;
izfØ;k ugha gS] ftlesa fiNys o"kks± dk vkSlr fudkydj lqjf{kr vk¡dM+s j[k nsrs gSa] tks fiNys lky dh iqujko‘fÙk
ls izrhr gksAa bu vkadM+kas dh i‘"BHkwfe esa iz'kklu dh okLrfodrk fo|eku jgrh gS] fdlh Hkh o"kZ dh fLFkfr;k¡ fcYdqy
nwljs o"kZ tSlh ugha gksrha vkSj fQj Hkh os furkar vleku Hkh ugha gksrhaA blfy, lekurkvksa vkSj vlekurkvksa dk
ewY; vkadus esa viuh fu.kkZ;d 'kfä dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gS vkSj mudk mfpr vkSlr fudkyuk gksrk gSAß vr,o
izkDdyuksa dks rS;kj djus esa izR;sd lko/kkuh cjrh tkuh pkfg,A izkDdyu rS;kj djrs le; Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa
dks fu/kkZfjr QkeZ ds pkj [kkus Hkjus gksrs gSa&
(i) fiNys lky ds okLrfod vk¡dM+s]
(ii) pkyw o"kZ ds fy, LohÑr izkDdyu]
(iii) pkyw o"kZ ds la'kksf/kr izkDdyu ,oa
(iv) vkxkeh o"kZ ds ctV izkDdyuA
bu izkDdyuksa dks rhu Hkkxksa vFkkZr~ Hkkx I, Hkkx IIA, rFkk Hkkx IIB, esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkx I jktLo ,oa LFkk;h
[kpks± tSls LFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa] ;k=kk HkÙkksa vkfn ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA Hkkx IIA pkyw ;kstukvksa tSls lkexzh Ø; ls
lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA Hkkx IIB iw.kZr% O;; dh ubZ ;kstukvksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA
dHkh&dHkh ctV izkDdyuksa rFkk okLrfod O;; dh /kujkf'k esa dkQh vUrj gksrk gSA blds nks egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k gSaA
izFke] izkDdyu dksbZ vBkjg ekl iwoZ rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa( nwljs] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ekuwlu ij fuHkZj djrh gS
vkSj izkDdyu ekulwu ls dkQh iwoZ rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA blds vfrfjä tSlk Jh v'kksd pUnk us dgk gS] Þ u;h
iz;kstukvksa dks ctV esa 'kkfey djrs le; muds izkDdyu rS;kj djuk izk;% dfBu dk;Z gSA fn, gq, izkDdyu
izk;% vUnktu fy[ks tkrs gS&a fdlh Bksl vkSj fo/ks;kRed vk/kkj ij ughaA fQj Hkh ctV esa 'kkfeyu djus ds fy, tc
rd foÙk ea=kky; dks dqN vkadM+s ugha Hksts tkrs] ;kstuk dks ifjiDdo gksus ij fØ;kfUor ugha fd;k tk ldsxkAß
2- fu;a=k.k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk leh{kk (Scrutiny and Review by Controlling Officers): LFkkuh; vf/kdkjh vius
izkDdyuksa dks vius&vius fu;a=k.k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks leh{kk ,oa tk¡p&iM+rky gsrq Hkstrs gSaA ;g leh{kk iw.kZr%
iz'kkldh; <ax dh gksrh gSA fu;a=k.k vf/kdkjh vius foHkkx ds fofHkUu izHkkxksa vkSj 'kk[kkvksa }kjk Hksts x, izLrkoksa
ds lkis{k egÙo dh tk¡p djrk gS rkfd budks foHkkx ds fy, laHkkfor vuqnku ds izdk'k esa u;s O;; ds varxZr 'kkfey
fd;k tk ldsA vr,o og mu izLrkoksa esa ls dqN dks Lohdkj dj ysrk gS rks dqN dks ukeatjw dj nsrk gSA rnqijkUr
og vius foHkkx ds izkDdyuksa dks bdV~Bk djrk gS vkSj vDVwcj ds izkjEHk rd bUgsa ctV vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl igqp a k
nsrk gSA
3- egkys[kkdkj rFkk iz'kkldh; foHkkx }kjk leh{kk (Scrutiny and Review by the Accountant-General and
the Administrative Department): fu;a=kd vf/kdkfj;ksa ls izkDdyu Qkeks± ds vk tkus ds ckn] izkDdyuksa dk
foÙkh; iz'kklu 239
ikVZ I tks jktLo ,oa LFkk;h O;; ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gS egkys[kkdkj rFkk lkekU; iz'kklu foHkkx dks leh{kk gsrq pyk
tkrk gSA lkekU; leh{kk ds vfrfjä] egkys[kkdkj dk dk;kZy; _.k] fu{ksi tek rFkk foizs"k.k (Remittances)
'kh"kZdksa ds v/khu izkDdyuksa dks Hkh rS;kj djrk gSA uoEcj ds e/; rd ;s izkDdyu foÙk ea=kky; ds ctV foHkkx
dks igqap tkrs gSaA
4- foÙk ea=kky; }kjk leh{kk (Scrutiny by the Ministry of Finance): fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls izkIr izkDdyuksa dh foÙk
foHkkx }kjk leh{kk dh tkrh gSA vko';d la'kks/kuksa ds ckn bUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj ds ctV dk :i ns fn;k tkrk gSA
ih0 ds0 okVy ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞfoÙk ea=kky; }kjk leh{kk dk :i iz'kkldh; foHkkx }kjk leh{kk ds :i ls fHkUu gksrk
gSA iz'kkldh; foHkkx O;; dh uhfr ;k bldh vko';drk ;k blds vkSfpR; ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gS ijUrq foÙk foHkkx
eq[;r;k cpr ls lacaf/kr gSA vr,o mls fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh ek¡xksa dks miyC/k /kujkf'k dh lhek ds vUnj j[kuk
iM+rk gSA iz'kkldh; foHkkxksa ,oa foÙk foHkkx ds chp erHksn dks eaf=keaMy ds fu.kZ; ds fy, izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSAß
bl izdkj foÙk ea=kky; dh leh{kk foÙkh; vFkkZr~ cpr] fuf/k;ksa dh miyfC/k ds n‘f"Vdks.k ls gksrh gSA foÙk ea=kky;
u;s [kps± dh iwjh leh{kk djrk gSA ;g mu iz'uksa ls fofnr gS tks ;g ,sls [kpZ dh leh{kk djrs le; lkeus j[krk
gS&
(i) D;k izLrkfor O;; okLro esa t:jh gS\
(ii) ;fn t:jh gS rks blds fcuk vc rd dke dSls pyrk jgk vkSj vc bldh t:jr D;ksa gS\
(iii) vU; LFkku ij D;k O;oLFkk gS\
(iv) bldh ykxr D;k gksxh vkSj ;g /ku dgk¡ ls vk,xk\
(v) blds QyLo:i fdl foHkkx dh jkf'k de gks tk,xh\
(vi) D;k u;s fodkl bldks vuko';d dj nsaxs\
rnqijkUr foÙk ea=kky; Hkkjr ljdkj dh vk; vkSj O;; dk dqy vuqeku rS;kj djrk gSA vuqekfur O;; ds
vk/kkj ij djksa ds u;s izLrko rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ctV nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä gksrk gS vk; Hkkx rFkk
O;; HkkxA fnlEcj ds var rd ctV rS;kj gks tkrk gSA
5- eaf=ke.My }kjk LohÑfr (Approval by the Cabinet): foÙk ea=kh tuojh ekl esa ctV ij fopkj djrk gSA og
iz/kkuea=kh ls ijke'kZ djds VSDlksa vkfn ds ckjs esa viuh foÙkh; uhfr dks rS;kj djrk gSA ,slk gks tkus ds ckn ctV
eaf=ke.My ds fopkj gsrq izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk blfy, fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d eaf=ke.My lkekU; uhfr fuèkkZfjr
djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA tc eaf=ke.My ctV dks LohÑfr iznku dj nsrk gS rks ;g laln esa izLrqr fd;s tkus
ds fy, rS;kj gSA
ctV ds rRo (The Contents of the Budget): Hkkjr esa ctV dks ôkf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k* dgrs gSaA blds nks Hkkx gksrs
gS a &
1- foÙkea=kh dk ctV Hkk"k.k( rFkk
2- ctV izkDdyuA
ctV Hkk"k.k (Budget Speech): foÙkea=kh ds ctV Hkk"k.k esa ;s ckrsa 'kkfey gksrh gSa&ns'k dh lkekU; vkfFkZd n'kk ds ckjs
esa lwpuk( ljdkj dh foÙkh; uhfr ds ckjs esa lwpuk] pkyw o"kZ ds izkDdyuksa vkSj la'kksf/kr izkDdyuksa esa varj dk dkj.k
rFkk rnFkZ ubZ ek¡xksa dk dkj.kA jk"Vª dh okf"kZd dkjZokfg;ksa esa foÙkea=kh ds ctV Hkk"k.k dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bldh
u dsoy O;kikfjd leqnk; vfirq lekt dk izR;sd oxZ cspSuh ls izrh{kk djrk gSA
ctV izkDdyu (Budget Estimates): Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og laln dks okf"kZd
foÙkh; fooj.k izLrqr djs ftlesa Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ls fd, tkus okys O;; rFkk lkoZtfud ys[kkvksa ls fd, tkus okys
[kpZ dks vyx&vyx fn[kyk;k tk,A /kkjk 112 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ij fuEufyf[kr O;; ^Hkkfjr* O;; ?kksf"kr
fd, x, gSa&
240 yksd ç'kklu
1- jk"Vªifr ds osru vkSj HkÙks rFkk mlds in ls lEcfU/kr nwljk [kpkZ(

2- jkT; lHkk ds lHkkifr rFkk milHkkifr ,oa yksd lHkk ds v/;{k rFkk mik/;{k ds osru vkSj HkÙks(
3- _.k dk [kpkZ(
4- loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa ds osru] HkÙks rFkk isa'ku(
5- Hkkjr esa egkys[kk ijh{kd ds osru] HkÙks rFkk isa'ku(
6- fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ;k fMxzh ds vuqlkj fn, tkus okyk /ku( rFkk
7- lafo/kku ;k laln }kjk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k ,slk gh dksbZ nwljk [kpZA
bu leLr [kpks± ij laln dks ernku dk vf/kdkj ugha gS] gkykafd og bu ij cgl dj ldrh gSA vU; lHkh O;; laln
dh ernku 'kfä ds v/khu gSaA
Åij geus nks 'kCnksa ^lafpr fuf/k* rFkk îfCyd ,dkmaV* dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ Hkh Li"V dj fn;k tk,A
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 266 (i) ds vUrxZr lafpr fuf/k dk vFkZ gS ÞHkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkIr lHkh jktLo] ljdkj }kjk fy,
x, lHkh _.k] _.kksa ds Hkqxrku esa izkIr lHkh /ku vfxze /ku lesrAß îfCyd ,dkmaV* esa jkT; izkohMsVa QaM] ljdkjh foHkkxksa
ds fjtoZ QaM] iksLVy lsfoaXt cSad /ku] iksLV vkfQl dS'k rFkk vU; cpr lfVZfQdsV] iksLVy thou chek QaM] ljdkj
}kjk jktLo ;k vU; izdkj ls fufeZr rnFkZ QaM] fofo/k fuos'k tek rFkk foizs"k.k /ku vkfn lfEefyr gSaA bl izdkj ;g
ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ifCyd vdkmaV esa iM+k /ku ljdkj dk ugha gksrk D;ksfa d ;g fdlh le; ij yksxksa dks okil Hkqxrku
fd;k tkrk gSA ifCyd ,dkmaV ls Hkqxrku ds fy, laln esa dksbZ ek¡x izLrqr ugha dh tkrhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fofu;ksx ,sDV
}kjk fofu;kstu dsoy lafpr fuf/k ds ckjs esa t:jh gS] ,slk ifCyd ,dkmaV ds fy, t:jh ugha gSA
ctV dk fof/kdj.k
(Enactment of the Budget)
laln esa ctV ik¡p voLFkkvksa ls xqtjrk gS] vFkkZr~ 1- is'k gksuk] 2- lkekU; ppkZ] 3- vuqnkuksa dh ek¡xksa ij ernku] 4-
fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e dks ikl djuk] rFkk 5- foÙk vf/kfu;e ij fopkj djuk vkSj mls ikl djukA
1- ctV dk is'k gksuk (Introduction of Budget): Hkkjrh; laln dk ctV vf/kos'ku Qjojh ds e/; esa vkjEHk gksrk
gSA ctV laln esa nks Hkkxksa jsyos ctV vkSj lkekU; ctV&esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA jsyos ctV esa jsyksa dh vk; vkSj
muds O;; dk fooj.k djrk gS vkSj ;g jsy ea=kh }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; ctV jsyos dks NksM+dj 'ks"k
vU; lHkh foHkkxksa dh ek¡xksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ;g laln esa foÙk ea=kh }kjk is'k fd;k tkrk gSA jsyos ctV vkSj
lkekU; ctV dh izfØ;k yxHkx leku gh gSA igys jsyos ctV is'k fd;k tkrk gSA ckn esa lkekU; ctV is'k gksrk
gS tks Qjojh ds vafre fnu lk;a ikap cts izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ctV rFkk foÙk ea=kh ds Hkk"k.k dh izfrfyfi;k¡
lc lnL;ksa esa ck¡V nh tkrh gSaA
2- lkekU; ppkZ (General Discussion): laln ds dk;Z&lapkyu fu;eksa dh fu;e la[;k 130 ds vuqlkj ctV ftl
fnu laln esa izLrqr gksrk gS ml fnu mlds lEcU/k esa dksbZ ppkZ ugha dh tk,xhA blfy, Lihdj lkekU; ppkZ dh
rkjh[k fuf'pr dj nsrk gSA ;g rkjh[k lk/kkj.kr;k ctV is'k gksus ds ,d lIrkg ckn dh gksrh gS vkSj pkj fnu
ppkZ ds fy, fu;r fd, tkrs gSaA ppkZ O;; dh lHkh enksa] lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr O;; dh enksa ij Hkh gksrh gSA ;g
ppkZ ctV ls lEcfU/kr fl)kUrksa vkSj uhfr rd gh lhfer jgrh gS] blesa iz'kklu dh vkykspuk djus vkSj turk
dh dfBukb;ksa dks izLrqr djus dk Hkh volj jgrk gSA ;g ppkZ jktuhfrd vf/kd gksrh gS] foÙkh; deA bl voLFkk
esa dksbZ izLrko ugha j[kk tkrk vkSj u gh ernku ds fy, ctV laln ds lEeq[k j[kk tkrk gSA ;g /;ku jgs fd
ctV ij lkekU; ppkZ laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa lkFk&lkFk pyrh gSA ppkZ ds vUr esa foÙk ea=kh lkekU; mÙkj nsrk
gSA
3- ek¡xksa ij ernku (The Voting of Demands): lkekU; ppkZ lekIr gks tkus ij yksd lHkk vuqnkuksa dh mu ek¡xksa
ij ernku dk dk;Z vkjEHk djrh gS tks Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr O;; ugha gSA ek¡xksa ij ernku iw.kZr;k
foÙkh; iz'kklu 241
yksdlHkk dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj gS] jkT; lHkk blesa dksbZ Hkkx ugha ysrhA vuqnkuksa dh ek¡xksa ij oksV djrs le; yksdlHkk
lnu ds :i esa gh cSBrh gS] ;g lnu dh lEiw.kZ lfefr ds :i esa ugha cSBrh tSlk fd fczVus dh dkeu lHkk esa O;oLFkk
gSA fczVsu dh Hkkafr Hkkjr esa Hkh ek¡xksa ij ernku ds fy, NCchl fnu j[ks x, gSaA bl FkksM+s ls le; dh O;oLFkk
ls ;g Li"V gS fd vusd ek¡xsa fcuk fdlh ppkZ ds gh ikl gks tkrh gSaA v/;{k lnu ds usrk dh lykg ls ;g fu;r
dj nsrk gS fd fdl ek¡x ;k ek¡x lewg ds fy, vkSj ctV ds lEiw.kZ [kpZ okys Hkkx ds fy, fdruk le; gksxkA
tSls gh fu;r le; lhek lekIr gks tkrh gS ml ek¡x dks rRdky ernku ds fy, izLrqr dj fn;k tkrk gS pkgs
ml ij ppkZ gqbZ gks ;k u gqbZ gksA blh izdkj vfUre fnu ik¡p cts 'kke dks cph gqbZ lkjh ek¡xksa dks v/;{k ernku
ds fy, izLrqr dj nsrk gS pkgs mu ij ppkZ gqbZ ;k ugha gqbZA 1993&94 o"kZ ds ctV esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh ek¡xksa
ij foLr‘r fopkj djus gsrq lalnh; lfefr iz.kkyh vkjEHk dh xbZ gSA bl iz;kstu gsrq 17 lfefr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k
x;k gS ftuesa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh ek¡xksa dks foHkä dj fn;k x;k gSA izR;sd lfefr esa 45 lnL; gksaxs ftuesa 30
yksdlHkk ,oa 15 jkT;lHkk ds lnL; gksxa As bu lfefr;ksa ds dk;ks± esa vuqnku ek¡xksa dh leh{kk] vf/kfu;eksa dk ijh{k.k
,oa jk"Vªh; v/kkjewyd nh?kZdkyhu uhfr;ksa ij fopkj dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA lalnh; iz.kkyh gksus ds dkj.k
fojks/kh i{k dk dVkSrh djus dk dksbZ izLrko ljdkj esa vfo'okl dk lwpd gksrk gSA vr% lnu esa ek¡xksa ij ppkZ
foÙkh; n‘f"Vdks.k ls ctV ds enksa dh ppkZ ugha gksrh vfirq fdlh fo'ks"k foHkkx ds fo#) turk dh f'kdk;rksa dh
ppkZ gksrh gSA T;ksga h O;; dh dksbZ en ppkZ ds fy, izLrqr dh tkrh gS] lnu dk dksbZ lnL; mBdj mlds vuqekuksa
esa ,d ;k ,d lkS #i;ksa dh dVkSrh dk izLrko j[krk gS] rnqijkUr ;g ml foHkkx] ftlds og en lEcfU/kr gS] dh
vkykspuk 'kq: djrk gSA lEcfU/kr ea=kh dks mlds foHkkx ds fo#) dh xbZ lHkh vkykspuk dk mÙkj nsuk iM+rk gSA
izR;sd ek¡x ij ppkZ iw.kZ gks tkus ds ckn ek¡x dks lnu ds ernku gsrq j[kk tkrk gS fd Þ,d jde tks-----#0 ls vfèkd
u gks] jk"Vªifr dks ekpZ 19-----dks lekIr gksus okys o"kZ dh vof/k es-a ----¼ek¡x dk fo"k;½ ds flyflys esa vkus okys [kpZ
ds fy,] vuqnku :i esa nh tk,Aß LohÑr gksus ds ckn ek¡x vuqnku cu tkrh gSA ;g /;ku jgs fd lnu fdlh ek¡x
dh jkf'k dks ?kVk ;k uke¡twj dj ldrk gS ijUrq ;g bls c<+k ugha ldrkA ;fn O;; ds fy, vf/kd /ku dh
vko';drk iM+s rks iwjd vuqnkuksa ;k vkdfLed fuf/k esa ls O;; djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk ldrk gSA
4- fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e dks ikl djuk (Passage of the Appropriation Bill): vxyh voLFkk okf"kZd fofu;ksx
vfèkfu;e dks fof/k esa ikfjr djuk gSA yksd lHkk }kjk ikl dh xbZ lHkh ek¡xksa rFkk Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr
lHkh O;; dks ,d vf/kfu;e esa bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gS ftls okf"kZd fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e dgrs gSaA lafo/kku dh /kkjk
114 (v) esa fy[kk x;k gS] fd (i) yksd lHkk }kjk ikl dh xbZ lHkh ek¡xksa rFkk (ii) Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ij O;;
dks iwjk djus ds fy, Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ls /ku fudkyus ds fy, ,d vf/kfu;e izLrqr fd;k tk,xkAß rnuqlkj
yksd lHkk esa fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA okn&fookn dks dsoy mUgha ckrksa rd lhfer j[kk tkrk
gS ftu ij ppkZ dh voLFkk esa igys ppkZ ugha gqbZ gSA ;g vf/kfu;e Hkh mlh fØ;kfof/k dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] tSls
vU; foÙk fo/ks;d flok; bl ckr ds fd lnu }kjk igys ls ftl ek¡x ij er fn;k tk pqdk gS] ml vuqnku ;k
lafpr fuf/k esa ifjorZu lEcU/kh dksbZ la'kks/ku fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA yksd lHkk }kjk ikfjr
gks tkus ds ckn v/;{k mls izekf.kr dj nsrk gS fd ;g foÙk fo/ks;d gS vkSj rc ;g fo/ks;d jkT; lHkk ds ikl
Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA
jkT; lHkk ds ikl fofu;ksx fo/ks;d dks u rks ukeatwj djus vkSj u la'kksf/kr djus dh 'kfä gSA ;g dsoy ml ij
ppkZ dj ldrh gS vkSj 14 fnu ds vUnj bls yksd lHkk dks viuh flQkfj'ksa Hkstuh gksrh gSAa yksd lHkk bu flQkfj'kksa
dks eatwj ;k ukeatwj dj ldrh gSA ;fn yksd lHkk jkT; lHkk ds lq>koksa dks vLohÑr dj nsrh gS rks fo/ks;d mlh
:i esa nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikfjr le>k tk;sxk ftl :i esa yksd lHkk us bls ikfjr fd;k gSA ;fn pkSng fnuksa ds
vanj jkT; lHkk dksbZ flQkfj'k ugha djrh] ml fLFkfr esa -------- ml vof/k dh lekfIr ij nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikfjr
le>k tk,xkA
ikfjr gksus ds ckn fofu;ksx fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr dks mldh eatwjh ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA ;g dsoy vkSipkfjd ek=k
gS D;ksafd jk"Vªifr /ku fo/ks;d dks iqufoZpkj gsrq okil ugha Hkst ldrkA fofu;ksx dkuwu ljdkj dks lkoZtfud
fuf/k ls /ku fudkyus rFkk bldks vf/kÑr :i esa O;; djus dh 'kfä iznku djrk gSA ,slh 'kfä ds fcuk ljdkj
242 yksd ç'kklu
dksbZ O;; ugha dj ldrh vkSj egkys[kkdkj ,oa ys[kk ijh{kd ,sls O;; dks ftldh laln us vuqefr ugha nh Fkh
vuf/kÑr ;k xSjdkuwuh ?kksf"kr dj nsxkA /kkjk 114 ¼3½ esa fy[kk gS fd ^lafpr fuf/k ls dksbZ Hkh /ku fcuk fofu;ksx
ds ugha fudkyk tk ldrkA* vr,o fofu;ksx ,sDV dk ikl gksuk ctV fuekZ.k esa ,d vko';d pj.k gSA
foÙk vf/kfu;e (Finance Act): fofu;ksx dkuwu ljdkj dks lafpr fuf/k ls /ku fudkyus dks 'kfä iznku djrk gS ijUrq
vHkh rd ;g O;oLFkk ugha dh xbZ gS fd ;g /ku dgk¡ ls vk;sxkA vr% djkjksi.k }kjk /ku bdV~Bk djus dh O;oLFkk dh
tkrh gSA bl mís'; gsrq ,d foÙk fo/ks;d lnu ds lkeus j[kk tkrk gSA bl fo/ks;d esa vkxkeh o"kZ ds fy, ljdkj ds
foÙkh; izLrko 'kkfey gksrs gSaA bls Hkh laln ds lkeus ctV ds lkFk gh is'k fd;k tkrk gSA bl ij /ku fo/ks;d tSlh
izfØ;k viukbZ tkrh gSA izoj lfefr esa bl fo/ks;d ij iw.kZ foLrkj ls fopkj gksrk gSA lfefr dh fjiksVZ vkus ij lnu
esa bl ij /kkjkokfgd fopkj gksrk gSA la'kks/ku dsoy fdUgha djksa dks de djus ;k lekIr djus ds ckjs esa gh j[ks tk ldrs
gSaA foÙkh; izLrko mlh le; ykxw gks tkrs gSa T;ksagh ctV is'k gksrk gSA foÙk fo/ks;d vizSy dk eghuk lekIr gksus ls iwoZ
ikfjr gksuk pkfg,A blds ikfjr gksus ds ckn gh ljdkj djksa dks bdV~Bk djus dh vf/kdkjh curh gSA
fofu;ksx fcy ,oa foÙk fcy ikl gks tkus ds ckn ctV dh fof/kdj.k izfØ;k iw.kZ gks tkrh gSA
ctV esa lkekU; okf"kZd vuqeku gksrs gSa tks okf"kZd O;; dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx gksrs gSaA ctV ds le; vuns[kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ij O;; dks iwjk djus ds fy, vU; pkj izdkj ds vuqnku yksdlHkk dks ikfjr djus ds fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA bu vuqnkuksa
dks (i) vuqiwjd vuqnku (Supplementary Grants), (ii) ys[kk ernku (Vote on Account), (iii) fo'ks"k vuqnku (Exceptional
Grants), rFkk (iv) m/kkj ij ernku (Votes on Credit) dgrs gSaA
iwjd vuqnku (Supplementary Grants): ;fn lky ds fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e }kjk izkf/kÑr /kujkf'k fdlh lsok ds fy,
de iM+s ;k fdlh ubZ lsok ds fy, [kpZ vko';d gks tk, ;k fdlh lsok esa ctV esa fu;r /kujkf'k ls vf/kd [kpZ gks
tk, rks gekjs lafo/kku dh /kkjk 115 ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS fd iwjd izkDdyuksa dk ,d iwjd
foÙkh; fooj.k laln ds lkeus is'k djok,A ;g fofu;ksx fo/ks;d dh fØ;kfof/k ds vuqlkj ikfjr fd;k tk,xkA
ys[kk vuqnku (Votes on Account): lafo/kku dh /kkjk 116 (i) ¼,½ ds vUrxZr yksdlHkk fofu;ksx fo/ks;d ikfjr gksus rd
foÙkh; o"kZ ds fdlh Hkkx ds fy, vuqekfur O;; ds okLrs vfxze vuqnku ikfjr dj ldrh gSA pwfa d fofu;ksx fo/ks;d ikfjr
gksus dk dk;Z 31 ekpZ rd iw.kZ ugha gksrk] vr,o yksdlHkk ds fy, vko';d gks tkrk gS fd ;g ml vof/k rd ds fy,
vuqnku eatwj djs tc rd ctV ikl ugha gksrkA fofu;ksx fo/ks;d ikl gksus rd dk;Zikfydk dks dke pykus ds fy,
tks vuqnku LohÑr fd;k tkrk gS mls ys[kk vuqnku dgrs gSaA ;g /;ku jgs fd ys[kk vuqnku ,slh lsokvksa ds fy, gh
lhfer gS ftudks laln dh LohÑfr fey pqdh gSA bls izk;% ubZ lsokvksa ds fy, ugha ekaxk tkrkA vuqekfur ek¡xsa dqy o"kZ
dh t:jrksa dk izk;% 1@12 Hkkx gksrh gSaA fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gSa ;fn [kpZ dks lkjs lky ij
leku :i ls ugha QSyk;k x;k gSA
fo'ks"k vuqnku ,oa _.k ij ernku (Exceptional grants and votes on credit): /kkjk 116 ¼ch½ esa fy[kk gS] ÞyksdlHkk
dks fdlh vizR;kf'kr ek¡x tks lsok dh fo'kkyrk ;k mlds vfuf'pr Lo:i ds dkj.k igys ls ugha vk¡dh tk ldh vkSj
ftlds C;kSjs okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k esa 'kkfey ugha fd, tk lds] dks LohÑr djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkAß blh /kkjk ds
vuqPNsn ¼lh½ esa fy[kk gS] ÞyksdlHkk dks fo'ks"k vuqnku ikfjr djus dk vf/kdkj gksxk tks foÙkh; o"kZ dh fdlh pkyw lsok
dk dksbZ Hkkx ugha gSAß ,slh vizR;kf'kr ?kVukvksa ds O;; dks Hkkjr dh vkdfLed fuf/k esa ls jk"Vªifr }kjk LohÑr vfxze
/ku ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA bu vfxze /kuksa dks ckn esa laln }kjk vf/kÑr djk;k tkrk gSA
ctV dk fØ;kUo;u
(The Execution of the Budget)
ctV ds ikl gks tkus ds ckn ctVh; izfØ;k dk vxyk pj.k bldk fØ;kUo;u gSA ctV dks fØ;kfUor djuk
dk;Zdkfj.kh dk nkf;Ro gS D;ksafd fo/kkue.My }kjk bldks gh vuqnku jkf'k nh tkrh gSA ctV ds fØ;kUo;u ds nks
egÙoiw.kZ fu;e gSa&
foÙkh; iz'kklu 243
1- ;g fofu;ksx fo/ks;d dh /kkjkvksa ds vuqlkj gks( rFkk

2- /ku vR;f/kd bZekunkjh] n{krk vkSj lPpkbZ ls O;; fd;k tk,A dksbZ [kpZ vuqfpr vFkok vuko';d u gksA
vko';drk vkSj fdQk;r dk /;ku j[kk tk,A
ctV dh fØ;kUo;u izfØ;k esa fuEufyf[kr fØ;k,¡ lfEefyr gSa&
1- dj fu.kZ; ,oa olwyh (Assessment and Collection): djksa dks bdV~Bk djus ls iwoZ ;g fu.kZ; djuk gksrk gS fd
fo/kkue.My }kjk iznÙk 'kfä ds vuqlkj fofHkUu O;fä;ksa ls fdruh dj jkf'k bdV~Bh dh tkuh gSA bl izdkj ds
fu.kZ; esa djnkrk&O;fDr;ksa dh lwph rS;kj dh tkrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fd;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd O;fä ,oa fudk;ksa
dks fdruk dj nsuk gSA rnFkZ dk;Zdkfj.kh dks dj fu.kZ; dk dk;Z djus ds fy, mi;qä la;a=k dh O;oLFkk djuh
gksrh gSA ,sls la;a=k dh O;oLFkk djrs le; djksa ds vioapu (evasion) dks jksdus dk iz;Ru fd;k tk,A
djksa dk fu.kZ; gks tkus ds ckn ljdkjh vf/kdkjh O;fä;ksa ls okftc djksa dks bdV~Bk djrs gSaA dj bdV~Bk djus
dk <ax dj ds Lo:i ds vuqlkj fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA dqN ekeyksa esa tSls vk;kr dj dh olwyh Bhd ogha djuh
iM+rh gS] tgk¡ yk;k gqvk lkeku idM+k tkrk gSA nwljs ekeyksa esa djnkrk O;fä;ksa dks fcy Hkst fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
mUgsa fudVre jktdks"k esa dj tek djkus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA osrukfn ds djksa dks osru forj.k ds dk;kZy;
esa gh osru fcy ls dkV fy;k tkrk gSA dqN ekeyksa esa ljdkj ds vf/kdkjh ;k ,tsaV lh/ks djnkrk O;fä ds ikl
tkdj mlls olwyh djrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj ,df=kr /ku dks os jktdks"k esa tek djk nsrs gSaA
jktLo foHkkx ljdkj }kjk yxk, x, izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k djksa ij nks lkafof/kd cksMks]± vFkkZr~ dsUnzh; izR;{k dj cksMZ
rFkk dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd ,oa lhek 'kqYd cksMZ&}kjk fu;a=k.k ,oa fuxjkuh djrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g iz'u mBrk gS
fd D;k dj fu.kZ; ,oa dj bdV~Bk djus ds nksuksa dk;Z ,d gh vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;k vyx&vyx vf/kdkfj;ksa dks
fn, tk,¡A tks O;fä igys fopkj dk leFkZu djrs gSa muds rdZ gSa fd&
(i) bl iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr vf/kd bZekunkjh vkSj mfpr O;ogkj gksxk(
(ii) blls ljdkj dks dj bdV~Bk djus ij vf/kd fu;U=k.k izkIr gksxk( rFkk
(iii) blls ys[kk ijh{k.k esa lqfo/kk jgsxhA
ijUrq ;g iz.kkyh nks"kiw.kZ Hkh gS D;ksafd
(i) nksuksa izdkj dh fØ;k,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu Lo:i dh gSa] vr% muds fy, fofHkUu laxBu gksus pkfg,( rFkk
(ii) ;fn ,d gh vf/kdkjh dks nksuksa dk;Z djus gSa rks ml ij dk;ZHkkj vf/kd gks tk,xkA
mÙke <ax ;gh gS fd nksuksa dk;Z ,d vdsyh lsok ds vUrxZr xfBr fd, tk,¡ ijUrq ml xBu esa nks vyx izHkkx gksa
tks nksuksa fØ;kvksa dks vyx&vyx djsaA Hkkjr esa ;gh iz.kkyh gSA dsUnz rFkk jkT;ksa esa foÙk eU=kh ds v/khu jktLo
foHkkx gS tks dsUnzh; jktLo cksMZ (Central Board of Revenue) ds ek/;e ls ns'k ds izR;{k rFkk ijks{k djksa ds iz'kklu
dk fu;a=k.k ,oa i;Zos{k.k djrk gSA
2- fuf/k;ksa dk lqj{k.k (Custody of Funds): lHkh jktLo dks tks bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gS lqjf{kr izdkj ls j[kuk gksrk
gSA bl izcU/k O;oLFkk esa nks eq[; ckrsa ns[kuh gksrh gS%a izFke] xcu dh dksbZ laHkkouk u jgs( nwljs] vnk;xh dh lqfoèkk
gks] mlesa dksbZ nsj u gksA
iqjkus le; esa lkoZtfud /ku dks jktdks"k esa fo'ks"k :i ls cus etcwr land w ksa esa j[kk tkrk FkkA ijUrq cSfa dax iz.kkyh
ds fodkl ds lkFk vc ,slk djuk vko';d ugha jg x;k gSA blds vfrfjä vc ;g Hkh t:jh ugha gS fd lHkh
foÙkh; ysu&nsu udn /ku }kjk gks D;ksafd vf/kdka'k dk;Z pSdksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls xcu dh lEHkkouk
de gks tkrh gSA vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa ljdkj dh vksj ls ysu&nsu dk dk;Z ,d dsUnzh; cSad }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
yUnu esa bl dk;Z ds fy, ^cSd a vkQ yUnu* gSA ijUrq Hkkjr esa cSfa dax lqfo/kk,¡ i;kZIr ek=kk esa ugha gSA vr% ljdkj
dh vksj ls #i;k ysus nsus ds fy, dsUnzh;Ñr iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk lEHko ugha gSA Hkkjr esa fjt+oZ cSad ;k tgk¡ ij
fjt+oZ cSad dh dksbZ 'kk[kk ugha gS ogk¡ LVsV cSad vkWQ bf.M;k Hkkjr ljdkj ds dks"k lEcU/kh dk;Z dks djrk gSA
244 yksd ç'kklu
dqNsd jk"Vªh;Ñr cSadksa dks Hkh ljdkj dh vksj ls jktLo izkfIr dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA ijUrq pwafd lHkh LFkkuksa
ij bu cSadksa dh 'kk[kk,¡ ugha gSa] vr% vc Hkh yxHkx 1200 lc&Vªstjh rFkk mu ij fuxjkuh gsrq 300 ftyk dks"k
dk;Z djrs gSaA
3- fuf/k;ksa dk Hkqxrku (Disbursement of Funds): fofo/k ns;ksa dh vnk;xh ds fy, Hkqxrku dks"k ls /ku fudkyus
dh izfØ;k gSA voS/k ,oa vuqfpr ns;ksa dh fudkfl;ksa ds fo#) izR;sd lko/kkuh cjrh tkuh pkfg,A vr% foÙk ea=kky;
}kjk O;; ij fo'ks"k fu;U=k.k j[kk tkrk gSA fo/kkue.My ljdkj dks lexz :i ls] rduhdh rkSj ls jk"Vªifr dks
u fd vyx&vyx foHkkxksa dks vuqnku LohÑr djrk gSA foÙk eU=kky; foHkkx ds v/;{k dks mlds foHkkxh; O;;
ds ckjs esa fu;U=kd vf/kdkjh euksuhr djrk gSA ;s vf/kdkjh Hkqxrku&vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vuqnku fu;r dj nsrs gSaA
Hkqxrku vf/kdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds v/;{k gksrs gSaA fu;a=kd ,oa Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vuqnkuksa dh lwpuk ctV ikl
gksus ds rqjUr ckn ns nh tkrh gSA vuqnku dks O;; dh fofHkUu enksa esa tSls vf/kdkfj;ksa ds osru] izfr"Bku O;;]
vkdfLed O;; vkfn esa foHkä dj fn;k tkrk gSA bu fofu;ksxksa dks foÙkh; fu;a=k.k gsrq blls Hkh vkxs mi'kh"kZdksa
esa oxhZÑr dj nsrs gSAa O;; ds fu;U=k.k dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ ^mi'kh"kZd* (Sub-Head) gSA Hkqxrku vf/kdkjh dks fofu;ksxksa
ds dqN mi'kh"kZdksa dk Hkkj ns fn;k tkrk gSA og dks"k ls /ku Hkh fudky ldrk gSA
Hkqxrku vf/kdkjh ij cM+k nkf;Ro gSA /ku fudkyus ls iwoZ mls ns[kuk gksrk gS fd&
(i) fd;k tkus okyk O;; ,sls O;; dks vf/kÑr djus okyh ,tsUlh ;k vf/kdkjh }kjk LohÑr O;; gSA
(ii) fd;k tkus okyk O;; fo/kkue.My }kjk LohÑr jkf'k dh lhek ds Hkhrj gSA
(iii) ns;ksa dh vnk;xh mfpr gSA
mls fofHkUu ysu&nsuksa dk ys[kk Hkh j[kuk gksrk gSA buds ckjs esa og foHkkxk/;{k ,oa egkys[kkdkj dks fjiksVZ Hkh Hkstrk
gSA dks"kkf/kdkjh dks Hkh vnk;xh djrs le; dkQh pkSdUuk jguk gksrk gS fd vnk;xh ds okjUV] pkyku ;k pSd
ij vf/kÑr vf/kdkjh ds gLrk{kj gSa ;k ughaA mls lHkh olwfy;ksa ,oa Hkqxrkuksa dk Hkh ys[kk j[kuk gksrk gSA
foHkkxk/;{k dh O;; ds Åij fu;a=k.k 'kfä Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa dks /ku vuqnku foHkä djds lekIr ugha gks tkrhA
og vius foHkkx ds O;; ds Åij lrr fu;U=k.k j[krk gSA Hkqxrku vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vius foHkkx ds fu;a=k.kdÙkkZ
dks ekfld ys[kk izLrqr djus gksrs gSaA fu;a=k.kdÙkkZ bu ys[kksa dks fofHkUu 'kh"kZdksa ,oa mi'kh"kZdksa esa oxhZÑr djkrk
gS ftlls mls vius foHkkx dh lexz foÙkh; fLFkfr dk irk yx tkrk gSA og bu ys[kksa dh izfrfyfi egkys[kkdkj
dks Hkh Hkstrk gS vkSj foÙk ea=kky; dks HkhA foHkkxh; ys[kksa dk dks"kksa ls izkIr ys[kksa ds lkFk feyku fd;k tkrk gSA
blls fu;a=kd vf/kdkjh dks vius foHkkx esa O;; ij fuxjkuh j[kus dk ekSdk feyrk gS vkSj og fQ+twy[kphZ ;k
vlkoèkkuh dks jksd ldrk gSA bl izdkj fu;a=kd vf/kdkjh ¼foHkkxk/;{k½ Hkqxrku vf/kdkjh ¼dk;kZy; v/;{k½ rFkk
dks"kkf/kdkjh fuf/k;ksa ds mfpr Hkqxrku ls lEcfU/kr gSaA
4- ys[kk (Accounting): ys[kk dk vFkZ gS fd foÙkh; ysu&nsuksa dk Øec) fjdkMZ j[kk tk,A leqfpr ctVh; fu;a=k.k
ds fy, ,d vPNh ys[kk iz.kkyh vfuok;Z gSA jlhnksa ,oa O;f;d ipks± (Vouchers) ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd, Øec)
ys[kkvksa ds }kjk gh ysu&nsuksa dh oS/krk ,oa bZekunkjh dh tk¡p gks ldrh gSA nwljs] bu ys[kkvksa ds }kjk gh ;g irk
yx ldrk gS fd D;k ctV dh /kkjkvksa dk Bhd izdkj ls ikyu fd;k x;k gS ;k ughaA D;k dqN O;; fd;k x;k
gS vkSj tks dqN O;; fd;k x;k gS og ctVh; lhekvksa ds Hkhrj Fkk ;k ughaA rhljs] ys[kkvksa ls uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj
izksxzke cukus ds fy, vko';d foÙkh; fLFkfr;ksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk feyrh gSA Ýkafll vkds
(Francis Oakey) ds vuqlkj] Þys[kk foÙkh; fLFkfr;ksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr rRoksa dks rqjUr vkSj Li"V izLrqr djus
dk foKku gS ftudh izcU/k ds vk/kkj :i esa vko';drk gksrh gSAß MkW0 ,y0 Mh0 OgkbV (L.D. White) ds
'kCnksa esa] Þys[kk iz.kkyh ds izeq[k dk;Z gSa&foÙkh; fjdkMZ j[kuk] fuf/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr O;fä;ksa dk laj{k.k] laxBu
dh foÙkh; n'kk dks izxV djuk] O;; dh njksa esa vko';d jíks&cny dks lqfo/kktud cukuk] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks
lwpuk nsuk ftlds vk/kkj ij os Hkkoh foÙkh; ,oa fØ;kxr izkx s kz eksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldsa rFkk ys[kk ijh{k.k esa lgk;rk
nsukAß
foÙkh; iz'kklu 245
5- ys[kk ijh{k.k (Audit): ctV ds fØ;kUo;u esa vafre pj.k ys[kk ijh{k.k gSA ys[kk ijh{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj
dh xbZ gS fd ;g Þbl ckr dk irk yxkus dh izfØ;k gS fd D;k iz'kklu us viuh fuf/k;ksa dks ml fo/kku ftlus
/kujkf'k fofu;ksftr dh Fkh] ds vuqlkj [kpZ fd;k gS ;k dj jgk gSAß ;g nkf;Ro dks ykxw djus dk lk/ku gSA ys[kk
foHkkx dk vf/kdkjh egkys[kk ijh{kd gksrk gSA mldk dk;Z dsoy ;gh ns[kuk ugha gS fd O;; dks lhek ds Hkhrj
fd;k x;k gS tks lhek laln us fu/kkZfjr dh Fkh rFkk O;; djrs le; foÙkh; fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k x;k gS vfirq
vius dks bl ckjs esa Hkh fo'oLr djuk gS fd /ku dks lksp&le>dj ferO;f;rk ls [kpZ fd;k x;k gSA egkfu;a=kd
,oa ys[kk ijh{kd laln ds ,tsUV ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA laln viuh rhu lfefr;ksa&lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr]
izkDdyu lfefr rFkk lkoZtfud m|ksxksa dh lfefr }kjk O;; ij fu;a=k.k djrh gSA bu lfefr;ksa dk o.kZu vxys
v/;k; esa fd;k tk,xkA
baXyS.M esa ctVh; izfØ;k
(Budgetary Process in England)
baXyS.M esa ctV dh rS;kjh izR;sd o"kZ 'kjn _rq esa vkjEHk dj nh tkrh gS tc x'rh fpV~Bh }kjk jktdks"k lHkh foHkkxksa
dks vkxkeh o"kZ ds fy, viuh vko';drkvksa lEcU/kh vkadM+sa Hkstus ds fy, dgrk gSA tc jktdks"k ds ikl lHkh izkDdyu
vk tkrs gSa rks ;g mudk fiNys o"kZ ds vkadM+ksa ls feyku djrk gSA jktdks"kkf/kdkjh foHkkx vf/kdkfj;ksa ls feydj bu
vuqekuksa dks de djk ldrs gSaA blh nkSjku foHkkx vk; ds izkDdyu rS;kj djrs gSaA lkekU;r;k O;; dh jkf'k vk; dh
jkf'k ls vf/kd gksrh gS] vr,o ;k rks O;; de fd;k tkus ;k jktLo ds u;s òksrksa dks <wa<+us dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
pkalyj vkQ ,Dlpsdj bl ckjs esa fu.kZ; djrk gS vkSj rnqijkUr og eaf=keaMy ds lkeus ctV izLrqr djrk gSA eaf=keaMy
mlds izLrkoksa rFkk ctV dh izeq[k ckrksa dks lquus rFkk ctV esa fufgr fofo/k leL;kvksa ij ppkZ djus ds ckn ctV dks
vfUre :i ns nsrk gS vkSj pkalyj dks bls laln ds lkeus izLrqr djus ds fy, vf/kÑr dj nsrk gSA
Qjojh ds nwljs&rhljs lIrkg esa pkalyj ctV dks dkeu lHkk esa j[krk gSA dqN le; ckn og lnu dh lEiw.kZ lfefr
ds lkeus fo'kn Hkk"k.k nsrk gS ftlesa og xr o"kZ dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ij leh{kk djrk gS rFkk vxys o"kZ dh uhfr ij izdk'k
Mkyrk gSA
O;; izkDdyu izLrqr gks tkus ds ckn lnu Lo;a dks lEHkj.k lfefr (Committee of Supply) esa ifjofrZr dj ysrk gS vkSj
vuqekuksa ij fopkj vkjEHk djrk gSA bu izkDdyuksa ij vyx&vyx Jsf.k;ksa esa tks fofHkUu lsokvksa ds led{k gksrh gS]a fopkj
fd;k tkrk gSA bu ek¡xksa dks ftUgsa ôksV* (Votes) dgk tkrk gS foHkkxk/;{k }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bu ôksVks*a ij cgl
gksrh gS] ijUrq cgl foÙkh; ekeyksa ls lEcfU/kr u gksdj ljdkj dh uhfr dh vkykspuk ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA lnL; fdlh
ek¡x dks de djus ;k ukeatwj djus dh ek¡x dj ldrs gSa ijUrq os mls c<+kus ds fy, ugha dg ldrsA lkekU;r;k fdlh
O;; dks ?kVkus ;k ukeatwj djus dk izLrko ikl ugha gksrk D;ksafd lEcfU/kr ea=kh blds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrkA
ifj.kkeLo:i] izkDdyu fcuk fdlh jíks&cny ds ikl gks tkrs gSaA izkDdyuksa ij ppkZ NCchl fnuksa ds Hkhrj lekIr gks
tkuh pkfg,A bl le; lhek dh lekfIr ij okn&fookn cUn gks tkrk gS vkSj lHkh izkDdyu ikl le>s tkrs gSaA
jktLo dk fopkj djrs le; lnu lEiw.kZ lnu dh lfefr ftls ekxksiZ k; lfefr (Committee in Ways and Means) dgrs
gSa] ds :i esa cSBrk gSA jktLo ds izLrkoksa dks Øexr foLrkj lfgr fopkjk tkrk gSA buds ikl gks tkus ds ckn lnu
dks izLrko ds :i esa lwpuk ns nh tkrh gSA
lEHkj.k lfefr }kjk O;; ds lHkh izkDdyu rFkk ekxksZik; lfefr }kjk jktLo ds lHkh izLrko ikl gks tkus ds ckn mUgsa
fofu;ksx fo/ks;d rFkk jktLo fo/ks;d dk :i fn;k tkrk gSA jktLo fo/ks;d djksa ds lHkh izLrkoksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrk
gSA fofu;ksx fo/ks;d O;; ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA bu nksuksa fo/ks;dksa dks tks /ku fo/ks;d gksrs gSa lnu ds lkeus j[kk tkrk
gS vkSj ogk¡ ij lkekU; pj.kksa&izFke] f}rh; ,oa r‘rh; iBuksa ds ckn bUgsa ikfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
dkeu lHkk ls ikfjr gksus ds ckn bu fo/ks;dksa dks ykMZ lnu esa Hkstk tkrk gS ftlds ikl bUgsa fcuk fdlh la'kks/ku ds
ikfjr djus ds vfrfjä dksbZ pkjk ugha gSA 1991 ds fo/ks;d ds vUrxZr ;fn lnu dks bldk vf/kos'ku lekIr gksus ls
246 yksd ç'kklu
,d ekl iwoZ /ku fo/ks;d fey tkrk gS rks bl vof/k dh lekfIr ij fo/ks;d dks 'kkgh eatwjh ds fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk
gS pkgs ykMZ lnu blls lger gks ;k vlgerA
fczfV'k ,oa Hkkjrh; iz.kkfy;ksa dh rqyuk (The British and Indian Systems Compared): foLr‘r :i esa] Hkkjrh; ,oa
fczfV'k ctVh; i)fr leku gS ijUrq bu nksuksa esa dqN fuEufyf[kr varj gSa&
1- fczVsu esa lkjh ikofr;ksa vkSj [kpZ ds fy, dsoy ,d ctV rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Hkkjr esa jsyos ds fy, ,d
vyx ctV rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj jsy ea=kh mls izLrqr djrk gSA
2- Hkkjr esa ctV is'k djrs le; gh foÙk ea=kh dk Hkk"k.k gksrk gS fdUrq baXyS.M esa pkalyj vkQ ,Dlpsdj dk ctV
Hkk"k.k lEHkj.k lfefr ds lkeus izkDdyu izLrqr djrs le; ugha gksrk cfYd ml le; gksrk gS tc ctV dk jktLo
Hkkx vFkksZik; lfefr ds lkeus is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
3- Hkkjr esa ctV nksuksa lnuksa ds lkeus j[kk tkrk gS vkSj jkT; lHkk Hkh ml ij ppkZ djrh gS gkykafd ekaxksa ij er
nsus dk vf/kdkj ,dek=k yksdlHkk dks gh izkIr gSA fdUrq baXyS.M esa ykMZ lnu esa u rks ctV is'k fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj u ogk¡ ml ij ppkZ gh gksrh gSA
4- Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk }kjk ikfjr gksus ds ckn ctV jk"Vªifr dks mldh LohÑfr ds fy, pkSng fnu ds ckn igq¡p tkrk
gS tcfd baXyS.M esa dkeu lHkk }kjk ikfjr gksus ds rhl fnu ckn ;g jkuh ds ikl igqaprk gSA
5- baXyS.M esa jktLo dh ekxksZik; lfefr rFkk O;; dh ek¡xksa ij lEHkj.k lfefr esa er fy;k tkrk gS ftlesa lnu ds
lkjs lnL; gksrs gSa ijUrq Hkkjr esa ,slh dksbZ izFkk ugha gS fd yksdlHkk lfefr;ksa esa :ikUrfjr gks tk,A ;g 'kfä
yksdlHkk ds fy, lqjf{kr gSA 1993&94 ds ctV esa fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh ek¡xks ij foLr‘r fopkj djus gsrq lalnh;
lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
'ks"k ctVh; izfØ;k nksuksa ns'kksa esa leku gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; izfØ;k fczfV'k uewus ij vk/kkfjr gSA
fu"iknd ctV vkSj dk;ZØe ctV 247
v/;k;&27
fu"iknd ctV vkSj dk;ZØe ctV
(Performance and Programme Budget)
fu"iknd ctV dh /kkj.kk foÙk iz'kklu esa vHkh dqN gh o"kks± ls vk;h gS] ijUrq vkt ;g bldk ,d vax gks x;k gSA tc
ge foÙk iz'kklu esa lq/kkj dh ckr djrs gSa rks fu"iknd ctV dk uke Lor% gh vk tkrk gSA fu"iknd ctV ijEijkxr
ctV ls cgqr fHkUu gSA ijEijkxr ctV ftls ^ykbu&vkbVe ctV* Hkh dgrs gSa] deZpkjh] Hkou] lTtk vkfn O;; dh
enksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gSA bl ctV ls bruk gh irk pyrk gS fd fdruk lkoZtfud /ku deZpkfj;ksa ij
[kpZ gqvk] fdruk vU; inksa ijA blls ;g Kkr ugha gksrk fd lkoZtfud /ku ds O;; ls fdruh miyfC/k;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSA
blh deh dks fu"iknd ctV iwjk djrk gSA fu"iknd ctV fof'k"V mís';ksa o dk;ks± ij dsfUnzr jgrk gSA ;g crkrk gS
fd fdrus dk;Z lEikfnr djus dk fopkj gSA Li"V gS fd ijEijkxr ctV ls fu"iknd ctV cgqr lq?k<+ gSA
ijEijkxr ctV dh dfe;k¡
ijEijkxr ctV ;k ^ykbu&vkbVe ctV* ml dky dh nsu Fkh] tc ljdkj ds dk;Z ladh.kZ gksrs FksA vr% lkoZtfud
O;; de jgrk Fkk] vkSj iz;Ru Hkh ;gh fd;k tkrk Fkk fd de ls de [kpkZ gksA lkFk gh] foÙk iz'kklu e/;e o fuEu
Js.kh ds deZpkfj;ksa dks lnSo 'kadk gh n‘f"V ls ns[krk Fkk] rFkk bl mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, mlus fu;U=k.k dh ,d fo'kky
Üka‘[kyk mRiUu dj yh FkhA fu'p; gh] blls iz'kklu dh xfr eUn gks x;h] ij vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dks blls D;ksa ijs'kkuh
gksrh\
LorU=k Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd mís'; vFkZghu cu x;sA viuh prqe[Zq kh mUufr ds fy, Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk lgkjk
fy;k x;k vkSj bu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr lkoZtfud O;; csrgk'kk c<+us yxkA bl u;h jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr esa ferO;;rk
rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro ds iqjkus fopkj egÙoghu gks x;sA okLro esa bu fopkjksa ls ns'k dh izxfr esa ck/kk gh iM+us yxh] D;ksafd
tSlh dgkor gS fd iSlk cpkus ds pDdj esa #i;k [kks nsrs gSaA fczfV'k dky esa O;kIr vfo'okl rFkk lUnsg ds iz'kklfud
n‘f"Vdks.k LorU=k Hkkjr esa ck/kd fl) gksus yxsA vkt vko';drk ;g gS fd ge vius fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks tYnh&tYnh
iwjk djsa rkfd buds Qy yksxksa rd igq¡p ldsaA ,sls le; lUnsg ,oa 'kadk dh izfØ;k,¡ mi;ksxh fl) ugha gksrhaA dgus
dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd foÙk iz'kklu dh ijEijkxr vo/kkj.kk,¡ iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ck/kd fl) gksus yxhaA
bUgha lc cqjkb;ksa ls cpus ds fy, fu"iknd ctV dk lgkjk ysuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA
fu"iknd ctV dk vFkZ
fu"iknd ctV dh ifjHkk"kk lh/kh&lh gSA bl izdkj dk ctV lkoZtfud O;; dks dk;ks±] izksxzkeksa rFkk Ñfr;ksa esa izdV
djrk ;k fn[kkrk gSA bl izdkj fu"iknd ctV ijEijkxr ctV ls bl vFkZ esa fHkUu gS fd ijEijkxr ctV dsoy ;g
crkrk gS fdruk #i;k deZpkfj;ksa ij [kpZ gqvk] fdruk QuhZpj ij] fdruk lTtk vkfn ijA Hkkjrh; iz'kkldh; lq/kkj
vk;ksx ¼1966&1970½ ds vuqlkj fu"iknd ctV ljdkjh fØ;kvksa dks dk;ks±] dk;ZØeksa rFkk ifj;kstukvksa esa izdV djus
dh ,d izfØ;k gSA bl izdkj ds ctV dk o.kZu lcls igys vesfjdk ds gwoj deh'ku us 1949 esa fd;k FkkA gwoj deh'ku
us flQkfj'k dh Fkh fd ctV dks dk;ks±] fØ;kvksa rFkk ifj;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk esa gksuk pkfg,A tc ctV bl Hkk¡fr cuus
yxsxk rks ;g Li"V gksus yxsxk fd D;k dk;Z lEikfnr fd;s x;s gSa ;k D;k lsok,¡ nh tk jgh gSaA
fu"iknd ctV] ctV cukus dk ,d u;k rjhdk izLrqr djrk gSA ijEijkxr ctV rks ;g crkrk gS fd fdruk [kpkZ
deZpkfj;ksa ij gqvk] fdruk LVs'kujh ij] fdruk xkfM+;ksa ij] vkfnA bl izdkj dk ctV rks dsoy lk/kuksa rd gh vius
248 yksd ç'kklu
dks lhfer dj ysrk gSA eq[; pht rks ;g gS fd deZpkfj;ksa] LVs'kujh vkfn ij [kpkZ fdl dke dks iwjk djus ij fd;k
x;k( vFkkZr~ lEikfnr gksus okyk dke fu"iknd ctV dk dsUnz fcUnq gks tkrk gSA
fu"iknd ctV ,d laxBu ds mís';ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] vkSj fQj blds vusd dk;ks± ds vUrxZr O;; fn[kk;k tkrk
gSA ;gk¡ ;g /;ku esa j[kus ;ksX; ckr gS fd dk;Z (function), dk;ZØe (programme) rFkk ifj;kstuk (activity or project)
ds fo'ks"k vFkZ gksrs gSaA ^dk;Z* ds vUrxZr dk;ZØe rFkk ifj;kstuk,¡ vkrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa
fd f'k{kk foHkkx dk dk;Z gS&f'k{kkA bl dk;Z ds vUrxZr ^dk;ZØe* gks ldrk gS&izkFkfed f'k{kk( ysfdu bl dk;ZØe ds
vUrxZr îfj;kstuk,¡* Hkh vkrh gSa] tSls Ldwy Hkou fuekZ.k] f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k vkfnA vFkZ ;g gS fd dk;Z ,d laxBu
ds mís';ksa dks O;Dr djrk gS] vkSj blds vUnj dk;ZØe vkSj ifj;kstuk,¡ vkrh gSaA
izfØ;k
fu"ikn ctV ds oxhZdj.k dh izfØ;k esa fuEufyf[kr ix mBkus iM+rs gSa&
1- loZizFke fdlh foHkkx vFkok eU=kky; ds }kjk fd, tkus okys dk;ks±] dk;Z {ks=k ,oa lHkh mís';ksa dh iw.kZ lwph rS;kj
djukA
2- bl lwph ls izdk;kZRed oxhZdj.k djuk] ftlls lacfa /kr eU=kky;] foHkkx ;k lkoZtfud m|ksx }kjk fd, tkus okys
dk;ks± dk {ks=k Li"V :i ls ekywe gks ldsA
3- izksxzkeksa ,oa fØ;kvksa dk bl izdkj ls o.kZu djuk ftlls izkFkfedrk ds n‘f"Vdks.k ls miyC/k /kujkf'k dks foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldsA
4- izkx
s kz eksa ,oa fØ;kvksa dks bl izdkj oxhZÑr djuk ftlls ys[kksa ,oa ykxr dks Bhd izdkj ls la;ksftr fd;k tk ldsA
fu"ikn ctV dh :ijs[kk fuEu izdkj gksrh gS&
1- izLrkouk&mís';ksa dk o.kZuA
2- foÙkh; vko';drk,¡&
(i) izksxzke] (ii) fØ;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k] (iii) foÙkh; lk/kuA
3- foÙkh; vko';drkvksa dh O;k[;k&
(i) xfrfof/k dk uke] okLrfod] vuqekfur O;;] ctV vuqeku] ¼orZeku o"kZ½ ¼vxys o"kZ½
(ii) fØ;k dk Lo:i ,oa mís';A
HkkSfrd dk;Z ¼buiqV ,oa vkmViqV½A
dk;ZHkkj rRo] blds ekin.M ,oa ekudA
fiNys o"kZ ,oa orZeku o"kZ esa izxfr ¼okLrfod Vs y{;½
fHkUurk dh O;k[;kA
vxys o"kZ esa y{; (Targets)A
buiqV ds fy, vko';drk,¡ ¼LVkQ] lkexzh vkfn½A
foLr‘r dk;Z ;kstuk,¡ ,oa vuqlwphA
fu"ikn ctV ds ykHk
(Advantages of Performance Budgeting)
fu"ikn ctV ds egÙoiw.kZ ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1- blls izR;sd izksxzke ,oa fØ;k ds foÙkh; ,oa HkkSfrd rRoksa ds e/; lEcU/k LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA orZeku ctV iz.kkyh
esa ,slk lg&lEcU/k lEHko ugha gSA
2- blesa ctV fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa rFkk ljdkj ds lHkh Lrjksa ij izksxzkeksa dh okLrfod izxfr dk iqujoyksdu djus
esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
3- blls fu.kZ; ysus rFkk izksxzkeksa ds izcU/k esa lq/kkj gks ldrk gSA
4- blls fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa ,oa izksxzkeksa ds dq'ky foÙkh; izcU/k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA blls /ku dk nq#i;ksx de
gks tkrk gS tks orZeku ctV iz.kkyh esa foÙkh; vuqnku ds O;ixr (Lapse) fu;e ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
5- blls ljdkj ds mís';ksa dk vPNk ewY;kadu lqxe gks tkrk gS ftlls fo/kkue.My dks ljdkj ds dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu
djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
6- ;g iz'kklu esa mÙkjnkf;Ro lqfuf'pr djrk gSA dkSu fdl dk;Z ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS rFkk fdldks D;k&D;k vfèkdkj
izkIr gSa&;g fu"ikn ctV Li"V dj nsrk gSA
7- ;g ljdkjh O;; rFkk vk; ds fodYiksa dk lgh fp=k izLrqr djrk gSA
8- ;g Li"V :i ls izdV djrk gS fd xr o"kZ bdkbZ xr ,oa izksxzkexr nksuksa izdkj ls fdl ykxr ij D;k dqN izkIr
fd;k x;k gSA
iz'kkldh; lq/kkj vk;ksx ¼1969&70½ us fu"ikn ctV ds fuEufyf[kr ykHk crk, gSa&
1- fu"ikn ctV mu mís';ksa o y{;ksa dks iw.kZ Li"Vrk ls izdV djrk gS ftu ij O;; fd;k tkuk gSA
2- ;g fo/kkue.My }kjk ctV dk vPNh izdkj ls iqujoyksdu ,oa ewY;kadu djus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA
3- ;g ctV fuekZ.k esa lq/kkj djrk gS rFkk blls lHkh Lrjksa ij ljdkj dh fu.kZ; iz.kkyh lqxe gks tkrh gSA
4- blls izcU/kdkfj.kh dk mÙkjnkf;Ro c<+ tkrk gS vkSj ;g blds lkFk gh foÙkh; fØ;k ds izcU/kdh; fu;U=k.k esa ,d
vfrfjä midj.k gSA
5- ;g ys[kk ijh{k.k dks vf/kd mís'kh; ,oa izHkkoh cukrk gSA
leL;k,¡ (Problems)
1- miyfC/k ctV esa dk;kZRed oxhZdj.k igyk rFkk ewy dne gksrk gS fdarq dHkh&dHkh] jktuhfrd vkSj laxBukRed
okLrfodrk Li"V Js.khdj.k esa ck/kk curh gSA gkyk¡fd ;g oxhZdj.k ds mís'; ls vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA vr%
igyh leL;k ;g gS fd vuqdwy vkSj viukbZ tk ldus okyh dk;kZRed Js.kh dh igpku dh tk,A
2- miyfC/k ctV fu.kZ; djus esa lcls cM+h leL;k dk lek/kku ugha djrk vkSj og leL;k gS ifj;kstukvksa] dk;ks±
vFkok fØ;kvksa dk rqyukRed ewY;kadu tc rd fd budk leFkZu ykxr ykHk fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk u fd;k x;k gksA
fdarq ykxr ykHk fo'ys"k.k vius esa iw.kZ ugha gS] [kkldj ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa tgk¡ Hkkjh ek=kk esa [kpZ rFkk mi;ksfxrk,¡
ijks{k vkSj vewrZ gksrh gSaA
3- ftl oxhZdj.k dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS] os dHkh&dHkh bruh foLr‘r gks ldrh gSa fd mls miØeksa ds egÙoiw.kZ
dk;ZØeksa vkSj fØ;kvksa dk dqN egÙoiw.kZ Kku gh u gks vkSj bl izdkj ctV laca/kh fu.kZ;ksa vkSj izca/k ds fy, og
,d n‘<+ vk/kkj dk dk;Z u dj ldsA
4- ;s Hkh laHkkouk gS fd egÙoiw.kZ dk;ZØe vkSj izca/kdh; fopkj i‘"BHkwfe esa NksM+ fn, tk,¡] D;ksafd miyfC/k ctV esa
vf/kd fodsanzh;dj.k vkSj dsoy ctV ds mís'; ls dk;kZRed Jsf.k;ksa dk n‘f<+dj.k dh izo‘fÙk gksrh gSA
vr% miyfC/k ctV esa egÙoiw.kZ ckr og ugha gS fd blesa Ñf=ke] vkfFkZd] la[;kRed vFkok ys[ku&fof/k laca/kh ekiu vkSj
ifjekiu dh rduhdksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] vfirq egÙoiw.kZ ckr iz'ukRed rFkk vkykspukRed O;ogkj cukus dh gSA
fu"iknd ctV ,oa dk;ZØe ctV

(Performance and Programme Budget)
fu"iknd ctV dbZ ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA igys bls dk;Zdkjh ctV ;k deZ.;rk ctV dgrs FksA gwoj vk;ksx us bl
izdkj ds ctV dks fu"iknd ctV dh laKk nh FkhA dqN o"kks± ls ^dk;ZØe ctV* 'kCn Hkh yksdfiz; gks x;k gSA
250 yksd ç'kklu
izkjaHk esa rks fu"iknd ctV o dk;ZØe ctV i;kZ;okph gh Fks] ijarq dkykarj esa buesa Hksn crk, tkus yxsA ;g dgk tkus
yxk fd dk;ZØe ctV fu"iknd ctV ij lq/kkj gSA fu"iknd ctV rFkk dk;ZØe ctV esa fuEufyf[kr Hksn&
1- fu"iknd ctV laxBu ds dk;ks± ij tksj nsrk gS] dk;ZØe ctV] blds foijhr] laxBu ds dk;ks± dks rks lk/ku ek=k
ekurk gS rFkk mRikn fo'ys"k.k ij tksj nsrk gS] vFkkZr~ tks dk;Z fd, tkus gSa mudk D;k egÙo gS] ;g dk;ZØe ctV
cukus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA
2- fu"iknd ctV izca/k ds vkarfjd dk;ks± dks lq/kkjus ij /;ku nsrk gS rFkk bl mís'; dh iwfrZ gsrq vusd rduhdksa
dk iz;ksx djrk gSA dk;ZØe ctV] blds foijhr] i)fr fo'ys"k.k ij fo'okl djrk gSA
dsUnzh; ctV2002-2003
(Central Budget 2002-2003)
iz'u 6- dsUnzh; ctV 2002&2003 dks la{ksi esa crk;sA
(Give brief description of Central Budget 2002-2003.)
mÙkj
mÙkj& foÙk ea=kh Jh ;'koUr flUgk us o"kZ 2002&2003 ds fy, dsUnzh; ctV laln esa 28 Qjojh] 2002 dks izLrqr fd;kA
ctV dh o‘gn~ j.kuhfr

(Board Strategy of Budget)
l Ñf"k ,oa [kk| vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dks tkjh j[kukA
l vk/kkfjd lajpuk esa lkoZtfud ,oa futh fofu;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djukA
l foÙkh; {ks=k ,oa iwath cktkj dks lqn‘<+ cukukA
l lajpukRed lq/kkjksa dks l?ku cukuk rFkk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks iquxZfr nsukA
l xjhcksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk iznku djukA
l dj lq/kkjksa dk ,dhdj.k djuk vkSj dsUnz rFkk jkT; Lrj ij jktdks"kh; lek;kstu dks tkjh j[kukA
vke ctV 2002-2003

lLrk egaxk
l bLikr mRikn l dEI;wVj l jlksbZ xSl ¼40 #0@flys.Mj½
l 'kDdj ¼cktkj½ l rkack l dscy Vhoh
l tLrk l isVkª ys ¼1 #0@yhVj½ l gsYFk Dyc
l Mhty ¼50 iSl½s l xzus kbV
l flYd l pk; l flxjsV
l gkMZos;j midj.k l ;wfj;k
l Mk;fcVht dh nok,a l Mh0 vks0 ih0 o ,e0 vks0 ih0
l dSalj izfrjks/kh nok,a l Mkd nj
l fons'kh 'kjkc l jk'ku dh phuh
l Ñf"k midj.k l iksfyLVj diM+k
l lsY;wyj l dSejs l lhesaV l lh0 ,u0 th0 vkSj Mhty batu
l istj l Vk;j l twV l feV~Vh dk rsy ¼1-50 #0@yhVj½
2002-2003
#i;k vkrk gS iSls esa #i;k vkrk gS iSls esa
m/kkj vkSj vU; nsunkfj;ka 29 C;kt 25
mRikn 'kqYd 19 j{kk 14
xSj dj jktLo 15 vkfFkZd lgk;rk 8
lhek 'kqYd 10 jkT; dk fgLlk ¼djksa o 'kqYdksa esa½ 13
fuxe dj 10 dsUnzh; ;kstuk 14
vk; dj 9 xSj ;kstuk O;; 12
xSj _.k iwath izkfIr;ka 6 ;kstuk lgk;rk ¼jkT; o la?k {ks=k dh½ 10
vU; dj 2 xSj ;kstuk lgk;rk ¼jkT; o jkT; la?k {ks=k½ 4
100 100
dk;ZØe ctV
(Programme Budget)
dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k dks loZizFke la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dbZ la?kh; miØeksa esa vkjEHk fd;k x;kA ijUrq ljdkjh
Lrj ij iw.kZr;k la?kh; ljdkj ds ih0 ih0 ch0 ,l0 vFkok fu;kstu&dk;ZØe&ctV&O;oLFkk (Planning-Programming-
Budgeting-System) ds ek/;e ls 1960 okys n'kd esa gh viuk;k tk ldkA ewy rkSj ij bldk fodkl vesfjdk ds
izfrj{kk foHkkx esa fd;k x;k Fkk] bl ctV O;oLFkk dk mís'; izcU/kdksa dh bl ckr esa lgk;rk djuk Fkk fd os vius
ctV ds lalk/kuksa dk dSls vkcaVu dj ldsa] bl ij os vDyean] ikjn'khZ rFkk izHkkoh fu.kZ; dj ldsaA
dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k vU; ctV&izfØ;kvksa ls blfy, fHkUu gS fd bldk dsUnz&fcUnq izHkkodkfjrk gSA dk;Z&fu"iknu
tSlh vU; ctV izfØ;kvksa tks dq'kyrk dks izkRs lkfgr djrh gS]a i;kZIr ugha le>h tkrh gSA ih0 ih0 ch0 ,l0 ds leFkZdksa
dk dguk gS fd ljdkj dks dq'kyrk dh vis{kk izHkkodkfjrk dks izFke izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A izHkkodkfjrk] ;k lsokvksa
dk okLrfod forj.k vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,d dq'ky lsuk dk dksbZ ykHk ugha tc rd fd og fot;h lsuk u gksA yuZj
rFkk tkWu okur (A.W. Lerner and John Wanat) dk fopkj gS fd dk;ZØe&ctV ls tqM+k egÙoiw.kZ iz'u ;g gS% fd laxBu
ds y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, /ku [kpZ djus dk lcls mÙke rjhdk D;k gS\ dk;ZØe ctV dks rS;kj djus ds fy,
veqd ix mBkus iM+rs gSa% loZizFke laxBu dks ;g fuf'pr djuk gksxk fd mlds y{; D;k gSaA rc izR;sd y{; dks izkIr
djus ds fy, mlds deZpkjh bl ckr dh igpku djrs gSa fd ml y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, D;k&D;k fodYi gSAa izR;sd
fodYi ds ykxr vkSj ykHk dh la[;kRed <ax ls rqyuk dh tkrh gS] ftl fodYi ij de ls de ykxr dj vf/kd ls
vf/kd ykHk ¼;k izHkkodkfjrk½ izkIr gksrk gks] mldks ctV esa lfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
ctV elkSns esa dk;ZØe ewy ys[kkdj.k bdkbZ gksrk gSA mnkgj.kr;k&,d okrkoj.k lqj{kk vfHkdj.k ctV dks iznw"k.k
vuqla/kku] fof/k ykxw djuk] yksd f'k{k.k vkSj lkekU; iz'kklu tSlh Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaV nsxkA iznw"k.k vuqla/kku ds foLr‘r
dk;ZØe dks 'kksj] iznw"k.k] ty iznw"k.k rFkk ok;q iznw"k.k tSlh mi&Jsf.k;ksa esa mi&foHkkftr fd;k tk;sxkA rc budks
fuf'pr dk;ZØeksa rFkk muds fodYiksa esa /ku [kpZ djus ds fy, ckaVk tk;sxkA izR;sd fodYi ij fopkj fd;k tk;sxk fd
muesa ls dkSu&lk ctV esa lfEefyr fd;k tk;sA dHkh&dHkh ;g Li"Vhdj.k Hkh fn;s tk;saxsa fd ,d fuf'pr fodYi dks
D;ksa pquk x;kA dk;ZØeksa ds fodYiksa dh la[;kRed rqyuk ih0 ih0 ch0 ,l0 dh ,d cM+h egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA
ykxr&ykHk fo'ys"k.k (cost-benefit analysis) rFkk O;oLFkk fo'ys"k.k (systems analysis) dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k esa dsUnzh;
egÙo j[krs gSaA
O;oLFkk lEcU/kh /kkj.kk (Systems concept) dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k dk vk/kkj gksrh gSA ;g bl dYiuk dks ysdj pyrh
gS fd ljdkj ds lHkh rRoksa dks fudV varxzZFku (Intertwined) gS rkfd ,d uhfr ds ,d i{k esa ifjorZu ls 'ks"k lHkh ij
252 yksd ç'kklu
izHkko iM+rk gSA yhokbZu] ihVtZ rFkk Fkkelu (C.H. Levine, B. Guy Peters and Frank J. Thompson) ml dk;ZØe
ctV&izfØ;k ftldk vesfjdk dh la?kh; ljdkj esa ikyu fd;k tk jgk gS] dh N% eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa crkrs gSa%
1- ljdkj ds eq[; mís';ksa rFkk y{;ksa dh igpku djuk vfuok;Z gSA dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k ljdkj ds dsUnzh; y{;ksa
rFkk izkFkfedrkvksa ls vkjEHk gksrh gS] u fd foHkkxksa ;k vfHkdj.kksa }kjk dh xbZ igy ls tSlk fd ijEijkxr&ctV
esa gksrk gSA
2- fuf'pr y{;ksa ds vuqdwy dk;ZØeksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj budks fdl izdkj izkIr fd;k tk;sxk\
dk;ZØeksa dh fo'ys"k.kkRed O;k[;k gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g t:jh ugha fd os orZeku laxBuksa ds varxZr jgsaA
3- dk;ZØeksa esa lalk/kuksa dk vkcaVu djuk vfuok;Z gSA fuf'pr y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, ctV esa lewph ykxr dk C;kSjk
nsuk t:jh gSA ;g fn[kkuk vfuok;Z gS fd ;g ykxr y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, mfpr rFkk izHkkodkjh lk/ku gSA
4- dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k esa laxBuksa dk vf/kd egRo ugha gSA ;g bl /kkj.kk dks ysdj ugha pyrh fd izR;sd dk;ZØe
,d gh vfHkdj.k ds Hkhrj j[kuk t:jh gS vFkok fd ,d vfHkdj.k dks dsoy ,d gh dk;ZØe ls tksM+uk pkfg,A
5- dk;ZØe ctV&izfØ;k dh dky&vof/k ,d o"kZ ls vkxs pyh tkrh gS tks fd ijEijkxr ctV esa lkekU; vof/k ekuh
tkrh gSA ctV cukrs le; dk;ZØeksa ds nwjxkeh rFkk e/;dkyhu ifj.kkeksa ij /;ku nsuk vfuok;Z gSA
6- ctV cukus okys O;ofLFkr <ax ls fodfYir dk;ZØeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA vf/kd izHkkodkjh rFkk dq'ky Lo:i
ds fy, os orZeku dk;ZØe lajpukvksa ds fodYiksa dh Nkuchu djrs gSaA muls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os vius
dk;ZØeksa dk vkSfpR; fl) djsa rkfd ;s ns[kk tk lds fd os dk;ZØe muds fodYiksa ls csgrj gSA
dk;ZØe ctV ds nks"k
(Defects of the Programme Budget)
ckotwn blds fd ih0 ih0 ch0 ,l0 ykxr izHkkoh gS vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks iwjk djuk bldk y{; gS] fQj Hkh ;g izfØ;k
vf/kd lQyrk izkIr ugha dj ldhA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh ljdkj us bldks tkulu (Johnson) iz'kklu dky esa
viuk;k Fkk] ijUrq 1970 ls izkjEHk gksus okys n'kd ds 'kq: esa gh bls NksM+ fn;kA blds tks nks"k gSa] os blds dqN ,d
ykHkksa ls dgha vf/kd gSaA blds eq[; nks"k bl izdkj gSa%
1- dk;ZØe ctV izfØ;k cgqr egaxh gSA
2- dk;ZØe ctV cukus ds fy, ftl iz;kl rFkk le; dh vko';drk gksrh gS] og de ugha gS] vkSj og vU; izdkj
ds ctVksa ds cukus ds iz;klksa vkSj le; ls dgha vf/kd gSA
3- dHkh&dHkh dk;ZØeksa ls gksus okys ykHkksa ds la[;kRed ekiu fodflr djus vlEHko gks tkrs gSaA
4- pwafd ;g ctV&izfØ;k foo'k djrh gS fd ljdkjh inlksiku ds mPp Lrjksa ij fu.kZ; fd;s tk;sa] blfy, vfèkdrj
foHkkx rFkk vfHkdj.k bl dsUnzhdj.k dh izo‘fÙk dks ilUn ugha djrsA
5- lHkh fodflr j.kuhfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh [kkst ,d foHkkx ;k vfHkdj.k dks foo'k djrh gS fd og vius
orZeku dk;ZØeksa dks vkykspuk ds fy, uaxk djsA
6- fodfYir uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k lEcfU/kr foHkkx vFkok vfHkdj.k dh dk;Z lkFkZdrk de gks tkrh gSA bls viuh uhfr
p;uksa dks fyf[kr :i esa mfpr Bgjkuk iM+rk gS ftlds dkj.k fofHkUu lewgksa ds lkFk O;ogkj djrs le; og
vLi"Vrk dk lkefjd iz;ksx djus esa lhfer gks tkrk gSA
ijUrq dbZ laxBuksa esa ih0 ih0 ch0 ,l0 dh dqN rduhdsa vHkh Hkh cph gqbZ gSaA ;fn fdlh laxBu ds ikl ;Fkk&mfpr
dq'ky deZpkjh gSa rks bldh rduhdsa ctV ds u;s izLrkoksa vkSj lq>koksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, fo'ks"kr;k ewY;oku gSA
bl v/;k; ds izkjEHk esa geus foÙkh; iz'kklu dks ikap lqfuf'pr pj.kksa esa ckaVk Fkk&ctV dks cukuk vFkok rS;kj djuk(
ctV dk fo/kkue.My }kjk ikfjr fd;k tkuk( ctV dks ykxw djuk ;k fØ;kUo;u( jktdks"k izc/a ku( rFkk ys[kkdj.k vkSj
ys[kkijh{k.kA vc vkus okys i‘"Bksa esa bu ij ,d&,d djds fopkj fd;k tk;sxkA
Hkkjr esa fu"iknu ctV

(Performance Budgeting in India)
fu"ikn ctV dh vo/kkj.kk dk vkjEHk la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa gqvkA 1950 ls vesfjdk dh ljdkj us bl izdkj ds ctV
dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gSA ,f'k;k] vÝhdk rFkk ySfVu vesfjdk ds vusd ns'kksa us Hkh bldks viuk fy;k gSA
Hkkjr esa fu"ikn ctV dks 1955 ds n'kd esa ekU;rk izkIr gqbZA vuqeku lfefr us viuh 20oha fjiksVZ esa ;g flQkfj'k dh
fd fodkl dh c<+rh gqbZ fØ;kvksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr esa fu"ikn ctV Js;Ldj jgsxkA ;gh flQkfj'k vuqeku lfefr us 1960
esa 73oha fjiksVZ esa nksgjkbZA 1964 esa Hkkjr us vesfjdh fo'ks"kK ÝSad Økmt (Frank Krause) dks ;g tkuus ds fy, vkeaf=kr
fd;k fd Hkkjr esa fu"ikn ctV dks cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;k ughaA Økmt us fu"ikn ctV dks vkjEHk djus dh flQkfj'k
dhA 1969 esa iz'kkldh; lq/kkj vk;ksx us foÙk iz'kklu lEcU/kh viuh fjiksVZ esa dsUnz rFkk jkT;ksa nksuksa esa fu"ikn ctV
viukus dk lq>ko fn;kA vk;ksx us dgk fd foÙk eU=kky; dks fu"ikn ctV viukus esa igy djuh pkfg, rFkk jkT;ksa
dks Hkh bl fn'kk esa izfjr djuk pkfg,A dsUnzh; ljdkj us 1968 esa bl flQkfj'k dks eku fy;k rFkk pkj eU=kky;ksa esa
fu"ikn ctV rS;kj fd, x,A 1977&78 esa dsUnzh; ljdkj ds 38 fodklh; foHkkxksa us fu"ikn ctV izLrqr fd,A dqN jkT;
ljdkjksa us Hkh dqN foHkkxksa esa fu"ikn ctV iz.kkyh vkjEHk dhA
Hkkjr esa fu"ikn ctV dk ewY;kadu
(An Assessment)
Hkkjr esa fu"ikn ctV viuk rks fy;k x;k gS ijUrq tks ykHk blls gksus okys Fks os ugha gq,A okLro esa blds fØ;kUo;u
esa fuEufyf[kr nks"k ik, x, gSa&
1- buiqV vkSj vkmViqV esa dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA
2- egÙoiw.kZ izksxzkeksa ds ckjs esa bdkbZ ykxr la[;k dks ugha viuk;k x;k gSA
3- mís';ksa dks lgh izdkj ls fu/kkZfjr ugha fd;k tkrk rFkk fu"iknu dks oSKkfud <ax ls ugha ekik tkrkA okLro esa
oSKkfud ekud fu"iknu ds ekius rFkk mís';ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus dh ,d izkFkfed vko';drk gSA
4- fu"ikn ctV esa xr o"kks± ,oa pkyw o"kZ dh miyfC/k;ksa ,oa mís';ksa dks fn[kyk;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa vusd ekeyksa esa
miyfC/k;ksa dks ugha n'kkZ;k tkrk ftlls izcU/kdh; fu;U=k.k esa ck/kk vkrh gSA
5- fu"ikn ctV dh izfof/k dks izR;sd foHkkx }kjk ugha viuk;k x;k gS ftlls bldh mi;ksfxrk de gks xbZ gSA
6- ;|fi vusd ifj;kstuk,¡ dbZ o"kks± rd pyrh gSa ijUrq fu"ikn ctV esa Hkkoh o"kZ dh ykxrksa dks ugha fn[kyk;k tkrkA
;fn fu"ikn ctV dks mi;ksxh cukuk gS rks bu nks"kksa dks nwj djuk gksxkA fu"ikn ctV dks iz'kkldh; ,oa foÙkh; fu;U=k.k
rFkk fodkl izksxzkeksa ds fØ;kUo;u ,oa miyfC/k;ksa ds ewY;kadu gsrq ,d ykHknk;d izcU/kdh; midj.k cuk;k tkuk
pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr blls laln }kjk dk;Zdkfj.kh dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjkus ds fy, lgk;rk feyuh pkfg,A fu;kstu
,oa ctV fuekZ.k ds e/; iw.kZ rkyesy iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds izkxs kz eksa ,oa ifj;kstukvksa ds n{k fØ;kUo;u ds fy, vko';d
gSA iz'kkldh; lq/kkj vk;ksx us ys[kk iz.kkyh esa Hkh lq/kkj djus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA ys[kk iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,
fofHkUu eU=kky;ksa ,oa foHkkxksa ds iz'kkldh; laxBu dk Hkh iquxZBu djus dh vfr vko';drk gSA bl fn'kk esa ^vks ,.M
,e* bdkbZ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA
254 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&28
foÙk ij lalnh; fu;U=k.k
(Parliamentary and Administrative Control over
Finance in India and U.K.)
foÙk iz'kklu dh vfUre lksiku ij lalnh; fu;U=k.k gSA tSls fd Åij fy[kk tk pqdk gS fd dk;Zikfydk ctV dk fuekZ.k
djrh gS] bls fo/kkue.My }kjk LohÑr fd, tkus ds mijkUr dk;kZfUor djrh gS vkSj dj vFkok jktLo dks ,df=kr djrh
gS] ijUrq ctV dks dk;kZfUor djrs le; O;; ij fu;U=k.k j[kuk vR;Ur vko';d gS D;ksafd jktLo dks ,df=kr djus
ls ;g vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA O;; fu;U=k.k ds nks eq[; mís'; gSa ,d rks ;g gS fd dgha O;; fo/kkue.My }kjk LohÑr
vuqnkuksa ls vf/kd u gks vkSj ;fn djuk Hkh iM+s rks blds fy, fo/kku e.My ls iqu% LOkhÑfr yh tk,A nwljs O;; fdlh
izdkj ls vuqfpr u gks vkSj fo/kkue.My ls iqu% LohÑfr yh tk,A nwljs O;; fdlh izdkj ls vuqfpr u gks vkSj
foèkkue.My }kjk LohÑr vuqnkuksa dks [kpZ djrs le; vko';drk rFkk ferO;f;;rk dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A blds
vfrfjDr O;oLFkkfidk turk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS vkSj blds }kjk fu;U=k.k okLro esa vizR;{k :i esa turk }kjk
fu;U=k.k gSA
Hkkjr esa lalnh; i)fr dh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k dk;Zikfydk laln~ dh vkKk ds fcuk fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ O;; ugha dj
ldrh vkSj u gh dksbZ dj yxk ldrh gSA laln~ ds lnL; fdlh le; Hkh ns'k dh vkfFkZd] iz'kklfud vFkok vU; fdlh
fLFkfr ds ckjs esa efU=k;ksa ls iz'u iwN ldrs gSa rFkk efU=k;ksa dks mUgsa mÙkj nsuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ns'k dh foÙk&O;oLFkk
ij laln~ dk iw.kZ fu;U=k.k gksuk vko';d gSA
laln~ }kjk ns'k dh foÙk O;oLFkk ij nks voLFkkvksa esa fu;U=k.k fd;k x;k tkrk gS&¼d½ fofu;ksx fo/ks;d (Appropriation
Act) ds ikfjr fd, tkus ls igys ¼[k½ fofu;ksx fo/ks;d vFkok ctV ds ikl gksus ds i'pkr~A yksdrU=kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh
esa tgk¡ izHkqlÙkk laln~ esa fufgr gksrh gS bu nksuksa izdkj dk fu;U=k.k vfuok;Z gSA
fofu;ksx fo/ks;d ds ikl gksus ls igys fu;U=k.k
(Control before Passing the Appropriation Bill)
bl fLFkfr esa lln~ fuEu izdkj ls fu;U=k.k djrh gSA
1. lkekU; okn&fookn (General Discussion)% foÙk O;oLFkk ij lalnh; fu;U=k.k dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku foÙkh;l
vuqekuksa ij laln~ fo'ks"kdj yksdlHkk esa okn&fookn gSaA tc foÙkeU=kh Hkk"k.k ds lkFk ctV vuqeku yksd lHkk esa
izLrqr djrk gS rks bu vuqekuksa ij lkekU; :i esa okn&fookn gksrk gSA bl le; laln~ ds lnL; ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa
rFkk dk;Z&iz.kkyh ij fopkj izdV djrs gS vkSj ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA
2. ekaxksa ij ernku (Voting on Demand)% lkekU; okn&fookn ds ckn ljdkj ds lHkh foHkkxksa ds vuqekuksa ij
vyx&vyx cgl gksrh gS vkSj ernku gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa laln~ ds lnL; dbZ izdkj ds iz'u iwn ldrs gSa vkSj
dbZ izdkj ds izLrko (a) uhfr lEcU/kh dVkSrh izLrko (Policy Cut Motion), (b) ferO;f;rk dVkSrh izLrko
(Economy Cut Motion), (c) izrhd dVkSrh izLrko (Token Cut Motion) vkfn is'k dj ldrs gS vkSj bu izLrkoksa
foÙk ij lalnh; fu;U=k.k 255
}kjk ljdkj }kjk is'k dh xbZ ekaxksa esa laln~ dj dj ldrh Fkh ;k vLohdkj dj ldrh gSA ;fn laln~ ¼yksdlHkk
;k jkT;ksa esa fo/kkulHkk½ buesa ls fdlh Hkh ekax dks fdlh izLrko ds vuqlkj de dj ns ;k vLohdkj dj ns rks bls
ljdkj ds fo:) fo'okl le>k tkrk gS vkSj efU=ke.My dks R;kxi=k nsuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ctV vuqekuksa
dh LohÑfr rFkk vLohÑfr ij efU=ke.My dk vfLrRo fuHkZj djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr efU=k;ksa dks vius&vius
foHkkxksa ds lEcU/k esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus iM+rs gSaA
3. fofu;ksx fcy dks ikl djuk (To Pass Appropriation Bill)% lalnh; fu;U=k.k laln~ esa ctV vuqekuksa dh
LohÑfr rd gh lhfer ugha gSA blls ljdkj dks /ku&jkf'k izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ugha feyrkA bl dk;Z ds fy,
ljdkj dks ctV vuqeku dh ekaxksa dh LohÑfr ds i'pkr~ fofu;ksx fcy dks laln~ eas izLrqr djuk iM+rk gSA bl
Lrj ij pkgs dksbZ okn&fookn ugaha gksrk vkSj u gh la'kks/ku dk izLrko is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq bls LohÑr
djuk ;k u djuk laln~ dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn yksdlHkk ernku ds le; blds i{k esa cgqer u gks
rks ;g vLohÑr gks tkrk gSA fofu;ksx fcy dks yksdlHkk }kjk vLohÑr gksuk ljdkj ds fo:) vfo'okl dk izLrko
le>k tkrk gS rFkk efU=ke.My dks R;kxi=k nsuk iM+rk gSA
4. iwjd vuqnku dh LohÑfr (Passing of Supplementary Grants)% ctV vuqekuksa dh Hkkafr iwjd vuqekuksa }kjk
Hkh laln~ foÙkh; O;oLFkk djrh gSA ftl izdkj ctV vuqekuksa dks ikfjr djus ds fy, fo'sk"k izfØ;k dks viuk;k
tkrk gSA mlh izdkj ls iwjd vuqnkuksa dks ikl fd;k tkrk gSA tc ljdkj dks vko';drkvksa dh ctV vuqekuksa
}kjk ikfjr /kujkf'k ls iwfrZ ugha gksrh rks ;g ljdkj ds le{k iwjd vuqnku dh ekax j[krh gSA laln~ esa bu ekaxksa
ij okn&fookn gksrk gSA laln~ lnL; lEcfU/kr efU=k;ksa ls mu ekaxksa ds ckjs esa fdlh izdkj ds iz'u iwN ldrs gSA
efU=k;ksa dks muds mÙkj nsus iM+rs gSaA ;fn laln~ fdlh iwjd vuqnku dh ek¡x dks vLohdkj dj ns rks efU=ke.My
ds fo:) vfo'okl dk izLrko le>k tkrk gSA vkSj bls R;kxi=k nsuk iM+rk gSA
vuqeku lfefr
(Estimate Committee)
jk"Vªh; foÙk ij lalnh; fu;U=k.k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ek/;e vuqeku lfefr gSA bl lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z laln~ ds izR;sd
dk;Z dks ferO;f;rk (Economy) ds lkFk djus ds ckjs es lykg nsuk gSA bl izdkj dh lfefr dh vko';drk dks baXySM
esa bl 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa vuqHko fd;k x;k vkSj 1912 esa bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bldh LFkkiuk ljdkj ds O;; esa
ferO;f;rk ykus dh n‘f"V ls dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjr esa bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk igyh ckj 1938 esa dhs xbZ D;kafs d fczfV'k ljdkj
;g ugha pkgrh Fkh fd mldh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk gks] blfy, ;g lfefr Bhd izdkj ls dk;Z u dj ldhA blds i'pkr~
dbZ ckj bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh ekax dh xbZ] ijUrq vaxzst ljdkj us bldh vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;kA 1950 esa u;s
lafo/kku ds dk;kZfUor gks tkus ds i'pkr~ vuqeku lfefr dh LFkkiuk djus dh ekax vf/kd cy idM+ xbZA vUr eas 10 vizy S ]
1950 dks HkwriwoZ foÙkeU=kh MkW0 tku eFkkbZ (Joan Mathai) ds ijke'kZ ds vuqlkj vuqeku lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bl
lfefr dk eq[; mís'; ljdkj dks ,slh lykg nsuk gS ftlls ljdkj ds fuf'pr mís';ksa dks U;wure vFkok de ls de
OI;; djds iwjk fd;k tk ldsA blds }kjk laln~ ljdkj ds leLr O;; rFkk izR;sd foHkkx dks O;; ij fu;U=k.k djrh
gSA
laxBu
(Composition)
bl lfefr ds 30 lnL; gSa ftudk fuokZpu izR;sd o"kZ ds vkjEHk eas yksdlHkk ds lnL; vius esa ls vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo
(Proportional Representation) iz.kkyh }kjk djrs gSA lfefr ds lnL;ksa esa ls ,d lnL; dks yksdlHkk dk v/;{k vFkok
Lihdkj (Speaker), lfefr dk v/;{k euksuhr djrk gSA ;fn yksdlHkk dk mik/;{k (Deputy Speaker) bl lfefr dk
lnL; pquk x;k gks rks og bldk insu (Ex-officio) v/;{k gSA
256 yksd ç'kklu
dk;Z
(Functions)
vuqeku lfefr ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSaA
1. iz'kklu esa ferO;f;rk rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk ykus ds fy, yksdlHkk dks lq>ko nsukA
2. iz'kklu esa dk;Zd'q kyrk rFkk ferO;f;rk ykus ds fy, ljdkj dh orZeku uhfr ds LFkku ij dksbZ vU; lq>ko nsukA
3 bl ckr dk ijh{k.k djuk fd iz'kkldh; dk;Z esa yxk;k x;k /ku vuqeku esa fufgr uhfr dh lhekvksa ds vUrZxr
gSa ;k ughaA
4. vuqekukas dks laln~ ds le> j[ks tkus dh fof/k ds lEcU/k esa lq>ko nsukA
vuqeku lfefr ds dk;Z djus dh fof/k
(Working of The Estimate Committee)
;g lfefr viuk dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d fuf'pr fof/k viukrh gSA ;g lk/kkj.kr;k eU=kky;ksa] ljdkjh foHkkxksa ;k
lkoZtfud m|eksa (Public Undertaking) dh ;kstukvksa dk ijh{k.k djrh gSA ;g fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dk ijh{k.k djrs le;
ml eU=kky; dks fdlh deZpkjh dks ;kstuk dk Li"Vhdj.k djus ds fy, cqyk ldrh gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, ml eU=kky;
ds deZpkjh dks gh cqyk;k tkrk gS ftlds eU=kky; ls lEcfU/kr fo"k; ij ;g lfefr fopkj dj jgh gksA dbZ rduhdh
(Technical) fo"k;ksa dks lEcU/k esa fu;U=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd dh lgk;rk Hkh ysrh gSA leLr uhfr dk foLr‘r :i esa ijh{k.k
djus ds i'pkr~ ;g lfefr viuh fjiksVZ yksdlHkk ds Lihdkj (Speaker) dks is'k djrh gSaA og bls lnu esa izLrqr djrk
gSA
vius dk;Z dks lqxe cukus ds fy, og vius dk;Z dks mi&lfefr;ksa (Sub-Committees) easa foHkkftr djrh gS D;ksafd
vuqeku lfefr laln dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ lfefr gS] blfy, ljdkj bl lfefr ds lq>koksa dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku nsrh gSA
çk;% blds lq>koksa dks dk;kZfUor djus dk ç;Ru djrh gSA tc ;g lfefr viuh fjiksVZ fdlh fo'ks"k ea=kky; ds
laca/k esa nsrh gS rks lEcfU/kr eU=kky; le;≤ ij blds vuqlkj fd;s x, dk;ks± dh lwpuk lfefr dks nsrk gSA ;g
lfefr ml eU=kky; }kjk fd, dk;Z dk iqufuZjh{k.k djrh gS rFkk muds laca/k esa ,d ubZ fjiksVZ yksdlHkk dks nsrh gSA
;fn ljdkj bl lfefr ds fdlh lq>ko dks Lohdkj djus ds ;ksX; u le>s rks ljdkj lfefr ls ml ij iqufoZpkj djus
dh çkFkZuk djrh gSA ;fn lfefr dksbZ fu.kZ; u djs rks vfUre fu.kZ; laln gh djrh gSA
egÙo (Importance)
vuqeku lfefr ds egÙo esa fnu&çfrfnu o‘f) gksrh tk jgh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd ljdkj ;g vuqHko djrh
gS fd tc rd og lfefr }kjk fd, x, lq>koksa dks Lohdkj ugha djrh] laln esa bldh vkykspuk gksrh jgsxhA nwljs] bl
lfefr esa yxHkx lHkh nyksa ds çHkko'kkyh usrk gksrs gSa ftlds QyLo:i mlds }kjk j[ks x, lq>koksa dks lHkh nyksa dk
leFkZu çkIr gksrk gSA rhljs] ;g lfefr lHkh ;kstukvksa dk ijh{k.k fu;U=k.k] egkys[kk ijh{kd (Comptroller and Auditor
General) rFkk nwljs fuiq.k ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk ls djrh gS] blfy, bl }kjk j[kh xbZ ;kstukvksa dks fo'ks"k
egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA
fofu;ksx fo/ks;d ,oa ctV ds ikl gksus ds i'pkr~ fu;a=k.k
(Control after passing the Appropriation Act or The Budget)
fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e ds ikl gksus ls iwoZ lalnh; fu;a=k.k ,d vkSipkfjd dk;Zokgh gSA pkgs dbZ ckj ljdkj laln ds
lnL;ksa }kjk fn, x, lq>koksa ,oa çLrqr fd, x, çLrkoksa dks Lohdkj dj ysrh gS vkSj muds vuqlkj viuh uhfr;ksa esa
ifjorZu dj ysrh gS] ijarq O;kogkfjd :i esa fLFkfr fHkUu gSA okLro esa eaf=keaMy dks yksdlHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu çkIr
gksus ds dkj.k tks Hkh ctV vuqeku rFkk foÙk uhfr ljdkj }kjk yksd lHkk esa çLrqr dh tkrh gS og ikl gks tkrh gSA
fojks/kh ny }kjk dh xbZ vkykspuk dk dksbZ fo'ks"k çHkko ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gh bl Lrj ij ljdkj dh foÙkh; uhfr
dks ij[kk tk ldrk gSA blfy, okLro esa laln }kjk foÙkh; fu;a=k.k fofu;ksx ikl gksus ds i'pkr~ gh vkjaHk gksrk gSA
ijarq ,slh n'kk esa Hkh laln dh dqN viuh gh fo'ks"krk,a gSaA ,d rks laln ds lnL;ksa dks foÙkh; ekeyksa dk u rks Kku
gksrk gS vkSj u gh laln ds ikl bruk le; gksrk gS fd og foÙkh; ekeyksa ,oa ctV vuqekuksa dk foLrkjiwoZd fujh{k.k
dj ldsA ,slh n'kk esa foÙkh; O;oLFkk ij foLr‘r :i esa fujh{k.k ds fy, laln }kjk dbZ lfefr;ksa] vuqeku lfefr]
lkoZtfud ys[kk&lfefr] lkoZtfud m|eksa lEcU/kh lfefr vkfn dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA bu lfefr;ksa ds vfrfjDr laln
fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk&lfefr ijh{kd }kjk rFkk foHkkxksa ds ys[kkadu ¿fglkc&fdrkc ¼Accounts½À dh tkap&iM+rky
djokrh gS vkSj ml }kjk çLrqr dh xbZ fjiksVZ ij fopkj djrh gSA
lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr

(Public Accounts Committee)
laln dh nwljh foÙk lfefr lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr gSA ftl çdkj vuqeku lfefr ljdkj }kjk O;; djus ls igys bldk
ijh{k.k djrh gS] mlh çdkj lkoZtfud lfefr O;; djus ds i'pkr~ mudh tkap&iM+rky djrh gS fd turk ds /ku dk
ç;ksx oS/kkfud lk/kuksa }kjk gqvk gS ;k ughaA og bl ckr dh iM+rky djrh gS tks Hkh [kpZ laln dh Lohd‘fr ls gqvk gS
;k ugha ;k ml bdkbZ (Agency) }kjk fd;k x;k gS fd ugha ftldks laln }kjk 'kfDr çnku dh xbZ gSA bl lfefr dk
eq[; mís'; ;g ns[kuk gS fd turk ds :i;s dk mfpr ç;ksx gqvk gS ;k ughaA
bl ç.kkyh dh LFkkiuk Hkh fczfV'k ç.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij dh xbZ gSA baXyS.M esa bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1861 bZ0 esa XySMLVksu
(Gladstone) }kjk dh xbZ Fkh] Hkkjr esa bl lfefr dks çFke ckj 1919 bZ0 esa ek.Vsx;w&pSElQksMZ lq/kkjksa (Montague-
Chelmsford Reforms) ds vuqlkj dsUnz rFkk çkarksa ds Lrj ij LFkkfir fd;k x;kA Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ uohu lafo/kku dh
/kkjk 118 ¼1½ ds vUrxZr laln dks lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr rFkk jkT;ksa ds fo/kkue.Myksa dks /kkjk 208 ds varxZr bl çdkj
dh lfefr;ka cukus dh 'kfDr çnku dh xbZA
laxBu (Composition)
vkjaHk ls bl lfefr ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 Fkh] ijarq 1955 esa jkT;lHkk ds cy nsus ij bldh la[;k 22 dh nh xbZ
ftuesa ls 15 yksdlHkk }kjk rFkk 7 jkT;lHkk }kjk vkuqikfrd çfrfuf/kRo ç.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij pqus tkrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh ea=kh
bl lfefr dk lnL; ugha cu ldrkA bl lfefr ds lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d lnL; dks yksdlHkk dk v/;{k (Speaker)
lfefr dk v/;{k euksuhr djrk gSA ;fn yksdlHkk dk mik/;{k (Deputy Speaker) bl lfefr dk lnL; gks rks og lfefr
insu v/;{k (Ex-officio President) cu tkrk gSA v/;{k dks fu.kkZ;d er (Casting Vote) nsus dk vf/kdkj gSA
dk;Z (Functions)
lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSa&
1- ;g lfefr bl ckr dh ns[kHkky djrh gS fd tks /kujkf'k [kpZ dh xbZ gS] og laln }kjk Lohd‘r dh xbZ gS ;k ughaA
2- lfefr ;g ns[krh gS fd ftl vf/kdkjh }kjk [kpZ fd;k x;k gS] og vf/kdkjh [kpZ djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh j[krk
gS ;k ughaA
3- ;g lfefr ljdkjh fuxeksa rFkk ifj;kstukvksa }kjk [kpZ dh tkap&iM+rky egkys[kk ijh{kd dh fjiksVZ dks /;ku esa
j[krs gq, djrh gSA
4- ;g lfefr mu fooj.kksa] rqyuki=kksa rFkk gkfu&ykHk ds fooj.kksa dh tkap&iM+rky djrh gS ftUgsa fdlh fo'ks"k fuxe]
O;kikfjd laLFkk ,oa ifj;kstuk dh foÙk O;oLFkk dks fu;fer djus okys oS/kkfud fu;eksa ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd;k
x;k gks ;k jk"Vªifr mUgsa Lohdkj djuk vko';d le>sA
258 yksd ç'kklu
5- ;g lfefr ljdkj ds v/khu fdlh Hkh laLFkk ds [kpZ dh tkap&iM+rky dj ldrh gS rFkk mldh fjiksVZ laln ds
le{k çLrqr djrh gSA
6- ;g lfefr mu Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksa dh vk; rFkk O;; ds çi=kksa dh tkap&iM+rky djrh gS ftudk ys[kk&ijh{k.k Hkkjr
ds fu;a=kd ys[kk&ijh{kd }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
7- ;g mu fo"k;ksa ds laca/k esa fu;a=kd&egkys[kk ijh{kd ds çfrosnu (Report) ij fopkj djrh gS ftuds laca/k esa
jk"Vªifr blls fdlh Hkh vk; çkfIr dk ys[kk ijh{k.k djus dh ekax djsA
dk;Z&fof/k (Working Procedure)
;g lfefr viuk dk;Z djus ds fy, ljdkjh ;k fdlh nwljh laLFkk ls deZpkjh dks] ftlds fglkc&fdrkc dh ;g iM+rky
dj jgh gks] lQkbZ is'k djus ds fy, cqyk ldrh gS ;k dqN ,sls vfHkys[kksa dh ekax dj ldrh gS ftudh mls tkap ds
dk;Z esa vko';drk gksA blds vfrfjDr tks vfHkys[k bl lfefr ds fopkjk/khu gks] ml ij ;g ç'u iwN ldrh gSA O;ogkj
esa ftu ea=kky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa ds vfHkys[kksa dh ;g lfefr tkap djrh gS mu ea=kky;ksa dks lfpr ;k vU; vf/kdkjh
Li"Vhdj.k djus ds fy, lfefr ds le{k mifLFkr gksrs gSa rFkk lfefr }kjk iwNs x, ç'uksa dk mÙkj nsrs gSaA lfefr viuh
tkap fu;U=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd ds çfrosnu ds vk/kkj ij djrh gS rFkk fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd bl dk;Z esa lfefr
dh lgk;rk djrk gSA lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z fu;U=kd o egkys[kk ijh{kd dh fjiksVZ dh tkap&iM+rky djuk gS rkfd
;g Kkr gks lds fd ljdkj }kjk fd;k x;k O;; laln }kjk Lohd‘r ekaxksa dh lhekvksa ds vUrxZr fd;k x;k gS ;k ughaA
lfefr tkap iM+rky ds i'pkr~ viuh fjiksVZ laln ds le{k j[k nsrh gSA ljdkj fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds ml fjiksVZ dks
Lohdkj dj ysrh gS vkSj ;fn mlls lger u gks rks lfefr ls iqufoZpkj ds fy, çkFkZuk djrh gSA ljdkj çk;% lfefr
}kjk fn;s x;s lq>koksa dks Lohdkj djrh gSA ;fn ljdkj lfefr }kjk j[ks x, lq>koksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa dfBukbZ
vuqHko djs rks blds fy, dkj.k crkrh gS vkSj lfefr ls iqufoZpkj ds fy, çkFkZuk djrh gSA lfefr bl ij fQj ls fopkj
djrh gSA ;fn fQj Hkh ljdkj rFkk lfefr ds n‘f"Vdks.k esa fHkUurk gks rks ekeyk laln ds le{k j[kk tkrk gS ftldk
fu.kZ; vfUre gksrk gSA
egÙo (Importance)
bl çdkj lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr ljdkj ds çR;sd dk;Z ij fd, x, O;; ij n‘f"V j[krh gS vkSj laln ds
çfrfuf/k ds :i esa ljdkj ds vfHkys[kksa dh tkap djrh gSA bls turk dh /kujkf'k dk laj{kd dgk tk ldrk gSA okLro
esa bl lfefr us ljdkj dh dbZ =kqfV;ksa rFkk blds }kjk fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ij çdk'k Mkyk gS tSlk fd 1948 rFkk 1949
esa bf.M;u gkbZ dfe'uj (Indian High Commissioner) }kjk baXyS.M esa 'kjkc ij fcuk fdlh VS.Mj (Tenders) ds O;;
djukA blds vfrfjDr le;≤ ij blds vU; yksdkioknksa (Scandals) ij çdk'k Mkyk gS tSls baXyS.M esa Hkkjr ds
jktnwr }kjk fd, x, thi LdSaMy] ghjkdq.M MSe esa Qtwy[kphZ] Mkd o rkj foHkkx esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkfnA fiNys nks&rhu
o"kks± esa bl lfefr us cgqr gh ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gS rFkk dsUnzh; ljdkj ds efU=k;ksa }kjk foÙk fu;eksa dh mYya?kuk djus
ij çdk'k Mkyk gS ftlds fy, eaf=k;ksa dks laln ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksuk iM+k gSA okLro esa ;g lfefr ns'k dh
foÙk&O;oLFkk ij ,d egku çfrca/k gS vkSj çk;% vf/kdkjh viuh 'kfDr dk vuqfpr ç;skx bl lfefr ds Hk; ls ugha djrsA
bldk ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gSA v'kksd pank ds 'kCnksa esa] ßbl lfefr us yksd&O;; ij fu;a=k.k djuss
okyh ,d egku 'kfDr dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSAÞ
lkoZtfud m|ekssa ls lEcfU/kr lfefr

(Committee for Public Sector Undertaking)
lkoZtfud m|eksa dh foÙk O;oLFkk rFkk lkekU; uhfr ij lalnh; fu;a=k.k ds fy, laln }kjk bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk
1 ebZ] lu~ 1964 dks dh xbZA blls igys lkoZtfud m|eksa ij fu;U=k.k djus ds fy, laln dh dksbZ fo'ks"k lfefr ugha
Fkh rFkk ;g dk;Z vuqeku lfefr rFkk lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA laln ds lnL; bl O;oLFkk ls lar"q V
ugha FksA os dbZ o"kks± rd ,d i‘Fkd lfefr dh O;oLFkk djus dh fujarj ekax djrs jgsA vUrr% laln us lu~ 1963 ds var
esa lkoZtfud m|eksa ds fy, ,d i‘Fkd~ lfefr cukus ds i{k esa ,d çLrko ikl fd;k ftlds QyLo:i bl lfefr dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZA
bl lfefr ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 Fkh ftuesa ls 10 yksdlHkk }kjk rFkk 5 jkT; lHkk }kjk vkuqikfrd çfrfuf/kRo ç.kkyh
ds vk/kkj ij pqus tkrs FksA 1 vçSy] 1974 ls blds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 22 gks xbZ gSA ftuesa ls 15 yksd lHkk }kjk ikap
jkT; lHkk }kjk vkuqikfrd çfrfuf/k ç.kkyh }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA vkjaHk esa bl lfefr ds lnL;ksa esa ls 1 3 lnL; çfro"kZ
fuo‘Ùk gks tkrs gSa vkSj muds LFkku ij u, lnL; fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSaA
dk;Z (Functions)
bl lfefr ds fuEu dk;Z gSa&
1- lkoZtfud m|eksa dh fjiksVks± (Reports) rFkk vfHkys[kksa (Accounts) dh tkap iM+rky djukA
2- lkoZtfud m|eksa ds lEcU/k esa ;fn dksbZ fu;U=kd&egkys[kk ijh{kd dh fjiksVZ gks rks mldh tkap djukA
3- lkoZtfud m|eksa dh Lok;Ùkrk rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk ds lEcU/k esa ;g tkap djuk fd bu m|eksa dk 'kklu lapkyu
,oa çcU/k O;oLFkk O;kolkf;d fl)kUrksa rFkk mi;qDr okf.kfT;d fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gS fd ughaA
4- lkoZtfud m|eksa ls lEcfU/kr vU; ,sls dk;ks± dh tks vuqeku lfefr;ka lkoZtfud lfefr dksa lkSais x, gksa rFkk os
dk;Z tks le;≤ ij yksdlHkk ds v/;{k (Speaker) }kjk lfefr dks lkSais x, gksa] tkap iM+rky djukA
ijUrq ;g lfefr lkoZtfud m|eksa ds fnu&çfrfnu ds 'kklu lEcU/kh dk;ks±] O;kolkf;d ,oa okf.kfT;d dk;ks± ,oa
O;kolkf;d dk;ks± rFkk vkUrfjd ekeyksa ij fopkj ugha djrhA
Hkkjr dk fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd

(Comptroller and Auditor General of India)
Hkkjr esa lalnh; 'kklu i)fr dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftlds vuqlkj ljdkj laln dh vkKk ds fcuk fdlh çdkj dk
dksbZ Hkh O;; ugha dj ldrh vkSj u gh dksbZ dj yxk ldrh gSA oLrqr% ljdkj ç'kklu rFkk foÙk&lEcU/kh ekeyksa ds
ckjs esa laln ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gSA laln ds lnL; fdlh Hkh le; ns'k dh vkfFkZd] ç'kklfud ,oa vU; fdlh fLFkfr
ds ckjs esa ljdkj ls ç'u iwN ldrh gS rFkk efU=k;ksa dks mÙkj nsuk iM+rk gSA ns'k dh foÙk&O;oLFkk ij laln dk iw.kZ
fu;U=k.k gksuk vko';d gS] ijarq laln lnL;ksa dks foÙkh; leL;kvksa (Financial Problems) dk Kku ugha gksrk vkSj u gh
os ljdkj ds LFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa dh Hkkafr iw.kZ dky ds fy, dke djrs gSa] blfy, laln dks ljdkj dh foÙk uhfr ,oa
O;oLFkk ij fu;U=k.k djus ds fy, foÙk ç'kklu esa fuiq.k fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd (Comptroller and Auditor
General) dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA fu;U=k.k ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd laln ds çfrfuf/k ds :i esa rFkk yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa
ds j{kd ds :i esa ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr rFkk foÙk&O;oLFkk ij fu;U=k.k djrk gSA ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkh foHkkx vFkok
vf/kdkjh fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd dh Lohd‘fr ds fcuk ,d iSlk Hkh [kpZ ugha dj ldrk rFkk [kpZ ds i'pkr~ mls
blds fy, fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksuk iM+rk gSA
foÙk ij ç'kkldh; fu;U=k.k

(Administrative Control over Finance)
'kklu foHkkx ;k dk;Zdkfj.kh ljdkj ;k lHkk (Executive Government)
foÙkh; ekeyksa esa Hkkjr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus dk vfUre mÙkjnkf;Ro ç'kklu ij gh gSA tks dqN Hkh
O;; gksrk gS] og rks uhfr ds vk/kkj ij gh gksrk gSA bl çdkj ljdkj laln dh uhfr dks dk;kZfUor djrh gSA lHkh foÙkh;
260 yksd ç'kklu
ç'u ftUgsa eaf=keaMy dh Lohd‘fr feyrh gS] os eaf=keaMy dh ,d lfefr] ftls vkfFkZd lfefr (Economic Committee)
dgrs gS]a ds le{k tkrs gSAa bl lfefr esa foÙkea=kh ds vfrfjDr] ikap vU; ea=kh gksrs gS]a ftudk lac/a k fo'ks"kr% vkfFkZd ekeyksa
ls gksrk gSA bl fof/k esa fufeZr gqbZ bl vkfFkZd lfefr ds çeq[k dk;Z gSa&vkfFkZd {ks=k esa ljdkj dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dk
funsZ'ku ,oa leUo; djuk] dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds fodkl dk;ks± esa çkFkfedrk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk rFkk lk/kuksa ds
fodkl ds laca/k esa flQkfj'k djukA bl çdkj vkfFkZd lfefr }kjk gh ljdkj foÙkh;&fu;a=k.k j[kus easa lQy gksrh gSA
foÙk ea=kky; (Finance Ministry)
O;; fu;a=k.k dk rhljk lk/ku Hkkjr esa foÙk&ea=kky; gSA jkT;ksa esa foÙk foHkkx bl dk;Z dks lEikfnr djrk gSA
foÙk&ea=kky; dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd og bl ckr ij n‘f"V j[ks fd fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa lkoZtfud O;; ds laca/k esa ferO;f;rk
ls dke fy;k tk jgk gS fd ughaA foÙk&ea=kky; bl laca/k esa çR;sd foHkkx dks lko/kku fd;s jgrk gS fd ctV dh lhekvksa
ls ckgj u tk;sa vkSj ftruk O;; ,d o"kZ esa dj ldrs gSa] mlls vf/kd u gks tk;sA ljdkj ds mu lHkh foHkkxksa ls
foÙk&ea=kky; le;≤ ij O;; ds laca/k esa fjiksVZ ysrk jgrk gS] ftUgaas O;; djus dk vf/kdkj gSA foÙk&ea=kky; dk
O;; ds fu;a=k.k ds laca/k esa ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z ;g Hkh gS fd og lHkh foHkkxksa ds O;; ds rjhdksa dk v/;;u djds
mlesa lkeatL; LFkkfir djs vFkok mldk lq/kkj djsA ns'k dh lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dks ns[krs gq, foÙk&ea=kky; fofHkUu
foHkkxksa dh O;; fof/k esa vko';d la'kks/ku djus ds fy, lykg Hkh nsrk gSA jkT; Lrj ij Hkh foÙk foHkkx mUgha dÙkZO;ksa
dk ikyu djrk gSA
foÙk&ea=kky; }kjk foÙkh; fu;a=k.k dh lQyrk vf/kdka'k bl ckr ij fuHkZj jgrh gS fd foÙkea=kh dk eaf=keaMy ij fdruk
çHkko gSA ;fn foÙkea=kh dh uhfr;ksa dk lEeku ugha fd;k tk ldrk rks ,slh fLFkfr esa fu;a=k.k vf/kd çHkkodkjh ugha
dj ldrkA fdarq bldk vfHkçk; ;g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd foÙk foHkkx gh vU; foHkkxksa dh uhfr;ksa dk funsZ'ku djsA
uhfr;ksa ds laca/k esa rks vfUre fu.kZ; lEiw.kZ eaf=keaMy dk ekU; gksrk gS u fdlh ,d foHkkx fo'ks"k dkA
bl çdkj ls foÙk&ea=kky; lkoZtfud vk;&O;; nksuksa ij gh viuk fu;a=k.k j[kus dk ç;kl djrk gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa dsUnzh;
foÙk&ea=kky; nks foHkkxksa esa laxfBr gS&
1- jktLo vkSj O;; dk foHkkx (Department of Revenue and Expenditure): bl foHkkx esa jktLo rFkk O;; dk
fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
2- vkfFkZd dk;Z dk foHkkx (Department of Economic Affairs): bl foHkkx dk dke ctV vuqekuksa dks rS;kj djuk
,oa dk;kZfUor (Execute) djuk gksrk gSA
vads{k.k ,oa ys[kk foHkkx (Audit and Accounts Department)
'kklu foHkkx ftl /ku dks çkIr djds [kpZ djrk gS] mldh ns[kHkky ds fy, tkap foHkkx gksrk gSA tkap foHkkx dk dk;Z
'kklu foHkkx ls iw.kZ:i ls Lora=k gksrk gSA ;g foHkkx] 'kklu foHkkx dh xyfr;ksa dks yksd lHkk dh utjksa esa ykus ds
fy, Lora=k gSA okLro esa ;g gksrk Hkh blh dk;Z ds fy, gSA ;fn fglkc esa dksbZ xyrh gksrh gS rks fu;a=kd rFkk egkys[kk
ijh{kd (Comptroller and Auditor General) mldks lkoZtfud fglkc lfefr (Public Account Committee) dh utjksa esa
ykrk gSA bl çdkj egkys[kk ijh{kd O;oLFkkid lHkk ds cnyss esa dk;Z djrk gSA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd tkap foHkkx
Hkh yksd lHkk dh gh Hkkafr bl ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA
egkys[kk ijh{kd 'kklu&foHkkx ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA 'kklu&foHkkx vius uhps dke djus okys fofHkUu vf/kdkfj;ksa dh
vkfFkZd&'kfDr dks fuf'pr djrk gS rFkk vkfFkZd dk;ks± dks djus] fglkc djus] lkoZtfud /ku dks çkIr djus rFkk [kpZ
djus ds fu;e cukrk gSA ;g ns[kus ds fy, fd ljdkj dh lc vkKkvksa dk mfpr :i ls ikyu gks jgk gS fd ugha]
egkys[kk ijh{kd gh gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh foHkkx ds fglkc esa dksbZ xyrh gksrh gS] rks mldks ljdkj dh utjksa esa ykus
dk dke ys[kk ijh{kd dk gh gSA
xzsV fczVsu esa jk"Vªh; O;; ij fu;a=k.k dk fodkl ,d Øfed çfØ;k }kjk lEiUu gqvkA blds fy, 1866 esas fu;U=kd rFkk
egkys[kk ijh{kd dk dk;kZy; LFkkfir fd;k x;k tks dk;Zikfydk ls Lora=k jgdj foHkkxh; ys[kksa dh ijh{kk dj mu
ij çfrosnu nsrk gSA bl çfrosnu dh ijh{kk djus ds fy, ,d LFkk;h tuys[kk lfefr cukbZ xbZA O;; ij lalnh;
fu;a=k.k dks iw.kZ rFkk O;kid cukus ds fy, lnu dks çLrqr fd, tkus okys vuqekuksa dh foLr‘r ijh{kk dks Hkh vko';d
ekuk x;k rkfd ç'kklu vkSj ;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dh fØ;kfUofr esa ferO;;rk ykbZ tk ldsA lu~ 1912 esa ,d
çkDdyu ;k vuqeku lfefr xfBr dh xbZ ftldk dk;Z lnu }kjk ernku fd, tkus ds ckn vuqekuksa dh ijh{kk djuk
FkkA uhfr ij fopkj lfefr ds vf/kdkj {ks=k ls ckgj j[kk x;kA
Hkkjr esa Hkh fu;U=k.k dh bu laLFkkvksa ds fodkl dk ,slk gh bfrgkl gSA lu~ 1921 esa dsUnzh; O;oLFkk esa fuokZfpr cgqer
dk çko/kku fd;k x;k gS vkSj mls iwfrZ ij er nsus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA bl vf/kdkj ds lkFk gh yksd ys[kk lfefr
dk laxBu Hkh vko';d gks x;k ftlesa fuokZfpr vkSj ljdkjh nksuksa çdkj ds lnL;ksa dks LFkku fn;k x;kA çkDdyu ;k
vuqeku lfefr dh jpuk 1950 esa gqbAZ bldk mís'; okf"kZd ctV ds vuqekuksa dk foLr‘r ijh{k.k djuk gS rkfd og muesa
fufgr ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds fy, ferO;;rk dk lq>ko ns ldsA
262 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&29
iz'kklfud laLÑfr
(Administrative Culture)
,sls rks iz'kklfud laLÑfr dk lEcU/k iz'kklu ls tqMk+ gqvk gS] ysfdu v/;;u ds :i esa ;g ,d uohu /kkj.kk gS] iz'kklfud
laLÑfr dks Li"V djus ds iwo]Z laLÑfr dks Li"v djuk t:jh gS] /kkj.kk 'kCnksa esa laLÑfr dk vFkZ&jgus] lgus] [kkus&ihus]
cksyus&pkyus] mBus&cSBus] lkspus vkSj O;ogkj djus dk <ax] laLÑfr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, iz'kklfud laLÑfr dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd dkuwu ds fuekZ.k] la'kks/ku ,oa fØ;kUou ds lEcU/k esa iz'kklu }kjk viukbZ xbZ
i)fr ;k O;ogkj iz'kklfud laLÑfr gS] nwljs 'kCnksa esa iz'kklu ds dk;Z djus dk <ax gh iz'kklfud laLÑfr gSA
iz'kklfud laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡
1- izR;sd ns'k ds iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa vUrj ns[kus dks feyrk gS] ,sls fodflr] fodkl'khy vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa ds
iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa ,d Li"V foHkktd js[kk [khaph tk ldrh gSA bu ns'kksa ds iz'kkfud laLÑfr ds chp vUrj
gksus dk egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k iz'kklu ds le{k mifLFkr dk;Z ,oa y{; gS] Li"V gS fd iz'kklfud laLÑfr dk tqM+ko
mlds dk;Z ,oa y{; ls gksrk gSA
2- iz'kklfud laLÑfr ,d ifjorZu'khy vo/kkj.kk gS bls ifjorZu'khy vo/kkj.kk bfly, dgk tkrk gS fd iz'kklu
ds dk;Z djus dk <ax] ifjfLFkfr vkSj dky ds vuqlkj cnyrk jgrk gS] tkfgj gS ifjfLFkfr ,oa dky ds vuqlkj
iz'kklfud laLÑfr Hkh cnyrh jgrh gSA
3- iz'kklfud laLÑfr dk Lo:i ns'k dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd okrkoj.k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS
vFkkZr~ ftl ns'k dh lektkfFkZd] jktuhfrd o lkaLÑfrd fLFkfr tSlh gksxh] ^[kqys o eqDr lekt* ds iz'kklfud
laLÑfrd vkSj ^can lekt* ds iz'kklfud laLÑfr ds chp vUrj gksrk gSA
4- iz'kklfud laLÑfr dk Lo:i fopkj/kkjk ls Hkh tqMk+ gS] izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
fopkj/kkjk ij gh vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vkSj iz'kklu jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk gh ,d miO;oLFkk gS] vr% tc ftl
fopkjèkkjk vk/kkfjr jktuhfrd ny dh ljdkj curh gS] rks ogk¡ ij iz'kklfud laLÑfr dk Lo:i cny tkrk gSA
5- iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa vkaf'kd cnyko dfj'ekbZ O;fDrRo ds dkj.k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS] izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS
fd lÙkk ds mPp in ij tSlk O;fDrRo jgrk gS ogk¡ dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr oSlh gh gksus yxrh gSA
6- turk dh tkx:drk ls Hkh iz'kklfud laLÑfr eas cnyko vkrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd tgk¡ dh turk f'kf{kr gksrh
gS og iz'kklfud O;oLFkk tkx:d ,oa xfr'khy gksrh gSA
iz'kklfud laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vU; <ax ls Hkh izLrqr dh tk ldrh gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1- dkuwu o fu;e esa vVwV fo'okl
2- ykyQhrk'kkgh
3- izR;sd in ds fy, fu/kkZfjr lÙkk
4- izkfof/kd fo'ks"krk
5- lÙkk dk vk/kkj jkT; o 'kkld dk dkuwu
iz'kklfud laLÑfr 263
6- vkthfodk vftZr djus okyksa dk lewg

7- dkxth dk;Zokgh
loZizFke] ukSdj'kkgksa dk dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa eas vVwV fo'okl gksrk gS] D;ksafd mudks izkjEHk ls gh bl ckr dk izf'k{k.k
fn;k tkrk gS fd tks Hkh dk;Z fd;k tk,] dkuwu ,oa fu;eksa ds fglkc ls fd;k tk,] f}rh;] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh
^ykyQhrk'kkgh* ds f'kdkj gksrs gSa vFkkZr~] buds dk;Z djus dh izfØ;k esa vR;f/kd vkSipkfjdrk,¡ ik;h tkrh gSa blls
dk;Z&lEiknu esa vuko';d foyEc gksrk gS] r‘rh;] izR;sd iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh dh lÙkk ifjHkkf"kr vkSj fu/kkZfjr gksrh
gS] ftlls ckgj tkdj og dk;Z ugha dj ldrs] prqFkZ] iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dke djus dk ,d fof'k"V <¡x gksrk
gS] ,d fo'ks"k dq'kyrk esa izf'kf{kr] mls ckj&ckj nksgjkus okyk rFkk vius in dks vkthou ekuus okyk vf/kdkjh ,d fo'ks"k
dk;Z esa ;ksX; cu tkrk gS] oLrqr% ,d ljdkjh deZpkjh viuk leLr thou ,d fof'k"V dk;Z esa gh yxk nsrk gSA
iape] iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks dk;Z djus dk vf/kdkj jkT; o 'kklu ds dkuwu ls izkIr gS] vr% buds dk;ks± 17 esa
vojks/k Mkyus dk vFkZ gksrk gS jkT; ds dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku] bl dkj.k iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh fuHkZ; gksdj Lora=krkiwoZd
vius dk;ks± dks lEikfnr djrs gSa] ftldk dHkh&dHkh ;s utk;t Qk;nk mBkrs gSa] "k"V] gekjs iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh
fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k ,slh gS fd ^lekt lsok* dk Hkko iui ugha ikrk gS] oLrqr% bl in ij buds vkus dk mís'; vkthfodk
dk vtZu djuk gksrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa budk turk ds dY;k.k ls dksbZ [kkl ysuk&nsuk ugha gksrk gS] lIre o vUr esa]
vk/kqfud dk;kZy; dh izcU/k&O;oLFkk fyf[kr nLrkostksa rFkk Qkbyksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gS] tks Hkfo"; esa dq'ky fu.kZ; ysus
esa lgk;d gksrs gSa] ij O;ogkj eas dHkh&dHkh ;g dkxth dk;Zokgh vketuksa ds ijs'kkuh dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSA
mi;qDZ r fo'ks"krkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds i'pkr~ îz'kklfud laLÑfr* dk tks Lo:i ge yksxksa ds le{k izLrqr gksrk gS] mls yksd
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds fgr esa ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] fQj orZeku esa ^Hkz"Vkpkj* ds Hkh iz'kklfud&laLÑfrdk fgLlk cu
tkus ls fLFkfr vkSj Hkh fparktud gks xbZ gS] vkt ^Hkz"Vkpkj* iz'kklu esa Åij ls uhps rd fo|eku gks x;k gS] pkgs oks
Hkz"Vkpkj fj'or ysus ls lEcfU/kr gks ;k fQj jktuhfrKksa ls lk¡B&xk¡B dj viuk dk;Z lEikfnr djus ls] ge ;g dgsa
fd vkt gekjs ns'k esa îz'kklfud&laLÑfr* dk vFkZ gks x;k gS& "No work, but all facitlities" rks dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha
gksxkA
iz'kklfud&laLÑfr ds bl udkjkRed Lo:i dks ns[krs gq, gh Hkkjr eas 'kq: ls iz'kklfud lq/kkj dh ckrsa dh tkrh jgh
gS]a blh Øe esa 1964 esa ^laFkkue~ lfefr* ds lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ^dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx* (Central Vigilance Commission)
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftldk dk;Z yksd lsodksa ds fo#) yxk;s x;s vkjksiksa dh tk¡p djuk rFkk nks"kh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo#)
eqdnek pykus ds lEcU/k esa Fkk] blh izdkj iz'kklu ls Hkz"Vkpkj o HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dks feVkus gsrq ^vksEcM~lesu
(Ombudsman) dh rtZ ij yksdiky vkSj yksd vk;qDr* dh ckr dh tkrh jgh gS] 1996 esa xfBr îz'kklfud lq/kkj
vk;ksx* (Administrative Reforms Committee) }kjk rks bl Øe esa 578 lq>ko izLrqr fd, tk pqds gSaA
vxj bu lkjs iz;klksa dks bZekunkjh ls O;kogkfjd :i esa ^veyh tkek* iguk;k tk;s rks blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ,d
l'kDr iz'kklfud&laLÑfr dk fodkl gekjs ns'k eas gksxk] oSlh iz'kklfud&laLÑfr] ftlesa gekjs iz'kkld bZekunkj]
mÙkjnk;h vkSj ukxfjd&fe=k cudj dk;Z djsaxsA
iz'kklfud laLÑfr % ,d voyksdu
iz'kklfud laLÑfr ds Lo:i eas ,d:irk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g gj ns'k vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds eqrkfcd vius
Lo:i dks vf[r;kj djrk jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fodflr ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr vfodflr ,oa fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr ls fHké gksrh gS] ,sls fodflr ns'kksa ds iz'kklfud Lo:i esa Hkh ,d:irk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk
gS] ,sls lS)kfUrd rkSj ij vejhdk] Ýkal] baXyS.M tSls fodflr ns'kksa dh laLÑfr esa lekurk gS] ogk¡ dk iz'kklu leku
in lksikuh; O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gS] mu ns'kksa esa iz'kklu vius y{; ,oa dk;Z ds izfr T;knk pkSdl ,oa izfrc) gksrh
gSA iz'kklu esa ijEijxr rRoksa ¼tkfr] lainz k;] o.kZ vkfn½ dk lkekU;r% xkS.k LFkku gS] iz'kklu ds dk;ks± esa jktuhfr gLr{ksi
264 yksd ç'kklu
dk vHkko gS] iz'kklu ds ikl u,&u, midj.k vkfn gS] bldk ifj.kke gS fd fodflr ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,d
fo'ks"k izdkj dh fofHkéÑr ,oa fo'ks"khÑr Lo:i /kkj.k fd;k gSA
tcfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa ijEijkxr rRoksa ¼tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk] o.kZ½ dk izHkko n‘f"Vxkspj gksrk gS]
iz'kklu esa vius y{;ksa ,oa mís';ksa ds izfr izfrc)rk dk vHkkou ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bu ns'kksa ds iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa
ykyQhrk'kkgh] y{; ds izfr vizfrc)rk] ekfydkuk eukso‘fÙk] dÙkZO;ijk;.krk dk vHkko vkfn fo'ks"krk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh
gS] bu ns'kksa esa iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa Li"V :i ls HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn O;fDrxr] LokFkZ vkfn rRoksa dk izHkko n‘f"Vxkspj gksrk
gS] Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa Hkh ,d:irk dk vHkko gS] bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k esa lkekftd
vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd Lrj ij dkQh fo"kerk gS] caxyk esa tks iz'kklfud laLÑfr gS og fcgkj esa ugha gS tks fogkj esa
gS& og fnYyh esa ughaA
vfodflr ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr Li"V :i ls fiNM+kiu ds nkSj esa gS] ogk¡ yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk ,oa turk dh
tkx:drk iw.kZr% lq"kqIrk voLFkk esa gS] iz'kklfud laLÑfr ijEijkxr rRoksa ds izHkko esa fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS] dkuwu ;k 'kklu
ds vkns'k ls ughaA
bl laf{kIr foospu ls Li"V gS fd fodflr] fodkl'khy vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa dh iz'kklfud laLÑfr esa vUrj gksrk
gSA
ç'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj 265
v/;k;&30
ç'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj
(Administrative Corruption)
Hkz"Vkpkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^Hkz"V* vFkok ^fcxM+k gqvk vkpj.k*A yksd ç'kklu esa bldk vfHkçk; ,sls vkpj.k ls gS] ftldh
vk'kk yksd lsodksa ls ugha dh tkrh gSA ;fn yksd ç'kkld viuh 'kfDr] lÙkk ,oa fLFkfr dk ç;ksx tu lkekU; ds ykHkksa
dh vis{kk vius O;fDrxr ykHkksa ds fy, djus yxs rks ;gh ^Hkz"V vkpj.k* ekuk tk,xkA ;s Hkz"V vkpj.k vusd çdkj ds
gks ldrs gSa&mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh O;fDr dk dksbZ dk;Z dj nsus ;k dk;Z u djus ij ?kwal vFkok nwljs çdkj dk vkfFkZd
ykHk ysuk] vius lEcfU/k;ksa dks ukSdjh fnykuk] fj'or] HksVa Lohdkj djuk] csbeZ kuh] xcu] vuqfpr ,oa voS/k jhfr;ksa ls iSlk
ysuk] O;kikfjd laLFkkvkasa ij bl n‘f"V ls vglku djuk rkfd ogka yksd lsodksa ds iq=k&iqf=k;ksa dks jkstxkj fey lds]
viuh ljdkjh fLFkfr vkSj çHkko dk LokFkZ&flf) ds fy, nq:i;ksx djuk] vkfnA
Hkz"Vkpkj dh ifjHkk"kk Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 161 esa bl çdkj dh x;h gS&ßtks O;fDr 'kkldh; deZpkjh gksrs
gq, ;k gksus dh vk'kk esa vius ;k vU; fdlh O;fDr ds fy, fof/kd ikfjJfed ls vf/kd dksbZ ?kwal ysrk gS ;k Lohdkj
djrk gS vFkok ysus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gS ;k ysus dk ç;Ru djrk gS ;k fdlh O;fDr ds çfr i{kikr ;k mis{kk
;k fdlh O;fDr dh dksbZ lsok ;k dqlsok dk ç;kl] dsUnzh; ;k vU; jkT; ljdkj ;k laln ;k fo/kkue.My ;k fdlh
yksd lsod ds lanHkZ esa djrk gS rks mls rhu o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl dk n.M ;k vFkZn.M ;k nksuksa fn, tk ldsaxsAÞ
("Who ever being or expecting to be public servant, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to
obtain from any person for himself or any other person, any gratification whatever, other than legal
remuneration, as a motive a reward for doing or forbearing to show, in the exercise of the official function
favours or disfavours to any person or for rendering or attempting to render any source or disservice to
any person, with the central or any state government or parliament or the legislature of any state or any
public servant as such ...........is corrupt.")
Hkz"Vkpkj ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh ljdkjh deZpkjh }kjk vius lkoZtfud in ij vFkok fLFkfr dk nq:i;ksx djrs gq, fdlh
çdkj dk vkfFkZd ;k vU; çdkj dk ykHk mBkukA ß;g ,slk O;ogkj gS ftlesa ljdkjh deZpkjh O;fDrxr vkfFkZd ykHk
mBkus ds fy, lkoZtfud dÙkZO;ksa ls fopfyr gksrk gS vFkok fu;eksa dk ,slk mYya?ku djrk gS ftlls dqN fo'ks"k çdkj
ds fuft ykHk çkIr gks ldsaAÞ
^Hkz"Vkpkj* dks nks :iksa&ladh.kZ ,oa O;kid&esa fy;k tkrk gSA ladh.kZ :i esa bldk vFkZ dsoy ?kwal vFkok vkfFkZd ykHk
çkIr djuk ekuk tkrk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj ds O;kid :i esa vius futh LokFkZiw.kZ mís';ksa ds fy, lkoZtfud in vFkok lÙkk
dk nq:i;ksx djrs gq, udn /kujkf'k vFkok HksVksa vkSj migkjksa ds :i esa lc çdkj dh csbZekuh ls çkIr ykHkksa dk lekos'k
gksrk gSA yksd ç'kklu esa bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx blh O;kid vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh O;kidrk

(Intensity of Corruption in India)
fdlh u fdlh :i esa Hkz"Vkpkj ekuo esa lnSo dk;e jgk gSA dkSfVY; us viuh iqLrdas ^vFkZ'kkL=k* esa Hkz"Vkpkj esa 40 çdkjksa
dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA mlds 'kCnksa esa ßftl çdkj ftàk ij j[ks gq, 'kgn dk Lokn u ysuk vlEHko gS mlh çdkj
fdlh 'kkldh; vf/kdkjh ds fy, jkT; ds jktLo ds ,d va'k dk Hk{k.k u djuk vlaHko gSAÞ
266 yksd ç'kklu
çkphu ,oa e/;dky esa yksd ç'kklu dk {ks=k vR;Ur lhfer Fkk] QyLo:i Hkz"Vkpkj dh de xqatkb'k FkhA orZeku ;qx
essa yksd ç'kklu ds {ks=k dk foy{k.k fodkl gksus ds dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkj dh ek=kk esa Hkh vlk/kkj.k o‘f) gqbZ gSA Hkkjr esa bZLV
bf.M;k dEiuh ds 'kklu dky ls gh Hkz"Vkpkj ns'k esa loZ=k QSy x;kA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds O;kikjh tks ml le;
ç'kkld Hkh Fks] lEifÙk tksM+us ij mrk: FksA Hkkjr esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dk ra=k Hkz"V ,oa ifrr gks x;k Fkk] QyLo:i
fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjr dk ç'kklu vius gkFkksa esa ys fy;kA yxHkx Ms<+ lkS o"kksZa ds 'kklu esa vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa Js"B
ç'kkldh; ra=k dh LFkkiuk dha ysfdu fczfV'k Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa jktRo] iqfyl ,oa vkcdkjh foHkkxksa dks O;kid Lofoosdh
'kfDr;ksa çkIr FkhA QyLo:i muds Hkz"V gksus dh i;kZIr xaaqtkb'k FkhA U;k;ikfydk dh NksVh vnkyrksa dk Hkh ;gh gky
FkkA f}rh; fo'o;q) ds çkjaHk gksus rd Hkz"Vkpkj vf/kdka'kr% ç'kklu ds fuEu Lrj rd gh lhfer FkkA f}rh; fo'o;q)
tfur ifjLFkfr;ksa us Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy, vf/kd volj mRiUu dj fn;sA fu;e rFkk dkuwuksa dh vogsyuk dh x;h rFkk çR;sd
pht dh ;q) ds dk;ksZa ls xkS.k ekuk x;kA brus vQljksa dks viuh lÙkk dk LokFkZiwfrZ esa ç;skx djus dk volj fn;kA
oLrqvksa dk bruk vHkko gks x;k fd ljdkj us ck/; gksdj O;kikj djus gsrq ykblsUl nsuk çkjaHk dj fn;kA ykblsal
vko';d Fks vr% csbe Z ku ,oa pkykd O;fDr;ksa us fcuk fgpfdpkgV ds vHkkoxzLr oLrqvksa esa O;kikj djus ds ykblsl a çkIr
djus ds fy, vf/kdkfj;kasa dks fj'or nsuk çkjaHk dj fn;kA
bl dFku esa fd Hkkjr dk ç'kklu Hkz"V gS cgqr vf/kd ek=kk esa lR;rk gSA fczfV'k 'kklu esa Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd n'kk 'kkspuh;
Fkh] ijUrq Lora=krk çkfIr ds i'pkr~ ls Hkkjr jk"Vª ds pfj=k dk iru cgqr rsth ls gks jgk gSA bl le; fLFkfr ;g gS
fd Hkkjr dh turk dks jkT; ds laj{k.k ij Hkh vfo'okl gksus yxk gSA vkpk;Z d‘iykuh us bl Hk;adj lR; dks yksd
lHkk esa bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k Fkk&
"I feel the danger in even greater than that on our borders. What happened in NEFA was in no small
degree but to wide spread corruption combined with inefficiency."
nqHkkZX; ls Hkkjr f}rh; 'kklu i)fr (Biparty system) ugha gS ftlesa] ;fn ,d jktuhfrd ny ij ls turk dk fo'okl
mB tk;s rks nwljk jktuhfrd ny 'kklu dh deku dks vius gkFkksa esa laHkky ysA Hkkjr esa ljdkjh ny dks ,slk dksbZ
Hk; ugha gS vkSj mldh bl ckr dk iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd dksbZ Hkh 'kfDr mudh lÙkk dks lekIr ugha dj ldrhA bl rF;
ls Hkz"Vkpkj dks vkSj vf/kd çksRlkgu feyrk gSA
thou dks çR;sd {ks=k esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi dk cksyckyk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;kssa esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa
dk Hkh dksbZ fo'ks"k egÙo ugha jg tkrk] vkt ifjfLFkfr ;g gS fd ekuo yksHk ds fy, thou ds loksPZ p xq.kksa dks cfynkudj
ldrk gSA ftu uSfrd ca/kuksa ls leLr O;fDr ,d lkFk feys gq, Fks os leLr ca/ku <hys gks pqds gSaA LorU=krk çkfIr ds
iwoZ jk"Vª dk mís'; Lora=krk çkIr djuk Fkk ftlds dkj.k mlus vusdksa cfynku fd, fdUrq cfynku dh Hkkouk dk LFkku
LokFkZ us ys fy;k gS euq";ksa dk bruk iru gks x;k gS fd muds thou dk /kjkry i'kqvksa ds /kjkry rd vk x;k gSA fLFkfr
bruh Hk;adj gks xbZ gS fd dsoy bZ'ojh; 'kfDr gh orZeku fLFkfr dk fujkdj.k dj ldrh gSA
Lora=krk ds ckn ns'k esa foIyodkjh fLFkfr dk çk/kkU; jgkA ns'k dk foHkktu gqvk] lkEçnkf;d naxs gq,] dk'ehj dk ;q)]
tula[;k dk LFkkukarj.k rFkk fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dh leL;k vk;hA bu lcds QyLo:i ^dkuwu dk 'kklu [kf.Mr
gks x;k rFkk yksd lsodkas eas Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy, uohu ekxZ [kqy x,A Lok/khu Hkkjr esa dY;k.kdkjh ,oa lektoknh jkT;
dk vkn'kZ viuk;k x;k ftlesa jkT; ds dk;ksaZ esa vlk/kkj.k o‘f) gqbAZ [kkl rkSj ls vkfFkZd {ks=k esa jkT; ds dk;ksaZ esa o‘f)
gksus ls fu;e] ykblsal] ijfeV dk ;qx çkjaHk gqvk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds u;s vk;ke çdV gq,A
jkT; ds dsUnzh; Lrj ds ea=kh] laln rFkk fo/kkf;dk ds lnL;ksa dk uohu oxZ Hkh Hkz"V yksd lsodksa ds lkFk fey x;kA
laln vkSj fo/kkue.Myksa ds fuokZfpr çfrfuf/k tks fd uSfrdrk ,oa ç'kklu dh ,drk ds laj{kd Fks] Lo;a gh Hkz"Vkpkj]
dquckijLrh ,oa LokFkksZa dh iwfrZ esa Qal x,A Hkkjr esa yEcs le; rd gh ,d jktuSfrd ny ds gkFk esa 'kfDr dk
,dkf/kdkj jgkA blls eaf=k;ksa] fo/kk;dksa ,oa lkalnksa dks viuh 'kfDr dk Lo;a ds ykHk ds fy, rFkk ifjokj] fe=kksa ,oa
ny ds lkfFk;ksa ds ykHk ds fy, nq:i;ksx djus dk volj fey x;kA O;kikj rFkk m|ksxksa esa ,dkf/kdkj dh vis{kk jktuhfr
esa ,dkf/kdkj [krjukd gSA jktuhfrKksa dks vglkuean cukus okys yksd lsod cnys esa fuMj gksdj gj çdkj dk Hkz"V
O;ogkj djrs gSaA
Lora=krk çkfIr ds ckn Hkkjr esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr jktuhfrd usrkvksa vkSj eaf=k;ksa ds tks xM+cM+&?kksVkys
çdk'k esa vk;s gSaA muesa Jh d‘".kk esuu dk thi dk.M] mM+hlk ds eq[;ea=kh chtw iVuk;d] tEew&d'ehj ds eq[;ea=kh
c['kh xqyke eqgEen] fcgkj ds d‘".k cYyHk lgk;] iatkc ds eq[;ea=kh çrkiflag dSjks] rfeyukMq ds eq[;ea=kh
d:.kkfuf/k rFkk egkjk"Vª ds eq[;ea=kh ,-vkj- vUrqys ds ekeys mYys[kuh; gSaA
rhljs vke pquko dk ,d dsl gS ftlesa dkuiqj ds ,d m|ksxifr jkejru xqIrk us dkaxszl ds fVdV ij xksaMk lalnh;
pquko {ks=k ls pquko yM+kA blds fuokZpu ds fo:) pquko ;kfpdk nk;j dh x;hA pquko fVªC;wuy us bl pquko ij fopkj
djus ds ckn dgk fd ßpqukoksa ds bfrgkl esa ;g ,d fo'ks"k ekeyk gS ftlesa fd nksckjk erx.kuk djus ij ,d mEehnokj
21,666 erksa ls thrk gksA mls pquko djus okys dqN ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dk lg;ksx feyk FkkAÞ fVªC;wuy dk fopkj Fkk
fd ßdkaxl sz h mEehnokj jkejru xqIrk dks Hkz"V mik;ksa }kjk lQyrk ds fudV ykus okyk fjVfuax vkfQlj ,e0lh0 fuxe
FkkA mlls ;g ok;nk fd;k x;k fd cnys esa pquko ds ckn mls QStkckn dk dfe'uj cuk fn;k tk,xkA ;|fi igys
mldks bl inksUufr ds fy, euk fd;k tk pqdk FkkAÞ
iatkc ds HkwriwoZ ea[;ea=kh çrkiflag dSjks ds fo:) tks vkjksi yxk;s x;s] muds lac/a k esa tkap vkjksi bl fu"d"kZ ij igqp
a k
fd ßeq[;ea=kh us viuh fLFkfr dk vuqfpr ykHk mBk;k gSA muds iq=k rFkk ifjokj ds lnL;ksa us vikj laifÙk ,df=kr djus
esa mldh lÙkk o çHkko dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA mlds lkezkT; fuekZ.k ds bl ç;kl esa vU; eaf=k;ksa rFkk yksd lsodksa }kjk
Hkh xSj&dkuwuh ,oa Hkz"V :i ls lgk;rk nh x;h FkhAÞ
1964 esa ds0 lUFkkue~ dh v/;{krk esa LFkkfir Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 1958 ls 1962 ds pkj o"kksZa
esa 2 djksM+ 38 yk[k 24 gtkj 142 :i;s ds ykblsal diViw.kZ mik;ksa ls çkIr fd, x, FksA cktkj esa çR;sd ykblsal dks
mldh dkxth dher ls ikap xquh dher ij cspk tk ldrk gSA bl fglkc ls mi;qZDr ykblsal }kjk vuqfpr lk/kuksa ls
dek;h tkus okyh /kujkf'k dh ek=kk 10 djksM+ :i, FkhA blesa ls fdruk :i;k ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh tsc xje djus
esa x;k] bldk lgh vuqeku djuk laHko ugha gSA
fczfV'k ;qx esa çk;% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd Hkz"Vkpkj pijkfl;ksa rFkk jktLo foHkkx esa y?kq deZpkfj;ksa rd gh lhfer FkkA
fdarq Lora=krk çkfIr ds ckn ns'k dh fodkl ;kstukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk Hkz"Vkpkj dk Hkh cM+h rsth ls fodkl gqvk gSA ;g
mPpsre yksd lsodks]a efU=k;ksa vkSj eq[;eaf=k;ksa ds Lrj rd igqp
a pqdk gSA vkpk;Z d‘iykuh us Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd ßHkz"Vkpkj
ç'kklu esa dsoy fuEu Lrjksa ij gS ij vkt fdldh fgEer gS tks ;g dgs fd Hkz"Vkpkj mPp Lrjksa esa ugha gSAÞ ,-vkj-
vUrqys ds ekeys ls bl ckr dh iqf"V gks tkrh gSA vkt turk deZpkfj;ksa ds Hkz"V vkpj.k ls nq[kh gksdj fj'or nsus dks
viuk /keZ ekuus yx x;h gSA ;fn vLirky esa HkrhZ gksus ds fy, vkSj MkWDVjksa ls vkijs'ku djkus ds fy, Hkh jksxh vFkok
xjhc O;fDr;ksa dks fj'or nsus dks viuk /keZ ekuus yx x;h gSA ;fn vLirky esa HkrhZ gksus ds fy, vkSj MkDVjksa ls vkijs'ku
djkus ds fy, Hkh jksxh vFkok xjhc O;fDr;ksa dks fj'or dk lgkjk ysuk iM+s rks ;g deZpkjh vkSj jkt&O;oLFkk nksuksa ds
fy, 'keZ dh ckr gSA turk vLirky ¼t;iqj½ dh v/kh{kd MkW0 xk;=kh fot; dks idM+kA MkW0 xk;=kh fot; us fj'or
dh ;g jkf'k t;iqj ds ,d fjD'kk pkyd ;klhu [kka dh iq=kh jsgkuk ds vkWijs'ku ds fy, ekaxh FkhA&jktLFkku if=kdk
¼tks/kiqj½] 7 Qjojh] 1991, i‘0 1.
tqykbZ] 1982 eas Hkkjr ljdkj us ûs'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWQ ifCyd Qkbusal ,.M ikWfylh* dks ns'k ds dkys /ku dh leL;k
dk v/;kiu djus dk dke lkSaik FkkA bl laca/k esa laLFkku dh v/;;u fjiksVZ çdkf'kr gqbZA ;g loZfofnr gS fd ^dkyk
/ku* vFkkZr~ fcuk ys[ks&tks[ks dk /ku] Hkz"Vkpkj dk ifj.kke Hkh gS vkSj mldk ,d cgqr cM+k dkj.k ;k çsjd rRo HkhA
mijksDr v/;;u fjiksVZ dkys /ku ds tek gksus ds dbZ dkj.kksa dh Nkuchu dh x;h gS ij vUrrksxRok mUgsa ;g dguk iM+k
gS fd dkys /ku dh eq[; ftEesnkjh Hkz"V usrk vkSj vQljksa dh gSA flQZ lu~ 1983-84 ds o"kZ eas gh djhc 35,000 djksM+
:i;s ;kfu rhu [kjc ipkj vjc :i;s] ftruk u;k dkyk /ku cuk tks dqy okf"kZd jk"Vªh; mRiknu dk 21 çfr'kr Fkka
bl dkys /ku ds fuekZ.k dk ,d cgqr cM+k dkj.k gS fodkl rFkk fuekZ.k lac/a kh ;kstukvksa ds fy, Lohd‘fr /kujkf'k ds ,d
vPNs&[kkls dk ^Hkz"V usrk] vf/kdkjh rFkk Bsdn s kjksa }kjk* chp esa gh gM+i fy;k tkukA fjiksVZ esa vkadM+kas ,oa rF;ksa dk goky
268 yksd ç'kklu
nsdj ;g dgk x;k fd ßea=khx.k vkSj Åaps vQlj vius futh ykHk ds fy, bl rjg ?kwal olwy djrs gSa ekuks og mldk
çkbosV VSDlh gksAÞ
la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk esa jk"Vªifr fuDlu dks ôkVj xsV dk.M* ds dkj.k R;kxi=k nsus dks foo'k gksuk iM+kA 1975 esa foeku
fuekZ.k djus okyh ykWdghM uked vejhdh daiuh }kjk tkiku ds ç/kkuea=kh dks rFkk gkWyS.M vkSj bVyh ds f'k[kjLFk
jktuhfrKksa dks daiuh ds foeku [kjhnus ds fy, nh x;h yk[kksa :i;s dh /kujkf'k ds jgL;hn?kkVu ls ;g Li"V gqvk fd
orZeku le; esa cgqjk"Vªh; O;kikfjd fuxr jktuhfrKksa dks fdrus cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"V djrs gSaA
HkwriwoZ jk"Vªifr Kkuh tSyflag us ,d lk{kkRdkj esa dgk fd ;fn os jk"Vªifr in ds pquko esa nqckjk mEehnokj cu tkrs
rks dfri; jktuhfrd ny muds pquko gsrq 30-40 djksM+ :i, [kpZ djus ds fy, rS;kj FksA D;k ;g jktuhfrd {ks=k esa
Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj ?kksVkyksa dh pje vfHkO;fDr ugha gSA (Indian Express, March 3, 1989, p.1.) blls iwoZ cksQkslZ dkaM us gekjs
j{kk lkSnksa esa O;kIr fj'or vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh iksy gh [kksy nh FkhA LohfM'k jsfM;ks us vkjksi yxk;k fd cksQkslZ dEiuh
vkSj Hkkjr ds chp rksiksa dh [kjhn ds vjck Mkyj ds le>kSrksa esa Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fj'or fnyk;h x;hA
bafM;k VqMs ds vuqlkj Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh vfHk;ku dh vc rd dh lcls cM+h miyfC/k I.A.S. vf/kdkjh dh fxj¶rkjh dgh
tkuh pkfg,A jktLFkku jkT; ds bfrgkl esa 'kk;n ;g igyk ekSdk gS tc fdlh vkbZ0 ,0 ,l0 vQlj dks Hkz"Vkpkj
ds ekeyksa esa fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k A t;iqj ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k ds funs'kd jgs ch0 ds0 eh.kk ds dk;Zdky
ds nkSjku 1 djksM+ 5 yk[k :i;s dh ljdkjh jkf'k dk ?kksVkyk gqvkA ;g jkf'k Vªkblse o LQkbV ;kstuk ds rgr [kpZ
dh tkuh FkhA ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k esa 4 vxLr] 1989 ls 23 vDVwcj] 1989 ds chp ;g jkf'k djhc Ms<+ ntZu
QthZ Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ds uke ls mBk;h xbZAÞ ¼bf.M;k VqMs( tqykbZ] 1990, i‘0 36.½
ebZ] 1992 esa jktLFkku esa ,d vU; vkbZ0,0,l0 vf/kdkjh Jh jfo'kadj JhokLro dks Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkjksi esa fuyfEcr fd;k
x;kA os pq: ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k ds ifj;kstuk funs'kd Fks( ml le; mUgksu a s ljdkjh /ku dk nq:i;ksx fd;kA
tkap ds nkSjku irk pyk fd JhokLro ,oa muds ekrgr vf/kdkfj;ksa us n¶rj esa feBkbZ eaxokus rd esa ljdkjh iSlk [kpZ
fd;kA tks iSlk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k ds ek/;e ls xjhc o xzkeh.k] fiNM+s yksxksa ds fodkl dk;ksZa ij [kpZ gksuk Fkk
ml /ku ls jaxhu Vsyhfotu] ch0lh0 vkj0 rhu vk/kqfud VsyhQksu midj.k] dherh QuhZpj] Økdjh] jlksbZ ds midj.k]
xSl LVkso ,oa xhtj tSlh ?kjsyw mi;ksx dh lkexzh [kjhn yh xbZA tkap esa JhokLro ds f[kykQ ;g ik;k x;k fd fcuk
çko/kku vkSj fcuk vuqeksnu ds bl çdkj gqbZ djhc ,d djksM+ 38 yk[k dh jkf'k dk ?kksVkyk gqvk gSA ¼jktLFkku if=kdk]
21 ebZ] 1992½
ç'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k

(Analysis of the causes of Corruption in Administration)
Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu esa fj'or ,oa Hkz"Vkpkj ds O;kid çlkj esa fuEu dkj.kksa us ;ksx fn;k gS&
1. ;q)dkyhu vHkko rFkk fu;a=k.k% f}rh; fo'o;q) ds le; tc lsuk ds fy, ljdkj Hkkjh ifjek.k esa vukt rFkk
vU; lkexzh [kjhnus yxh rks O;kikjh ljdkjh eky ds Bsds çkIr djus ds fy, vf/kdkfj;ksa dh tsc xje djus yxsA
;q)tfur ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k vukt vkfn dk jk'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k 'kq: fd;k x;kA blds fy, ljdkjh nqdkuksa
ds ykblsla vkSj ijfeV fn, tkus yxsA blls Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj dks çksRlkgu feykA Lok/khurk çkIr ds ckn Rofjr vkfFkZd
fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk,a cuk;h x;h vkSj ;g vko';d Fkk fd ns'k ds leLr lqyHk lk/kuksa ij fu;a=k.k LFkkfir
fd;k tk;s] miHkksDrkvksa dks lc lkexzh jk'ku ds vk/kkj ij lhfer ek=kk esa nh tk;saA blds fy, ijfeV] ykblsal
vkSj dksVk i)fr 'kq: dh x;hA blds vuqlkj dqN fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa dks gh fuf'pr ek=kk esa dkj[kkuksa ls oLrq,a çkIr
djus ds ijfev vkSj vf/kdkj&i=k fn;s tkus yxsA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa O;kid :i ls pksj&cktkjh 'kq:
gks x;hA
2. Hkz"Vkpkj fczfV'k fojklr% fczfV'kdkyhu Hkkjr esa mPpre ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa esa Hkz"Vpkj fdrus O;kid :i esa
Vkpkj&fcz
çpfyr Fkk&;g bl ckr ls Li"V gS fd ml le; ok;ljk; ;k xouZj vius in ls vidk'k xzg.k djus ls igys
ns'kh fj;klrksa dk nkSjk] jktkvksa ls fonkbZ ysus ds uke ij fd;k djrs Fks] ;|fi bldk okLrfod ç;kstu muls HksVa
vkSj migkj çkIr djuk gksrk FkkA ykMZ ososy us 1945 esa Hkkjr dk ok;ljk; cuus ij viuh csVh QsysflV ,u ds
fookg ds fuea=k.k&i=k çeq[k /kuh Hkkjrh;ksa rFkk 700 NksVh&cM+h fj;klrksa ds jktkvksa dks 'kknh ls dbZ eghus igys
mu lc oLrqvksa dh lwph ds lkFk Hkst fn, Fks ftUgsa oj&o/kw migkj ds :i essa ysuk ilan djsaxsA
3. uSfrd ewY;ksa dk gzkl% fodflr tulekt esa 'kgjhdj.k ,oa vkS|ksxhdj.k ij fujarj cy fn;k x;k gS] ftlls
lkekftd ,oa oS;fDrd ewY;ksa dk HkkSfrd] ewY;ksa ds vkxs gzkl gksrk gSA HkkSfrd vko';drk,a c<+rh tkrh gSa vkSj tks
oLrq,¡ iw.kZ foykl dh oLrq,a ekuh tkrh Fkh] os vc thou dh vko';drk,a curh pyh tkrh gSaA mudh çkfIr ds
fy, /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bZekunkjh ds rjhdksa ls /ku dekuk dkQh dfBu gksrk gS vr% vuSfrd mik;ksa dk
lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA igys vuSfrd dk;Z djus esa O;fDr f>>drk Fkk tcfd vkt vuSfrd mik;ksa ls ykHk vftZr
djus esa mls çlUurk gksrh gSA
4. ç'kklu dk foLrkj% Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ vdLekr~ gh fczfV'k ,oa eqfLye vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k esa deh
gkss x;h ftlds QyLo:i ,d cM+h la[;k esa fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa vuqHko ,oa ;ksX;rk dks /;ku esa j[ks fcuk HkrhZ dh
x;hA lsokvksa dh lqLFkkfir ijEijkvksa esa bu deZpkfj;ksa dh dksbZ vkLFkk ugha FkhA
5. osruksa dh fo"kerk% Hkkjr esa deZpkfj;ksa ds osruksa esa dkQh vUrj gSA mPp osruksa ds QyLo:i mPp vf/kdkjh
vkjkensg thou O;rhr djrs gSaA çR;sd v/khuLFk vius ofj"B vf/kdkjh dk vuqlj.k djuk pkgrk gSA ;fn mldk
osru de gksrk gS rks og vuqfpr lk/kuksa ls vkenuh djrk gSA osruksa esa fo"kerk dk O;kidrk vuSfrd ,oa fouk'kdkjh
çHkko gksrk gSA
6. iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a o ekU;rkvksa esa ifjorZu% iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh 'kq:vkr ds lkFk deZpkfj;ksa dks vius foHkkx
esa [kpZ djus ds foLr‘r vf/kdkj çkIr gq,A cM+s vf/kdkjh LFkkuh; fodkl ds dk;ksZa esa yk[kksa rFkk djksM+ksa :i;s [kpZ
dj ldrs FksA fLFkfr esa ;dk;d ifjorZu gks tkus ls euq"; dk ekufld larqyu u"V gks tkrk gS ftlds nqHkkZX;iw.kZ
ifj.kke gksrs gSaA lUFkkue ds vuqlkj] ("A society that goes in for a purposively initiated process in a fast rate of
change has to pay a social price.") tgk¡ ij [kpZ djus dh 'kfDr rFkk vius foosd dks ç;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj
,d gh O;fDr esa dsfUnz; gksrk gSA ogk¡ ij Hkz"Vkpkj ds volj cgqr vf/kd ek=kk eas mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA Hkz"Vkpkj
,d Nwr dh chekjh ds leku gSa ftuds nwf"kr çHkko leLr çdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa esa cgqr rsth ds lkFk QSys tkrs gSaA
vkt çR;sd vf/kdkjh ftldks fu;qfDr;ka djus dk vf/kdkj çkIr gS] vius dqVqEc okyksa dh rFkk fe=kksa dh csjkstkjh
dks nwj djus esa yxk gqvk gSa tks Hkz"Vkpkj fczfV'k 'kklu esa dsoy jktLo] yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx] mRiknu 'kqYd rFkk
iqfyl foHkkxksa esa ik;k tkrk Fkk Lora=k Hkkjr ds leLr deZpkfj;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa vf/kdkfj;ksa
ds fo'ks"k vf/kdkj muds okLrfod vf/kdkjksa ls Hkh vf/kd gSaA
7. jktuhfrd gLr{ksi (Political Interference): vkt ç'kklu ds çR;sd {ks=k esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi gSA ç'kkldksa
ds le{k Hkh dBksj leL;k gSA ;fn os tu&lk/kkj.k ls laidZ LFkkfir ugha djrs gSa rks lkeqnkf;d ;kstuk,a iwjh ugha
dh tk ldrhA ;fn os lEidZ LFkkfir djrs gSa rks mudks jktuhfr esa ços'k djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k tkrk gSA
bZekunkj vf/kdkfj;ksa dks nwf"kr ifj.kke Hkqxrus iM+rs gSa ;fn os jktuhfr esa ços'k djus ls badkj dj nsrs gSaA laln
ds rFkk jkT; dh O;oLFkkfidk lHkkvksa ds lnL; Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj ls eqDr ugha gSA dkaxzsl lnL; Jh okdj vyh us yksd
lHkk esa Hkk"k.k nsrs gq, dgk Fkk&
"Corruption was rampant even among the members of parliament and legislators but no one talked
out it because we have become a supreme body of vested interests."
jktuhfrK] usrk xzke iapk;rksa ds ç/kku rFkk ljiap leLr ekeyksa esa fu;qfDr;ka] inksfUufr;ka] Nk=ko‘fr;ksa] ijh{kk
ifj.kkeksa] U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa] xzke iapk;rksa ds ekeyksa] rdkoh] ;kstukvksa esa gLr{ksi djrs gSaA
eqna jk Mhy] fljktmíhu ekeyk] jkeI;kjs ,sihlksM] nkl deh'ku fjiksV]Z usQk fMcSfdy] thi] LdSM a y] dSjksa gR;k dkaM
bR;kfn esa eaf=k;ksa ij Hkkjh ek=kk esa dhpM+ mNkyh xbZ gSA iatkc ds HkwriwoZ ea=kh Jh iVuk;d rFkk fe=kk] dsUnzh;
ea=kh Jh ds0Mh0 ekyfo;k] miea=kh Jhefr rkjds'ojh flUgk bR;kfn ij Hkz"Vkpkj dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k rFkk mudks
270 yksd ç'kklu
vius LFkkuksa ls R;kx&i=k nsus iM+sA

8. ikVhZ dks"k (Party fund): ikVhZ ds uke ij pUnk bdëk djuk vius dkys djrwrksa ij dsoy inkZ Mkyuk gS ftl
ny ds gkFkkasa esa lÙkk gksrh gS] mldks gh lnk lcls vf/kd ykHk igqaprk gSA 'Journal of Public Administration' ds
vuqlkj fiNys fuokZpu esa cM+s&cM+s iwathifr;ksa rFkk cM+s O;kikfj;ksa ls dkaxzsl us ikap djksM+ :i;k ,df=kr fd;kA
bl çdkj ds panksa ds u rks fuf'pr fu;e gSa vkSj u mudk fof/kor fglkc gh j[kk tkrk gSA
9. fj'or esa lka>snkjh (Partnership in bribery): lUFkkue lfefr dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx
esa ;g çFkk iM+ xbZ gS fd Bsdsnkjksa ls 7% ls ysdj 11% rd muds fcyksa dh /kujkf'k fj'or ds :i esa olwyh dh
tkrh gSA ;g voS/k /ku leLr deZpkfj;ksa esa ¼lqçhUVsfMax bathfu;j ls ysdj lk/kkj.k pijklh rd½ caV tkrh gS ftu
foHkkxksa esa dj fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk rFkk olwy fd;k tkrk gS] mu foHkkxksa easa Hkz"Vkpkj dk {ks=k vf/kd O;kid jgrk
gSa djksa ftuds dkj.k djksa dh pksjh djus esa lg;ksx feyrk gS] ns fn;k tkrk gS] tc cM+s vf/kdkjh Hkh ywV ds eky
esa Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSa rks os vius v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ij fdl çdkj fu;a=k.k j[k ldrs gSaA bl fo"k; ds Jh ts0ch0
d‘iykuh us yksd lHkk ds ,d euksjt a u dgkuh lqukbZ FkhA xka/kh vkJe ,d js'ke dk y?kq m|ksx pyk jgk FkkA jsyos
ç'kklu us bl dkj[kkus esa rS;kj gq, js'keh eky cqd djus ls bUdkj dj fn;k tc rd dh mudks muds Hkkx dh
voS/k /ku jkf'k u fey xbZA vkpk;Z d‘iykuh Lo;a ml vkJe ds v/;{k rFkk Jh tokgjyky usg: j{kd FksA
10. yky Qhrk 'kkgh (Red Tapism): vko';drk ls vf/kd nsjh yxkdj rFkk yEch vkSipkfjdrk ds }kjk vf/kdkjh
oxZ bZekunkjh O;fDr;ksa dks ijs'kku djrk gSA ;fn deZpkfj;ksa dks fj'or ds :i esa dksbZ /kujkf'k fey tkrh gS rks
os ml çfØ;k dks ljy cuk nsrs gSaA bl rF; ds fo"k; esa Jh lUFkkue us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS&
"Certain sections of staff are reported to have go into the habit of not doing anything in the matter
till they are suitably persuaded...... There is a general impression that it is difficult to get things done
without resorting to Corruption."
tc mPp vf/kdkjh ds }kjk fdlh i=k ij fu.kZ; Hkh gks tkrk gS rks Hkh vk/khu deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk ml le; rd
mldks nckdj j[kk tkrk gS tc rd mudks dksbZ vuqfpr ykHk ugha gksrkA eSlwj ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr dh xbZ
Resounces and Economy Committee us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gSA
"Delay and corruption constitute in our opinion a connected phenomenon and arise together under
an administration which is insufficiently integrated, supervised and inspected. An elaborated
administrative machinery functioning under out moded and complex rules enables –– the officials to
make difficulties and delays until they are paid."
11. ,d ek=k vf/kdkj dh eukso‘fÙk;k¡ (Monopolistic Tendencies): çR;sd {ks=k esa pkgs og vf/kd gks vFkok ç'kkldh;
,dek=k vf/kdkj dh eukso‘fÙk;ka fnu&çfrfnu c<+ jgh gSaA vkt ds eqdkcys ds ;qx esa ,d m|ksxifr nwljs
m|ksxifr;ksa dks u"V djds Lo;s dk foLrkj djus dk vfHkyk"kh gSA ,slk djus ds fy, ;k rks mls viuk eky lLrk
cspuk iM+rk gS vFkok dsoy vius fy, ykblsl a vFkok ijfeV dh O;oLFkk djds leLr m|ksx /ka/ks ij viuk ,dek=k
fj'or nsuh iM+rh gSA og viuh gkfu vuqfpr lk/kuksa ls iwjh djrk gS tSls cksxl ijfeV çkIr djds] djksa dks pqjkdj]
xanh oLrqvksa dks feykdj bR;kfnA vktdy gedks çR;sd {ks=k esa ;g n‘'; ns[kus dks feyrk gS cM+s O;kikfj;ksa us eky
dk Hkkjh LVkd ,d=k dj fy;k gS vkSj os euekus <ax ls csp djds turk ij 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA muds voS/k ykHk esa
ljdkj Hkh lk>hnkj gksrh gSA vr% og muds fo:) çHkko'kkyh dkjZokbZ ugha dj ldrhA ,dek=k vf/kdkj dks
çksRlkgu nsus ds fy, ç'kklu i)fr dks vf/kd VSduhdy rFkk isphnk cuk;k tk jgk gSA
12. lsokvksa dks laoS/kkfud laj{k.k (Legal Protection to Services): lUFkkue lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa cryk;k fd
Hkkjr esa deZpkfj;ksa dks cgqr ls çxfr'khy ns'kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd laj{k.k çnku fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh deZpkfj;ksa
dks c[kkZLr djuk ljy dk;Z ugha gSA lafo/kku rFkk dkuwuksa us bruk laj{k.k çnku fd;k gS fd ç'kkldh; vf/kdkjh
csbZeku deZpkfj;ksa ds fo:) dksbZ dk;ZokbZ djus esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gSa tc mudks ,sls deZpkfj;ksa dk irk py
Hkh yx tkrk gSA fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS&"It was distressing to hear heads of the departments confess that, even
when they were normally convinced that one of the officials working under them, was corrupt they were
unable to do anything because of the difficults in obtaining formal proof, finding or conviction."
13. fu;eksa dh isphnxh (Complexity of Rules): ç'kklu ds fu;e brus isphnk cuk, tk jgs gSa fd vf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa
dk rks dguk gh D;k f'kf{kr O;fDr Hkh mudks Bhd çdkj ls ugha le> ldrsA fu;eksa dks ljy cuk;k tk ldrk
gS ijarq dsoy dqN m|ksxifr;ksa dk ,dek=k vf/kdkj lekIr gks tk,xkA Hkkjr dh turk] odhyksa rFkk muds DydksaZ
dh d‘ik ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
14. iqfyl dk vR;kpkj (Heavy handedness of the Police): Hkkjr dh iqfyl bZekunkj O;fDr;ksa dks lg;ksx nsus ds
ctk; mudks vf/kd ijs'kku djrh gS rFkk xyr vknfe;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djrh gS gky gh esa fHkaM] eqjsuk] mÙkjçns'k
ds dqN ftykssa ds çfrfuf/k;ksa us x‘g ea=kh Jh xqytkjh yky uUnk dks ,d Lej.k i=k (Memorandum) çLrqr fd;k
ftlls mUgksaus] bl Hksn dks çdV fd;k fd bu LFkkuksa dh iqfyl Mkdqvksa ls feyh gqbZ gS] tks O;fDr iqfyl dh
f'kdk;r djus dk lkgl djrs gSa] mudh gR;k dj nh tkrh gS muds uke Mkdqvksa dh lwph esa ntZ dj fn, tkrs
gSaA bl çdkj iqfyl mudh gR;k ds fy, ljdkj ls buke Hkh çkIr dj ysrh gSA
15. Hkz"V deZpkfj;ksa dk laj{k.k djuk (Shileding of Corrupt Admmitrators): gekjs HkwriwoZ ç/kkuea=kh Jh
tokgjyky usg: esa ;g nqcZyrk Fkh fd vius vk/khu dk;Z djus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa dk laj{k.k djrs FksA ,d ckj
tc bl ç'ui dks laln esa mBk;k x;k Fkk rks mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd vf/kdkjh brus ;ksX; rFkk vPNk dk;Z djus okys
Fks fd vodk'k xzg.k djus ds i'pkr~ mudh lsok,¡ Åap osru ij çkbosV m|ksxifr rFkk O;kikjh çkIr djrs FksA
os bl okLrfodrk dks ugha tkurs Fks fd mudks blfy, Åapk osru fn;k tkrk gS fd ljdkj ds xksiuh; Hksnksadks
m|ksxifr tku ldsA mUgksua s Jh çrki flag dSjks] Jh d‘".k eSuu] Jh yky rFkk vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vuqfpr laj{k.k
nsus dk ç;Ru fd;kA
Hkz"Vkpkj ds :i
(Form of Corruption)
Hkz"Vkpkj ds vxf.kr :i esa gSaA ;g vko';d ugha fd Hkz"Vkpkj /ku ds gh :i esa gks vkSj u gh ;g vko';d gS fd fdlh
ea=kh ;k vf/kdkjh dks O;fDrxr ykHk ds :i esa gksA fdlh ea=kh ;k vf/kdkjh ;k mlds laca/kh ;k fe=kksa dks muds O;fDrxr
ykHk ds fy, /ku fn;k tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh mls jktuhfrd nyksa ds fy, /ku ,d=k djuk iM+rk gSA bl çdkj tks
/ku ;k lqfo/kk çkIr gksrh gS mlds cnys lÙkk/kkjh nkunkrk ds fdlh dk;Z ;k fgr dh iwfrZ dj nsrk gS] tSls mldh Qkby
ij 'kh?kz fu.kZ; nsuk] ijfeV] ykblsal ;k Bsdk çnku djuk ;k fdlh ds fo:) dh x;h ;k çLrkfor dkjZokbZ dks lekIr
dj nsuk] vkfnA gj çdkj dk Hkz"Vkpkj lÙkk dk nq:i;ksx gSA ea=kh ;k vf/kdkjh viuh fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkdj vius
fj'rsnkjksa dks yksd lsokvksa ;k mu cM+h futh dEifu;ksa esa ukSdjh fnyok ldrk gS ftudks ljdkj ls dke iM+rs jgrs gSaA
vusd infuo‘Ùk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Å¡ps&Å¡ps osruksa ij futh {ks=kksa esa fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dsoy muds ç'kkldh;
vuqHko ds dkj.k gh ugha gksrk] vfirq muls ç'kklu esa igq¡p gks tkrh gS vkSj 'kklu ls dk;Z djkus esa bu infuo‘Ùk
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lEidZ vf/kdkjh ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
cgqr&ls O;kolkf;d ,oa vkS|ksfxd çfr"Bkuksa us ioZrh; uxjks]a rhFkZLFkkuksa ,oa cM+s uxjksa esa vfrfFk x‘g cuok j[ks gSAa vusd
ea=kh ,oa mPp vf/kdkjh buesa vodk'k] rhFkZ;k=kk ,oa 'kkldh; nkSjs ds le; Bgjrs gSaA bl vkfrF; ds çfrQyLo:i
vkfrFks; ,oa 'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa esa ,d çdkj dh fe=krk gks tkrh gS] tks ns[kus esa Hkys gh funksZ"k gks ijarq lEcfU/kr
vf/kdkjh dks mldks cks/k u gksrs gq, Hkh vutkus gh mldh lPpfj=krk ds fy, gkfudkj.k fl) gksrh gSA vf/kdkjh ds
tks NksVs&NksVs dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSa] ftuds lEcU/k esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd vkfrFks; dk muesa dqN [kpZ gh ugha gksrk] muds
;gh ifj.kke gksrs gSaA tSls&tSls fe=krk c<+rh tkrh gS] vkfrFks; }kjk 'kkldh; vf/kdkjh dks fn;s tkus okys migkjksa dh
ek=kk ,oa ewY; Hkh c<+rs tkrs gSa] vkSj os fe=krk ds çrhd ekus tkrs gS( ijUrq FkksM+s le; ds i'pkr‘ os vf/kdkjh ds dÙkZO;ksa
ij Hkkj cu tkrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ 'kkldh; deZpkjh fdlh vkfrFks; ds çfr dqN dkj.kksa ls vius dks vuqx‘fgr djrk gS rks
mldh lPpfj=krk dks cM+k /kDdk yxrk gS] vkSj ftu 'kkldh; dk;ksZa dks djus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS mu dk;ksZa dks vkfrFks;
272 yksd ç'kklu
ds fy, vLohdkj djuk vf/kdkjh ds fy, vlEHko gks tkrk gSA

'kh?kz dke djkus ds fy, /ku nsuk Hkz"Vkpkj] fo'ks"kdj ijfeV ,oa ykblsal çkIr djus dk ,d vke rjhdk gSA bl çdkj
dh fj'or nsus okyk dksbZ xSj&dkuwuh dk;Z ugha djuk pkgrk vfirq og vius ekeys ls lEcfU/kr dkxtkr dks 'kh?kzrkiwod
Z
fuiVkus dk bPNqd gksrk gSA dqN deZpkjh oxksZa esa rks tc rd fdlh ekeys dks fuiVkus ds fy, muls laidZ LFkkfir ugha
fd;k tkrk ;k [kq'kken ugha dh tkrh rc rd ml dk;Z dks u djus dh muesa vknr&lh iM+ tkrh gSA
ç'kklu dh rjQ ls fuekZ.k] Ø; ,oa foØ; rFkk vU; nSfud dk;ksZa lEcU/kh Bsdksa esa ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr ml dk;Z ls
lecfU/kr ljdkjh O;fDr;ksa }kjk fy;k tkrk gS ,oa lHkh lEcfU/kr vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk mls ,d Lohd‘r vuqikr esa vkil
esa ck¡V fy;k tkrk gSA lkoZtfud fuekZ.k foHkkxksa ds fuekZ.k dk;ksZa esa 7 ls 11 çfr'kr rd bl çdkj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
blesa ,DthD;wfVo bathfu;j ls ysdj feóh rd dk fgLlk gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks Å¡ps in ds bathfu;j dk Hkh blesa
fgLlk gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr jsyos esa oSxu nsus] iklZyksa dks Hkstus] fo'ks"kdj 'kh?kz u"V gksus okyh oLrqvksa ds iklZyksa ij
fj'or lEcU/kh leku fjokt çpfyr gSA tc fdlh oLrq dk Ø; fd;k tkrk gS rc ?kfV;k oLrq dks Lohdkj djkus ds
fy, Hkh dqN çfr'kr fn;k tkrk gSA
vusd foHkkxksa esa fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ij fu;qfDr ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA viuh bPNk ,oa
egÙo ds LFkku ij fu;qfDr ds fy, cgqr&lh 'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk fj'or nh tkrh gSA iqfyl] lkoZtfud fuekZ.k
vkfn foHkkxksa esa rks inksa dh uhykeh rd gksrh gSA
O;fDrxr Qkbysa ,oa xksiuh; fjiksVZ 'kkldh; foHkkxksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj dk vU; lk/ku gSA ;s v/khuLFkksa ds flj ij lnSo yVdus
okyh ryokj dh Hkk¡fr gSA tc dksbZ vf/kdkjh nkSjs ij tkrk gS rc og vius v/khuLFkksa ls ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd os mldh
lqfo/kk dk /;ku j[ksA bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh gh ml ij [kpkZ djsA mUgsa bl çdkj ds O;; ds fy,
/ku dk çcU/k djuk iM+rk gSA bldk lgt ifj.kke Hkz"Vkpkj gSA ;fn dksbZ bZekunkj v/khuLFk vius ofj"B vf/kdkjh dks
bl çdkj dh lsok ls vuqx‘fgr fy[k nh tk;sA blh çdkj ds dkj.kksa rFkk ofj"B vf/kdkjh ls vuqfpr ykHk çkIr djus
ds fy, vusd v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa }kjk mldh O;fDrxr :i ls th&gqtwjh dh tkrh gSA ,d 'kh"kZLFk jktLo vf/kdkjh
ds lEcU/k esa ,d dgkuh dgh tkrh gS fd mlus vius ,d v/khuLFk dks dSEi esa eNyh fHktokus ds fy, dgkA mlds
v/khuLFk us viuh vleFkZrk O;Dr dhA bl ij mldh O;fDrxr Qkby ij ;g fVIi.kh fy[k nh x;h fd og v;ksX;
gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj dk ,d vU; çdkj 'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk lkoZtfud /ku dk viO;; djuk gSA vusd voljksa ij tc ea=kh
,oa ofj"B vf/kdkjh nkSjs ij tkrs gSa rks dfu"B vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk bu voljksa ij Hkze.k gsrq vkus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
euksjatu ds fy, vuki&'kuki /ku O;; fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj ds eqDrgLr O;;ksa dk mís'; dsoy ;gh gS fd
lEcfU/kr eaf=k;ksa ,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa ls vius vuqfpr fgr lk/ku fd;s tk;saA
dsUnzh; fujh{k.k vk;ksx us Hkz"Vkpkj ds fuEu 27 çdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k%
1. fuEuLrjh; oLrqvksa ;k dk;Z dks Lohdkj djuk(
2. lkoZtfud /ku vkSj Hk.Mkj dk nq:i;ksx djuk(
3. ftu O;fDr;ksa ls vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;kZy; Lrj ds lEcU/k gSa muds vkfFkZd nkf;Roksa dks ogu djuk(
4. ,sls Bsdsnkjksa ;k QeksZa ls dtZ ysuk ftuls muds dk;kZy; Lrjh; lEcU/k gksrs gSa(
5. Bsdsnkjksa ,oa QeksZa dks fjvk;rsa nsuk(
6. >wBs] nkSjs] HkÙks ,oa x‘g&fdjk;k vkfn dk nkok djuk(
7. viuh vkenuh ls vf/kd oLrqvksa dks j[kuk(
8. fcuk iwoZ&vuqefr ;k iwoZ&lwpuk ds vpy lEifÙk vkfn dk Ø; djuk(
9. çekn ;k vU; dkj.k ls 'kklu dks gkfu igq¡pkuk(
10. 'kkldh; in ;k lÙkk dk nq:i;ksx(

11. HkrhZ] fu;qfDr] LFkkukUrj.k ,oa inksUufr ds lEcU/k esa xSj&dkuwuh :i ls /ku ysuk(
12. 'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa dks O;fDrxr dk;ksZa esa ç;ksx djuk(
13. tUe&frfFk ,oa leqnk; lEcU/kh tkyh çek.ki=k rS;kj djuk(
14. jsy ,oa ok;q;ku esa LFkku lqjf{kr djus esa vfu;ferrk(
15. euhvkWMZj] chek ,oa ewY;&ns; iklZyksa vkfn dks u nsuk(
16. u;s Mkd fVdVksas dks gVkdj iqjkus fVdV yxkuk(
17. vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr ykblsal nsus esa vlg;ksx ,oa vfu;ferrk(
18. 'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa dh tkudkjh ,oa lg;ksx ls fofHkUu QeksZa }kjk vk;kfrr ,oa fu/kkZfjr dksVs dk nq:i;ksx(
19. VsyhQksu dusD'ku nsus esa vfu;ferrk(
20. vuSfrd vkpj.k(
21. migkj xzg.k djuk(
22. vkfFkZd ykHk ds fy, vk;&dj] lEifÙk&dj vkfn dk de ewY;kadu çLrqr djuk(
23. LdwVj ,oa dkj [kjhnus ds fy, Lohd‘r vfxze /kujkf'k;ksa dk nq:i;ksx(
24. foLFkkfirksa ds nkoksa ds fuiVkus esa vuqfpr foyEc(
25. foLFkkfirksa ds nkoksa dk xyr ewY;kadu(
26. vkoklh; Hkwfe ds fgLlksa ds Ø; ,oa foØ; ds lEcU/k esa /kks[kk nsuk( rFkk
27. 'kkldh; DokVZjksa dk vuf/kd‘r dCtk ,oa mUgsa vuf/kd‘r :i ls fdjk;s ij mBkukA
orZeku fof/kd lajpuk

(Various Measures)
yksd deZpkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkz"Vkpkj fujks/kd vf/kfu;e] 1947 us Hkz"Vkpkj ds {ks=k dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk nh gS%
,d yksd lsod vius dÙkZO; ds lEiknu esa vkijkf/kd nqjkpj.k (criminal misconduct) dk nks"kh gksrk gS&
1. ;fn og vknru vius fy, ;k vU; fdlh O;fDr ls vius fy, ;k vU; O;fDr ds fy, ,slh /kujkf'k] tks fof/kd
ikfjJfed ds vfrfjDr gksrh gS] fdlh mís'; ;k iqjLdkj ds :i esa tSlk Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku dh /kkjk 161 esa
mfYyf[kr gS] Lohdkj djrk gS ;k çkIr djrk gS ;k Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gS(
2. ;fn og vknru vius fy, ;k vU; fdlh O;fDr ls vius fy, ;k vU; O;fDr ds fy, dksbZ ewY;oku oLrq fcuk
dkj.k ;k fdlh ,sls dkj.k ds fy,] tks og tkurk gS fd vuqfpr gS] fdlh tku&igpku ds O;fDr ;k fdlh lEikfnu
dk;Z ;k O;kikj ls lEcfU/kr ;k mlds ;k fdlh ,sls yksd lsod ds] ftldk og v/khuLFk gS] dk;kZy; lEcU/kh dk;ksaZ
;k fdlh ,sls vU; O;fDr ls ftls og tkurk gS ;k ftlls lEcfU/kr O;fDr dk fgr gS ;k lEcfU/kr gS] xzg.k djrk
gS( rFkk
3. ;fn og csbekuh ;k tkylkth ls /ku dk nq:i;ksx djrk gS ;k yksd lsod ds :i esa vius in dk nq:i;ksx djrs
gq, vius ;k vU; fdlh O;fDr ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ oLrq ;k vkfFkZd ykHk çkIr djrk gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj fujks/kd vf/kfu;e] 1947 ds çko/kkuksa dh tdM+ etcwr djus ds fy, 1988 esa blesa la'kks/ku fd;k x;kA
^yksd lsod* dh ifjHkk"kk Hkh vc vf/kd foLr‘r dj nh x;h gS] tks mfpr Hkh gSA vc ea=kh vkSj lkaln Hkh yksd lsod
gSaA
274 yksd ç'kklu
fofHkUu ç;Ru (Various Efforts)

1. cDlh VsdpUn lfefr dh fu;qfDr (Appointment Bakshi Take Chand Committee): bl lfefr dh fu;qfDr
lu~ 1949 esa dh xbZA lu~ 1946 esa Hkz"Vkpkj jksd vf/kfu;e (Prevention of Corruption Act) & ikl fd;k x;k FkkA
bl lfefr dk mís'; bl vf/kfu;e dks fØ;kRed :i çnku djuk FkkA bldks fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu (S.P.E.) dks
vf/kd çHkko'kkyh cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh lq>ko çLrqr djus FksA
2. fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Special Police Establishment): lu~ 1946 esa dsUnzh;
ljdkj us x‘g ea=kh ds varxZr fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu (S.P.E.) dh LFkkiuk dhA bldk dÙkZO; deZpkfj;ksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj
ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkuk rFkk ,sls nks"kh deZpkfj;ksa ds fo:) eqdnek pykuk FkkA lu~ 1949-50 esa jktLFkku rFkk
foaf/k;k çns'k ds dqN ea=kh jaxs gkFk (red handed) idM+s x,A
3. d‘iykuh iwNrkN lfefr dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Kriplani Inquiry Committee): lu~ 1953 esa jsy&ea=kh
Jh ykycgknqj 'kkL=kh us vkpk;Z d‘iykuh ds v/khu jsyos foHkkx esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh tkap djus ds fy, ,d lfefr dh
fu;qfDr dhA
4. vkpj.k lEcU/kh fu;e% fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, 'kkldh; deZpkjh lEcU/kh i‘Fkd&i‘Fkd ijUrq i;kZIr lkE; j[kus
okyh vkpj.k laca/kh fu;ekofy;k¡ çpfyr gSa%
i. vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ¼vkpj.k½ fu;e] 1954;
ii. dsUnzh; ukxfjd lsok ¼vkpj.k½ fu;e] 1955;
iii. jsy lsok ¼vkpj.k½ fu;e] 1956A
yksd lsodksa lEcU/kh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa 'kklu }kjk le;≤ ij vusd fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k
gS ,oa vkns'k tkjh fd;s x;s gSa%
i. 1860 easa jktif=kr ,oa 1869 esa vjktif=kr deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dtZ ysus ,oa dtZ nsus laca/kh(
ii. 1876 easa migkj xzg.k djus lEcU/kh(
iii. 1881 esa edkuksa ,oa vU; cgqewY; lEifÙk cspus lEcU/kh(
iv. 1883 eas 'kklu ds v/khu fdlh ,d in ls vU; O;fDr;ksa ds vkfFkZd ykHk gsrq in&R;kx djus lEcU/kh(
v. 1885 easa vpy lEifÙk esa /ku yxkus ,oa lês lEcU/kh(
vi. 1845 eas dEifu;ksa ds çcU/k ,oa fodkl rFkk futh O;kikj ,oa jkstxkj lEcU/kh(
vii. 1885 esa yksd lsodksa }kjk pank ,d=k djus lEcU/kh(
viii. 1885 esa dtZnkj ,oa fnokfy;k gksus lEcU/kh(
ix. 1920 esa infuo‘fÙk ds i'pkr~ O;kikfjd gksus lEcU/kh( rFkk
bu fu;eksa esa fu'p; gh vusd dfe;k¡ gSaA QyLo:i] buds }kjk Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksduk dfBu gks x;k gSA
5. ç'kkldh; foftySal foHkkx dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Administrative Vigilance Division): bldh
LFkkiuk vxLr 1955 esa gqbZ FkhvkSj bldh 'kkk[kk;sa leLr foHkkxksa esa LFkkfir dh xbZA bldk dÙkZO;ksa foHkkxksa ds
Hk"Vkpkj ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkuk FkkA
6. fofou cksl vk;skx dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Vivin Bose Commission): bldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1956 easa dqN
egÙoiw.kZ m|ksxksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.kksa dks ekywe djus ds fy, gqbZ FkhA bldh flQkj'kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i dbZ
m|ksxifr;ksa ds fo:) eqdnes pyk, x,A
bu ç;Ruksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vçSy 1957 ls fnlEcj lu~ 1962 rd yxHkx 44 gtkj deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy,
fofHkUu n.M fn, x,A 1100 deZpkfj;ksa dks dkjkokl dk n.M feyk RkFkk 'ks"k dk c[kkZLrxh] vfuok;Z inkodk'k]
in&voufr bR;kfn dk n.M feykA lu~ 1963 ds igys pkj eghus esa rhu jktif=kr rFkk 49 xSj&jktif=kr
vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu }kjk vfHk;ksx yxk, x,A
7. lUFkkue lfefr dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Santhanam Committee): mijksDr lk/ku Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus esa
vi;kZIr fl) gq,A Hkz"Vkpkj dk fo"k; vkt çR;sd ukxfjd rFkk O;oLFkkfidk ds lnL;ksa dh tqcku ij gSA lekpkj
i=k rFkk ifCyd Hkk"k.k Hkh bl fo"k; ls gh Hkjs jgrs gSAa lu~ 1961 esa dsUnzh; ljdkj us dLrwjh lUFkkue dh v/;{krk
esa ,d lfefr dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl lfefr esa laln ds 6 lnL; rFkk vuqHkoh ç'kkldh; vf/kdkjh FksA
lUFkkue lfefr us Hkz"Vkpkj mUewyu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lq>ko çLrqr fd, gSaA
i. dkuwuksa] fu;eksa rFkk ç'kklfud çfØ;kvksa ij iqufoZpkjA budks ljy cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk ;g brus Li"V
gksus pkfg, fd buds fo"k; ls nks er gks gh u ldsaA
ii. Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkdj mudks nwj djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
iii. ijfeVl (Permits), ykblsal rFkk Bsdksa dks nsus esa fo'ks"k lko/kkuh cjrh tkuh pkfg,A
iv. i=kksa rFkk QkbZyksa ij 'kh?kz fu.kZ; gksdj ekeyksa dks lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
v. de osru ikus okys deZpkfj;ksa dks mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds dk;Z ugha lkSais tkus pkfg,A
vi. xqIr lwpuk rFkk lkekU; lwpuk ds chp Li"V Hksn gksuk pkfg,A
vii. Dysfjdy LVkQ }kjk dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha gksuk pkfg,A
viii. deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ksa rFkk inksUufr;ksa esa fo'ks"k lko/kkuh cjrh tkuh pkfg,A
ix. deZpkfj;ksa ds thfodk miktZu rFkk fuokl LFkkuksa dh mfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
x. fdlh Hkh deZpkjh dh in vof/k esa] tgk¡ rd laHko gks] o‘f) ugha gksuh pkfg,A
xi. Hkz"Vkpkj ds ,sls çksisxsaMk dks çksRlkgu ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ftldk dksbZ vk/kkj u gksA
xii. vf/kdkfj;ksa ls eqykdkr djus okyksa dk mfpr ys[kk&tks[kk j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
xiii. ijfeV~l (Permits), rdkch rFkk ykblsal bR;kfn QkeksZa dk 'kh?kz lIykbZ dh tkuh pkfg,A
xiv. lEifÙk ds [kjhn vkSj cspus dh dher fn[kkus okyksa ij mfpr jksd yxk;h tkuh pkfg,A
xv. vk;&dj rFkk vU; vuqeku i=kksa dk çdkf'kr gksuk pkfg,A
xvi. vodk'k çkIr ljdkjh ukSdjksa ij vodk'k (retirement) ds i'pkr~ O;fDrxr m|ksx /kU/kksa rFkk O;kikfjd QeksZa
esa lsok xzg.k ugha djus nsuk pkfg,A
xvii. futh lEifÙk ds leLr inkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk eaf=k;ksa }kjk ?kksf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
xviii. ftu eaf=k;ksa ij nks"kkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gS muds }kjk in R;kx dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
xix. ikVhZ dks"kksa dh turk dks tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
xx. vf/kd i<+s O;fDr;ksa dks fyfid oxZ ds dk;kZas ds fy, fu;qDr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
blds vfrfjDr fuEu ç;kl Hkh fd, tkus vko';d gSa&
a. Hkz"Vkpkj ds fojks/k esa tcnZLr yksder mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd Hkz"Vkpkfj;ksa ds nq"deksZa dk Hk.MkQksM+
fd;k tk lds]
b. pquko lq/kkj fd, tkus pkfg, rkfd pquko yM+us esa cgqr jkf'k /kujkf'k O;; u djuh iM+sA tc rd pquko
/ku ls yM+s tk;saxs] rc rd Hkz"Vkpkj pyrk jgsxk(
276 yksd ç'kklu
c. Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa ij dk;Zikfydk ds çHkko ls loZFkk fu"i{k U;k;k/kh'kksa }kjk fopkj djus vkSj vijkf/k;ksa
dks dM+k n.M nsus dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A vksEcMesu tSlh Lok;Ùk laLFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,(
d. eaf=k;ksa ,oa ljdkjh ç'kkldksa ds fy, fuf'pr vkpkj&lafgrk dk fuekZ.k vkSj mldk iwjh dM+kbZ ls ikyu fd;k
tkuk pkfg,(
e. ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks muds dke ds vuqlkj iwjk osru nsus vkSj mudh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij djus
dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,(
f. lrdZrk vk;ksx (Vigilance Commission) dk xBu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
8. dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks% ç'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj igyh ckj f}rh; fo'o ;q) dky (1939-45) esa tulk/kkj.k dh fpUrk
dk dkj.k cukA bldh fof'k"Vrk Fkh oLrqvksa dk vHkko vkSj deh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkjh fu;eu ,oa
fu;U=k.k ykxw gqvkA x‘g ea=kh ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us uoEcj 1946 esa gh Li"V :i ls Lohdkj fd;k fd fu;U=k.k]
fj'or vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA dsUnzh; fo/kku lHkk esa fnYyh iqfyl laLFkkiu fo/ks;d (The Delhi Police
Establishment Bill) dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gq, mUgksu a s dgk% ßtc rd vusd fu;U=k.k vkSj ykblsla gS]a tks gekjs thou
dh&lkoZtfud thou rFkk futh thou dh&leLr 'kk[kkvksa ij fu;U=k.k djrs gS]a rc rd vki fj'or vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj
dks jksd ugha ldrsA fnYyh Lis'ky iqfyl laLFkku dkuwu] 1946 (The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act,
1946) ds varxZr ,d ç'kklfud ra=k dk xBu] yksd lsodksa }kjk fd, x, Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa dh tk¡p ds fy, fd;k
x;kA
Lis'ky iqfyl laxBu 1963 rd jgkA ml o"kZ bl laxBu ds LFkku ij dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks (Central Bureau of
Investigation–C.B.I.) dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] tks vkt Hkkjr esa Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh lokZf/kd çcy laxBu gSA bldh LFkkiuk
dh laLrqfr lUFkkue lfefr us dh FkhA
1963 esa LFkkfir lh-ch- vkbZ dksbZ dkuwuh laxBu ugha gS] ftls fnYyh Lis'ky iqfyl laLFkkiu dkuwu] 1964 ds varxZr
vf/kdkj çkIr gksaA lh-ch- vkbZ- rks vijk/k vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa ds fy, eq[; iqfyl ,tsUlh gSA bldk çeq[k
vf/kdkjh ,d funs'kd gksrk gS] ftldh lgk;rk ds fy, vusd vij funs'kd] la;qDr funs'kd] iqfyl v/kh{kd]
mi&v/kh{kd rFkk vU; iqfyl vf/kdkjh gksrs gSaA orZeku esa lh-ch-vkbZ- vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dh bu rhu Jsf.k;ksa dh
tkap djrh gSa%
i. Hkz"Vkpkj dk vkjksiA
ii. vkfFkZd vijk/k] ftuesa /kks[kk/kM+h Hkh 'kkfey gSA
iii. vkradokn] ce foLQksV tSls fo'ks"k vijk/kA
foxr dqN le; ls lh-ch-vkbZ- ij dk;ZHkkj c<+ jgk gSA blfy, lh-ch-vkbZ- dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djus dh
vko';drk gS% ,d Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeys ns[ks vkSj nwljk laxfBr vijk/kksa ds ekeys ns[ksA çeq[k vUos"k.kdrkZ gksus ds
dkj.k lh-ch-vkbZ- dks Lok;Ùkrk çnku dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj blesa ;ksX; rFkk bZekunkj vf/kdkjh fu;qDr fd;s tkus
pkfg,A
9. dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx% dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx (Central Vigilance Commission) dh LFkkiuk 1964 esa] Hkkjr
ljdkj esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh jksdFkke vkSj bZekunkjh dks çksRlkgu nsus ds fy, dh x;hA bldh laLrqfr Hkz"Vkpkj jksdus
ds mís'; ls xfBr lUFkkue lfefr (1946) us dh FkhA dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx ds ikl Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa dh tk¡p
ds fy, viuk futh dksbZ laxBu ugha gS( mls dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks ¼lh-ch-vkbZ-½ ij fuHkZj jguk t:jh gksrk gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr yksd lsodksa ds fo:) vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ ds ekeyksa eaas ;g vk;ksx ijke'kZ nsrk gSA ;g ijke'kZ
nsus okyk laLFkku gS] fdarq bls vius dk;Z esa la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds leku gh Lora=krk ,oa Lok;Ùkrk çkIr gSA
vk;ksx viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ is'k djrk gS ftlesa og mu ekeyksa dk mYys[k djrk gS ftuesa ljdkj us mldh lykg
ugha ekuh gksA dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dk tUe u rks lafo/kku ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj u dkuwu ijA bldk tUe rks
dk;Zikfydk ds ,d çLrko (resolution) ij gS tks bldh detksjh dk |ksrd gSA
ljdkj esa Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh vfHk;ku nks Lrjksa ij laxfBr gksrk gS] tcfd dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeyksa
dk i;Zo{s k.k ,oa fujh{k.k djrk gS çR;sd yksd laxBu esa bZekunkjh cuk;s j[kus dh eq[; ftEesnkjh Lo;a ml ,tsUlh
ij gh gksrh gS vkSj blds fy, mlesa ,d vf/kdkjh gksrk gS tks eq[; lrdZrk vf/kdkjh (Chief Vigilance Officer)
dgykrk gSA mldh fu;qfDr dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dh laLrqfr ij dh tkrh gSA
dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dk çeq[k vf/kdkjh dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;qDr gksrk gS ftldh lgk;rk ds fy, vU; dk;Zdkjh
gksrs gSaA bl vk;ksx dk dk;Z&{ks=k dsoy jktif=kr ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa rd lhfer jgrk gSA tSlk
fd dgk tk pqdk gS] dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx ds ikl viuh futh tk¡p ,tsUlh ugha gksrh vkSj mls tk¡p ds fy,
dsUnzh; vUos"k.k C;wjks ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA ;g bldh nwljh detksjh gSA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd ljdkj dsUnzh;
lrdZrk vk;qDr dks lsokfuo‘fÙk ds i'pkr~ vU; ljdkjh inksa ij fu;qDr dj nsrh gSA
vktdy Tokb.V LVkWd dEifu;ksa ds dqçcU/k rFkk vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr fuxe lEcU/kh egÙoiw.kZ ekeyksa dh Hkh Nkuchu
fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu }kjk dh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu dh bl 'kk[kk dks] tks bu vijk/kksa ls lEcfU/kr gS] foLr‘r
vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk pkfg, ftlls fons'kh eqnzk (Foreign Exchange) lEcU/kh fu;eksa ,oa rLdjh] dLVe djksa dh
pksjh] de ;k vf/kd ewY; ds chtd cukuk vkfn ekeyksa dks fuiVkus rFkk fu.khZr djus esa le; ,oa Je dh cpr
gksA
10. yksdiky% turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj us 1977 esas lÙkk esa vkus ds rqjr a ckn ns'k ds lkoZtfud thou ls Hkz"Vkpkj feVkus
ds fy, yksdiky (Lokpal) uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dk opu fn;k FkkA Lej.kh; gS fd 1966 esa ç'kkldh; lq/kkj
vk;ksx us çFke ckj Hkkjr esa ^vksEcqM~eSu* tSlh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA rRdkyhu 'kklu bl çdkj
dh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk ds laca/k esa dkQh le; rd mnklhu jgk ysfdu 1971 esa mlus yksdlHkk esa ^yksdiky
fo/ks;d* çLrqr fd;k] fdarq yksdlHkk ds fo?kVu ds lkFk gh ;g fo/ks;d Lor% gh lekIr gks x;kA bl fo/ks;d esa
ç/kkuea=kh ds fo:) vkjksiksa dh tk¡p ds laca/k esa dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha FkhA
turk ljdkj us tqykbZ 1977 esa yksdlHkk esa ;g fo/ks;d çLrqr fd;kA bl fo/ks;d dh nks çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
Fkh&çFke] ç/kkuea=kh Hkh yksdiky ds {ks=kkf/kdkj ds ckgj ugha gS vFkkZr~ ç/kkuea=kh ds fo:) Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkjksi dh
tk¡p djus dk vf/kdkj yksdiky dks çnku fd;k x;k FkkA ;g O;oLFkk loZFkk mfpr gSA vkikrdky ds nkSjku tks
vuqfpr dk;Z gq, Fks] mUgsa ns[kdj ;g furkar vko';d Fkk fd LoPN ç'kklu dh n‘f"V ls ç/kkuea=kh ds ekeys esa Hkh
yksdiky dks tk¡p dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk;A f}rh;] tk¡p djus ds fy, yksdiky dh viuh Lo;a dh ç'kklfud
O;oLFkk gksxhA bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd yksdiky dks vius dk;ksZa ds fy, fu;fer 'kklu&ra=k ij fuHkZj jgus dh
vko';drk ugha jgsxhA dsUnh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dh ;g ,d xaHkhj deh gSA
nqHkkZX; dk fo"k; gS fd Hkkjr esa yksdiky dh l‘f"V nh?kZdky ls Vyrh tk jgh gS] ;|fi bl fn'kk esa Bksl dne
mBkus dk fn[kkok vo'; fd;k tkrk jgsxkA ns'k ds yksd ç'kklu esa rsth ls QSyrs gq, Hkz"Vkpkj ds çfr ljdkj
dh c<+rh gqbZ mnklhurk ds dkj.k vksEcqM~eSu (Ombudsman) ds çdkj dh fdlh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk ds fy, 1966
ls gh gok cg fudyh FkhA ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx us] tks 1966 esa eksjkth nslkbZ dh vkSj ckn esa ds- guqeUFkS;k
dh v/;{krk esa xfBr fd;k x;k Fkk] f'kdk;rksa ds lek/kku dh vko';drk dks loksZPp çkFkfedrk çnku dh FkhA
bl vk;ksx us vius çFke çfrosnu esa gh yksdiky ,oa yksdk;qDr ds f}Lrjh; ra=k dh LFkkiuk dh laLrqfr dh Fkh
% dsUnzh; rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds eaf=k;ksa ,oa lfpoksa ds fo:) f'kdk;rksa ij dkjZokbZ djus ds fy, yksdiky vkSj
vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) f'kdk;rksa ij dkjZokbZ djus ds fy, ,d yksdk;qDr çR;sd jkT; esaA
yksdiky dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds }kjk] ç/kkuea=kh ds ijke'kZ ij dh tkuh Fkh vkSj ç/kku ea=kh og ijke'kZ
Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk foi{k ds usrk ds lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ djds nsrkA yksdiky dk in Hkkjr ds eq[;
U;k;k/kh'k ds leku gksrkA vodk'k xzg.k djus ds ckn yksdiky ljdkj ds v/khu dksbZ in xzg.k ugha dj ldrk
Fkk] rkfd mldh Lok/khurk ,oa fu"i{krk v{kq..k cuh jgsA yksdiky vius dk;Z esa igy dj ldrk FkkA ihfM+r O;fDr
ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU; ds }kjk Hkh f'kdk;r feyus ij yksdiky Lo;a gh ç'kklfud dk;ksZa dh tk¡p dj ldrk
FkkA mYys[kuh; gS fd ml le; rd tufgr ;kfpdk ds fl)kUr dks U;k;ikfydk dh Lohd‘fr çkIr ugha gqbZ FkhA
278 yksd ç'kklu
yksdiky fo/ks;d
ljdkj us dqN <qyeqyiu ds ckn bu flQkfj'kksa dks eku fy;k vkSj yksd lHkk esa yksdiky fo/ks;d Hkh is'k dj fn;kA
laln Hkax dj fn;s tkus ds lkFk gh ;g fo/ks;d lekIr gks x;kA ç/kkuea=kh dk in bl fo/ks;d ds {ks=k ls ckgj j[kk
x;k FkkA foMEcuk ;g gS fd fdlh Hkh ljdkj us yksdiky lEcU/kh çLrko dk lkoZtfud :i ls fojks/k ugha fd;k gS]
vkSj fQj Hkh bls vko';d dkuwu cukus ds fy, lfØ;rk ugha fn[kk;h gSA
çFke turk ljdkj (1977-79) us tqykbZ 1977 esa yksdlHkk esa çLrqr vius yksdiky fcy easa Hkkjr ds ç/kkuea=kh dks Hkh
yksdiky dh tk¡p dh ifjf/k esa ykus dk çLrko fd;k FkkA vkUrfjd vkikr dky (1975-77) ds nkSjku tks xyr dke fd;s
x;s Fks muds dkj.k ;g furkUr vko';d Fkk fd LoPN lkoZtfud thou ds gsrq ç/kkuea=kh dks yksdiky dh tk¡p ls ckgj
ugha j[kk tk;A fo/ks;d dh nwljh fof'k"Vrk ;g Fkh fd blesa yksdiky ds fy, viuk futh Lora=k ç'kklfud rU=k dk
çko/kku Fkk fd ftlds }kjk og Lo;a vUos"k.k dk;Z dj ldrk FkkA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd yksdiky dks viuk dk;Z
lEiUu djus esa ljdkjh rU=k ij fuHkZj jgus ls eqfDr fey tkuh FkhA fdUrq turk ljdkj ds fxjrs gh ;g fo/ks;d Hkh
lekIr gks x;kA
yksdiky ds fy, dh x;h çFke larqf"V dks rhu n'kd ls vf/kd le; O;rhr gks pqdk gS vkSj fQj Hkh] dkQh <ksy ihVus
ds ckotwn yksdiky dk çknqHkkZo ugha gks ik;k gSA yksdiky fo/ks;d dk dkQh mrkj&p<+ko okyk yEck bfrgkl gSA
ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh larqf"V ij ;g loZçFke 1968 esa çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA mlds ckn 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989
vkSj 1995 esa bls iquthZfor fd;k x;kA yksdiky dh fu;qfDr ds fy, vko';d dkuwu cukus dk orZeku ç;kl lkrok¡
gSA
ns'k ds yksd ç'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds Lrj vkSj O;kid {ks=k dks n‘f"Vxr j[krs gq,] yksdiky dh fu;qfDr ;FkklaHko
'kh?kzrkf'k?kz dh tkuh pkfg,A ;g vf/kdkjh çekf.kr :i ls Lora=k rFkk fu"i{k gksuk pkfg,A mldh fu;qfDr ç/kkuea=kh
dh larfq "V ij dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ç/kkuea=kh dks viuh larfq "V Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ,oa foi{k ds usrk ls fopkj&foe'kZ
djds nsuk pkfg,A yksdiky dks Hkz"Vkpkj] vU;k; vFkok i{kikr ds dk;ksZa ds reke ekeyksa esa dkjZokbZ djuh pkfg,A og
vius dk;ksZas esa dk;Zikfydk ls Lora=k gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlds v/khuLFk vUos"k.k rU=k Hkh fuHkhZd ,oa fu"i{k jgdj dk;Z
djus ds fy, Lora=k gksuk vko';d gSA blh çdkj jkT; Lrj ij yksdk;qDrksa dks ltho gksuk pkfg,A vHkh rd X;kjg
jkT;ksa us yksdk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr dh gS] ijUrq muds vf/kdkj rFkk çHkko fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA bl fo"k; ij dukZVd dk dkuwu
vkn'kZ çrhr gksrk gSA
lq/kkj ds çLrkoksa dh Lohd‘fr rc vkSj vf/kd ljy gks tkrh gS tc lÙkklhu ny mUgsa viuh ikVhZ ds mís';ksa dh iwfrZ
esa lgk;d le>rk gSA jktuhfrK ds fy, vc rd dksbZ vkpkj lafgrk ugha cuk;h x;h gSA Hkkjr esa vHkh rd Hkz"V
jktuhfrK ij vfHk;ksx yxkus ds fy, fu;fer rU=k ugha gSA bldk çko/kku 'kh?kzrk'kh?kz gksuk pkfg,A fdUrq ;g Li"V
dj fn;k tkuk vko';d gS fd LoHkkor% mPp Lrjh; bZekunkjh] fuiq.krk vkSj yxu okyh ljdkj us yksdiky dks mi;ksxh
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk gSA ç'kklfud xyfr;ksa dk {ks=k ftruk NksVk gksxk mruh gh vf/kd mi;ksfxrk yksdiky dh gksxhA
tgk¡ Hkz"Vkpkj dk foLrkj foLrh.kZ gks vkSj fuiq.krk vYi gks] ogk¡ rks lEiw.kZ ç'kklu esa lq/kkj vko';d gS vkSj yksdiky
blds fy, i;kZIr l{ke ugha gSA yksdiky ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk fodYi ugha gSA
11. jkT;ksa esa lrdZrk rU=k% jkT; Lrj ij lrdZrk O;oLFkk dk mYys[k djuk vko';d gSA çR;sd jkT; esa ,d jkT;
lrdZrk vk;ksx gS tks 1964 ls dk;Zjr gSA bl laca/k esa mudh dk;Z&i)fr vkSj muds laxBu ,oa dk;ksZa lEcU/kh
lekurk ls ;g Li"V gS fd mUgksu a s dsUnzh; 'kklu ls ewyr% çsj.kk ,oa usr‘Ro çkIr fd;k gSA dsUnz dh Hkk¡fr gh çR;sd
jkT; esa fo'ks"k iqfyl laxBu gSA okLro esa] ns'k esa lPpfj=krk lEcU/kh laLFkk }kjk [kkst dh O;oLFkk dk çsj.kkóksr
dsanz gS vkSj dsUnzh; 'kklu gh bl fopkj dk leFkZu ,oa usr‘Ro dj jgk gSA
jkT; lrdZrk vk;ksxksa dk {ks=kkf/kdkj jkT;ksa dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa lEcU/kh ekeyksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA ysfdu blds
}kjk jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj dh tk¡p ugha dh tk ldrh] dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dks Hkh ;g 'kfDr çkIr ugha gSA
tgk¡ rd fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds lrdZrk vk;ksxksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dk lEcU/k gS] muesa FkksMk+ &lk gh vUrj gSA lkekU;r% vk;ksx
dks fuEu vf/kdkj çkIr gSa%
i. ,sls lHkh ekeyksa dh Nkuchu djuk ftlesa fdlh yksd lsod }kjk vuqfpr mís';ksa ;k Hkz"V rjhdksa ls dk;Z
djus lEcU/kh lUnsg ;k vkjksi gSaA
ii. fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa Nkuchu dh tk ldrh gS%
a. ,slh f'kdk;r ij tgk¡ fdlh yksd lsod }kjk vuqfpr Hkz"V mís';ksa ds fy, viuh lÙkk dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k
gks] ;k vko';drkuqlkj ç;ksx u fd;k x;k gks(
b. fdlh yksd lsod ¼ftuesa vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds vf/kdkjh Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks jkT; ljdkjksa ds v/khu lsokjr
gSa½ ds fo:) Hkz"Vkpkj] nqjkpj.k] lPpfj=krk&vHkko lEcU/kh ;k vU; çdkj ds nks"kkjksi.k ;k vU; dksbZ xaHkhj
vijk/k lEcU/kh f'kdk;r(
c. ,slh lHkh f'kdk;rks]a lwpukvks]a ekeyksa dks ftUgsa og mfpr le>s] vkxkeh dkjZokbZ ds fy, lh/ks vius fu;a=k.k
esa ys ldrk gS ftudk laca/k ;k rks&
¼v½ jkT; fo'ks"k ds iqfyl laxBu ds ekeyksa dks iathd‘r djds mldh tk¡p djus ls gks( ;k
¼c½ fdlh f'kdk;r] ekeys dh lwpuk Nkuchu gsrq jkT; fo'ks"k ds iqfyl laxBu ;k lEcfU/kr foHkkx dks nsus ls
lEcfU/kr gksA
iii. ç'kklu eas lPpfj=krk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, ç'kklfud i)fr;ksa ,oa dk;Zç.kkyh dk iqujh{k.kA
iv. lkaf[;dh ,oa vU; lwpuk,¡ ,d=k djuk ftlls lEiw.kZ ç'kklu ij lkekU; fu;U=k.k ,oa fujh{k.k j[kk tk
ldsA
vk;ksx dh v/;{krk jkT; lrdZrk vk;qDr djrk gSA og mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k ds Lrj dk gksrk gSA mldk
dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gSA blds i'pkr~ og jkT; o dsUnz ds v/khu fdlh in dks /kkj.k djus dk vf/kdkjh ugha jgrkA
vk;qDr ds vfrfjDr foHkkxh; vk;qDr Hkh gksrs gSa ftudk dk;Z foHkkxh; Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa leku çdkj ds vijk/kksa dh
Nkuchu djuk gSA
vk;ksx jkT; 'kklu dks vius dk;Z lEcU/kh okf"kZd çfrosnu nsrk gS tks jkT; fo/kkue.My esa fopkjkFkZ çLrqr fd;k
tkrk gSA bl çfrosnu }kjk vk;ksx fo'ks"k :i ls jkT; 'kklu dk /;ku mlds }kjk nh x;h fdlh flQkfj'k dks
u ekuus ;k fØ;kfUor u djus dh vksj vkd‘"V djrk gSA
lPpfj=krk lEcU/kh [kkst ds lanHkZ esa ftyk&Lrj rd 'kklu }kjk tks ç;Ru fd;s tk jgs gS]a muds lEcU/k esa nks 'kCn
dguk vko';d gSA lEHkkxh; Lrj ij ,d lEHkkxh; lrdZrk vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr dh x;h gS tks lEHkkx vk;qDr]
iqfyl miegkfujh{kd ,oa lEHkkxh; fujh{kd vf/kdkjh ds Lrj dk gksrk gSA ftyk Lrj ij çR;sd ftys esa ,d ftyk
lrdZrk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS ftls ftyk/kh'k ;k fMIVh dfe'uj }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vf/kdkjh lEHkkxh;
lrdZrk vk;ksx ds ijke'kZ ls ftyk/kh'k ds jktif=kr v/khuLFkksa esa ls fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl çdkj ns'k esa lrdZrk dk ,d tky&lk fcNk gqvk gSA lPpfj=krk dh leL;k ij fopkj gsrq çfr o"kZ eq[;
lrdZrk vk;qDr dh v/;{krk esa lHkh jkT;ksa ds lrdZrk vk;qDrksa dk ,d okf"kZd lEesyu gksrk gSA ;g okf"kZd lEesyu
vR;Ur ykHknk;d gS] D;kssafd ;g ikjLifjd leL;kvksa ,oa vuqHkoksa ds vknku&çnku ds fy, volj çnku djrk
gSA blls dsUnzh; ,oa jkT; Lrjksa ij 'kklu ds Hkz"Vkpkj fuokjd dk;ksZa ds çpkj ,oa çlkj dk volj çkIr gksrk
gSA blds QyLo:i 'kklu ds mís';ksa dh bZekunkjh ds çfr turk essa fo'okl dk lapkj gksrk gSA
[ksn gS] lrdZrk laxBu [kks[kys ls gSA Hkz"Vkpkj c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ;g bruk O;kid gks x;k gS fd ;g dguk
vf/kd xyr ugha gksxk fd vkt Hkz"Vkpkfj;ksa dk gh tekuk gS( ;gh Qy&Qwy jgs gSaA cksQkslZ] çfrHkwfr] phuh tSls
280 yksd ç'kklu
egk?kksVkyksa dk vUrghu Øe ns'k ds fy, yTtk ds fo"k; gSaA yksd ç'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj rc rd lekIr ugha gksxk
tc rd jktuhfrK] ea=kh o usrk jk"Vªfirk rFkk yksduk;d ds fopkjksa dh vogsyuk djrs jgsaxsA
dqN cM+s ?kksVkyksa dh lwph uhps nh x;h gS&
çeq[k mPp Lrjh; ?kksVkys
o"kZ fooj.k
1. 1949 216 djksM+ :i;ksa dk thi ?kksVkyk] ftlesa d‘".k esuu 'kkfey Fks] tks ml le; fczVus esa Hkkjr ds jktnwr
FksA
2. 1956 fljktqíhu okyk ekeyk ftlesa usg: ljdkj esa [knku rFkk bZa/ku ea=kh ds'knso ekyoh; eq[; :i ls
vkjksfir FksA
3. 1958 Qhjkst xka/kh us Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe ds ?kksVkys dk inkZQk'k fd;kA blesa fuxe dks QthZ 'ks;j
cspus dk ekeyk FkkA usg: ljdkj ds ea=kh Vh-Vh- d‘".kekpkjh dks R;kxi=k nsuk iM+k FkkA
4. 1964 iatkc ds eq[;ea=kh çrkiflag dSjksa ds fo:) ,l-vkj- nkl tk¡p vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k x;kA dSjksa dks
vius in ij jgrs gq, vius ifjokj ds fy, fo'kky lEifÙk vftZr djus ds vkjksi ij] inR;kx djuk
iM+kA
5. 1971 :Lre lksgjkc ukxjokyk dk.M dk.MA Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad ls 60 yk[k :i;ksa dh /kks[kk/kM+h dhA Hkkjrh; LVsV
cSad ds ç/kku jksdfM+;s dks ç/kku eU=kh dk;kZy; ls VsyhQksu ij vkns'k fn;k x;k fd cSad ls 60 yk[k
:i;s fudky dj ns nsA ukxjokyk ml jde ls Hkjk cDl ysdj Qjkj gks x;kA ckn esa mls 4 o"kZ dh
dBksj dSn dh ltk nh x;hA
6. 1981 ,p-Mh- MCy;w- iuMqCch lkSnkkA dqN fcpkSfy;ksa dks 100 djksM+ :i;s dh fj'or nh x;hA
7. 1982 vCnqy jgeku vUrqys ij vkjksi yxk fd mUgksua s lhes.V rFkk vkS|ksfxd ,Ydksgy ds yk;lsl
a nsus ds fy,
jdesa olwy dha vkSj bl çdkj vius }kjk LFkkfir VªLV ds fy, djksM+ksa :i;s ,saB fy,A U;k;ky; dk
muds fo:) fu.kZ; gksus ij mUgksaus in R;kx fn;kA
8. 1983 pqjgV ykWVjh ?kksVkyk
kykA blesa dkaxzslh ea=kh vtqZu flag dfFkr :i ls vkjksfir FksA
9. 1987 Qs;j QSDl dk.M] ftlesa iwoZ foÙk ea=kh fo'oukFk çrki flag }kjk fons'kh eqnzk fofue; fu;eu
vf/kfu;e dk mYya?ku fd;s tkus dh tk¡p ds vkns'k fn;s x;sA mUgsa >wBk Q¡lk;k x;k FkkA
10. 1988 cksQkslZ rksi lkSnkA bl rksi dk 16,000 djksM+ :i;s dk Bsdk ikus ds fy, jktho xk¡/kh dh ljdkj
dks fj'or fn, tkus dk vkjksi FkkA
11. 1991 iqjkus osLVyS.M gsfydksIVjksa dh [kjhnA
12. 1992 5,000 djksM+ :- ds çfrHkwfr ?kksVkys dk Hk.Mk QwVkA bldk ljxuk g"kZn esgrk vkjksfir gqvkA vusd
mPp inLFk jktuhfrK vkSj yksd lsod bl lkSns esa 'kkfey FksA
13. 1993 dEI;wVj lkSns esa vkjksfir dukZVd ds eq[; ea=kh ,l-ch- caxkjIik dks R;kxi=k nsus ij foo'k fd;k x;kA
14. 1994 'kDdj ?kksVkys&dYiukFk jk; dks Kku çdk'k lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij bLrhQk nsus dks etcwj
fd;k x;kA lfefr dk vkjksi Fkk fd 'kDdj dh dherksa esa csrgk'kk c<++ksÙkjh dk eq[; dkj.k le; ij
vk;kr ugha fd;k tkuk FkkA
15. 1994 kyk&lq[kjke ij foi{k ds lkalnksa us vkjksi yxk;k fd nwjlapkj ds fy, vkefU=kr
nwjlapkj ?kksVkyk
fufonkvksa esa i{kikr fd;k x;kA lh-ch-vkbZ- us 1996 esa Nkis ekjsA Hkkjh lEifÙk feyhA
16. 1995 fcgkj dk 950 djksM+ dk pkjk ?kksVkyk kyk&egkys[kkdkj dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ctV vuqnku dh /kujkf'k
vkSj i'kqikyu foHkkx esa fo|eku jkf'k esa Hkkjh vUrj ik;k x;kA 'kh"kZLFk vf/kdkjh fuyfEcr fd;s x;sA
eq[; ea=kh ykyw çlkn lesr 56 vfHk;qDrksa ds fo:) eqdnes nk;j fd;s x;sA
17. 1995 gokyk dk.M
dk.M&vusd jktuhfrKksa rFkk ukSdj'kkgksa ij gokyk ,ts.V ,l-ds-tSu vkSj ts-ds-tSu ds ek/;e
ls /ku çkIr djus dk vfHk;ksxA
18. 1995 vkokl ?kksVkyk
kyk&rRdkyhu ea=kh 'khyk dkSy vkSj ih-ds- Fkqxa u }kjk vkoklksa dk vfu;fer vkcaVuA 'khyk dkSy
us mPpre U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ij R;kxi=k ugha fn;k] jk"Vªifr ds vkns'k ij fn;kA ¼17.4 djksM+ :-½
19. 1995 >kj[k.M eqfDr ekspkZ fj'or dk.M dk.M&>kj[k.M eqfDr ekspkZ ds pkj lkalnksa&lwjt e.My] 'kSysUnz egrks]
'kqcq lksjsu vkSj lkbeu ejk.Mh&us] tSlk fd vkjksi gS] ujflag jko ljdkj ds fo:) vfo'okl çLrko
ds fojks/k esa ernkus djus ds fy, Hkkjh /kujkf'k;k¡ çkIr dh FkhA ¼3 djksM+ :i;s½
20. 1996 ;wfj;k ?kksVkyk
kyk&;wfj;k ds vk;kr ds fy, vifjfpr rqdhZ QeZ dksjlu fyfeVsM dks 133 djksM+ :i;s
vfxze ns fn;s x;s] tcfd ;wfj;k vk;k gh ughaA bl QthZ lkSns ls çdV gS fd ofj"B jktuhfrK vkSj
vf/kdkjh fdl çdkj tu lEifÙk dk viO;; djrs gSaA
21. 1996 eqEcbZ iksVZ VªLV ?kksVkyk
kyk&iksVZ VªLV ds v/;{k rFkk mik/;{k us] tSlk fd vkjksi gS] ljdkj ds vkns'kksa
,oa funs'kksa dk mYya?ku djds VªLV dh odhy fdj.k pkS/kjh dks çeq[k O;kolkf;d Hkwfe dk vkcaVu
dkSfM+;ksa ds nke ij dj fn;k] ftlls VªLV dks Hkkjh gkfu gqbZA
22. 2001 rgydk ?kksVkyk kyk&ftlesa usrkvksa vkSj ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fj'or ysrs gq, fQYek;k x;kA
¼ekpZ½
23. 2003 dkjfxy rkcwr ?kksVkykA
282 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&31
ç'kklfud lq/kkj
(Administrative Reforms)
ç'kklfud lq/kkj
vkt dk jkT; ç'kklfud jkT; gSA vkt ç'kklu ekuo thou ds gjsd igyw ls laca/k j[krk gSA ukxfjd ç'kklu dks
,d ,sls uSfrd ,tsaV ds :i esa ns[krk gS tks mldh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, gS ,oa mldh vkdka{kkvksa vkSj
y{;ksa rd igqp
¡ us esa mldh lgk;rk djrk gSA fdarq yksxksa dh vko';drk,a rks fujarj cnyrh jgrh gS vkSj ç'kklu vpy
cuk gqvk ugha jg ldrk gSA bls vko';d :i ls ifjos'k ds vuqlkj cnyuk gh gSA ç'kklu esa ;k rks Lor% ifjorZu gks
ldrk gS ;k fQj d‘f=ke :i ls ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSA d‘f=ke :i ls yk, x, ifjorZuksa dks çk;% ç'kklfud
lq/kkj dgrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Definitions)
gSjkYM bZ- dSMsu&ç'kklfud lq/kkj çfrjks/k ds fo:) ç'kklfud ifjorZu dk d‘f=ke vfHkçsj.k gSA
vkuhZ ,Q- yheUl
yheUl&ç'kklfud lq/kkj ;FkkFkZrk vkSj okaNuh;rk ds chp ds varj dks ikVus ds ç;kl esa ljdkjh ra=k esa fd;k
x;k vfHkçsfjr ifjorZu gSA
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ç'kklfud lq/kkj ds fuEufyf[kr varj&lac) xq.kksa dh igpku dj ldrs gSaA
1. uSfrd ç;kstu% ç'kklfud lq/kkj dk bl vFkZ esa ,d uSfrd ç;kstu gS fd bldk y{; vf/kd iw.kZrk vkSj ifj'kq)rk
çkIr djus ds fy, ç'kklfud laLFkkvksa dh gSfl;r esa o‘f) djrk gSA
2. lkrO;% ge ç'kklu esa nks ewy çdkj ds ifjorZuksa dh igpku dj ldrs gSaA fu;r ifjorZu ,oa çklafxd ifjorZuA
fu;r ifjorZu dk vfHkçk; lao‘f) ifjorZu gSA laxBu esa çklafxd ifjorZu lrr gksrs gSaA muds {ks=k cgqr O;kid
,oa fofo/k gksrs gSa vkSj muds fy, 'kklu esa dkQh myV&Qsj dh tkrh gSA ç'kklfud lq/kkj dk ;gh çklafxd pfj=k
gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g ,d lrr fØ;k gSA
3. ç'kklfud lq/kkj d‘f=ke gksrk gS% ç'kklfud lq/kkj Lor% ifjofrZr ugha gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk ifjorZu gS tks
ç'kklu dh çHkkouh;rk c<+kus ds fy, fdlh cká óksr ls tku&cw>dj vfHkçsfjr djk;k x;k gksA tSlk fd dSMsu
dgrs gSa] ;g ifjorhZ n'kkvksa ds çfr Lo&leatudkjh laxBukRed vuqfØ;k ugha gS] cfYd d‘f=ke :i ls vfHkçsfjr
ifjorZu gS tks LokHkkfod ç'kklfud çfØ;k ds nks"kiw.kZ dk;Z&lapkyu dks Bhd djus ds fy, vko';d gSA
4. ifjorZu dk çfrjks/k% ifjorZu dk çfrjks/k ,d lkoZf=kd rF; gS Hkys gh ekuo 'kjhj gks vFkok yksd ç'kklu
O;oLFkkA tc dHkh dksbZ Hkh lq/kkj fd;k tkrk gS rc blds fo:) çfrjks/k gksrk gh gSA ç'kklfud lq/kkj rks yxHkx
ges'kk gh çfrjks/k dk lkeuk djrk gSA
ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d D;ksa\ (Why Administrative Reforms)
dSMsu ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d gSA
1. euq"; pkgs ftruh Hkh mUufr dj ys] dksbZ Hkh ekuo laLFkk iw.kZ ugha gksrh gSA oLrqr% ekuo laLFkkvksa esa cgqr lkjs
nks"k gksrs gSAa ,sls dbZ brus Hkkjh nks"k gksrs gSa fd mUgsa nwj djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA ç'kklfud lq/kkj oLrqr% bl fl)kar
ç'kklfud lq/kkj 283
ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS fd lHkh ç'kklfud ra=kksa esa pkgs mudk çn'kZu ftruk Hkh vPNk jgs] lq/kkj dh xqatkb'k cuh
jgrh gSA
2. ç'kklfud lq/kkj ds ihNs nwljk fl)kar ;g gS fd cM+s laxBu] fo'ks"kdj cM+s ljdkjh laxBu vkRelarq"V ugha rks
:f<+oknh ¼ifjfefr½ rks gks gh tkrs gSaA lrr ifjorZu'khy ifjos'k vfHkuo çorZu dk ç;kl djus ds ctk;
f?klh&fiVh yhd ij pyus dh gh O;oLFkk dks foo'k djrs gSaA ;fn laxBu lQy jgk gks rks og fl) lw=k ls fpids
jguk pkgrk gSA lHkh laxBu ,sls ç'kklfud ra=kksa dks ilan djrs gSa tks i;kZIr vPNh rjg py jgs gksa u fd ,sls
tksf[ke Hkjs vfHkuo ifjorZuksa dks ilan djrs gSa ftudh fo'oluh;rk LFkkfir ugha gks ikbZ gSA
blh :f<+oknh ço‘fÙk ds dkj.k laxBu ifjos'k esa gq, ifjorZuksa dh vksj ls vk¡[ksa Qsj ysrs gSaA laxBu Li"V psrkouh
ladsrksa dh rc rd mis{kk djrs gSa tc rd fd leL;k funku ds ijs u pyh tk,A blh :f<+oknh ço‘fÙk ds dkj.k
ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d gks tkrk gSA
3. tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS] vf/kdka'k ljdkjh laxBuksa esa :f<L+oknh ço‘fÙk gksrh gS vkSj os vfHkuo
ifjorZuksa ds çfr mnklhu cus jgrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ dk;Z djus dk csgrj rjhdk Hkh [kkst fy;k x;k gks rks Hkh bls
vktekus ds çfr vfuPNk ;k v:fp jgrh gSA laxBu fdlh vfHkuo ifjorZu dks rHkh viukrs gSa tc fdlh jkT;
laxBu }kjk mls ij[k vkSj vktek fy;k x;k gksA tc rd lansg dh ;g Nk;k gV u tk, rc rd laxBu iqjkuh
vkSj f?klh&fiVh i)fr;ksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks gh tkjh j[krs gSa] Hkys blls mUgsa uqdlku gks jgk gksA vfHkuo ifjorZu
ds çfr bl çfrjks/k ds dkj.k gh ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d gks tkrk gSA
mi;qDr rhuksa fl)kar 'kk;n gh dHkh xyr gksrs gksa vkSj yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;u ,oa O;ogkj esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk
LFkku cu x;k gSA bl vko';drk dks eglwl fd, tkus ds dkj.k ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk fujarj laLFkkuhdj.k gks jgk
gSA çR;sd yksd ç'kklu dks viuk lq/kkjd Lo;a gkssus ds fy, çf'kf{kr vkSj çksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gSA çR;sd ljdkjh
laxBu esa v|qukru çkS|ksfxdh dk Kku j[kus] vfHkuo ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsus ,oa O;kolkf;d :i ls vuqeksfnr flQkfj'kksa
dks viukus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA la{ksi esa] ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dh lqdYiuk dk vkxeu gks pqdk gSA
lq/kkjksa ds çdkj (Types of Reforms)
vius foLrkj vkSj xgjkbZ ds fopkj ls ç'kklfud lq/kkj fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj ds gks ldrs gSaA lq/kkjksa dks oxhZd‘r djus dk
,d rjhdk mldh fo"k; oLrq ij /;ku nsuk gSA lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr çdkj ds ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dh igpku dh tk
ldrh gSA
1. lajpukRed lq/kkj
2. çfØ;kRed lq/kkj
3. O;ogkjijd lq/kkj
1. lajpukRed lq/kkj% çR;sd ç'kklfud laxBu dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ vo;o lajpuk gS] vFkkZr~ ,d ,slh ;qfDr tks
laxBu esa dk;Z&foHkktu] çR;k;kstu ,oa fodsanzhdj.k dh O;oLFkk djrh gSA lajpukRed lq/kkjksa dk vk'k; ,sls
lq/kkj çLrkoksa ls gS tks lajpuk dh çHkkouh;rk vkSj dq'kyrk c<+kus ds mís'; ls blesa ifjorZu ykuk pkgrs gSaA
2. çfØ;kRed lq/kkj% fdlh Hkh laxBu esa le; chrus ds lkFk çfØ;k,a lkaLFkkuhd‘r gks tkrh gS tSls foÙkh; fu;e]
dkfeZd uhfr;k¡] uRFkhdj.k i)fr;k¡ vkfnA laxBu iqjkuh çfØ;kvksa ls fpids jguk pkgrs gSaA çfØ;kRed lq/kkj
ykyQhrk'kkgh dks nwj djus ds ç;kl esa çfØ;kvksa esa ifjorZu ykuk pkgrs gSaA mnkgj.k% Hkkjr esa LVkQ fujh{k.k
bdkbZ lq/kkj ykus ij /;ku dsafnzr djrh gSA
3. O;ogkjijd lq/kkj% lHkh cM+s laxBu ,d vf/kdkjh rkaf=kd lajpuk fodflr djuk pkgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh vf/kdkjh
ra=k esa bldk voS;fDrd pfj=k vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks i;kZIr egÙo dk vHkko jgrk gh gSA O;fDr;ksa ds vekuoh;dj.k
ds dkj.k vf/kdkjhra=k ds lnL;ksa esa vfHkçsj.kk dk vHkko mRiUu gksrk gS tks yksxksa dks muds }kjk nh tk jgh lsokvska
dh xq.koÙkk ij çR;{k çHkko Mkyrk gSA O;ogkjijd lq/kkj O;fDr dh egÙkk vkSj xfjek dks iqu% LFkkfir djuk pkgrs
284 yksd ç'kklu
gSa rkfd ,drk dk okrkoj.k cus ,oa lewgxr ln~Hkko iuisA bl çdkj ;s lq/kkj deZpkfj;ksa ds vfHkçsj.kk Lrjksa ij
çR;{k çHkko Mkyrs gSaA
Åij of.kZr fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj ds lq/kkjksa ij vyx&vyx ;k la;Dq r :i ls fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dguk vko';d
ugha gS fd ;fn fdlh dks lq/kkjksa ls iwjk&iwjk ykHk mBkuk gks rks lHkh lq/kkjksa ij ,d lkFk gh fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ç'kklfud lq/kkj dh çfØ;k (Process of Administrative Reforms)
ç'kklfud lq/kkj dksbZ NksVh&NksVh xfrfof/k ugha gSA ;g ,d lrr çfØ;k gS tks lekt esa fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj ds ifjorZuksa
ds fujis{k çn'kZu dk U;wure Lrj cuk, j[kuk vkSj lqfuf'pr djuk pkgrh gSA ç'kklfud lq/kkj ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftls
fofHkUu pj.kksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA xsjkYM dSMsu us ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa gsrq fuEu çfØ;k ekMy crk;k gSA muds
vuqlkj ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa ds fuEu pkj pj.k gksrs gSaA
1. ç'kklfud ifjorZuksa dh vko';drk dk cks/k
2. y{;ksa vkSj mís';ksa] ;kstukvksa vkSj ;qfDr;ksa dk fuekZ.k
3. lq/kkjksa dk fØ;kUo;u
4. lq/kkjd ds mís';ksa ds vk/kkj ij lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kadu
1. ç'kklfud ifjorZu dh vko';drk dk cks/k% ç'kklfud lq/kkj çfØ;k dk igyk pj.k ç'kklfud ifjorZu dh
vko';drk dh mfpr igpku djuk ,oa mls egÙo nsukA bl vko';drk dk cks/k çk;% rc gksrk gS tc lsokfFkZ;ksa
dh ek¡xas c<+rh gSa ,oa mUgsa iwjh djus esa ç'kklu vleFkZ gks tkrk gSA
dSMsu ds vuqlkj ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d gks tkrs gSa tc ç'kklu&
i. lsokfFkZ;ksa dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk djus esa vleFkZ gks tk,A
ii. vius le{k vkus okyh Hkkoh ek¡xksa dk vuqeku djus esa vleFkZ gks tk,A
iii. pkyw vkSj Hkkoh xfrfof/k;ksa dks tkjh j[kus ds çHkkoh rjhdksa ls jfgr gksA
ifjorZu dh vko';drk dk vuqeku djus esa vusd ck/kk,a vkrh gSaA mudk laf{kIr fooj.k bl çdkj gSa%
i. dqç'kklu ds çfr lfg".kqrk% cgq/kk vf/kdka'kr% lekt dqç'kklu dks dkQh va'k rd cnkZ'r djrs gSaA 'kh"kZ
çca/k çk;% ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[kus ds i{k esa gksrk gSA vr% lq/kkj laca/kh vf/kdka'k fopkjksa dks ukilan fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa vkjaHk esa gh dqpy fn;k tkrk gSA
ii. lalk/kuksa dk vHkko% lalk/kuksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k laxBu lq/kkjksa gsrq vfrfjDr /ku O;; djus ds fy, rS;kj
ugha Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
iii. ifjorZu dk çfrjks/k% lq/kkj dks oLrqr% orZeku fLFkfr ls fopyu ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu
O;fDr;ksa dks vuqxkeh cukuk pkgrs gSa lq/kkj çLrko vkSj xSj&ikjaikfjd pkgrs gSaA vkSj lq/kkjokfnksa dks dkQh
vkykspuk] lkekftd cfg"dkj vkSj laxBukRed vfHk=kkl dk lkeuk djuk gksrk gSA dSMsu us Bhd gh dgk
gS ^lq/kkj vYi&la[;dksa dk dk;Z gksrk gSA*
mi;qZDr dkj.kksa ls lq/kkj çLrko çk;% vfuf'prrk] fo?kVu ,oa vO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr;ksa esa gh Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkfFkZd ladV] rhoz 'kgjhdj.k] nfjnzrk] c<+rh vijk/k&nj vkfn gh vlkekU; fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus
ds fy, ç'kklu esa ifjorZu yk ldrs gSaA
2. y{;ksa vkSj mís';ksa dk fuekZ.k% ç'kklfud ifjorZu dh vko';drk dk cks/k gks tkus ij leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k vkjaHk
gksrk gSA blds dkj.kksa dh xgjkbZ esa tkuk iM+rk gS vkSj funkukRed dk;Z gsrq Bksl lq>ko fn, tkrs gSaA lq/kkjksa ds
y{; vkSj mís'; Li"V :i ls crk, tkrs gSa vkSj lq/kkjksa dks fØ;kfUor djus dh ;kstuk vkSj ;qfDr cukbZ tkrh gSA
bl pj.k dh lQy lekfIr gsrq dSMsu us fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn,&
i. O;ogk;Z çLrkoksa dk fuekZ.kA

ii. çLrkoksa dh O;ogk;Zrk ds ckjs esa yksxksa dks crkukA
iii. fojks/k dk vuqeku djuk vkSj mldk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, vk/kkj rS;kj djukA
iv. ewy çLrkoksa ds foQy gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa oSdfYid çLrko cuk, j[kukA
dSMsu ds vuqlkj lq/kkjksa dh Lohd‘fr dh laHkkouk vf/kd jgsxhA ;fn fuEufyf[kr 'krsZa iwjh gksa%
i. ;fn lq/kkj LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj gks] muesa LFkkuh; yksx Hkkx ysa ,oa orZeku laLFkkvksa ds tfj, mudk
fØ;kUo;u gksA
ii. ;fn orZeku laLFkkuksa dh [kqydj HkRlZuk u dh tk, ;kuh lq/kkj iwoZ fLFkfr ds nks"kksa ds ctk, lq/kkj ds xq.kksa
dk c[kku djus ij /;ku fn;k tk,A
3. fØ;kUo;u% dSMsu fØ;kUo;u ds pkj rjhdksa dk mYys[k djrs gSaA
i. jktuhfrd Økafr ds tfj, vkjksfir lq/kkj\
ii. laxBu dh vuU;rk dks nwj djus ds fy, yk, x, lq/kkj
iii. dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds tfj, lq/kkj
iv. vfHko‘fÙk esa ifjorZu ds tfj, lq/kkjA
i. jktuhfrd Økafr ds tfj, vkjksfir lq/kkj% jktuhfrd cy ç'kklu dks cy Lo:i çnku djrs gSa ,oa ml
ij çHkko Mkyrs gSaA tc ç'kklu esa ,d jktuhfrd ny ds LFkku ij nwljk jktuhfrd ny vkrk gS rks yksd
ç'kklu dh lajpuk vkSj çfØ;kvksa dks çHkkfor djusokys ifjorZu gksaxs ghA tc fdlh Økafr ds dkj.k
jktuhfrd ifjorZu gksrs gSa rks muds ckn O;kid ç'kklfud lq/kkj gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA
ii. laxBukRed vuE;rk dks nwj djus ds fy, yk, x, lq/kkj% lkekU; fLFkfr esa vf/kdkjh ra=k dks ekewyh
ç'kklfud ifjorZuksa dh vko';drk dk cks/k gksrk gSA dk;Z ds nkSjku gh rjg&rjg dh ck/kkvksa dk irk pyk
tkrk gSA lajpuk vkSj fofu;eksa dk irk py tkrk gSA lajpuk vkSj fofu;eksa esa vR;f/kd vuE;rk dks gVkus
dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ifjorZu çk;% vf/kdkjh ra=k }kjk yk, tkrs gSa vkSj os çk;% dkfeZd Qsj&cny]
'kks/k&lao/kZu] lajpukvksa esa cnyko ,oa fparu çksRlkgu ,oa vfHkuo ifjorZu vkSj igy rFkk csgrj tc laidZ
ds :i esa jgrs gSaA
iii. dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds tfj, lq/kkj% dkuwuh O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d gks tkrk
gSA dksbZ Hkh u;k dkuwu ç'kklu esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu yk ldrk gSA dkuwu cukrs le; vkSj fo/kk;h cglksa
,oa ppkZvksa ds nkSjku çLrkfod lq/kkjksa dk Hkjiwj çpkj gksrk gSA çk;% dkuwu ;k fo/kk;u esa ifjorZu ds iwoZ
lfefr;ksa] vk;ksxksa çsl vkfn esa dkQh fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj lksp&fopkj fd, tkrs gSaA
iv. vfHko‘fÙk esa ifjorZu ds tfj, lq/kkj% lHkh ç'kklfud laxBu dk;Z djus dh vknrsa fodflr djrs gSaA tks
fofHkUu inksa ij dk;Z dj jgs yksxksa esa lkaLFkkuhd‘r gks tkrh gSA lajpuk] dkuwu vkSj fofu;eksa esa vkSipkfjd
ifjorZu okafNr ifj.kke ugha Hkh ns ldrs gSa tc rd fd laxBu ds lnL; bu ifjorZuksa dks Lohdkj u dj
ysa ,oa mudh ljkguk u djsaA tc rd yksxksa dh vfHko‘fÙk ugha cnyrh rc rd dksbZ Hkh lq/kkj lQy ugha
gks ldrk gSA
4. lq/kkjksa dk ewY;kadu% lq/kkjksa dh dsoy Lohd‘fr ,oa fØ;kUo;u ls gh bl çfØ;k dk var ugha gks tkrk gSA
fØ;kUo;u dh çxfr ij utj j[kh tkuh pkfg, ,oa le;≤ ij mldk ewY;kadu gksrs jguk pkfg,A fØ;kUo;u
çfØ;kvksa ds nkSjku gh dbZ leL;k,¡ ,oa is'ks lac/a kh ck/kk,¡ [kM+h gks ldrh gSA laxBu ds bu ladr s ksa dk vkHkkl gksuk
pkfg, ,oa ey çLrkoksa esa vko';d la'kks/ku djus pkfg,A bldk ;g vFkZ gqvk fd fØ;kUo;u çfØ;k dks dbZ pj.kksa
esa lapkfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A çR;sd pj.k esa çR;kf'kr ifj.kke dk igys gh fu/kkZj.k gks tkuk pkfg, vkSj
fØ;kUo;u çfØ;k ds vkxs c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk çkIr ifj.kke dh Lohd‘r ifj.kkeksa ls rqyuk dh tkuh pkfg,A
286 yksd ç'kklu
Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dh çd‘fr (Nature of Administrative Reforms)

fdlh Hkh ns'k esa ç'kklfud lq/kkj vko';d gSA çR;sd ns'k dk viuk ,d fo'ks"k ifjos'k gksrk gS tks lq/kkjdksa dh çd‘fr
vkSj pfj=k fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA çkphu vkSj ikjaifjd lkekftd&lkaLd‘frd ifjos'k ,oa nks lnh iqjkus vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu
dk /;ku esa j[krs gq, ge Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa ds dqN vk/kkjHkwr eqíksa dh :ijs[kk çLrqr dj ldrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa us fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k&
1. fojklr esa feys vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu dks iquxZfBr djukA
2. vuqfpr nckoksa ls ç'kklu dks cpkukA
3. ç'kklu dh fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr djukA
4. u, dk;Z laLd‘fr dk l‘tu djukA
5. detksj oxZ ds çfr ç'kklu dks laosnh djukA
1. fojklr esa feys vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu dks iquxfBZr djuk% Hkkjr dks ç'kklu dk vkSifuosf'kd ;a=k fojklr esa
çkIr gqvk ftldk fuekZ.k vaxt sz ksa us Hkkjrh;ksa ij 'kklu djus ,oa mUgas lrkus ds fy, fd;k FkkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa
}kjk fufeZr ç'kklfud fØ;kfof/k;ksa us lekt ds çfr vkSifuosf'kd vf/kdkjhra=k dh iw.kZ vfHko‘fÙk dks çfrfcafcr
fd;kA ;s vfHko‘fÙk;k¡ us dsoy fufeZr laLFkkvksa esa vfirq flfoy lsodksa ds O;ogkj esa Hkh çfrfcafcr gksrh Fkh tks
flfoy lsod yksxksa vkSj Lo;a ds chp ,d nwjh cuk, j[kus esa fo'okl j[krs FksA bl çdkj ç'kklu mUgha ykssxksa ls
foeq[k cuk jgk ftudh lsok djus ds fy, og vfHkçsfjr FkkA Lora=k Hkkjr us lalnh; yksdra=k ,oa la?kh; 'kklu
ç.kkyh viukbZA blus ,d ç'kklfud <k¡ps dh iwjh ejEer dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ç'kkldksa vkSj ukxfjdksa ds chp
LoLFk laca/k dk;e djus ds fy, ubZ ç'kklfud fØ;kfof/k;ksa dh igy dh tkus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl çdkj
Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk eq[; ç;kstu ,sls ifjorZu ykuk jgk gS tks ukxfjd vkSj ç'kklu ds chp ds varj
dks de djsaA lq/kkjksa dks ç'kklu ds chp ds varj dks de djsaA lq/kkjksa dks ç'kklu ds yksdra=khdj.k ,oa ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ukxfjd vkSj ç'kklu ds chp vfo'okl ds var dh vksj mUeq[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2. vuqfpr nckoksa ls ç'kklu dkss cpkuk% fiNys 50 o"kksZa ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
laca/kksa dks ntZ djus dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk esa O;Lr jgk gSA bl Hkwfedk easa mlus lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd nckoksa
ds :i esa vusd ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk fd;k gSA bu nckoksa us Hkkjrh; lekt dks iquxZfBr djus dk y{; çkIr djus
dh yksd ç'kklu dh {kerk dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA vf/kdka'kr% ;s ncko ncko&lewgksa }kjk Mkys x, gSa tks lkekftd
ykHkksa ds fy, ,d&nwljs ls çfrLi/kkZ djrs gSaA bu ncko lewgksa ds vuqfpr nckoksa us lekt ds t:jrean yksxksa dks
mi;qDr lsok,a çnku djus dh ç'kklu dh {kerk dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA bl çlax esa Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk
,d egÙoiw.kZ eqík ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd yksd ç'kklu 'kfDr'kkyh vksj laxfBr lewgksa ds udkjkRed vuqfpr
vkSj oxhZ; nckoksa ls eqDr jgsA KkrO; gS fd ;fn /kuoku yksxksa ds ncko lewgksa dks yksd ç'kklu ds dk;ksZa ij çHkko
Mkyus fn;k x;k rks Hkkjr esa fu/kZu yksxksa dh mis{kk gksrh jgsxhA ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk eq[; nkf;Ro ;g lqfuf'pr
djuk gS fd ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk eq[; nkf;Ro ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd ç'kklfud lajpuk,a ncko lewgksa ds
vuqfpr nckoksa ls eqDr jgsa vkSj os fu"i{k :i ls dk;Z djsaA
3. ç'kklfud easa fu"i{krk lqfuf'pr djuk% Hkkjr ds lkekftd ifjos'k esa tkfr] leqnk;] /keZ] Hkk"kk] lEçnk; ,oa
{ks=k laca/kh ladqfpr ço‘fÙk;k¡ lcy gSaA vke lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ekStwn ;s ladqfpr ço‘fÙk;k¡ ç'kklfud O;oLFkk
esa n‘f"Vxkspj gksrh gSAa ;s ço‘fÙk;k¡ yksd ç'kklu ij udkjkRed çHkko Mkyrh gS vkSj bls iwoZ xzgiw.kZ cukrh gSA Hkkjr
esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ nkf;Ro yksd ç'kklu dks lkekftd lewgksa ds lkFk vius crkZo esa fu"i{k vkSj
nwjLFk y{; gSaA fQj Hkh ;g lp gS fd Hkkjr esas vk/kqfud yksd ç'kklu dh tM+sa rHkh etcwr gksxh tc os lkjs
lkekftd ewY; lekIr gks tk,¡ tks ,d fu"i{k vkSj rVLFk yksd ç'kklu ds vH;qn; esa jksM+s vVdkrs gksaA
4. ,d ubZ laLd‘fr dk l‘tu% ,d vkSifuosf'kd dk;Z laLd‘fr dh fojklr ikus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; ç'kklu ,d l[r
inlksikfud <k¡ps ds Hkhrj dk;Z djus dh ço‘fÙk j[krk gSA ç'kklfud <k¡ps esa gh lkekU;oknh Js"Brk dh /kkj.kk okyk
lkekU;oknh&fo'ks"kK f}Hkktu dh vkSifuosf'kd fojklr varfuZfgr gSA ifjos'k ds ifjorZu ,oa yksxksa }kjk c<+rh gqbZ
ek¡xksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d gS fd ç'kklu vf/kd vukSipkfjd gks tk, ,oa lkekU;oknh&fo'ks"kK f}&Hkktu
dks rdZlaxr cuk;k tk,A ;g lqfuf'pr djuk ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk rRdky nkf;Ro gS fd ,d ubZ dk;Z laLd‘fr
dk vkjaHk gSA ftuesa bZekunkjh vkSj O;olk;okn ds ewY; O;kIr gks tgk¡ ç'kklu ds Hkhrj gSfl;r laca/kh varj de
gksaA ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dks lkekU;oknh&fo'ks"kK f}Hkktu dks /;ku dsafnzr djuk pkfg, tgk¡ nyh; dk;Z dks O;FkZ
gSfl;r Hksn ls vf/kd egÙo feysA
5. detksj oxksZa dh vksj ç'kklu dks laosnh cukuk% Lora=k Hkkjr us ,d ,slh ubZ lkekftd&vkfFkZd ç'kklfud
O;oLFkk cukus dk nkf;Ro xzg.k fd;k gS tgk¡ vehj vkSj xjhc ds chp dk varj de gks ,oa ,d lerkoknh lekt
dk;e gksA bu y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, ç'kklu dkss nfyr ds mRFkku esa ç;kl djuk gksxkA fuLlansg O;ogkj
esa dbZ ck/kk,a vkrh gSa tks yksd ç'kklu dks lekt ds detksj rcdksas dh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ls
jksdrh gSA Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dks detksj rcdksa ds mRFkku gsrq fufeZr fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds dq'ky fØ;kUo;u
ij /;ku dsfa nzr djuk pkfg,A laLFkkRed vkSj çfØ;kRed nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij lq/kkj ykus gksx a s rkfd fodkl dk;ZØeksa
dk rhoz vkSj çHkkoksRiknd fØ;kUo;u lqfuf'pr gks ldsA ßHkkjr Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkj cgqvk;keh gSÞ fu"d"kZ ds rkSj
ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd yksd ç'kklu dks fu"i{k cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk bls vkfFkZd ncko lewgksa ,oa tkfr vkSj
/keZ ds vk/kkj ij cus lewgksa ls eqDr j[kk tkuk pkfg, rFkk bls vkfFkZd ncko lewgksa ,oa tkfr vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj
ij cus lewgksa ls eqDr j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
lkFk gh Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dks dqN Hkkjrh; lekt esa jgs lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds lanHkZ
esa vçlkafxd gks x, gSaA Hkkjr esa ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dk eq[; nkf;Ro yksxksa dh yksdrkaf=kd Hkkoukvksa ,oa lekt ds
detksj oxksZa dh ek¡xksa ds çfr ldkjkRed :i ls laosnh gksus dh gekjh {kerk ls mRiUu gksrk gSA
ç'kklfud lq/kkj dk bfrgkl
(History of Administrative Reforms)
,sls dbZ dkj.k gSa ftlus jkT; ljdkjksa] jktuhfrKksa rFkk ç'kkldkas dk /;ku ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dh vksj vkd‘"V fd;kA
Lora=krk çkfIr ds le; ls ç'kklfud i)fr dks lq/kkjus ds dbZ ç;Ru fd;s x;sA loZçFke lu~ 1948 esa cpr lfefr
(Economy Committee) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h] ftldk çeq[k dk;Z lkoZtfud lsokvksa esa vR;kf/kd [kpZ dh leL;k dks gy
djuk FkkA bl lfefr ds v/;{k çfl) m|ksxifr Jh dLrwjHkkbZ ykyHkkbZ Fks vkSj O;oLFkkfidk lHkk] O;kikjh oxZ rFkk
vf/kdkjh oxZ ds dqN yksx blds lnL; FksA
xksjokyk fjiksVZ]
1951
(Gorwala Report, 1951)
Hkkjrh; ç'kklu dk v/;;u djus ds fy, loZçFke xaHkhj ç;kl ,d HkwriwoZ Hkkjrh; flfoy lsok ds vf/kdkjh Jh ,-Mh-
xksjokyk us fd;kA mUgksu
a s 70 i‘"Bksa okyk ,d çfrosnu ßyksd ç'kklu ij çfrosnuÞ ljdkj ds lkeus çLrqr fd;kA mUgksua s
çpfyr yksd ç'kklu dh O;oLFkk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dh ewy /kkj.kkvksa dks fdlh çdkj {kfr igqp
¡ k;s fcuk mlesa O;kIr cqjkb;ksa
dks nwj djus ds fy, rFkk mUgsa l{ke cukus ds fy, eq[;:i ls fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s gSa%
1. uhfr fuekZ.k ,oa mldh fØ;kfUofr esa Li"V varj gksA
2. foHkkxksa ds v/;{kksa ds dk;ksZa esa dksbZ Hkh ea=kky; gLr{ksi u djsA
3. foÙk ea=kky; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vPNh jhfr ls pquko fd;k tk;sA
4. lfpoky; Lrj ij leUo; dk dk;Z Bhd <ax ls gksA
5. ç'kkldh; ea=kky;ksa dks vf/kd Lora=krk nh tk;s] mu ij foÙk ea=kky; dk lw{e fu;a=k.k u gksA
288 yksd ç'kklu
6. ea=kh&ifj"kn ¼dSfcusV½ dh dk;Z ç.kkyh esa lq/kkj fd;k tk;sA

7. ea=kh ,oa lfpo ds laca/k dks e/kqj cuk;k tk,A
8. lalnh; fu;a=k.k dks Js"Brj cukus ds fy, vuqeku lfefr ,oa yksd ys[kk lfefr ds ek/;e dks viuk;k tk,A
9. tk¡p ,oa fujh{k.k dk dk;Z ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk gksA
10. vf/kd vf/kdkjh ,oa de DydZ j[ks tk,¡aA
11. dfu"B vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vf/kd dk;Z ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSaik tk,A
12. fOgVys ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A vYi osru okys deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, dY;k.k&vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä dh tk,A
13. vPNs osru] iqjLdkj fn;s tk,¡ ,oa n.M }kjk vuq'kklu LFkkfir fd;k tk,A
14. çf'k{k.k rFkk laxBu ç.kkyh ds funs'kd dh fu;qfä dh tk, ,ao mls LVkQ fn;k tk,A
15. Hkkjrh; ç'kklu lsok ds çf'k{k.k Ldwy ds laxBu dks vkSj vf/kd Js"B cuk;k tk;s rFkk mlds fy, ,d iw.kZdkfyd
ç/kkukpk;Z dh fu;qfä dh tk,A
16. vf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ lkekU; ç'kkldksas ds :i esa dh tk,] fo'ks"kKksa ds :i esa ugha tSlk vkfFkZd flfoy lsok vFkok
vkS|ksfxd fo'ks"kKksa dh lsok esa gksrk gSA
17. çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa ekSf[kd ijh{kkvksa ds LFkku ij euksoSKkfud ijh{kk,¡ yh tk,¡A
18. fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa ds LFkku ij lkekU; fo"k;ksa ds ç'u i=kksa ds vf/kd vad fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk,¡A
19. fo'ofo|ky;ksa] ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk fd;s tkus okys pquko esa mUur rduhdsa viukbZ tk,¡A
20. vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds vf/kdkjh] jkT;ksa dks lkSais tk;sa u fd jkT; Lo;a fu;qfä djsaA Jh xksjokyk dk dFku
Fkk fd mi;qZä lq>koksa dks ;fn ykxw fd;k x;k rks mlls ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Zç.kkyh 'kfä'kkyh gksxh vkSj mldh
xfr esa çxfr vk tk;sxhA
MkW- ih-Mh- 'kekZ ds 'kCnksa esa ßJh xksjokyk us dsanz ,oa jkT; nksuksa Lrjksa ij ekSfyd ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa ds fy, ;kstukc)
lq>ko fn;s fdUrq Hkkjr ljdkj us bUgsa fØ;kfUor djus esa vf/kd :fp ugha fn[kk;hAÞ
xksikyLokeh çfrosnu]
1952
(Gopalswami Report, 1952)
ljdkjh ra=k dh dk;Zdq'kyrk dh vfHko‘f) ij çfrosnu nsus dk dk;Z ,d flfoy lsok vf/kdkjh Jh xksikyLokeh vk;axj
dks lu~ 1952 esa lkSia k x;kA bl çfrosnu esa Jh vkj-,l- xksikyLokeh us dsUnzh; ljdkj ds lEiw.kZ ç'kklfud laxBu rFkk
dk;Z ç.kkyh dh vkykspukRed leh{kk dhA mUgksaus eq[;:i ls lq>ko fn;k fd dsUnz esa laxBu ,oa ç.kkyh dh LFkkiuk
dh tk;A ;g ,d xqIr nLrkost FkkA ftls fd vk;axj fjiksVZ ds iwjd ds :i esa j[kk x;k FkkA bl fjiksVZ esa dsUnzh; ljdkj
ds ra=k ds dke djus dh lk/kkj.k fØ;k dk foLr‘r iqujkoyksdu fd;k x;kA lfpoky; ds lq/kkj ds fy;s dbZ ;kstuk,¡
bl fjiksVZ esa FkhA blesa 28 foHkkxksa dks 20 ea=kky;ksa ds vUrxZr laxfBr djus dk lq>ko FkkA laxBu ds vfLrRo dks cuk;s
j[kus ds fy, fnu&çfrfnu ds ç'kklfud dk;ksZa dks mu foHkkxksa ls vyx j[kus dks dgk x;kA vk;axj }kjk fudkyh x;h
ç'kklu laca/kh ckrsa cgqr lhek rd ,d dkxth ;kstuk gh jgh] D;ksafd bls dqN va'kksa esa gh dk;Z :i esa ifj.kr fd;k
x;kA vk;axj ds ekSfyd lq>ko ßlaxBu vkSj fof/k;ksÞa ds mifoHkkx dks lu~ 1964 esa cuk;k x;kA vk;xj ds lq>ko laHkor%
vius le; ls cgqr vkxs FksA bl fjiksVZ esa mUgksaus fy[kk fd ljdkj ds lUeq[k mifLFkr gksus okyh leL;k;sa LFkk;h ugha
gksrhA Hkwr dh vis{kk vc cgqr nzqrxfr ls muds ifjofrZr gksus dh laHkkouk gS vkSj Qyr% ç'kklu ls laxBu ,oa fof/k;ksa
esa Hkh bu ifjorZuksa ds vuq:i gh cnyus dh vko';drk gSAÞ
iky ,p- ,iych dk çfrosnu

(Report of Paul H. Appleby)
yksd ç'kklu ds vejhdh fo'ks"kK iky ,p- ,iych us lu~ 1953 vkSj 1956 esa Øe'k% viuh çFke ,oa f}rh; fjiksVZ Hkkjr
ljdkj dks nhA bl fjiksVZ dk ljdkjh {ks=kksa rFkk f'kf{kr turk ij fo'ks"k çHkko iM+kA blls ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa esa egÙoiw.kZ
eksM+ vk;kA ,iych us viuh fjiksVZ esa ßHkkjr ljdkj dks lalkj dh ntZuksa vR;ar mUur ljdkjksa dh Js.kh esa j[kkÞ vkSj
dgk fd Hkkjr bu lsokvksa (I.C.S./I.A.S.) esa ml fczfV'k lsok ds led{k gS ftls fd lalkj esa lkekU; flfoy lsodksa dk
loksZÙke leqnk; j[kus dh fof'k"Vrk çkIr gSA ßmUgksaus dgk fd dkfeZd ç'kklu cgqr dqN lkeUroknh fojklr esa feyk
gS] ewy:i ls og ,dkMfed vkSj bUVsysDpwvy gSAÞ yksd lsok vk;ksx ds }kjk tks pquko gksrk gS mldk <ax Bhd ugha gSA
vk;ksx dks HkrhZ ds fo"k; esa lfØ; gksus dk lq>ko fn;kA mUgksaus egkys[kk ijh{kd ds uhjl dk;ksZa dh vkykspuk dh vkSj
dgk fd foÙk ea=kky; esa çR;k;kstu (Delegation) dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA fodkl dk;ksZa dks ykxw djus ds fy, fofHkUu
ea=kky;ksa esa leUo; ugha ik;k tkrkA muds lq>ko fuEufyf[kr gSa%
laxBu rFkk çcU/k (Organisation and Management)
mi;qä ea=kh ds v/khu laxBu rFkk çca/k vFkok yksd ç'kklu dk dk;kZy; LFkkfir fd;k tk;] ftls ljdkj dk n‘<+ leFkZu
çkIr gksA bl dk;kZy; dh vko';drk blfy, gS fd blds }kjk ljdkjh <k¡ps esa rFkk ç'kklfud i)fr;ksa esa ljyrk
ls lq/kkj yk;k tk lds] rRlEca/kh v/;;u tkjh j[kk tk lds rFkk {kerk ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro dks dsfUnzr fd;k tk ldsA
ç'kklu ds bl u;s <k¡ps dh igq¡p ç'kklu ds lHkh dk;kZy; rd gksA bl dkj.k ijaijkxr foÙkh; leh{kk vFkok deZpkjh
oxZ ij fu;a=k.kksa }kjk bl mís'; dh çkfIr dh vko';drk ugha jgsxhA
fo'ks"kKksa dh fu;qfä
ckgjh fo'ks"kKksa ds ,d ny }kjk vkxs vksj fof'k"V v/;;u tkjh j[kus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
yksd ç'kklu dh laLFkk dk fuekZ.k
Hkkjr esa ,d yksd ç'kklu dh laLFkk vFkkZr~ bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkQ ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku dh LFkkiuk dh tk, tks yksd
ç'kklu dks ,d O;olk; ds :i esa viuk;s tkus dh vksj jk"Vª dk /;ku dsfUnzr dj ldsA ,slk laxBu viuh O;kolkf;d
if=kdkvksa ds ek/;e ls ç'kkldh; Kku dh vfHko‘f) djsAa bls Lohdkj djrs gq, Hkkjr us fnYyh esa yksd ç'kklu dh laLFkk
dh LFkkiuk dhA
çf'kf{kr djuk
yksd ç'kklu esa Lukrdksa dks çf'kf{kr djus dk dk;ZØe cuk;k tk,A bl çdkj ds çf'kf{kr ;qodksa dks lkoZtfud lsokvksa esa
çfo"B djk;k tk,A blls pqus gq, fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk ljdkj ds chp ?kfu"Brk rFkk dk;Z djus dk lEca/k LFkkfir gksxkA
lkeqnkf;d çkstsDV dks ykxw djsa
lkeqnkf;d ç;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus rFkk mudh fLFkfr dks etcwr cukus rFkk buds çca/k esa yphykiu rFkk foosd ykus
ds fy, vko';d gS fd ç'kklfud mÙkjnkf;Ro dks laxfBr fd;k tk;sA
mÙkjnkf;Ro dks laxfBr djuk
lHkh fodkl ,oa lkekftd dk;ksZa ds {ks=kksa esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dks laxfBr fd;k tk;A ;g dk;Z ea=kky;ksa dh ijLij
lEc)rkvksa ,oa leh{kkvksa (Reviews) dks ljy cukdj rFkk de djds] ljdkj ds fofHkUu Lrjks esa leh{kk dh jhfr esa
lq/kkj djds rFkk ç'kklfud dk;ks± ls lEc) dkxtksa ds vkokxeu dh ç.kkyh esa lq/kkj djds lEiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ç'kklfud inlksiku ds <kapksa dks O;kid cuk;k tk,
ç'kklfud in&lksikuksa dks ,slk okLrfod ,oa fijkfeMh; (Pyramidal) Lo:i çnku fd;k tk;s ftlesa ç'kklu ds
vf/kdka'k Lrjksa ij vf/kd dk;Zdkjh (Executive) vf/kdkjh gks] ç'kklu ds Lrjksa esa o‘f) dh tk;s rFkk lHkh Lrjksa ds chp]
290 yksd ç'kklu
fo'ks"kr% fuEu Lrjksa ds chp dh [kkb;ksa (Gaps) dh orZeku O;kid pkSMk+ bZ dks de fd;k tk;A blls e/;e inØe (Middle
grade) ds vf/kd deZpkfj;ksa dh rFkk inksa ds ,d iw.kZr;k u;s <k¡ps dh LFkkiuk gksxhA
deZpkfj;ksa dk p;u
oxksZa ,oa inksa dh lhekvksa ls fu/kkZj.k dks lekIr fd;k tk,A p;u (Selection) dh dlkSVh dks fofo/krk çnku dh tk;A
fo'ks"k:i ls dk;Z dh vksj >qdko ij vf/kd tksj fn;k tk;s vkSj HkrhZ dks vf/kd fopkjiw.kZ cuk;k tk;sA mu O;fDr;ksa
esa ls p;u fd;k tk; ftUgsa yksd lsok vk;ksx ;ksX; le>sA blh çdkj deZpkfj;ksa ds vuq'kklu ds lEcU/k esa ç'kklfud
vfHkdj.kksa dks vf/kd vf/kdkj çnku fd;s tk,¡A
dkfeZd oxZ esa lq/kkj
dkfeZd&oxZ esa lq/kkj dk ,slk O;kid ,oa nh?kZdkfyd dk;ZØe cuk;k tk, ftldk mís'; ljdkj ds v/khu dke djus
okys lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh lEHkkoukvksa ,oa (Potentialities) 'kfDr;ksa dks vf/kdre djuk gksA
jktLo vf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ
mi;qä O;fDr miyC/k gksus ij ;Fkk'kh?kz jktLo vf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ dh tk;] mudks çf'kf{kr fd;k tk;A blesa mudh
la[;k dh dksbZ lhek ml le; rd fu/kkZfjr u dh tk, tc rd fd dj laxzg iw.kZr;k lkekU; u gksA
yxku fu/kkZj.k
jkT;ksa ds lkFk feydj ,slh rkyesy;qä dk;Zokb;k¡ dh tk,¡ fd ftlls yxku&fu/kkZj.k rFkk djksa dh njksa dks ,d Bksl
,oa mfpr pkyw nj rd yk;k tk lds] d‘f"k vk;dj ykxw fd;k tk ldss] Hkwfe ds yxku dh lhek,¡ ck¡/kh tk ldsa rFkk
jkT;ksa esa dj&laxzg djus okys ç'kklu esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsa] rkfd dj ds vuqekuksa ,oa dj dh okLrfodrkvksa ds chp
dh [kkbZ dks NksVk djds rkyesy ds vuqikr rd yk;k tk ldsA
tk¡p&iM+rky dh mfpr O;oLFkk
dk;Z djus okys vfHkdj.kksa dks mPp mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSais tkus ds QyLo:i ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd dk;ksZa ds e/; vFkok
ckn esa mudh tk¡p&iM+rky dh leqfpr jhfr;ksa dk fu'p; fd;k tk,A
;kstuk vk;ksx
muds vuqlkj ;kstuk vk;ksx dk dk;Z ;kstuk cukuk gSA ;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djuk mldk dk;Z ugha gSA MkW- ,iych
ds bl lq>ko dks ekurs gq, ;kstuk vk;ksx dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dks mÙkjnkf;Roksa ls eqä dj fn;kA
vR;f/kd deZpkjh
,iych us dgk gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us vR;f/kd deZpkfj;ksa dks j[kk gS] muesa csbekuh ços'k dj x;h gS] os vdq'ky gks
x;s gSa rFkk muesa vuko';d yky&Qhrk'kkgh c<+ x;h gSA viuh fjiksVZ esa mUgksausa Hkz"Vkpkj ij Hkh v/;;u fd;k gSA
Hkz"Vkpkj dh jksdFkke ds fy, mUgksu
a s n¶rjh O;oLFkk esa dqN ifjorZu djus dk lq>ko fn;kA mUgksu
a sa dgk fd mÙkjnkf;Roksa
dk foHkktu fd;k tk;sA ,d laxBukRed bdkbZ ds osru&psdksa dks çkIr djus] çekf.kr djus dh ftEesnkjh ,d lkFk
ugha lkSaiuk pkfg,A
ljdkjh fuxeksa dks Lok;Ùkrk
mudk fopkj Fkk fd ljdkjh fuxeksa dks vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk çnku dh tk;sA fuxeksa ds nSfud ç'kklu esa vko';drk
ls vf/kd gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk;sA uhfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ljdkjh fuxeksa dks ljdkj ds çfr mÙkjnk;h j[kk tk;sA
ljdkjh fuxeksa dks foosdiw.kZ fu.kZ; djus ds vf/kd ls vf/kd volj çnku fd;s tk;s ,oa de ls de lalnh; fu;a=k.k
gksA
'kfä;ksa dk çR;k;kstu
'kfä;ksa dk de ls de çR;k;kstu fd;k tk;sA vf/kd ek=kk esa çR;k;kstu djus ls mÙkjnkf;Ro ds {ks=k esa f'kfFkyrk vk
tkrh gSA
laln dk dk;Z
laln dk ewy dk;Z fu;a=k.k ds LFkku ij funs'Z ku gksuk pkfg,A laln dks vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;Z esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg,A
ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx]

1966
(Administrative Reforms Commission, 1966)
ns'k dh ç'kklfud tk¡p rFkk vko';drkuqlkj ç'kklu esa lq/kkj ,oa iquxZBu ds laca/k esa flQkfj'ksa djus ds fy, ,d
mPpkf/kdkj;qä ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 5 tuojh 1966 dks dh x;hA ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx ds çFke
lHkkifr Jh eksjkjth nslkbZZ FksA blds vU; pkj lnL; Fks&loZJh ds- guqeUrS;k] gfj'pUnz ekFkqj] th-,l- ikBd rFkk ,p-
ch- dkeFkA Jh ch- 'kadj blds lnL; lfpo FksA vafre dks NksM+dj lHkh laln lnL; FksA Jh th-,l- ikBd tc 24
tuojh 1966 dks dsUnz ljdkj ds dkuwu ea=kh cus rks muds LFkku ij jkT; lHkk ds lnL; Jh nsoor eq[kthZ dks 27 vçSy
1966 dks vk;ksx dk lnL; cuk;k x;kA Jh ch- 'kadj 12 ekpZ] 1966 dks iw.kZ:is.k lnL; cu x;sA Jh oh-oh- pkjh dks
vk;ksx dk lfpo in fn;k x;kA 17 ekpZ 1967 dks ds- guqeUrS;k dks lHkkifr cuk;k x;k D;ksafd Jh eksjkjth nslkbZ us
mi&ç/kkuea=kh ij xzg.k djus ds dkj.k R;kx i=k ns fn;k FkkA 12 twu 1968 dks Jh gfj'kpUnz ekFkqj dh e‘R;q gks x;hA
muds LFkku ij 16 flrEcj 1968 dks jkT;lHkk ds lnL; Jh Vh-,u- flag dks fu;qä fd;k x;kA
vk;ksx ds dk;Z
(Functions of the Commission)
yksd lsokvksa esa dk;Zdq'kyrk vkSj bZekunkjh ds mPpLrj dks çkIr djus ds fy, vk;ksx dks fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa ij lq>ko
nsus ds fy, dgk x;k Fkk&
1. Hkkjr dk ljdkjh ra=k ,oa mldh dk;Z djus dh ç.kkfy;k¡
2. lHkh Lrjkasa ij fu;kstu dh O;oLFkk
3. dsUnz jkT; laca/k
4. foÙkh; ç'kklu
5. dkfeZd ç'kklu
6. vkfFkZd ç'kklu
7. jkT;&Lrjksa dk ç'kklu
8. ftyk ç'kklu
9. d‘f"k ç'kklu
10. ukxfjdksa ds d"Vksa o f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus dh leL;k,¡A
mi;qZä dkeksa dh lwph ds vfrfjä çR;sd 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr 41 elys vkSj fuf'pr fd;s x;sA jsyos] çfrj{kk ,oa ijjk"Vª
(External affairs), ea=kky; rFkk lqj{kk ,oa xqIrpj dk;ksZa ds ç'kklu dks vk;ksx dh tk¡p ls vyx j[kk x;k D;ksafd buds
tk¡p dk dk;Z vyx gks jgk FkkA
vk;ksx us vius thoudky esa 20 v/;;u eaMy] 13 dk;Zdkjh lewg rFkk ,d dk;Z'kfä ny fu;qä fd;k FkkA bu v/;;u
nyksa esa laln ds lnL;] ukxfjd lsod] O;kolkf;d O;fDr vkSj turk ds çfrfuf/k FksA bu v/;;u nyksa dh feyh&tqyh
çd‘fr dh jpuk bl dkj.k dh x;h Fkh fd yksd ç'kklu dh leL;kvksa dh tk¡p bZekunkjhiw.kZ larfq yr ,oa okLrfod :i
292 yksd ç'kklu
ls gks ldsA vk;ksx dh lQyrk dks ns[kdj dqN ea=kky;ksa }kjk ;g çkFkZuk dh x;h Fkh fd muds fo"k; esa Hkh v/;;u
fd;k tk;A bl dkj.k uoEcj 1966 esa lqj{kk fo"k;ksa ij] twu 1967 easa la?kh; çns'kksa ij rFkk flrEcj 1967 esa jsyos ij
Hkh v/;;u ny fu;qä fd;s x;sA vk;skx ds bu lHkh fudk;ksa esa yxHkx 206 çfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr FksA buesa 6 dsUnzh; ea=kh]
7 eq[;ea=kh rFkk 3 jkT; ea=kh FksA blds lkFk gh mPp U;k;ky; ds HkwriwoZ eq[; U;k;kf/k'k] ,VkuhZ tujy] fjtoZ cSad ds
xouZj] fo'ofo|ky; ds dqyifr] çksQslj vkfn fu;qä fd;s x;s FksA vk;skx ds dk;kZy; esa vf/kdkjh ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh
la[;k 169 Fkh] ftlesa 1 lfpo] 1 la;qä lfpo] 9 mi lfpo] 1 voj lfpo (Under Secretary), 42 fjlpZ vf/kdkjh rFkk
vU; lk/kkj.k deZpkjh FksA blesa dqy O;; 66,59,231 :i;s gq,A vk;skx us vkSlru ik¡p eghus esa ,d çfrosnu çLrqr
fd;kA bl vk/kkj ij ;fn dgk tk;s fd vk;ksx dks dke djus esa vf/kd le; yxk rks ;g dguk fujZFkd gSA vk;ksx
us 5 tuojh 1966 ls 30 twu 1970 rd dk;Z fd;k vkSj viuk çFke çfrosnu ukxfjdksa ds d"V fuokj.k dh leL;k ds
fy, 20 vDVwcj 1966 dks ljdkj ds lUeq[k çLrqr fd;kA
vk;ksx ds fofHkUu çfrosnu

(Various Reports of the Commission)
vk;ksx us dqy feykdj 20 çfrosnu çLrqr fd;sA bu çfrosnuksa esa dqy 537 flQkfj'ksa FkhA vk;ksx us fofHkUu flQkfj'ksa
çLrqr djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ewyHkwr fl)karksa dks /;ku esa j[kk Fkk&
1. vk;ksx flQkfj'k djrs le; ç'kklfud vi;kZIr vFkok U;wurk dks /;ku esa j[ksxk vkSj fopkj djsxk fd D;k ea=kh
viuh iwjh {kerk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Hkh y{; dks çkIr dj ldrk gS vFkok ugh\
2. vko';drk ds vuq:i ç'kklfud O;oLFkk vFkok çfØ;k dks <kyukA
3. vk;ksx ds çLrkfor lq/kkj] çpfyr ç'kklfud lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd pqukSfr;ksa ds vuq:i gksA
4. dk;Zdq'kyrk lq/kkjus] ferO;f;rk ,oa ç'kklfud Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus dh vksj /;ku nsukA
5. orZeku ,oa uohuhd‘r ç'kklu ds chp larqyu dh vksj /;ku nsukA
6. ç'kklu ij turk dh çfrfØ;k dks lq/kkjus dh vksj /;ku nsxkA
7. ç'kklu esa lq/kkj djsxkA
8. orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[ksxkA
mi;qä
Z ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr çfrosnu 'kklu dks fuEukafdr rkjh[kksa ij çLrqr
fd;s FksA
Øekad çfrosnu dk uke 'kklu dks çLrqr djus dh rkjh[k
1. ukxfjdkasa ds d"Vksa o f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus dh leL;k ¼varfje½ 20-10-1967
2. fu;kstu dh n¶rjh O;oLFkk ¼varfje½ 29-4-1967
3. ljdkjh {ks=k ds m|e 17-10-1967
4. foÙk] ys[ks rFkk ys[kk&ijh{k.k 13-1-1968
5. fu;kstu dh n¶rjh O;oLFkk ¼varfje½ 14-3-1968
6. vkfFkZd ç'kklu 20-7-1968
7. Hkkjr ljdkj dh n¶rjh O;oLFkk vkSj mldh dk;Zfof/k;k¡ 16-9-1968
8. thou chek ç'kklu 10-12-1968
9. dsUnzh; çR;{k dj ç'kklu 6-1-1969
10. la?kh; {ks=kksa rFkk usQk dk ç'kklu 28-11-1969
11. dkfeZd oxZ ç'kklu 18-4-1969
12. foÙkh; rFkk ç'kkldh; 'kfä;ksa dk gLrkarj.k 12-6-1969
13. dsUnz&jkT; lEcU/k 19-6-1969

14. jkT; ç'kklu 4-11-1969
15. NksVs iSekus dk {ks=k 24-12-1969
16. jsyos 30-1-1970
17. jktdks"k 27-2-1970
18. Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad 11-3-1970
19. Mkd rFkk rkj 15-5-1970
20. oSKkfud foHkkx 3-6-1970
ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ dh flQkfj'ksa

(Recommendation of the Report of Administrative Reforms Commission)
ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ dh flQkfj'kksa dk lkjka'k fuEufyf[kr gS&
1. fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa esa laxBu rFkk ç.kkyh dks iqu% lfØ; fd;k tk;A bu bdkb;ksa ds ek/;e ls deZpkjh oxZ dks
çca/k dh vk/kqfud fof/k;ksa dk çf'k{k.k fn;k tk;A
2. dsUnzh; lq/kkj vfHkdj.k esa Bksl ,oa n‘'; lq/kkjksa dk ,d fof'k"V dks"B LFkkfir fd;k tk;A
3. dsUnzh; lq/kkj vfHkdj.k dks dk;Z djus] HkrhZ djus rFkk vius laxBukRed <k¡ps ds rjhdksa esa vuqla/kku çeq[k gksuk
pkfg,A
4. mi&ç/kkuea=kh ds v/khu ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa ds foHkkx dks j[kk tk;A
5. ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa ,oa çxfr;ksa ds v/;;u dk dk;Z Lok;Ùkrk çkIr O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa ds gkFk esa lkSaik tkuk
YkkHkçn gks ldrk gS] tSls&yksdç'kklu dk Hkkjrh; vuqla/kku] O;kogkfjd ekuo&'kfDr vuqla/kku laLFkku]
ç'kklfud LVkQ dkyst] gSnjkckn] blh çdkj dydÙkk ,oa vgenkckn ds çca/k laLFkku rFkk dqN pqus gq,
fo'ofo|ky;A
6. ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa dh ,d ifj"kn LFkkfir dh tk;s tks ç'kklfud lq/kkj vfHkdj.k ds dk;ZØeksa dks cukus] ;kstukvksa
ds fuekZ.k] yksd çca/kksa dh leL;kvksa ij vuql/a kku djus esa lgk;rk nsA ifj"kn esa vkB lnL;ksa gksAa buesa dqN laln
lnL;] dqN vuqHkoh ç'kkld rFkk yksd ç'kklu esa :fp j[kus okys fo}ku gksA buesa ç/kkuea=kh djsxk vkSj og Lo;a
;g Hkh ns[ksxk fd ç'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa fdl çdkj ykxw gks jgh gSA
7. ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk LosPNk ;k Lo&foosd ds nq:i;ksx dks ns[kus ds fy,] yksd lsokvksa esa lR;fu"Bk] flfoy
lsok dh {kerk] ukxfjdksa ij fd;s x;s vU;k; dks ns[kus ,oa tk¡p djus ds fy, ßyksdikyÞ rFkk ßyksdk;qäÞ dks fu;qä
djus dh flQkfj'k vk;ksx us dhA
8. Hkkjrh; ç'kkldh; lsok ,d lkekU;rkoknh loZxq.k lEiUu vf/kdkjh (Generalist all rounder) cu x;h gS tks
ljdkjh {ks=k ds m|eksa dk çca/k ugha dj ldrhA og Hkkjh m|ksxksa] bLikr rFkk [kku] isVªksfy;e rFkk jlk;u tSls
rduhdh çd‘fr ds ea=kky;kasa ;k foHkkxksa esa uhfr&fuekZ.k laca/k dk;ksZa dks lEiUu ugha dj ldrhA vr% vk;ksx us
flQkfj'k dh gS fd ,sls dk;ksaZ ds çeq[k inksa ij mUgha O;fDr;ksa dh fu;qfä;k¡ dh tkuh pkfg;s ftUgsa dh lEc) fo"k;
dk fof'k"V vuqHko vFkok fof'k"V Kku gksA vk;ksx ds 'kCnksa esa] fof'k"Vhdj.k ij tksj nsus rFkk mPp ç'kklu esa
fof'k"V dkS'ky dh vko';drk ij tksj nsus ls gekjk vk'k;] fdlh Hkh çdkj] ;g ugha gS fd lkekU;rkoknh
vf/kdkjh iw.kZr;k Qkyrw ;k vko';drk ls vf/kd gSA ,d rF; ftls ge lokZf/kd çdk'k esa ykuk pkgsaxs ß;g gS
fd dqN inksa vkSj inksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dks dsoy lkekU;rkoknh Js.kh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, vc vkSj vf/kd le; rd
lqjf{kr ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,------------------A dk;ks± dh ;kstuk esa lkekU;rkoknh vf/kdkfj;ksa dk viuk LFkku gS vkSj
;g fd egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gS] fdarq oSls gh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku fo'ks"kKksa rFkk VSDuksykWth fo'ks"kKksa dk Hkh gSA
294 yksd ç'kklu
9. ofj"B çca/kdh; in lHkh ds fy, [kksy fn;s tkuk pkfg,A mUgsa fdlh fo'ks"k Js.kh ;k oxZ ds fy, lqjf{kr u j[kk
tk;sA ç'kklu esa fo'ks"kKksa dks LFkku fn;k tk,A
10. vk;ksx us orZeku dkfeZd oxZ dh orZeku O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa dh vksj /;ku vkd‘"V fd;k vkSj Hkkjrh; ç'kklu lsok
ds <k¡ps esa iquxZBu ds fy, leqfpr lq>ko fn;sA vk;ksx dk lq>ko Fkk fd ßHkkjrh; ç'kklu lsok ds fy, dk;kZRed
{ks=k dk fu/kkZj.k dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bl {ks=k esa Hkw&jktLo ç'kklu] esftLVªVs lEcU/kh dk;Z rFkk fu;kedh; dk;Z
lfEefyr fd;s tkuk pkfg,] fdUrq ;s dk;Z jkT;ksa ds dsoy mu {ks=kksa rd gh lhfer jguk pkfg, ftudh ns[kHkky
vU; dk;kZRed lsokvksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ugha dh tkrh gSAÞ
11. Hkkjr ljdkj ds orZeku ;qx esa xfBr foHkkxksa dk iquxZBu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ea=kh&ifj"kn dh la[;k ç/kkuea=kh
dks feykdj 16 gksA lHkh eaf=k;ksa dh dqy la[;k 40 gks vkSj mls fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 45 dh tk ldrh gSA eaf=k;ksa
ds orZeku esa rhu Lrj dks tkjh j[kk x;kA eaf=k;ksa dks foHkkx nsus ds iwoZ lEcfU/kr eaf=k;ksa ls ç/kkuea=kh ijke'kZ vo';
dj ysA fu.kZ; ysus dk dk;Z nks ls vf/kd eaf=k;ksa dks u fn;k tk;sA ç/kkueaf=k;ksa ds ikl çeq[k foHkkx jguk pkfg,
vkSj mls fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa ds chp rkyesy cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z djuk pkfg,A le;≤ ij ç/kkuea=kh fofHkUu
eaf=k;ksa ls dk;ksZa ds fo"k; esa feyrs jgsA
12. ftl ea=kky; esa ,d ls vf/kd foHkkx vFkok lfpo gksa] mlesa iw.kZr;k leUo; cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z ,d ,sls foHkkx
vFkok lfpo dks lkSaik tkuk pkfg, tks bl dk;Z ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qä gksA
laxBu rFkk i)fr (O & M)
vFkZ
;g 'kCn nks vFkksZa esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA O;kid vFkZ esa bldk rkRi;Z ^laxBu rFkk çca/k* gS] ftlesa çca/k dh lHkh
çfØ;kvksa ¼tSl&s ;kstuk cukuk] laxBu djuk] leUo; djuk] çsfjr djuk] lapkyu rFkk fu;a=k.k djuk vkfn½ dk v/;;u
lfEefyr gSA fdUrq ladqfpr vFkZ eas bldk rkRi;Z ßla laxBu vkSj i)fr;k¡Þ gksrk gSA ml le; bldk laca/k dsoy yksd
fudk;ksa ;k futh laLFkkuska ds laxBu rFkk mudh dk;kZy; laca/kh dk;Zfof/k;ksa ls gh gksrk gSA pkgs ftl vFkZ esa O&M dk
ç;ksx fd;k tk,] nksuks dk mís'; lq/kkj djuk gSA yksd fudk;ksa ;k futh laLFkkuksa ds laxBu dk rFkk dk;kZy; esa muds
}
Z kjk viuk;h tk jgh dk;Z&fof/k dk tks v/;;u deZpkjh djrs gSa mls laxBu rFkk i)fr dh laKk nh tkrh gSA bl çdkj
vks ,oa ,e dk;Z ds nks rRo gSa&laxBu rFkk î)fr;k¡*A oLrqr% O & M ds vusd egÙoiw.kZ dk;ksZa esa ls ,d ;g gS fd fdlh
laxBu dh bl mís'; ls leh{kk dh tkuh pkfg, fd og iw.kZ O;ofLFkr gks tk,A fQj Hkh O & M dk dk;Z fdlh bdkbZ
ds dsoy vkarfjd <k¡ps dk lq/kkj djus rd gh lhfer gSA
ijaijkuqlkj fdlh mPpre Lrj ds <k¡ps dk iqulZxa Bu djuk O & M ds v/khu ugha vkrk gSA ;g dk;Z vf/kd mPp fudk;ksa
ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA tSl&s la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk esa gwoj vk;ksx] fczVu s esa gkYMsu lfefr vkSj Hkkjr esa ,d lnL;h;
vk;axj lfefr] tgk¡ rd i)fr;ksa dk laca/k gS O & M bdkb;ksa ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os dk;Z dh çfØ;kvksa rFkk
dk;Z dh i)fr;ksa dh leh{kk djsa rkfd muesa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsA ,slk djrs le; dk;Z ljyhdj.k rFkk dk;Z&eki
dh çfl) rduhdsa viuk;h tkrh gSaA vr% lhfer vFkZ esa çLrqr fd, tkus ij O & M dk;Z&v/;;u] çorZu vuqla/kku]
rFkk Lopkyu tSlh rduhdksa ds oxZ easa vkrk gSA ;s rduhdsa vius&vius rjhds ls ç'kklu esa lq/kkj djus ds ç;kl djrs
gSaA la{ksi esa O & M ds lk/kkj.k dk;Z gSa&leh{kk ds v/khu laxBu dh lajpuk dk ijh{k.k vkSj ç'kkldh; o fyfid
lac/a kh dk;Zfof/k;ksa vkSj jhfr;ks]a dk;kZy; ds ;a=khdj.k vkSj lTtk rFkk dk;kZy; dh :i js[kk] dk;Z djus dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk v/;;u djukA
dk;Z v/;;u dk laca/k vuqla/kku] vfHkys[k] eki rFkk lq/kkj laca/k Øfed fØ;k&dykiksa ds fuEufyf[kr rÙoksa ls gS&Jfed
tks dk;Z djrk gS] ç;ksx esa vkus okys ;a=k rFkk midj.k] lkexzh rFkk dk;Z djus dh voLFkk,a] çorZu vuqla/kku fdlh
laxBu ds Hkhrj dh leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] rFkk muds lac/a k esa oSKkfud n‘f"Vdks.k dk çfriknu djrk gS ftlls
çca/k dks lokZf/kd çHkko'kkyh çorZu lwpuk çkIr gks ldsA ysfdu O & M dh mi;qZDr O;k[;k vR;f/kd lhfer gSA dbZ
ckj bl 'kCn dk ç;skx ^çca/k ds lqq/kkj* ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl vFkZ essa O & M dsoy ,d rduhd gh ugha jg tkrk
gS vfirq og dk;Z cu tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ç'kklu dks lq/kkjus dk dk;ZA bl laca/k esa feyoMZ dgrs gSa&ß;g dsoy çca/k ds
midj.k vFkkZr~ 'kh"kZLFk çca/k ds vfHkdrkZ (Agent) ds :i esa gh ugha gksrk cfYd çca/kdksa] ys[kk ijh{kdksa ;k vU; yksxksa
dh lsok djrk gS ftUgsa bldh vko'd;rk gS vkSj ftuds ikl le; rFkk vko';d fo'ks"kK ugha gSA ,ts.V rFkk lsok
laca/kh ;g nqgjk mís'; fLFkfr dks tjk dfBu cuk nsrk gSA dqN dEifu;ksa esa rks ,ts.V gksrs gSa rFkk vU; esa dsoy lsok
gh gksrh gSA fdUrq fQj Hkh nksuksa dk;ksZa dk la;kstu djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA O & M dh varoZLrqvksa ds fo"k; esa gh
ugha cfYd çHkko'khyrk rFkk dk;Zd'q kyrk dk lq/kkj djus lac/a kh vU; rduhdksa ls blds lac/a kksa ds fo"k; esa foLr‘r erHksn
gSaAÞ ,siYch us O & M bdkbZ ds fy, ,d O;kid dk;Z{ks=k dh dYiuk dh Fkh vkSj bldh LFkkiuk ds fy, mlus Hkkjr
ljdkj ls fuEufyf[kr flQkfj'k dh FkhA
ßeSa ;g flQkfj'k djrk gw¡ fd Hkkjr ljdkj ,d dsanzh; dk;kZy; dh LFkkiuk ij fopkj djsa ftls lajpuk çca/k rFkk
dk;Zfof/k ds laca/k esa foLr‘r rFkk xaHkhj usr‘Ro çnku djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSais tk,A vR;f/kd rduhdh rFkk oSKkfud
<ax ds Lrj ij og dk;Z&eki] dk;Z&çokg] dk;kZy;&çca/k] uLrhdj.k ç.kkyh (Filling system) LFkku çca/k rFkk vU; ,slh
gh ckrksa ij /;ku ns] nwljs Lrj ij bls lkekU; ljdkjh lajpuk laca/kh v/;;uksa ,oa çLrkoksa dk Hkkj lkSaik tkuk pkfg,A
eq>s vk'kk gS fd bl Lrj ij Hkh ;g ukSdj'kkgh ds Hkhrj rFkk ukSdj'kkgh vkSj turk ds chp çtkrkaf=kd rjhdksa rFkk
jhfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksaxhAÞ
dk;Z
laxBu rFkk i)fr dk;kZy; dk ç;kstu çca/k dks lq/kkjus gsrq lw=k vf/kdkfj;ka dh lgk;rk djuk gSA lkjka'k esa O & M
ds dk;Z bl çdkj gSa&ßO;; de djus esa lg;ksx] ekuo&'kfDr dh cpr] dk;Zfof/k dk ljyhdj.k] lkexzh dh cpr] dk;Z
dh xfr esa o‘f) rFkk laxBu esa lq/kkjA buds rjhds fuEu gSaA
1. 'kks/k rFkk fodkl% dsanzh; laxBu rFkk i)fr dk;kZy; dk ç/kkur% ;g eq[; dÙkZO; gS fd mu ç'kkldh; ç.kkfy;ksa
dk fodkl djs ftudk laca/k laxBu] deZpkjh oxZ] ctV rFkk ys[kk fuekZ.k] çnÙkhdj.k leUo;] i;Zos{k.k] bR;kfn
dk;ksZa ls gSA blds vfrfjDr dk;Z çca/k] dk;Z ljyhdj.k] lkaf[;dh; i)fr;k¡ rFkk mRd‘"Vrk fu;a=k.k tSlh
rduhdksa dk ç;ksx] dk;kZy; ds ;a=kksa ds ç;ksx] mÙke :ijs[kk] mfpr ys[kk çca/k rFkk çek.kksa] ekiksa vkSj
ewY;&fu;a=k.k dh vPNh ç.kkyh ds laca/k esa uohu fopkj çnku djsa ftlls dk;kZ; ds çca/k esa lq/kkj gks ldsA
2. çf'k{k.k% vks ,.M ,e ds fdlh laxBu esa O & M dh rduhdksa ds ek/;e ls deZpkfj;ksa dks çf'k{k.k nsuk] lcls
egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA ,sls çf'k{k.k ds nks mi;ksxh dke gSa%
i. blls ç'kklu dh fofHkUu O & M bdkb;ksa ds deZpkjh oxZ ds fy, ;ksX; O;fDr rS;kj djus esas lgk;rk çkIr
gksrh gSA
ii. O & M dh jhfr;ksa esa lw=k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks çf'k{k.k nsdj ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa ds ,d lewg dks gh ugha fufeZr djuk
cfYd vçR;{k :i ls O & M dk;ZØeksa esa :fp çksRlkfgr djrk gS rFkk ç'kkldh; laxBu dk lkekU; Lrj
Å¡pk mBkus esa lgk;rk nsuk gSA
3. vuqla/kku% fofHkUu ç'kkldh; bdkb;ksa esa laxBu] çfØ;kvkssa rFkk jhfr;kasa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk O & M dk;kZy; dk
eq[; dk;Z gSA dsna hz ; dk;kZy; çk;% ,sls vuql/a kkuksa dk lapkyu djrk gS ftuesa LFkkuh; Kku dh vis{kk vf/kd foLr‘r
rFkk fof'k"V Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA os foHkkx ;k dk;kZy;] ftuds lkFk viuh futh O & M lsok ugha gksrh
gS] ;fn vuqla/kku laca/kh dk;ksZa ds fy, çkFkZuk djrs gSa rks mudk rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa dk dke fudy ldrk gSA
4. çca/k&lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk leUo;% fodsfUnzr O & M dk;ZØe ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd leUo; ds fy, vFkkZr~
vfrPNknu jksdus fojks/kksa dks nwj djus] >xM+ksa ls cpus] vkfn ds fy, dksbZ O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A dsanzh; O & M
bdkbZ dk eq[; nkf;Ro dk;ZØe esa :fp çksRlkfgr djuk rFkk le>nkj vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;kstuk cukus ,oa muds
O & M ç;Ruksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa lgk;rk nsukA la{ksi esa] ßdsanzh; vks ,.M ,e bdkbZ funsZ'k dk vfUre fcUnq
gSAÞ
296 yksd ç'kklu
5. lwpuk% vks ,.M ,e dk;kZy; dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z lwpuk dk çlkj djuk gSA bls ljdkj ds lHkh Lrjksa ij dsna hz ;]
jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; cfYd fons'kksa esa Hkh lEikfnr vks ,.M ,e ds dk;Z ls lacaf/kr lwpuk ds forj.k dsanz dk dk;Z
djuk gSA la{ksi esa] bls mi;qDr lwpuk,a ,d=k djuh pkfg, rFkk ,d iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg, vkSj
vko';drkuqlkj lwpuk rFkk lkexzh çnku djus esa lgk;rk nsuh pkfg,A
6. çdk'ku% dsanzh; O & M dk;kZy; ekxZn'kZdksa] fu;ekofy;ksa] vUos"k.k lkexzh] gLr&iqfLrdkvksa] fooj.k if=kdkvksa]
ikf{kd if=kdkvksa vkSj vks ,.M ,e ds fl)kUr rFkk O;ogkj nksuksa ls lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk çdk'ku djds lgk;rk
çnku djrk gSA
çd‘fr
vks ,.M ,e dk;Z dk Lo:i fuEufyf[kr <ax ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1. O & M ,d lsok dk;Z gS% laxBu rFkk ç.kkyh bdkbZ dk dk;Z ,d lsok ds :i esa gSA ;g bdkbZ ljdkj djds
fofHkUu ea=kky;ks]a foHkkxksa rFkk dk;Zdykiksa dh dk;Z{kerk esa o‘f) gsrq lq>ko nsdj mUgsa lgk;rk igqp
¡ krh gSA vks ,.M
,e ds lq>ko Fkksis ugha tk ldrsA
2. O & M ,d ijke'kZ dk;Z gS% O & M dh çd‘fr dk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ rÙo ;g gS fd mldk dk;Z ijke'kZ nsuk
ek=k gS] uhfr fu/kkZj.k ls mldk dksbZ lac/a k ugha gksrkA vr% bldk dk;Z LVkQ lac/a kh gS] u fd lw=k lac/a khA mls dsoy
ijke'kZ nsuk pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ fo'ks"k foHkkx ;Fkksfpr dkj.k ds fcuk bu bdkb;ksa ls ijke'kZ ugha djrk gS rks lq>ko
:i esa mPp Lrj ij fdlh dk;Zokgh dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,] cy ç;ksx dHkh ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3. O & M ldkjkRed dk;Z gS% O & M bdkb;ksa dk dk;Z ldkjkRed gS] u fd udkjkRedA budh ço‘fÙk lq/kkjkRed
gS u fd nks"k&[kksthA bldk dk;Z vkykspuk djuk ugha gSA bl çdkj lk/kkj.k vFkksZa esa vks ,.M ,e fujh{k.k rFkk
ys[kk ijh{k.k ls fHkUu gSA
4. O & M ç'kklu esa lq/kkj ds fofHkUu ç;Ruksa dk vaxek=k gS% ;g ugha le>uk pkfg, fd O & M laxBu laca/kh
lHkh chekfj;ksa dh jkeck.k vkS"kf/k gS vFkok vdsyh O & M bdkbZ gh leLr ç'kklu esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
gS] oLrqr% O & M bdkbZ rks dk;Z lq/kkj gsrq fd, x, ljdkj ds lEiw.kZ ç;Ruksa dk dsoy ,d va'k ek=k gSA
5. vR;f/kd jgL;e; vkSj rduhdh ugha% O & M lq>ko dks vR;f/kd jgL;e; vkSj rduhdh jgL;e; vkSj
rduhdh cukus dh Hkwy ugha djuh pkfg,A mls ßlkekU; cqf) ij vk/kkfjr flQkfj'ksÞa gh nsuh pkfg,A mudk dk;Z
bruk vf/kd rduhdh u cu tk, fd dsoy fo'ks"kK gh mls le> ldsaA
mi;ksfxrk vFkok ykHk
1. ç'kkldh; lq/kkj dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku% ç'kklu esa lq/kkj djus gsrq fujarj ç;Ru djrs jgus ds fy, ;g ,d
lk/ku çnku djrk gSA ,sls lq/kkj ;g viuh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa ds laxBu rFkk muesa dk;Zi)fr;ksa dh vkykspukRed
leh{kk djds djrk gSA bl ç.kkyh dk lkj ;g gS fd ;g leh{kk fo'ks"kK inkf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA
2. fØ;kfof/k dks vk/kqfudre cukuk% O & M laHkkx }kjk foHkkxh; çfØ;k ljy cuk;h tkrh gS rFkk blds }kjk
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa dh lajpuk rFkk muds }kjk viuk;h x;h dk;Zfof/k nksuksa dks gh vk/kqfudre cuk, j[kus esa ;ksx
fn;k tkrk gS ftlls og cnyrs ifjçs{; esas dne feykdj py ldsA
3. vuqHko dk Hk.Mkj% vks ,.M ,e vuqla/kku dsanzksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA buds ikl i;kZIr vuqHko ,df=kr gks tkrk
gSA bl çdkj ,df=kr fd;k gqvk vuqHko dk;kZy; ,oa laLFkkvksa dks laxfBr djrs le; i;kZIr ykHk dk fl) gksrk gSA
fLFkfr
;g ,d fopkj.kh; ç'u gS fd vks ,.M ,e dk dk;Z i‘Fkd~ foHkkx }kjk fd;k tk, vFkok og dk;Z foHkkxh; deZpkfj;ksa
}kjk gh fd;k tk,\ ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd ;fn foHkkxh; deZpkjh vks ,.M ,e dk;ksZa dk Hkh laiknu djsa rks os
vf/kd O;kogkfjd lq>ko ns ldsaxs] pwafd mUgsa foHkkx dh dk;Zç.kkyh dk leqfpr Kku gksrk gSA ijarq vf/kdka'k fo}kuksa dk
er gS fd bl foHkkx dks i‘Fkd~ gh j[kuk pkfg,A blds i{k esa fuEufyf[kr rdZ çLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA
1. le;% foHkkx ds ofj"B deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl çk;% le;kHkko jgrk gS blfy, vks ,.M ,e xfrfof/k;ksa ds laca/k esa
os iw.kZ :i ls /;ku ugha ns ldrsA blds foijhr vks ,.M ,e ds i‘Fkd~ gksus ls blds deZpkjh viuk iwjk le; ns
ldrs gSa vkSj foHkkx ds ckjs esa oLrqijd n‘f"Vdks.k viuk ldrs gSaA
2. Lora=krk% foHkkx ds deZpkjh laxBu laca/kh vko';drkvksa ij bl Lora=krk ds lkFk fopkj ugha dj ldrs ftrus
fd vks ,.M ,e foHkkx ds deZpkjh dj ldrs gSaA tks O;fDr foHkkx dh çfØ;kvksa ls Lo;a laacaf/kr ugha gS muls ge
vPNs fu"d"kksZa dh vk'kk dj ldrs gSaA
3. vuqHko% vks ,.M ,e ds varxZr dk;Z djus okys yksxksa esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk vuqHko gksrk gS ftlls os foHkkx ds
deZpkfj;ksa dks uohure ,oa ferO;;h fof/k;ksa ls voxr djk ldrs gSaA
deZpkjh
vks ,.M ,e bdkbZ esa dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dk p;u vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gSA gj ,d deZpkjh ,d vPNk vks
,.M ,e fo'ks"kK ugha cu ldrkA vr% vks ,.M ,e bdkbZ esas dk;Z djus okys vf/kdkjh esa fuEu xq.k gksus pkfg,%
1. mleas lHkh Lrjksa ij yksxksa esa ?kqy&fey tkus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A
2. mlesa ,ssls xq.k gksus pkfg, fd og inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds mRlkgiwoZd lg;ksx çkIr dj ldsA
3. mlesa cqf) rFkk fopkjksa dh dYiuk vkSlr ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
4. mlesa ys[ku rFkk ekSf[kd :i ls er vfHkO;Dr dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A
5. vks ,.M ,e dk inkf/kdkjh vPNk óksr Hkh gksuk pkfg,A
6. mls ljdkjh laxBu rFkk dk;kZy; dk dk;Z laca/kh Kku gksuk pkfg,A
7. f'k{kk laca/kh i‘"VHkwfe dh vis{kk O & M dk;Z dk mls çf'k{k.k çkIr gksuk pkfg,A
8. lkekU;r% uo;qodksa dks vks ,.M ,e bdkb;ksa esa fu;qDr djuk pkfg,A vf/kd vk;qokys ofj"B O;fDr;ksa esa uohu
fopkj rFkk rduhdasa xzg.k djus dh 'kfDr de gksrh gSA
MkW- voLFkh ,oa ekgs'ohj ds 'kCnksa esa] ßvks ,.M ,e ds O;fDr dks /kS;Zoku] ifjJeh] fopkj'khy] lw{ekoyksdh] lkglh]
le>kSrkoknh] prqj rFkk lg;ksx djus vkSj mldk ç;ksx djus dh {kerk ;qDr gksuk pkfg,AÞ
vks ,.M ,e rduhdsa
1. los{Z k.k (Survey): losZ{k.k og eq[; rduhd gS ftlds }kjk dksbZ Hkh vks ,.M ,e fo'ys"k.k vius nkf;Roksa dk ikyu
djrk gSA losZ{k.k fof/k ls fdlh laxBu dh orZeku fLFkfr ds ckjs esa igys lc rF;ksa dks ladfyr djus dk ç;kl
fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn laxBu vkSj çca/k dh leL;kvksa dk fu/kkZj.k djds buds dkj.kksa vkSj lek/kkuksa dk irk
yxk;k tkrk gSA
çca/k losZ{k.k dbZ çdkj dk gksrk gSS tSls&
i. çkjfEHkd losZ{k.k
ii. iwjk losZ{k.k
iii. laxBu los{Z k.k
iv. dk;kZRed losZ{k.k
v. dk;Zfof/k losZ{k.k
losZ{k.k ds fy, lk{kkRdkj (Interview) ç'ukoyh (Questionnaire) rFkk fujh{k.k (Inspection) dh fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx
djrs gq, lHkh vko';d lkexzh ,df=kr dj yh tkrh gSA blds ckn fo'ys"k.kdrkZ bl lkexzh dk bl <ax ls
fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa fd laxBu leL;k,¡ mRiUu djus okys vkSj vPNs ,oa cqjs rRoksa dk rFkk leL;kvksa ds ewy dkj.kksa
298 yksd ç'kklu
dk irk yxk;k tk ldsA bl fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij fo'ks"kK fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku ds ckjs esa vius fofHkUu lq>ko
rFkk mik; çLrqr djrs gSaA
2. fujh{k.k% vks ,.M ,e 'kk[kk ds fo'ys"k.k fo'ks"kK foHkkxh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk feydj muds dk;kZy; dk fujh{k.k
djrs gSaA deZpkfj;ksa ds dke esa lq/kkj ds fy, vkSj visf{kr ekin.Mksa ds vuqlkj fuf'pr dke deZpkfj;ksa ls ysus
ds mik; crkdj mudkss lgk;rk nsrs gSaA vks ,.M ,e 'kk[kk dk fujh{k.k foHkkxk/;{kksa ds fujh{k.k ls loZFkk fHkUu
gksrk gSA bldk mís'; çca/kdksa dks bl ckr esa lgk;rk nsuk gksrk gS fd fdu dkj.kksa ls dke esa deh vk jgh gS vkSj
bls fdl çdkj nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3. QkWeZ fu;a=k.k% vkt ds ;qx esa 'kklu pykus ds fy, vusd QkWeksZa ¼çi=kksa½ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA QkWeZ fu;a=k.k dk
y{; ;g gS fd ljy QkWekZsa ds ek/;e ls mÙke dk;ksZa i)fr çkIr dh tk,A blds fy, vks ,.M ,e bdkbZ vusd
dne mBkrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&vuko';d QkWeksaZ dks gVk nsuk] vko';d QkWeksaZ ds Lo:i eaas lq/kkj djuk] QkWeksaZ ds Nkis
tkus esa feO;f;rk ds lq>ko nsuk vkfnA
4. dk;Z&eki% ;g ,slh jhfr gS ftlls fdlh dk;kZy; }kjk fd, tkus okys dk;ksZa rFkk bls djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds
ikjLifjd laca/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd ,d O;fDr viuk iwjk dk;Z Bhd <ax ls
fuf'pr vof/k ds Hkhrj iwjk dj jgk gS ;k ughaA bleasa ,d vksj rks fdlh ukis tkus okys dk;Z dh lgh O;k[;k vkSj
y{k.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk nwljh vksj bl dk;Z dks djus esa yxk, tkus okys dke ds ?k.Vksa dk iwjk fglkc j[kk tkrk
gSA ;g rduhd ;kaf=kd vkSj ,sls fyfidh; dk;ksZa esa lQyrkiwoZd ç;qDr dh tk ldrh gS] ftlesa fdlh dk;Z dks
ckj&ckj nksgjk;k tkrk gSA bl rduhd dh lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd fd, tkus okys dk;Z ds rFkk dke
ds ?k.Vksa dk iwjk çkekf.kd rFkk foLr‘r fjdkMZ j[kk tk,A
dk;Zeki ds fy, rhu çdkj dh i)fr;k¡ çpfyr gSa&
i. ijh{k.k djus vkSj xyrh djds lh[kus dh i)fr
ii. lkaf[;dh; i)fr
iii. le; v/;;u
blesa rhljh fof/k dk ç;ksx ckj&ckj nqgjkbZ tkus okyh ,slh ;kaf=kd fØ;kvksa ds fy, gksrk gS] tks cM+s dkj[kkuksa
esa mRiknu ds fy, ç;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA ;g dk;Z&eki çca/kdksa ds fy, cM+h mi;ksxh i)fr gS] D;ksafd bldh
lgk;rk ls çca/kdksa dks ;g irk yx tkrk gS fd fdlh fuf'pr le; esa ,d O;fDr }kjk fdruk dk;Z fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blds vk/kkj ij og vius lewps dk;Z dh ;kstuk vkSj ctV cuk ldrk gS vkSj igys ls gh ;g fuf'pr
dj ldrk gS fd fdl dke dks fdruh vof/k esa iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5. dk;Z ljyhdj.k% çfØ;k ds ljyhdj.k }kjk çca/kd dh cgqr lh leL;kvksa ij dkcw ik fy;k tk ldrk gSA dk;Z
ljyhdj.k ls rkRi;Z gS dke djus dh de Fkdkus okyh fof/k;ksa dk fodkl djukA MkW- voLFkh ,oa ekgs'ojhdk
dguk gS fd ^dk;Zdk;Z ljyhdj.k O & M dk ân; gSAÞ çca/k dh ,d çeq[k leL;k ^ykyQhrk'kkgh* dh cqjkbZ dks
de djuk gSA bl leL;k dk çR;{k laca/k dk;Z ljyhdj.k ls gSA blds varxZr dk;Zfof/k dh leL;k dks ljy
rFkk ferO;;h cukus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA blesa çfØ;kvksa dk vuojr~ :i ls ewY;kadu gksrk jgrk gSA
dk;Zljyhdj.k forj.k pkVZ rFkk çfØ;k pkVZ dk feJ.k gSA
6. Lopkyu% Lopkyu dk;Z dh foyEc laca/kh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk ,d mik; gSA blesa dk;kZy;ksa dh cgqr&lh
fØ;k,a euq";ksa }kjk u dh tkdj e'khuksa vFkok ;a=kksa }kjk dh tkrh gS] tSl&s lwph cukuk] lkj.kh rS;kj djuk] Nk¡Vuk]
fNnz djuk lax.kuk vkfnA
Lopkyu /khjs&/khjs cM+s laxBuksa dh dk;Zfof/k;ksa dk :i cny jgk gSA dk;kZy; esa Lopkyu ds ç;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k
gSaA fo|qn~.kq }kjk fooj.k rS;kj djuk (Electronic Data Processing), fNfnzr dkMZ (Punched Card) cukuk] ,dhd‘r
fooj.k rS;kj djuk vkfnA bu dk;kssZa ds fy, fo|qn~.kq lax.kd (Electronic Computers) dke esa yk, tkrs gSaA
7. uLrhdj.k ç.kkyh% uLrhdj.k ç.kkyh vfHkys[kksa dks Øec) vuqØe esa O;ofLFkr djus dh jhfr gSA uLrh esa ls dksbZ
fo'ks"k vfHkys[k ljyrk ls [kkst fudkyus ds fy, ;g ç.kkyh vko';d gSA uLrh dk ,dek=k ykHk ;g gS fd
vko';drk iM+us ij vfHkys[k rqjar fey tkrs gSaA uLrh dh O;oLFkk dk lh/kk çHkko nSfud dk;ksaZ dh xfr rFkk
dk;Zdq'kyrk ij iM+rk gSA vuqi;qDr uLrh O;oLFkk ls dk;Zokgh esa foyEc gksrk gS rFkk fu.kZ; esa ck/kk o dk;Z esa
vojks/k mRiUu gksrk gSA vr,o vks ,.M ,e bdkbZ dk;kZy;ksa dks uLrhdj.k ds ekeys esa lgk;rk nsrh gS vkSj mldh
fof/k fl[kkrh gSA
uLrh laca/kh lkexzh dks pkj eksVs Hkkxksa esa oxhZd‘r fd;k tk ldrk gS&
i. ,sfrgkfld ;k vfHkys[kh;
ii. LFkk;h
iii. vLFkk;h
iv. dsoy çpfyr ewY;
vfHkys[k çca/k dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ rduhd ekbØksfQfYeax gSA
dk;Z v/;;u
mPprj mRiknu gsrq dk;Z dk lw{e fo'ys"k.k djus dh fØ;k dks dk;Z v/;;u djrs gSaA bldk mís'; Øec) i)fr;ksa
rFkk fdlh oSKkfud rjhds ls dk;Z dk ljyre] lqxere vf/kd çHkko'kkyh rFkk vf/kd ferO;;h ekxZ [kkst fudkyuk
gSA ladh.kZ ;k O;kid vFkZ esa ;g dk;Z dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh dsoy ,d Øec) rFkk foosdiw.kZ rduhd gSA bl 'kCn
ds ç;ksx esa ßi)fr v/;;u (Method Study) rFkk dk;Zeki (Work Measurement) dh rduhdsa lfEefyr gSa ftudk ç;skx
fdlh dk;Z fo'ks"k dks iwjk djus esa ekuoh; rFkk HkkSfrd lk/kukssa dk vf/kdre ç;ksx djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSAÞ bl
vFkZ esa dk;Z v/;;u dh i‘Fkd~ fdarq os vU;ksU;kfJr rduhdsa Hkh vkrh gSa ftudk uke i)fr v/;;u rFkk dk;Zeki gSA
i)fr v/;;u dk y{; dk;Z dh i)fr;ksa esa lq/kkj djuk gS rkfd deZpkjh oxZ] midj.k] ys[ku&lkexzh] LFkku bR;kfn
dk vf/kd vPNk mi;ksx gks ldsA dk;Zeki dk laca/k dk;ZHkkj (Task) dh dk;Z oLrq (Work-content) ls gS] tks ekuoh;
çHkko'khyrk dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA buesa ekuoh; 'kfDr dh vko';drkvksa dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, dk;Zikyu esa vko';d
le; dh ek=kk dks eki fy;k tkrk gSA foLr‘r vFkZ esa dk;Z v/;;u 'kCn ds v/khu lHkh ßØec) dk;Zdyki gksrk gS ftldk
laca/k dk;Z ds vuqla/ku] vfHkys[k] eki rFkk lq/kkj ls gSAÞ bl vFkZ esa dk;Z v/;;u esa dk;Z ds os lHkh igyw vk tkrs gSa
ftudk çHkko miyC/k lk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ij iM+rk gS] vkSj buesa laxBu dk fo'ys"k.k i)fr v/;;u] dk;Z eki] dk;Z
ljyhdj.k] çi=k fo'yss"k.k] LFkku] deZpkjhoxZ rFkk midj.k dk mi;ksx rFkk dk;Z vuqla/kku ds vU; rRo vk ldrs gSaA
la?kh; foÙk ea=kky; dh deZpkjh fujh{k.k bdkbZ bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx foLr‘r vFkZ esa djrh gSA
fo'ks"k çdkj ds dk;Z v/;;u esa rhu eq[; rRo gksrs gSa i)fr v/;;u] dk;Z eki rFkk laxBu dk fo'ys"k.k deZpkjh fujh{k.k
bdkbZ esa dk;Z v/;;u esa O;ogkjr% rhu var% laca/kh rRo gksrs gSaA
1. dk;Z i)fr;ksa ;k ml rjhds dk v/;;u ftlls dk;Z dk vis{kkd‘r ljyhdj.k ,oa lq/kkj dh n‘f"V ls v/;;u fd;k
tkrk gSA bu v/;;uksa dk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd [kphZys rFkk çHkkoghu dk;Z dh dk;Zfof/k;k¡ vf/kd ;qfDrwi.kZ rFkk
ljy i)fr;ksa dks viuk ysus ds dkj.k lekIr gksrh tkrh gSA bl çdkj ds fØ;kdyki dks i)fr v/;;u dgrs
gSaA
2. O;fDr vkSj bdkbZ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z ds fy, mfpr rFkk okLrfod ekun.M ds vuqlkj fd, x, dk;Z dh ek=kk
dk fo'ys"k.k djds deZpkjhoxZ dh vko';drkvksa dk ewY;kadu djukA bl i)fr esa dk;Zeki rFkk dk;Z lEiknu
ds çekiksa dk fodkl 'kkfey gSA
3. fo|eku laxBukRed lajpuk ds dk;Z dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj fdlh ,sls laxBukRed uewus dk fodkl ftlls dk;Z dh
la'kksf/kr dk;Zfof/k;ksa ds ykHk çkIr gks ldsaA
300 yksd ç'kklu
dk;Zeki
varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu us bldh bl çdkj ifjHkk"kk nh gSA ßdk;Zeki fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z dh fo"k;&oLrq dks iwjh djus
ds fy, vkdfYir dh xbZ rduhdksa dk ,slk ç;ksx gS tks fdlh ;ksX; deZpkjh }kjk fuf'pr Lrj ij mls dk;kZfUor djus
ds fy, vko';d le; fu/kkZfjr djds fd;k tkrk gSAÞ dk;Z eki dks dHkh&dHkh dk;Z laiknu dk ewY;kadu ;k dk;Z
lEiknu dk fo'yss"k.k ;k dHkh&dHkh dk;Z lEiknu dk ys[kk ijh{k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA bldk ç;kstu ç'kklu dks os lk/ku
çnku djuk gS ftuds }kjk og dk;Z mRiknu rFkk ekuo 'kfDr ds chp leqfpr çca/k LFkkfir dj ldsA bls fdlh :i
esa Hkh fdlh dk;Z esa ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh lkekU;r% ;g rduhd ,sls dk;Z laca/k esa vf/kd vPNh rjg ç;ksx
esa yk;h tk ldrh gS tks ekih rFkk igpkuh tk lds] rFkk ftUgsa iqujkorZuh; bdkb;ksa dk :i fn;k tk ldrk gksA nwljh
vksj] dqN çdkj ds fØ;kdyki rFkk@;k in ,sls gksrs gSa] tks dk;Z&eki dh rduhdksa dh vko';drk dks ugha le>rs gSaA
bl Js.kh esa pksVh ds ç'kkldh; in vaos"k.k ;kstuk] vfXu'keu lsok vkfn laca/kh dk;Z vkrs gSaA
mís';
1. dk;Z vuqlwph;u rFkk oS;fDrd nkf;Roksa ij mÙke vkUrfjd fu;a=k.kA
2. vk/kqfud çHkko'kkyh rjhds ls ctV&fuekZ.k] O;;ksa dk iwokZuqeku rFkk vkoaVuA
3. i)fr ljyhdj.k rFkk laxBukRed çHkkj ds fy, vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k rFkk Hkkoh dk;Zokgh ds fy, ykHknk;d
vk/kkj lkexzh çnku djukA
4. ;FkkFkZ rFkk mfpr mRlkgo)Zd ;kstuk,¡ cukus esa lgk;rk nsukA
ykHk
1. dk;Z dks iwjk djus ds rnFkZ ekun.Mksa ds LFkku ij vf/kd ;qfDriw.kZ ekun.Mksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA
2. dk;Z dks dq'kyrkiwoZd fuiVkus ds fy, vko';d ekuo 'kfDr vkSj dk;ZHkkj ds chp larqyu LFkkfir fd;k tkrk
gSA
3. lEikfnr dk;Z ds vkarfjd ewY; ds lkFk dk;Z ds fy, vko';d deZpkfj;ksa ds uewus dh mi;qDrrk dk fu/kkZj.kA
4. dk;Z lEiknu ds fy, mi;qDr lk/kuksa dk fodkl rFkk deZpkjh oxZ dh 'kfDr esa lqfo/kk laca/kh la'kks/ku djukA
eki dh bdkb;k¡
eki dh nks bdkb;k¡ gSa&dk;Z bdkbZ (work unit) rFkk le; bdkbZ (Time Unit)A dk;Z bdkbZ ds p;u esa eki fd, tkus
okys dk;Z ds Lrj fo'ks"k dk çHkko iM+rk gSA fØ;k] çfØ;k rFkk çorZu&Øe Lrjksa dk gh vf/kd ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bl çdkj ftl dk;Z bdkbZ dk eki djuk gS mlesa dk;Z ds ;s Øe gks ldrs gSa&çkFkZuki=k ftldh leh{kk dh x;h gks]
fy[kk x;k dksbZ i=k ;k dksVZ ijhf{kr çek.kd (Voucher) ;k dksbZ fo'ks"k çfØ;k ftldk dk;Z ls fudV dk laca/k gksA
le; bdkbZ çk;% ?k.Vk rFkk feUVksa ls laca/k j[krh gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g vko';d gksrk gS fd dk;Z dk laca/k le; dh
cM+h&cM+h bdkb;ksa ls LFkkfir fd;k tk;] tSls ,d fnu] ,d lIrkg ;k ,d ekg] fdarq çk;% ?k.Vs dh bdkbZ dk gh ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Z bdkb;ksa dk eki le; ds vuqikr esa çdV fd;k tkrk gS] tSls fdrus le; ds Hkhrj fdruk mRiknu
gqvk gSA vuqikr ;g ns[kdj çdV fd;k tk ldrk gS fd dk;Z dh ,d bdkbZ dks ;k dqN bdkb;ksa dks iwjk gksus esa fdruk
le; yxk ;k vuqikr bl rjg Hkh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ,d le; bdkbZ esa fdruk dk;Z gqvk] vkSj bl çdkj
bls ge ;g dgdj Hkh Li"V dj ldrs gSa fd çfr ?k.Vk ;k çfrfnu bruk dk;Z gqvk gSA
rduhdsa
1. vuqHkotU; vuqeku i)fr
2. lkaf[;dh eki ;k dk;Z çfrn'kZ i)fr
3. fojke ?kM+h çek.k }kjk eki ;k le; v/;;u i)fr
1. vuqHkotU; vuqeku i)fr% bl i)fr ds varxZr çeki çk;% lkekU; voyksdu] tk¡p rFkk =kqfV] vuqHko ,oa
i;Zos{kdksa] çorZdksa o fo'ys"kdksa ds lfEefyr fu.kZ;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
bl i)fr ds ykHk gSa%
i. blesa tfVy oS'ysf"kd rduhdksa dk ç;ksx ugha djuk iM+rkA
ii. fu.kZ; vis{kkd‘r 'kh?kz gksrs gSa rFkk eki esa [kpZ Hkh vf/kd ugha gksrkA
gkfu;k¡% bl ij fuHkZj jguk lansgiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g i)fr fdruh Bhd jgsxh ;g dgk ugha tk ldrk rFkk çLrkfor
çekiksa ds fo"k; esa erHksn nwj djus ds fy, rF; u gksus ij dfBukb;k¡ vkrh gSaA
2. dk;Z&çfrn'kZ i)fr% ;g lkaf[;dh i)fr gS bls fØ;k çfrn'kZ Hkh dgrs gSa ftlesa yacs le; rd dk;Z dk voyksdu
djds mldk eki çkIr djus ds LFkku ij dk;Z ds çfrn'kZu ;k lSEiy ls dke fy;k tkrk gSA bl rjhds dk fl)kar
;g gS fd ;fn lSEiy dk;Z ds le; ds okLrfod ;ksx dk çfrfuf/k gS vkSj 'kq) rduhdksa ds vuqlkj çkIr fd;k
x;k gS rks ,d lSEiy eki ds ç;kstuksa ds fy, dkQh 'kq) gksrk gSA lSEiy ds voyksdu dk ç;ksxs djus ds QyLo:i
dk;Z dk ijh{k.k djus essa le; yxrk gS] vkSj tc leqfpr jhfr ls lSEiy dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS rks deZpkfj;ksa
dks de ls de ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA dk;Z&çfrn'kZ i)fr esa dk;Z dh ps"Vkvksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u ;g ns[kus ds
fy, djuk iM+rk gS fd deZpkfj;ksa ¼;k ,d deZpkjh½ dk le; fdl çdkj ck¡Vk x;k gSA dk;Z ds lSEiy dk y{;
;g ns[kuk gS fd lEiw.kZ ç;Ru (work effect) dks fofHkUu ps"Vkvksa esa fdl çdkj forfjr fd;k x;k gS] fdruk le;
mRiknd rFkk fdruk vuqRiknd gS] D;k vuqRiknd le; dk vuqikr cgqr vf/kd gS] vkSj D;k ftruk le; O;rhr
fd;k x;k gS og çkIr ifj.kke ds vuqlkj mfpr gSA
3. le; i)fr v/;;u% le; v/;;u i)fr dk ç;ksx nSfud] iqujkorhZ rFkk cM+h ek=kk esas mRiknu djus okys çorZuksa
ds fy, ogk¡ fd;k tkrk gS tgk¡ Je ewY; mRiknu ewY; dh bdkbZ dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrk gSA bl i)fr esa
fo'ks"kr% çf'kf{kr Vsduhf'k;uksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] vkSj blesa dk;Z le; rFkk /ku dkQh ek=kk esa yxrk gSA de
çekf.kd dk;ksZa ds fy, i)fr bruh vf/kd [kphZyh gS fd O;; dks ns[krs gq, dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrkA
dk;Z i)fr dk pje :i ^fufeZr fojke&?kM+h çeki* gSA bu ekin.Mksa ;k çekiksa dk fodkl ifj"d‘r le;&eki
i)fr;ksa esa dk;Z dk v/;;u foLrkj ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj&
i. mldk oxhZdj.k cqfu;knh i=kksa rFkk xfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSSA
ii. dk;Z&lEiknu ds dq'kyre ekxZ dk Hkh fodkl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlesa midj.kksa] dk;Z&LFkku rFkk
dk;Z&çokg dh xqatkb'k gksrh gSSA
iii. fojke ?kM+h ;k ekbØkseks'ku v/;;uksa }kjk foLrkj ls le; ntZ djds 'kq) le; ewY; çkIr fd, tkrs gSaA
iv. dk;Z laca/kh lkjs rRoksa dh x.kuk ,d=k djds] le; dk vkSlr fudkydj rFkk leUo; djds rFkk Fkdku]
foJke ds ?k.Vs vkSj dk;Z çokg ds foyEcksa ls mRiUu vuqRiknd le;ksa dds fy, rRoksa dks lkekU; ,oa lery
djds çekf.kd le;&mRiknu ds vuqikr fudkys tkrs gSaA
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh
lwpuk rduhd ds {ks=k esa fiNys ,d n'kd esa vkbZ Økafr us vc viuk çHkko ns[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA vkt ,d NksVs ls
dEI;wVj dk iq'k cVy nckdj fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus ls laidZ dk;e fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d NksVs ls eksckby Qksu
ls vki u dsoy lan's k] cfYd pkgsa rks vius vfrxksiuh; nLrkost dh QksVks dkWih bfPNr O;fDr rd igqp ¡ k ldrs gSAa lwpuk
vkS|ksfxdh us nSfud dk;Z&ç.kkyh ls ysdj fpfdRlk] LokLF;] Ñf"k] cSafdax] chek ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa Hkh O;kid
ifjorZu dk vk/kkj curk tk jgk gSA ?kj cSBs fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; dh iqLrd i<+uk vFkok fdlh Hkh fpfdRld ls ijke'kZ
ysuk vc lk/kkj.k&lh ckr gks xbZ gSA baVjusV ds ek/;e ls fo'o ds fdlh Hkh csgrjhu fMikVZeVas y LVksj ls [kjhnkjh djuk
iM+ksl dh nwdku ls lkeku [kjhnus ls T;knk ljy gks x;k gSA lwpuk Økafr dh /ot okgd cuus okyh bl rduhd ds
fofHkUu vk;keksa dh ppkZ bl ys[k esa lkjxfHkZr :i ls dh xbZ gSA
302 yksd ç'kklu
lwpuk ds {ks=k esa bl ubZ Økafr dk lw=kikr 19oha 'krkCnh ds VsyhxzkQ ds vkfo"dkj ds lkFk gks x;k FkkA ckn esa jsfM;ks]
VªkaftLVj] VsyhQksu] lsY;qyj Qksu] dEI;wVj] nwj lapkj mixzg] Vsyhfotu] baVjusV] ohfM;ksQksu] fçaVj] eYVhehfM;k
bR;kfn us bl çkS|ksfxdh dks orZeku Økafrdkjh Lo:i çnku fd;kA bu lcesa dEI;wVj ds fcuk lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds orZeku
Lo:i dh dYiuk djuk csekuh gSA vkt iwjs fo'o esa vkS|ksfxd :i ls fodflr lekt ,sls lwpuk lekt esa ifjofrZr
gksrk tk jgk gSA tks dEI;wVj ds fcuk ,d lsdaM Hkh thfor ugha jg ldrkA dEI;wVj vkt lwpuk&ra=k dk ,d çeq[k
fgLlk gks x;k gSSA
dEI;wVj
Hkkjr esa dEI;wVj dk ços'k lu~ 1950 esa bdkbZ lalk/ku e'khuksa rFkk MsLd Vki dEI;wVlZ ds :i esa gqvk vkt tks ge mUur
dEI;wVj ns[k jgs gSa mldh çkjafHkd :i lsok lu~ 1642 esa 18 o"khZ; oSKkfud Cyst ikLoy us ,d ;kaf=kd lax.kd ds :i
esa çLrqr fd;k FkkA bl ;a=k dk uke ikLdy j[kk x;k FkkA lu~ 1833 esa fczVsu ds xf.krK pkYlZ csost us ,d e'khu dk
vkfo"dkj fd;k ftldks ,usfyfVd batu uke fn;k x;kA iw.kZr% Lopkfyr bl batu esas buiqV] eseksjh] vFkZefs Vd vkmViqV
rFkk dsVªksy ;wfuVsa FkhA ;g e'khu 20 LFkkuksa rd 'kq) vkSj 60 tksM+ çfr feuV xfr ls x.kuk djrh FkhA f}rh; fo'o ;q)
ds ckn x.kuk djus okys ;a=kksa dh c<+rh ekax dks ns[krs gq, vejhdh oSKkfud MkW- gkjoMZ ekbdu us varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj
daiuh ds lg;ksx ls lu~ 1944 esa gkjoMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa igys dEI;wVj ekdZ&1 (Mark-1) dk fodkl fd;kA ;g dEI;wVj
pkYlZ cssost ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr FkkA blesa buiqV vFkkZr~ vk¡dM+kas ds Hkjus ds fy, fNfnzr Vsiksa rFkk dkMksZa dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1945 esa MkW- tku ekpys us bysfDVªkfs ud dSydqyVs j rS;kj fd;k ftls bZ-,u-vkbZ-,-lh- uke fn;k x;kA
lu~ 1950 esa vejhdk ds futh m|fe;ksa us dEI;wVj mRiknu ds {ks=k esa dne j[kkA yxHkx blh le; Hkkjr esa Hkh dEI;wVj
us ços'k fd;kA
dEI;wVj dk fodkl
orZeku esa dEI;wVj ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS og pkSFks pj.k dk dEI;wVj gSA ik¡posa pj.k ds dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds fy,
'kks/k rFkk vuqla/kku tkjh gSA igy ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1944 esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;s oSD;we V~;wc&cYcksa ij
vk/kkfjr FksA bu dEI;wVjksa esa bysDVªkuksa ds çokg dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1948 esa VªkaftLVj ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn
lu~ 1956 esa nwljh ih<+h us dEI;wVj dk fodkl fd;kA bl dEI;wVj esa VªkaftLVj dk ç;skx fd;k x;kA lu~ 1965 esa
dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h vfLrRo esa vkbZA bu dEI;wVjksa esa flfydkWu fpIl dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA vHkh rd dEI;wVjksa
dk ç;ksx 'kks/k'kkykvksa esa oSKkfudksa }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] fdUrq flfydkWu fpIl dk ç;ksx 'kq: gksus ds ckn blh o"kZ
dEI;wVj cktkj essa tulk/kkj.k ds fy, miyC/k gq,A dEI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h lu~ 1971 ds ckn vfLrRo esa vkbZA vc
oSKkfud ik¡poha ih<+h ds fodkl dh fn'kk esa layXu gSA
tuojh 2000 esa iq.ks esa laiUu foKku dkaxzsl esa vçoklh oSKkfud bZ-lh-th-lqn'kZu us yxHkx 5 o"kks± ds vanj fodflr gks
tkus okys ik¡pohA ih<+h ds DokaVe dEI;wVj dh fØ;k&fof/k dh tkudkjh nh FkhA
Hkkjr esa baVjusV
Hkkjr esa baVjusV lqfo/kk dh 'kq:vkr 5 vxLr] 1995 esa gqbZA 1991 esa vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dh çfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr ds
lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr dks lwpuk jktekxZ ds :i esa baVjusV dh lqfo/kk feyuk Hkkjr dks lwpuk jktekxZ ds :i esa baVjusV dh
lqfo/kk feyuk Hkkjr ds fy, ,d egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/k FkhA mnkjhdj.k ds ykHk dk tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dh jk"Vªh; uhfr
ds varxZr lu~ 1995 ls bls tulk/kkj.k ds fy, eqDr dj fn;k x;kA iwoZ esa ;g lqfo/kk dsoy f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa]
vuqla/kku'kkykvksa rFkk ljdkjh miØeksa dk vusZV ,oa fudusV ds }kjk gh miyC/k FkhA
orZeku Hkkjr esa baVjusV dh lqfo/kk fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM (VSNL) ds }kjk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA baVjusV dh
lqfo/kk çkIr djus ds fy, ,d VsyhQksu ykbu] dEI;wVj] eksMse rFkk baVjusV rd igq¡pkus okyk lkW¶Vos;j ftls czkmtj
dgrs gSa] fd vko';drk gksrh gSA baVjusV dk dusD'ku feyus ds ckn miHkksDrk baVjusV ij miyC/k gj çdkj dh lwpuk
dks bPNkuqlkj çkIr dj ldrk gSA ;s lwpuk,¡ f'k{kk] foKku] jktuhfr] O;kikj ls ysdj [ksydwn] fpfdRld ls ijke'kZ]
ukSdjh dh ryk'k rd foLr‘r gSA
Hkkjr esa fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM }kjk baVjusV lsok ds fy, eqEcbZ fLFkr baVjusV ,Dlsl uksM dks vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi
ds baVjusV uksM ds Øe'k% mixzg rFkk leqnz ds uhps fcNh dsfcyksa dks tksMk+ x;k gSA Hkkjr ds vU; LFkkuksa ij fjeksV daVkª y
s
,Dlsy uksM LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA uksM ls tqM+ko ds fy, nwj lapkj foHkkx }kjk baVjflVh fyad dk ç;skx fd;k tk jgk
gSA blds vfrfjDr fons'k lapkj fuxe }kjk xsVrs iSdst fLop lfoZl (G.P.S.S.) fjeksV ,fj;k eSlst usVodZ (RAMN),
vkbZ- usV ds MksesfLVd iSdst fLop usVodZ (DPSN) rFkk gkbZ LihM jh&lsV usVodZ (HRN) bR;kfn ls Hkh tqM+ko dk;e
fd;k tk jgk gS] rkfd bldk vkSj foLrkj fn;k tk ldsA
Hkkjr esa baVjusV dk ços'k vkSj foLrkj
Hkkjr esa baVjusV dk ços'k gq, vHkh flQZ 10 o"kZ gh gq, gSAa bl n‘f"V ls vHkh Hkkjr esa baVjusV ds foLrkj dh dkQh laHkkouk,¡
gSaA gekjs ns'k esa baVjusV ij miyC/k lqfo/kkvska dks çpfyr djus ds fy, fur ubZ osclkbVksa vk jgh gSaA 1988-99 esa Hkkjr
esa dqy 90 gtkj MkVdke daifu;k¡ jftLVMZ FkhA o"kZ 2000 ds var rd bu daifu;ksa dh la[;k esa 200 çfr'kr dh o‘f)
gqbZ gSA
uoacj 1998 esa Hkkjr esa futh baVjusV lfoZl çksokbMj (ISP) ds vkus ls iwoZ ns'k esa 1,70,000 baVjusV miHkksDrk FksA 1999
dh ebZ rd miHkksDrkvksa dh la[;k esa 1,30,000 dh o‘f) gqbAZ ebZ 1999 esa gh 5,00,000 vU; yksx baVjusV ls tqM+us ds
fy, çrh{kkjr~ FksA bUgsa <k¡pkxr lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ds dkj.k dusD'ku ugha fn;k tk jgk gSA ukldke (National
Association of Software and Services Companies-NASSCOM) }kjk djok, x, rktk losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj ns'k esa
orZEkku baVjusV dusD'kuksa dh dqy la[;k 6.10 yk[k gSA ftlds ekpZ 2001 rd c<+dj 14 yk[k gks tkus dh laHkkouk gSA
blh vof/k esa baVjusV dk mi;ksx djus okyksa dh la[;k 21 yk[k ls c<+dj 50 yk[k gks tkus dh laHkkouk gSA ukldke
ds vkdyu ds vuqlkj foÙkh; o"kZ] 1999-2000 esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx 450 djksM+ :i;s dk lkSnk bZ dkWelZ ds }kjk gqvk gSA
o"kZ 2000-2001 esa bl lkSns esa 500 çfr'kr dh o‘f) gksuk laHkkfor gSA Qjojh] 2000 eqEcbZ esa vk;ksftr ,d i=kdkj laxBu
esa tkudkjh çkIr gqbZ fd o"kZ 1999-2000 esa ns'k esa lkW¶Vos;j m|ksx dk dqy dkjksckj 5.7 vjc MkWyj Fkk tks o"kZ 2000-
2001 esa c<+dj 8.85 djksM+ vjc MkWyj¼yxHkx 38,500 djksM+ :i;s½ gks tkuk laHkkfor gSA
baVjusV ij feyus okyh lqfo/kk,¡
bZ&esy&bZ&esy (Electronic Mail) lwpuk laçs{k.k dk ,d:i gSA bl ç.kkyh esa usVodZ ds }kjk ,d dEI;wVj dks nwljs
dEI;wVj ls tksM+dj rRdky lwpuk dks laçsf"kr djus dh lqfo/kk çkIr dh tkrh gSA ,d dEI;wVj ls Hksth xbZ lwpuk dks
nwljs dEI;wVj ls i<+k tk ldrk gSA eqfnzr fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk vko';drk gksus ij lqjf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bZ&esy
ç.kkyh esa eksMse dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA tc ,d dEI;wVj lqnwjorhZ nwljs dEI;wVj ds LkkFk layXu eksMse dEI;wVj
esa HkaMkfjr fMthVu lwpuk dksM dks VsyhQksu ykbu }kjk ,uykWx :i esa ifjofrZr dj nwljs dEI;wVj rd Hkstrk gSA nwljh
vksj nwljs dEI;wVj esa fMthVy :i essa cnydj HkaMkfjr djrk gSA bl ç.kkyh esa ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa lans'k
Hkstus ds fy, nwljs dEI;wVj rd çsf"kr djuk gS] rks muds irs dh tkudkjh gksuh t:jh gSA bZ&esy dk egÙo O;olk;
,oa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa lokZf/kd gS blds ç;ksx ls de O;; esa gh lans'kksa dk vknku&çnku gks tkrk gSA ,d i‘"B bZ&esy
dk O;; yxHkx 5 :i;k vkrk gSA tks QSDl] VsysDl] ,l-Vh-Mh- vFkok dwfj;j ls lLrk gSA
Hkkjr esas bZ&esy dk lokZf/kd ç;skx vkWVkseksckby] bathfu;fjax ds {ks=k esa gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa bZ&esy ls vf/kd rhoz xfr ls
lan's k igqp
¡ kus okyh orZeku esa dksbZ lsok ugha gSA bZ&esy ds ek/;e ls /ofu :i esa lan's k Hkstus dh lqfo/kk nsus okys VkvksVkd
uked lkW¶Vos;j ds lkFk ,d lkmaM dkMZ ekbØksQksu rFkk LihdlZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa orZeku esa 8 daifu;k¡
bZ&esy lqqfo/kk miyC/k djk jgh gSSA buesa foçks] ohVhesy] ,Dllsl] Xykscesy] ,Dl bZ&esy rFkk fLçaV esy çeq[k gSaA
blds vfrfjDr fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM (VSNL) esa ,dkmV ds }kjk baVjusV ij bZ&esy dh lqfo/kk çkIr dh tk ldrh
gSA baVjusV ij bZ&esy lqfo/kk dk dksbZ vfrfjDr 'kqYd ugha nsuk gksrk gSA oh-,l-,u-,y- }kjk miyC/k djkbZ xbZ bZ&esy
lqfo/kk dk O;kolkf;d bLrseky djus ij 'kqYd nsuk gksrk gSA
304 yksd ç'kklu
bZ&dkWelZ&bZ&dkWelZ baVjusV vk/kkfjr miHkksDrk cktkj dh ,d ubZ dk;Ziz.kkyh gS ftlds vraxZr baVjusV ij Bhd mlh
izdkj oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa bZ&dkWelZ vHkh izkjafHkd voLFkk esa gSA fQj Hkh bl o"kZ bZ&dkWelZ
}kjk Hkkjr esa fd;k tkkus okyk dqy O;kikj 500 djksM+ :i;s rd igq¡p tkus dh vk'kk gSA bZ&dkWelZ ds ek/;e ls lsok,¡
nsus okyh Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa eq[; gSAa ve‘y] vkbZ0 lh0 vkbZ0 rFkk jk"Vªh; LVkWd ,dlpst a ] Hkkjr esa bZ&dkWelZ ls lacfa èkr
fofu;eksa rFkk dkuwuksa dk vR;f/kd vHkko gS ftlds dkj.k bl ek/;e dk foLrkj ugha gks ik jgk gSA gky dhs esa dasnz
ljdkj }kjk bZ&dkWelZ dks foLrkj nsus dh fn'kk esa dqN Bksl igy dh xbZ gSA
bZ&dkelZ iz.kkyh dk eq[; vk/kkj bysDVªkfW ud MkVk&baVjpst a gS ftlds vraxr Z vk¡dM+kas dks ifjofrZr djus rFkk LFkkukarfjr
djus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr xzkgd tc osclkbV ij miyC/k lkeku dks ilan djds Ø; djrk gS]
rks mls Hkqxrku ds fy, dEi;wVj ij miyC/k ,d QkeZ Hkjuk gksrk gSA bl QkeZ es viuk ØsfMV dkMZ uacj] ns; jkf'k]
ikus okyh QeZ dk uke bR;kfn lwpuk,¡ vafdr djuh gksrh gSAa QkeZ ds Hkjrs gh xzkgd ds [kkrs ls /kujkf'k fudydj foØsrk
ds [kkrs esa LFkkukarfjr gks tkrh gSA bysDVªkWfud MkVk baVjpsat ds varxZr vHkh gky esa ,d ubZ iz.kkyh dk lw=kikr gqvk
gSA bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr Øsrk dEI;wVj ij vius fMftVy gLrk{kj }kjk psd dgk tkrk gSA ;g iz.kkyh mUgksa ns'kksa esa
ykxw gS tgk¡ fMftVy gLrk{kj dks dkuwuh ekU;rk feyh gqbZ gSA
isftax ,ao lsY;qyjj% lwpuk izk| S ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa O;kikfjd :i ls ifjorZu ykus esa isftx ,oa lsy;qyj iz.kkfy;ksa dk fo'ks"k
;ksxnku gSA bu nksuksa iz.kkfy;ksa esa lans'k Hkstus ds fy, jsfM;ks rjaxksa dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa bl iz.kkyh esa
oSi (Wireless Application Protocal-WAP) uked rduhd dk lek;kstu dj bls vkSj Hkh vf/kd l{ke cuk fn;k x;k
gSA oSi rduhd dh 'kq:vkr 1999 ds izFke frikgh esa dh xbZ gSA bl rduhd ds ek/;e ls lsY;qyj Qksu ds }kjk baVjusV
ls tqM+ko dk;e fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa QSDl rFkk bZ&esy dh lqfo/kk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA b/kj chp oSi dk izlkj
dkQh rsth ls gqvk gSa vc rd fo'o dh yxHkx 9 gtkj osclkbVksa ls tqMu + s tk jgh gSA ,svj jsy us bafM;k VqMs vkWu okgu]
bafM;k baQksykbu rFkk bafM;k xkbM ds lkFk le>kSrk fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa baVjusV lsok iznku djus okyh lR;e~ vkWu ykbu
}kjk 'kh?kz gh oSi xsVos dh LFkkiuk ns'k esa dh tk jgh gSA oSi rduhd ij vk/kkfjr Qksu xfr rFkk oSM foM~Fk ds ekeys
esa dqN detksj gSA Hkkjr esa orZeku esa th0 ,l0 ,e0 rduhd dk iz;ksx gks jgk gS ftlds ek/;e ls ek=k 9.6 fdyksokbV~l
izfr lsdMa dh xfr ls lwpukvksa dk iz"s k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ebZ 2000 esa th0 ih0 vkj0 ,l0 uke ubZ rduhd dk iz;ksx
'kq: gqvk gSA ftldh xfr 176.2 fdyksckbV~l izfr feuV gSA bl rduhd ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk eksVksjksyk rFkk ch0
oh0 ,y0 esa ,d le>kSrk vHkh gky esa gh laiUu gqvk gSA tgk¡ rd MkVk Vªkalfe'ku dk iz'u gS rhljh ih<+h dh rduhd
ftls czkbcSaM eksckby dgk tkrk gS 'kh?kz gh cktkj esa vk pqdk gSA
eksckby Qksu% ns'k esa orZeku esa yxHkx 1.90 djksM+ yksx eksckby Qksu dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSAa budh la[;k esa yxkrkj rsth
ls o‘f) gks jgh gSA 1999 dh izFke Nekgh esa yxHkx 80,000 yksx eksckby Qksu ls tqM+s] fdUrq ckn ds 6 ekg esa budh
la[;k izfrekg 70,000 dh o‘f) gqbZ gSA tuojh 2000 esa yxHkx 87,000 yksx eksckby Qksu ls tqM+s] tcfd Qjojh&ekpZ
2000 esa izfrekg ,d yk[k yksx bl lsok ls tqM+sA ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkn ns'k ds lsY;wyj Qksu ds cktkj esa 80 izfr'kr
dh o‘f) ntZ dh xbZ gSA xr o"kZ lsY;q;j Qksu cktkj dk dqy dkjksckj 2,252 djksM+ :i;s dk Fkk ftlesa gSaV lsVksa ds
fcØh ls 536 djksM+ :i;s vftZr fd, x,A
lsVsykbV Qksu% eksckby vFkok lsY;wyj Qksu dh Hkk¡fr lsVsykbV Qksu Hkh nwj lapkj izkS|kfxdh dh vuqie nsu gSA mixzg
vk/kkfjr eksckby Qksu ds {ks=k lsY;wyj Qksu ls dgha vf/kd foLr‘r rFkk O;kid vk/kkj okyk gksrk gSA lsVsykbV Qksu ds
ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh vU; LFkku ij rqjar laidZ dk;e dj ldrk gSA bl iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ,d gh gSaMlsV
ls Qksu] QSDl rFkk isftax lsok dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
QSDll% lapkj izkS|kfxdh ds {ks=k esa QSDl ,d yksdfiz; iz.kkyh gSA QSDl dk mi;ksx eq[;r;k nLrkostksa dks Hkstus es fd;k
tkrk gSA bl midj.k dh lgk;rk ls VsyhQksu usVodZ ds }kjk fdlh nLrkost dks nwjorhZ LFkku ij fcYdqy bl izdkj
ls Hkstk tkrk gS ftl izdkj ls ge fdlh nLrkost QksVksLVsV e'khu ls izfrfyfi izkIr djrs gSaA QSDl dh iz.kkyh Rofjr
,oa lLrh gSaA
oYMZ okbM osc% esy ds ckn baVjusV ij izkIr lokZf/kd yksdfiz; lqfo/kk oYMZ osc gSaA dEI;wVj dh nqfu;k esa bls W.W.W.
dgk tkrk gSA igy W.W.W. esa dsoy fyf[kr lkexzh gh miyC/k Fkh] fdUrq orZeku es vc osc ij fp=k] dkVZuw ] /ofu bR;kfn
ds ek/;e ls tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
;wtusV% ;wtusV ,slh lqfo/kk gS ftldh lgk;rk esa usVodZ es fufgr lwpukvksa ds HkaMkj dks fdlh fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr lewg
esa vk tk ldrk gS rFkk ,d fo"k; ij :fp j[kus okys O;fDr lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku ,oa fopkj&foe'kZ dj ldrs
gSaA ;g lqfo/kk bZ&esy lqfo/kk dh Hkk¡fr gS] fdUrq bldk foLrkj vf/kd gSA bZ&esy lqfo/kk tgk¡ ,d&ls&,d lhfer gSA
ogh ;wtusV lqfo/kk ,d&ls&vf/kd rd foLr‘r gSA
VsyusV% VsyusV ,d ,slh lqfo/kk gS ftlds ek/;e ls tqMs+ fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij ^yk¡x bu* dj ml ij bl izkdj
dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA tSls mDr dEI;wVj dk ^dh* cksMZ vkids ikl gSA blhfy, bl lqfof/kr dks ^fjeksV ykWx bu* Hkh dgrs
gSaA VsyusV ds ek/;e ls fo'o ds fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; esa miyC/k iqLrd dks i<+k tk ldrk gS vkSj mlds fdlh ist dk
fizaV vkmV Hkh fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
iq'kusV% iq'kusV dh lgk;rk ls miHkksDrk viuk lans'k bysDVªkWfud cqysfVu cksMZ ij Hkst ldrk gSA bl lans'k dks baVjusV
ls tqM+k dksbZ Hkh miHkksDrk i<+ ldrk gSA ;|fi i'kqusV dh lqfo/kk ds fy, baVjusV dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
bZ&QSDll% bZµQSDl lwpuk izkS|kfxdh dh ,d ubZ fo/kk gSA bZµQSDl dh lqfo/kk bysDVªkWfud MkVk baVjpsat ds
ek/;e ls miyC/k gksrh gSA bZµQSDl dk midj.k QSDl e'khu ds lkFk usVodZ fMokbl tSlh ,d NksVhµlh ;qfDr
yxkus ek=k ls dke djus yxrk gSA tc dksbZ nLrkost bZµQSDl e'khu ij j[kk tkrk gS] rks Lo;a ml irs dks [kkst ysrk
gS tgk¡ ml nLrkost dks Hkstuk gksrk gSA ;fn nLrkost dks ,d lkFk dbZ LFkkuksa ij izsf"kr fd;k tkuk gS] rks
lfoZl izksokVMj bls ,d lkFk dbZ LFkkuksa ij izsf"kr dj nsrk gSA bZµQSDl e'khuksa dh izs"k.k xfr lkekU; QSDl e'khuksa
dh rqyuk esa dkQh vfèkd gksrh gSA blls le; dh dkQh cpr gksrh gSA bZµQSDl vHkh Hkkjr esa vf/kd izpfyr ugha gks
ik;k gSA
VsyhVsDLVLV% VsyhVsDLV okLro esa ,d ,slh bysDVªkfud if=kdk gSA ftls ?kj cSBs dEI;wVj LØhu ij lcls igys lwpukvksa
dh Øe lwph vkrh gS ftls ns[kdj ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd fdl fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lwpuk fdl i‘"B ij gS blds }kjk
jsyos dh le;µlkj.kh] cktkj Hkko] 'ks;j cktkj] lekjksgks]as dk;ZØeks]a cSBdks]a VsyhQksu Mk;jsDVjh] foekuksa dh le;µlkj.kh
bR;kfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa VsyhVsDLV lsok nwjn'kZu] bysDVªkfW ud foHkkx rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj
ds mixzg usVodZ ds fy, LFkkfir Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lwpuk foKku dsUnz ds la;qDr iz;kl ls fd;k x;k gSA lHkh lwpukvksa
dks gj le; v|ru cuk, j[kus rFkk miyC/k djkus ds fy, Hkkjr esa ,d lwpuk cSad dh LFkkiuk dh tk jgh gSA ;g
dsUnz lHkh laLFkkuksa rFkk ,tsfa l;ksa dh lwpukvksa dks v|ru :i ls izkIr dj eseksjh eas lax‘ghr djsxk rFkk budk iz"s k.k djsxkA
orZeku esa ns'k es ;g lqfo/kk vaxzsth esa pqus gq, LFkkuksa ij izkIr gSA 'kh?kz bl lqfo/kk dks fganh Hkk"kk esa Hkh fn, tkus dh
;kstuk gSA
eYVhµehfV;kµeYVhµehfM;k ,d rduhd gSa tks orZeku esa vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk ,d vko';d vax cu pqdk gSA ioZ
eYVhµehfV;k
esa eYVhµehfM;k dk vFkZ lapkj ds fofHkUu lk/kuksa ds feysµtqys Lo:i es yxk;k tkrk Fkk] fdUrq lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds
{ks=k es bl 'kCn dk vFkZ ,d gh dEI;wVj ij VsDLV] xzkfQDl] ,ehus'ku] vkfM;ks] ohfM;ksa bR;kfn lqfo/kkvksa ds izkIr gksus
ls yxk;k tkrk gSA eYVhµehfM;k rduhd ls ;qDr dEI;wVjksa ij Vsyhfotu ds dk;ZØe ns[ks tk ldrs gSa] laxhr lqu tk
ldrk gSA lh0 Mh0 yxkdj fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh tkudkjh yh tk ldrh gSA vke O;fDrxr dEU;wVjksa dh rqyuk esa
eYVhµehfM;k dEI;wVjksa esa /ofu CykLVj dkMZ] Lihdj ekbØksQksu ,oa dkaiSDV fMLd Mªkbo 'kkfey gksr gSa] ftUgsa la;qDr
:i ls eYVhµehfM;k izksxzke dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftls lh0 Mh0 jkse dgk tkrk gSA
mRiknu lwpuk euksjatu f'k{kk rFkk l‘tukRed dk;ks± esa eYVhµehfM;k dk tcjnLr miHkksx gSA eYVhµehfM;k izksxzke
nks rjg ds gks ldrs gSaA yhfu;j ,oa baVj,fDVo izksxzkeksa esa fo"k; dh izLrqfr ,d ca/ks ca/kk, :i es gksrh gSA bl miHkksDrk
dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha gksrk] tcfd baVj,fDVo izksxzkeksa esa miHkksDrk gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA eYVhµehfM;k dh fMftVy
rduhd us euksjt a u ds {ks=k es tcjnLr Øk¡fr ykbZ gSA fQYeksa rFkk foKkiu fQYeksa esa dkYifud n‘';ksa dks okLrfod :i
306 yksd ç'kklu
esa izLrqr fd;k tkuk vkt eYVhµehfM;k ds dkj.k dh laHko gqvk gSA cgqpfpZr fQYe ¼tqjkfld ikdZ½ ds vf/kdk'ak nq';
blh rduhd }kjk rS;kj fd, x, gSA
kfxdh% lwpuk izkS|kfxdh ds {ks=k esa gq, Økafrdkjh ifjorZuksa us vc f'k{kk dk ikB'kkykvksa vkSj
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa lwpuk izkS|kfxdh
fo'ofo|ky; ds nk;js ls fudkydj dEI;wVj vkSj mlds cVu ij ykdj lesV fn;k gSA f'k{kk dh bl iðfr dks vku
ykbu ,twds'ku vFkok lkbcj f'k{kk dgk tkrk gSA vkWu ykbu ,twds'ku dks vkerkSj ij rhu pj.kksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk
gSA ,d rks dEI;wVj ij fMLd yxkdj f'k{kk izkIr djuk] nwljk dEI;wVj }kjk fo'ofo|ky; vFkok 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe pykus
okys laLFkkuksa ls tqM+ko cukdj f'k{kk izkIr djuk] rhljk bPNkuqlkj fo"k; ls lacaf/kr f'k{kd ls dEI;wVj }kjk laidZ
LFkkfir dj rFkk okrkZyki dj f'k{kk izkIr djukA fo'o Lrj ij gkseodZ gsYi MkVdkWe] xsV ,twdVs M s MkVdkWe rFkk VsDLoV
izsi gsYi MkVdkWi bR;kfn dbZ osclkbVksa ij f'k{kk nsus dk dke gks jgk gSA Hkkjr esa bl ek/;e ls f'k{kk rFkk izf'k{k.k
nsus dk dke djus okyh laLFkkvksa dh osclkbVksa esa izeq[k gSaA ,l0 Vh0 okbZ0 ,y0 ;w0 vkbZ0 ,u0 lh0 MkVdkWe] Ldwy
usV bafM;k MkVdke] dSfj;j ykapj MkVdke] vkbZ0 vkbZ0 Vh0 caxykSj rFkk ,u0 vkbZ0 vkbZ0 Vh0 cxykSj }kjk fiNys o"kZ
gh vkWu ykbu ,twds'ku dh O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZ gSA
blds vfrfjDr buVsy ,p0 lh0 ,y0 baQksflLVe lQy] ekbØkslk¶V rFkk us'kuy baLVªhV~;Vw vkWQ baQkse'Zs ku VsDuksykWth
}kjk Hkh bl fn'kk esa rsth ls dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA baVjusV ij vusd ,slh osclkbVsa ekStwn gSa ftudk mi;ksx f'k{kk ds
{ks=k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'o dh vf/kdka'k cM+h rFk izflð ykbczsfj;k baVjusV ls tqM+ pqdh gSA ftudh iqLrdksa dks
fdlh Hkh le; u dsoy i<+k tk ldrk gS] cfYd mudk fizaV vkmV Hkh fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa lwpuk izkS|kfxdh dk foLrkj

Hkkjr dk nwjlapkj usVodZ ,f'k;k ds fo'kkyre usVodks± esa yxHkx 1,49,000 fdeh0 jsfM;ksa iz.kkyh rFkk 1,08,032 fdeh0
yach vkfIVd Qkycj iz.kkyh dk;Zjr gSA ns'k ds 18,000 ls vf/kd dsUnz ,u0 ,l0 Mh lqfo/kk rFkk fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh
ns'kksa ds fy, vkbZ0 ,l0 Mh0 lqfo/kk miyC/k gSA varjkZ"Vªh; txr~ esa lapkj iz.kkyh esa vkrs gq, cnyko rFkk mnkjhdj.k
ds izfr fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa eas vk, ifjorZuksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr dks Hkh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ls lacaf/kr viuh
uhfr;ksa es cnyko ykuk iM+kA
1994 esa baVjusV lqfo/kk dks izkIr djus ds ckn 15 vxLr] 1995 esa ;g lqfo/kk fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM ds varxZr djrs
gq, tulk/kkj.k ds fy, eqDr dj nh xbZA 1994 esa gh ns'k ds fy, ubZ nwjlapkj dh uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA uhfr es
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh la;kstu ij fopkj djrs gq, ,d vk/kqfud vkSj dq'ky nwjlapkj cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k dj Hkkjr dks
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa egk'kfDr cukus dh vksj vxzlj djus ds fy, izfrc)rk dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA orZeku ljdkj
}kjk lÙkk izkIr djus ds rqjr a ckn ?kksf"kr jk"Vªh; ,tsM
a k eas lwpuk izk|
S kfxdh ds foLrkj ds fy, vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps dks miyCèk
djkus dh ckr dh xbZ FkhA blh ds rgr ;kstuk vk;ksx ds rRdkyhu mik/;{k tloar flag dh v/;{krk ds lwpuk izk| S ksfxdh
ij dk;Zny dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
bl dk;Zny us 3 uoacj] 1998 dks viuh vafre fjiksVZ iz/kkuea=kh dks lkSaih FkhA dk;Zny }kjk blds ioZ tqykbZ 1998 esa
,d varfje fjiksVZ esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh m|ksx dks <k¡pkxr m|ksx dk ntkZ nsus rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ls lacaf/kr bdkb;ksa
dks 'kqYdeqDr vk;kr dh vuqefr nsus dh vuq'kalk dh xbZ FkhA blds vfrfjDr dk;Zny es dEI;wVj rFkk lkW¶Vos;j ds
fuekZ.k esa layXu daifu;ksa dks 6 o"kZ ds fy, dj eqDr djus dh vuq'kalk Hkh dh FkhA blds vfrfjDr ns'k esa lwpuk izk| S kfxdh
dks i;kZIr :i esa fodflr gksus ds fy, vko';d lqfo/kk,¡ eqgS;k djkus dh flQkfj'k Hkh dk;Zny us dh FkhA dk;Zny dh
laLrqfr;ksa esa ls vf/kdk'ka laLrqfr;ksa dks dsUnz ljdkj }kjk LohÑfr ns nh xbZ gSA blds lkFk gh dsn a z ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1999
esa ns'k esa izfr 500 O;fDr ij ,d ilZuy dEI;wVj dh miyC/krk FkhA lkW¶Vos;j rFkk lsokvksa ds fu;kZr dk y{; o"kZ 2008
rd izfro"kZ 50 vjc MkWyj dk dj nsus dk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA o"kZ 1999-2000 es ns'k esa lkW¶Vos;j m|ksx dk dqy
dkjksckj 5.7 vjc MkWyj dk FkkA tks o"kZ 2000-2001 esa c<+dj 80.85 vjc MkWyj rd gks tkuk laHkkfor gSA fo'o ls
lkW¶Vos;j m|ksx esa Hkkjr dk va'k Hkkx 0.5 izfr'kr gS ftls 22 izfr'kr rd djus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
ns'k esa orZeku esa baVjusV dusD'kuksa dh la[;k yxHkx 7 yk[k gSA tks o"kZ 2000-2001 esa c<+dj 14 yk[k gks tkus dh laHkkouk
gSA blh vof/k esa ns'k es baVjusV dk mi;ksx djus okyhsa dh la[;k orZeku Lrj 21 yk[k ls c<+dj 50 yk[k gks tkus dh
laHkkouk gSA blh izdkj ns'k esa lsY;qyj Qksu ds miHkksDrkvksa dh la[;k ekpZ 1999 esa 10 yk[k Fkh] tks Qjojh 2000 esa
c<+dj 15 yk[k gks xbZ gSA ns'k esa lsY;qyj Qksu ,d bLrseky dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls o"kZ 2000-2001 ds ctV esa blds
vk;kr 'kqYd dks 25 izfr'rk ls gVkdj 5 izfr'kr rd dj fn;k x;k gSA
ns'k esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa ,d lkFkZd igy djrs gq, xr 16 ebZ] 2000 dks yksd lHkk }kjk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh
foèks;d 2000 ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA jkT; lHkk }kjk 17 ebZ] 2000 dks bl fo/ks;d dks ikfjr djus ds ckn ;g fo/ks;d
jk"Vªifr dh LOkhÑfr dh izrh{kk esa gS bl fo/ks;d ds varxZr bZµesy] bysDVªkWfud nLrkostksa rFkk fMftVy gLrk{kjksa dks
dkuwuh ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA lkFk gh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa c<+rs lkbcj vijk/kksa ij jksd yxkus ds fy, dMs+ naM dk
izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA ns'k esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy, bl fo/ks;d dh vko';drk fiNys 5 o"kks± ls
eglwl dh tk jgh FkhA bl fo/ks;d ds vf/kfu;d cu tkus ls ns'k esa lwpuk izk| S ksfxdh m|ksx dks tcjnLr foLrkj feyus
dh laHkkouk gSA
308 yksd ç'kklu
v/;k;&32
f'kdk;r fuokZj.k laLFkk,¡
(Grievance Redressal Institutions)
vkt nSfud thou esa ukxfjdksa vkSj iz'kklu ds chp fujarj lEidZ jgrk gSA fdlh iz'kklfud foHkkx ds lkFk ukxfjd
lEidZ ds dbZ mís'; gks ldrs gSa] tSls ikuh dh lIykbZ] fctyh dk dusD'ku vkSj LokLF; lsok,¡ izkIr djus tSls lkekU;
dke rFkk fdlh ekeys esa lykg vkSj enn ysus vFkok _.k] cht] moZjd vkfn ysus tSls O;fDrxr dkeA lEidks± esa ftruh
o‘f) gksrh gS] ljdkjh fu;a=k.k vkSj dk;ns&dkuwu Hkh mrus gh c<+rs pys tkrs gSaA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bUgha fu;a=k.kksa
ds nkSjku iz'kkld dh Nfo curh ;k fcxM+rh gSA txUukFk vkSj e[khtk us Li"V fd;k gS] Þiz'kklu dh Nfo dk
cuuk&fcxM+uk cgqr dqN bu laidks± ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA vga vkSj ?keaM Hkjk #[k] fp<+ tkuk] vlH; O;ogkj] mfpr
mÙkj u nsuk] :[ks rjhds ls fdlh dke ds fy, euk djuk] dke Vkyuk vkSj nsjh djuk&;s lc ckrsa ukxfjdksa dh n‘f"V
esa iz'kkld dh Nfo [kjkc djrh gSAß
ukxfjdksa vkSj iz'kkldksa ds chp vyxko ds dbZ dkj.k gSaA O;fDrxr O;ogkj iz'kklfud <k¡pk ;k iz'kklfud izfØ;k rFkk
dk;ns&dkuwu bl vyxko ds dkj.k cu ldrs gSaA yksxksa dh vis{kkvksa vkSj iz'kklu dh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa cgqr varj gksus
ls ukxfjdksa esa vlarks"k iSnk gksrk gSA vk/kqfud dky esa ;g ckr dkQh vke gks xbZ gSA ;gh vlarks"k vDlj f'kdk;r dk
:i ys ysuk gSA bldk eryc gS fd ukxfjd fdlh fLFkfr dks xyr vkSj neuiw.kZ ekurk gSA dHkh&dHkh tc ljdkjh
uhfr;k¡ lekt ds fdlh laxfBr lewg ds fgrksa ds izfrdwy tkrh gSa] rks ukxfjdksa dks uhfr ls gh f'kdk;r gks tkrh gSA
bu f'kdk;rksa dk lek/kku ;gh gS fd fofHkUu ncko xzqiksa ds tfj, ljdkj ij tksj Mkydj uhfr;k¡ cnyok;h tk,¡ ;k
muesa visf{kr lq/kkj fd;k tk,A
yksx lkekU;r% ;g ckr Hkh lksprs gSa fd uhfr;ksa ij mfpr rjhds ls vey ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA dbZ ckj iz'kklfud izfØ;k
cM+h cksf>y vkSj dke djus dk rjhdk vU;k;iw.kZ yxrk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu esa bZekunkjh rFkk
fu"Bk dh deh ,d vU; leL;k gSA dk;ns&dkuwuksa dk dV~Vj rjhds ls ikyu] ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rksa rFkk izfrosnuksa dh
izkfIr rd Lohdkj u djuk] fofHkUu ekeyksa ds fuiVku esa vuko';d nsjh vkfn ls yksxksa dk iz'kklu esa fo'okl mB tkrk
gSA
eksfgr HkV~Vkpk;Z ds vuqlkj] iz'kklu ds izfr yksxksa dh vke /kkj.kk esa fuEu ckrsa 'kkfey gSa&
1- deZpkfj;ksa] [kkl rkSj ls fupys Lrj ds deZpkfj;ksa dk enn u djus dk joS;k
2- ukxfjdksa dks viuk dke djokus dh lgh ljdkjh izfØ;k dh tkudkjh u gksuk
3- vuko';d nsjh vkSj bartkj
4- iz'kklu esa i{kikr
5- deZpkfj;ksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj
6- dke djokus esa fcpkSfy;ksa ij Hkjkslk djuk
7- iz'kklu esa xjhcksa vkSj vehjksa ds chp HksnHkko&vehj yksxksa dh iz'kklu esa igqp
¡ gksrh gS vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh vke izo‘fÙk
xjhcksa dks Vkyus vkSj mudh t:jrksa vkSj fgrksa dks vuns[kk djus dh gksrh gSA
f'kdk;r fuokZj.k laLFkk,¡ 309
MCY;w0 ,0 jkSclu (W.A. Robson) ds vuqlkj] Þvke ukxfjd ;g lksprk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh vHkh Hkh ijaijkxr cqjkb;ksa
ls eqDr ugha gqbZ gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa esa [kqn dks cgqr cM+k le>us dh izo‘fÙk gksrh gS& ;k os vius in ds uktk;t ykHkksa ds
ckjs esa ,slk lksprs gSaA ukxfjdksa dh lqfo/kkvksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ds izfr os fcYdqy mnklhu gksrs gSaA dk;ns&dkuwu vkSj
vkSipkfjdrkvksa dk ikyu os lud dh gn rd djrs gSaA yksdrkaf=kd izfØ;k esa 'kkldksa vkSj yksxksa ds chp tks laca/k gksus
pkfg,] os mUgsa ugha le> ikrsAß vxj iz'kklu ds izfr ukxfjdksa ds vlarks"k dks nwj djus ds iz;kl ugha fd;s x, rks blls
lekt esa O;kIr ruko vkSj vO;oLFkk vkSj c<+ tk,xhA blls fodkl dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa ukxfjdksa dk lg;ksx Hkh fey
ldsxkA bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] ljdkj gj Lrj ij ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rsa nwj djus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA
iz'kklfud lq/kkj lfefr us ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rsa nwj djus ds ckjs esa viuh varfje fjiksZV esa dgk gS fd vxj ns'k dh
'kfDr mldh le‘f) esa fufgr gS rks yksdra=k dh lqj{kk vkSj fLFkjrk ukxfjdksa ds larq"V gksus ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA
ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rsa nwj djus ds rjhds

(Methods)
vc rd geus ukxfjdksa vkSj iz'kklu ds laca/kksa ds cnyrs Lo:i vkSj ukxfjdksa ds iz'kklu ds izfr vlarks"k ds dkj.kksa dh
ppkZ dhA tSlk dgk tk pqdk gS fd ljdkjh xfrfof/k;k¡ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ukSdj'kkgh thou ds gj i{k esa Nk x;h gSA
mPp ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa us Hkh ukxfjd iz'kklu dh leL;kvksa dks eglwl fd;k gS vkSj bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ryk'kus
ds fy, le;≤ ij lfefr;k¡ vkSj vk;ksx cuk;s tkrs jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr esa 1962 esa Hkz"Vkpkj jksdus ds
mik; lq>kus ds fy, laFkkue (Santhanam) lfefr xfBr dh xbZA lfefr dh jk; Fkh fd ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij vius foosd ls fu.kZ; ysus ds tks vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gS]a muds bLrseky ls Þyksxksa dks ijs'kku djus] vfu;ferrk,¡
cjrus vkSj Hkz"Vkpkjß dh xqatkb'k curh gSA iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx us yksxksa dh bu f'kdk;rksa ij Hkh xkSj fd;k fd
iz'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj] O;kid Lrj ij dk;Zdq'kyrk ds vHkko rFkk turk dh t:jrksa ij /;ku us nsus dh izo‘fÙk gSA ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa ds gkoh gksus dh fLFkfr esa ;g iz'u egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS fd vxj iz'kkld fdlh ukxfjd ds ekeys U;k;iw.kZ
vkSj oS/k rjhds ls ugha fuiVkrk rks ukxfjd D;k dj ldrk gSA blfy, ;g t:jr eglwl dh xbZ fd ukxfjdksa dh
f'kdk;rsa nwj djus ds mfpr rjhds fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk,¡ vkSj ,slh dkjxj laLFkkxr e'khujh cus tks ukSdj'kkgh dks fu;a=k.k
esa j[ks vkSj dqiz'kklu dks turk dh t:jrksa ds vuq:i dke djus okys iz'kklu esa cnysA
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd yksdra=k esa pquko ,sls nh?kZdkyhu mik; gSa ftuds tfj;s turk lÙkk dks vius fu;a=k.k esa j[k
ldrh gSA erkf/kdkj ukxfjdksa dk ,slk 'kfDr'kkyh gfFk;kj gS ftlls os viuh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:i dke u djus okyh
ljdkj dks lÙkk ls gVk ldrs gSaA ysfdu ;g mik; ik¡p lky esa dsoy ,d ckj bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS blfy,
blls ukxfjdksa dh rkRdkfyd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ugha gks ldrkA
Hkkjr esa ukxfjdksa ds ikl iz'kklu ij fu;a=k.k j[kus ds eq[; :i ls rhu egÙoiw.kZ rjhds ;k jkLrs gSaA ;s gSa& fo/kkf;dkvksa
ds tfj, U;k;ky;ksa ds tfj, vkSj iz'kklfud mik;A buds vykok] iz'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rsa nwj
djus ds fy, vusd laLFkk,¡ Hkh gSa] tSls dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx] yksdiky] yksdk;qDr vkfnA vc ge bu rjhdksa dh ppkZ
djsxa As
laln@fo/kkueaMyksa ds t+fj, f'kdk;rsa nwj fd;k tkuk

vk/kqfud lalnh; yksdra=kksa dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k ;g gS fd laln@fo/kkf;dk dks ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rsa nwj djus dk
eap ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; laln ukxfjdksa ds fo'kky lewg dh f'kdk;rksa ij ppkZ djus dk mi;ksxh eap jgh gSA jkT;ksa
esa Hkh] ukxfjd viuh f'kdk;rksa ds tYnh fuiVkus ds fy, fo/kkueaMyksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSAa f'kdk;rksa dks laln@fo/kkf;dkvksa
esa iz'uksa] fo'ks"k cglksa] LFkxu cglksa vkSj fo/kk;h lfefr;ksa ds tfj, mBk;k tkrk gSA vc ge buesa dqN dh la{ksi esa ppkZ
djrs gSaA
1- lalnh; iz'u% lalnh; iz.kkyh dh ljdkj esa turk ds pqus gq, izfrfuf/k laln esa iz'udky ds nkSjku ljdkj dh
dfe;ksa dks crkrs gSaA tc laln dk l=k py jgk gksrk gS rks turk ls tqM+s dbZ ekeys tSls iqfyl dh T;knfr;k¡
310 yksd ç'kklu
vkSj neu ds ekeys] mBk;s tkrs gSaA bl le; dksbZ Hkh lnL; laln@fo/kkueaMy esa dksbZ Hkh iz'u iwN dj fdlh
Hkh ekeys esa tkudkjh ek¡x ldrk gSA yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lek/kku gh lgh fn'kk esa ys tkus dk ;g egÙoiw.kZ
rjhdk gSA iz'u jk"Vªh;] jkT; laca/kh ;k LFkkuh; egRo ds gks ldrs gSaA
2- fo'ks"k cgl% bu cglksa ds tfj, iz'kklfud xyfr;ksa] dqiz'kklu vkSj vdq'ky iz'kklu ds ekeyksa dks mBk;k tkrk
gS vkSj mu ij ppkZ dh tkrh gSA
3- /;kukd"kZ.k izLrko% ;g cM+k egÙoiw.kZ izLrko gS vkSj blds tfj, fdlh lkoZtfud fgr ds rqjar /;ku nsus dh
t:jr okys eqn~ns ij ea=kh dk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izLrko ls fofHkUu eqn~nksa ij tkudkjh izkIr dh
tkrh gS vkSj ljdkj ds dkeksa dh xyfr;ksa dk irk pyrk gSA
blds vykok ctV ij cgl ds nkSjku turk dh f'kdk;rsa mBk;h tkrh gSa vkSj fofHkUu izLrkoksa ds tfj, ljdkjh uhfr;ksa
dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA ljdkjh vk'okluksa ds ckjs esa Hkh ,d lfefr gksrh gS tks bl ckr dk fglkc&fdrkc j[krh
gS fd eaf=k;ksa us lnu esa D;k&D;k vk'oklu fn;s vkSj laln dks bl ckr dh fjiksVZ is'k djrh gS fd buesa fdrus vk'oklu
iwjs fd;s x,A bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1953 esa dh xbZ FkhA laln dh ,d izfrosnu lfefr Hkh gksrh gS tks yksdlHkk dks
fn;s x, izfrosnuksa dh tk¡p dj mUgsa lac) ea=kky; ;k foHkkx esa tk¡p ds fy, Hkstrh gSA blls ljdkj dks tufgr ds
ekeyksa ij T;knk /;ku nsus vkSj mu ij rqjar dk;Zokgh djus esa enn feyrh gSA
bl fo/kk;h mik;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk bl rF; ls lhfer gks tkrh gS fd laln@fo/kkueaMyksa ds l=k ds nkSjku gh bUgsa mBk;k
tk ldrk gSA buesa O;fDrxr f'kdk;rsa ugha mBk;h tk ldrha] tc rd fd bu f'kdk;rksa esa lkekU; uhfr laca/kh ekeyk
u curk gksA
ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa esa f'kdk;rsa nwj djus dh iz.kkyh

vc ge turk dh f'kdk;rksa ls lh/ks tqM+s gq, dqN ea=kky;ksa@foHkkxksa esa f'kdk;rsa nwj djus dh iz.kkyh dh ppkZ djrs gSaA
yksd iz'kklu dh dk;Zi.z kkyh esa dfe;ksa dks ns[krs gq, vkSj turk ds lkFk yxkrkj laidZ okys laxBuksa esa yksxksa dh f'kdk;rsa
nwj djus dh dkjxj iz.kkyh etcwr djus ds fy, ekpZ] 1985 esa ,d vyx iz'kklfud lq/kkj vkSj lkoZtfud f'kdk;rksa
dk foHkkx cuk;k x;kA turk ls T;knk laidZ okys dk;kZy;ks@ a foHkkxksa esa f'kdk;r d{k cuk, x, gSAa ,d ofj"B vfèkdkjh]
ftls f'kdk;r vf/kdkjh@funs'kd dgk tkrk gS] bu ekeyksa ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa vkSj foHkkxksa esa]
iz'kklfud lq/kkj vkSj lkoZtfud f'kdk;rksa ds foHkkx vkSj lac) ea=kky;@foHkkx ds chp yxkrkj cSBdsa djds f'kdk;rsa
nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
ukxfjdksa vkSj iz'kklu ds chp laca/k etcwr djus ds fy, vusd mik; 'kq: fd, x, gSaA bu esa] tgk¡ rd laHko gks] ekSds
ij gh f'kdk;r dks nwj djuk 'kkfey gSA blds vykok lkoZtfud lgk;rk dkmUVj cuk, x, gSa vkSj dk;Ziz.kkyh dks
lqpk: rFkk vklku cukus ds iz;kl fd;s x, gSaA dsanz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa us lkoZtfud f'kdk;rksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus dh
iz.kkyh dks lfØ; cukus vkSj u;s rjhds rFkk dk;Ziz.kkyh fodflr djus dh fn'kk esa iz;kl fd;s gSaA VsyhQksu lykgdkj
ifj"kn~ cuk;h xbZ gS ftuesa turk vkSj iz'kklu ds izfrfuf/k le;≤ ij feyrs gSa blls vusd leL;kvksa dks gy djus
esa enn feyrh gSA blh rjg x‘g ea=kky; esa vkizoklh foHkkx esa fiNys dqN o"kks± ls yksxksa dh f'kdk;rsa lquus dh ubZ iz.kkyh
'kq: dh x;h gSA yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkeus lkoZtfud lquokbZ gksrh gSA ,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd T;knkrj
ekeyksa dk rqjra lek/kku gks tkrk gSA 80 izfr'kr ekeyksa esa 24 ?kaVs ds vanj t:jh dkjZokbZ dj yh tkrh gSA fnYyh fodkl
izkf/kdj.k esa] tgk¡ vusd rjhds dh f'kdk;rsa vkrh gSa vkSj ftldk Hkwfe izca/k] edku cukus rFkk egkuxj ds fodkl vkSj
fu;kstu esa ,dkf/kdkj gS] ,slh iz.kkyh 'kq: dh xbZ gSA Bhd ,sls gh dbZ jk"Vªh;Ñr cSda ksa esa fofHkUu dsn
a kz as ij dsn
a hz Ñr xzkgd
lsok pykbZ xbZ gS ftlesa fdlh Hkh cSad ds f[kykQ yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lquk tkrk gS vkSj mudh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA
jkT;ksa esa Hkh ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rsa nwj djus ds fy, vko';d dne mBk, x;s gSAa fo'ks"k lfefr;k¡ vkSj lykgdkj ifj"knsa
cukbZ xbZ gSa ftuesa turk ds pqus gq, izfrfuf/k Hkh 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA ;s lfefr;k¡ lkoZtfud f'kdk;rksa ds ekeys esa
lek/kku izLrqr djrh gSaA mÙkj izns'k esa eq[;ea=kh lfpoky; ds lh/ks fu;a=k.k esa lkoZtfud f'kdk;r funs'kky; cuk;k
x;k gSA iatkc esa yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks rqjr

a fuiVkus ds fy, fiNys fnuksa ,d u;h iz.kkyh 'kq: dh xbZ gSA ftlesa turk
ljdkj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds izfr dksbZ Hkh f'kdk;r vkdk'kok.kh ds tfj, O;Dr dj ldrh gSA
;gk¡ ;s crkuk t:jh gS fd mfpr iz'kklfud lq/kkj vkSj f'kdk;rsa nwj djus esa ljdkj dh enn djus esa Lo;alsoh laxBuksa
dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk eglwl dh x;h gSA LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k] isa'ku rFkk isa'kuHkksfx;ksa ds dY;k.k tSls dqN
foHkkxksa esa Lo;alsoh ,tsafl;ksa ds ckjs esa LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ xfBr dh xbZ gSaA
fiNys dqN o"kks± ls izpkj ek/;eksa us lkoZtfud jk; dks izHkkfor djus vkSj lkekftd psruk txkus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZ gSA lekpkj i=k f'kdk;rksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds egÙoiw.kZ vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh ek/;e cu x;s gSa tks lkef;d eqn~nksa ij
/;ku dsafnzr djkrs gSa vkSj ftuesa mBk;s x;s ekeyksa ij fQj lac) iz'kklfud foHkkx fopkj djrs gSaA v[kckjksa dh [kcjksa
ds t+fj, dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr] dksbZ euekuh iz'kklfud dkjZokbZ ;k csgrj lqfo/kkvksa dh ek¡x tSls ekeys lac)
vf/kdkfj;ksa rd igq¡prs gSaA lekpkj i=kksa ds vykok Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ks Hkh iz'kklu dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds ckjs esa yksxksa
dh izfrfØ;kvksa dks O;Dr djus vkSj f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus dh izfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
U;kf;d mik;
jkT; dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa cgqr vf/kd o‘f) gksus ls iz'kklu ds ikl vusd dkeksa dks djus rFkk vius foosd ls fu.kZ; djus
ds vf/kdkj vkSj lÙkk vk xbZ gSA blfy, ;g t:jh gks x;k gS fd iz'kklu ds euekus fu.kZ;ksa ls ukxfjdksa ds fgrksa dh
j{kk dh tk,A U;k;ikfydk yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ,y0 Mh0 OgkbV ds vuqlkj]
ÞdeZpkfj;ksa vkSj muds dkeksa ij ckgjh vkSipkfjd fu;a=k.k ds nks eq[; :i gS&a fo/kk;h laLFkkvksa ¼laln@fo/kkueaMy vkfn½
}kjk rFkk U;k;ky;ksa }kjkA fo/kkf;dk dk {ks=k eq[; :i ls dk;Zikfydk dh uhfr;ksa vkSj O;; ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk gSA
U;k;ikfydk dk dke ;g ns[kuk gS fd iz'kklfud dke oS/k rjhds ls gks jgs gS ;k ughaA bl rjg U;k;ikfydk ;g
lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd ukxfjdksa ds laoS/kkfud vkSj vU; vf/kdkjksa dks xSj&dkuwuh rjhds ls de ;k lekIr fd;k tk,Aß
ukxfjdksa dh T;knkrj f'kdk;rsa rc gksrh gSa tc iz'kklu vius eu ls fu.kZ; ysus ds vf/kdkj ds rgr dksbZ dke djrk
gSA U;k;ikfydk ,sls ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi djrh gS tc dksbZ vf/kdkjh ;k deZpkjh vius vf/kdkj&{ks=k ds foijhr dke djrk
gS ;k dkuwu dh xyr O;k[;k ij fdlh ukxfjd dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS] in dk nq:i;ksx djrk gS ;k xyr rjhds ls
dke djrk gSA
U;k;ikfydk ukxfjd dh f'kdk;r ij lac) ljdkjh vf/kdkjh ij eqdnek pyk ldrh gSA U;k;ikfydk iz'kklfud dk;Z
ds {ks=k vkSj dk;Z djus ds rjhds ij fopkj dj mldh oS/krk dh tk¡p dj ldrk gSA U;k;ky; rc mfpr vkns'k ;k funs'Z k
nsdj ukxfjd ds vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djok ldrk gSA ysfdu vnkyr esa ,sls gh ekeys yk, tk ldrs gSa tgk¡ vkjksi yxk;k
x;k gks fd iz'kklfud dk;Z xyr bjkns ls fd;k x;k Fkk ;k lac) iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh dks ;g dke djus dk vfèkdkj
ugha Fkk ;k dke lafo/kku ;k dkuwu ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i ugha FkkA
iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dqN dk;ks± ds fy, {kfriwfrZ dh ek¡x dh tk ldrh gS] tc ,sls voS/k ;k xSj&dkuwuh dk;Z dks
lekt dks uqdlku igq¡pkus okyk crk dj pqukSrh nh xbZ gksA
vlk/kkj.k mipkj
;s ,sls ÞfjVß (Writ) vkns'k gksrs gSa ftUgsa U;k;ky;] ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku fd;s
tkus dh fLFkfr esa bu vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, tkjh djrs gSAa ÞfjVß U;k;ky; ds ,sls vkns'k gksrs gSa tks] ftuds f[kykQ
tkjh fd;s tkrs gSa mUgsa fdlh dke dks djus dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gSA buesa fuEu rjhds ds vkns'k 'kkfey gSa%
1- canh izR;{khdj.k (Habeas Corpus): ;g ml O;fDr ds f[kykQ tkjh fd;k tkrk gS ftlus fdlh O;fDr dks xSj
dkuwuh rFkk voS/k :i ls canh cuk j[kk gksA bl vkns'k esa U;k;ky; canh cukus okys O;fDr dks vkns'k nsrk gS fd
canh cuk, x, O;fDr dks vnkyr esa is'k djsA
312 yksd ç'kklu
2- ijekns'k (Mandamus): ;g vnkyr }kjk tkjh ,slk vkns'k gS ftlesa fdlh ljdkjh vf/kdkjh ;k fdlh fupyh
vnkyr ;k vU; fdlh vf/kdkjh ls viuk dkuwuh nkf;Ro iwjk djus dks dgk x;k gksrk gSA
3- fu"ks/k (Prohibition): ;g fdlh fupyh vnkyr dks fn;k x;k ,slk vkns'k gS ftlesa mls vius vf/kdkj {ks=k ds ckgj
dksbZ dke ugha djus dks dgk x;k gksrk gSA
4- vf/kdkj&iPNk (Quo Warranto): vnkyr bl vkns'k ds tfj, fdlh O;fDr ls fdlh lkoZtfud in ij mlds
vf/kdkj ds nkos dh oS/krk ds ckjs esa iwN ldrh gSA
ysfdu U;kf;d fu;a=k.k dh dqN lhek,¡ gSaA lHkh iz'kklfud fu.kZ;ksa ij fopkj djuk U;k;ky;ksa ds vf/kdkj {ks=k esa ugha
vkrk vkSj U;k;ky; fdlh iz'kklfud fu.kZ; ls uqdlku mBkus okys O;fDr;ksa dh f'kdk;r ij gh gLr{ksi dj ldrs gSaA
lkFk gh U;kf;d izfØ;k /kheh] cksf>y vkSj egaxh Hkh ekuh tkrh gSA
yksdfgr eqdnes
(Public Interest Litigation)
Hkkjr esa fiNys fnuksa ;g mi;ksxh U;kf;d igy dh xbZ gSA ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rksa ij U;kf;d mipkj fnykus okyk ;g
izxfr'khy mik; Hkkjr esa gh ugha] vesfjdk vkSj baXySMa esa Hkh miyC/k gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us 1978 esa mnkj joS;k viukrs
gq, lkoZtfud nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus esa dksbZ deh vkSj lafo/kku ds mYya?ku ds dkj.k lkoZtfud thou esa gq, uqdlku
dh fLFkfr esa ukxfjdksa dks U;kf;d mipkj fnykus dh ckr dks leFkZu fn;kA ejht+kas dks vLirky esa mfpr nok u feyuk]
tsyksa dk xyr izca/k] iz'kklu dk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k jksdus esa foQy jguk] 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ds iz'kklu esa vfu;ferrkvksa
tSls dqiz'kklu ds ekeyksa esa f'kdk;rsa yksdfgr ds ekeyksa ds rgr mBk;h tk ldrh gSaA mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu;eksa esa
la'kks/ku dj ckn esa ;g izko/kku Hkh j[kk x;k fd dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd ;k xziq fdlh ljdkjh dkuwu ls uqdlku mBk jgs leqnk;
dh vksj ls vihy dj ldrk gSA bl rjg] Hkys gh fdlh ukxfjd dh iz'kklu ls dksbZ O;fDrxr f'kdk;r u Hkh gks ij
og fQj Hkh ,sls ekeys esa f'kdk;r dj ldrk gS tc mldh jk; esa iz'kklfud vU;k; gks jgk gSA
U;k;ewfrZ Hkxorh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd ck/kkvksa ds dkj.k yksx U;k;ky;ksa rd ugha igqp ¡ ikrs] blfy, ;g
t:jh gS fd U;kf;d mipkjksa dk yksdrkaf=kdj.k fd;k tk,] U;k; izkIr djus esa izfØ;k laca/kh rduhdh vM+pusa nqj dh
tk,¡ vkSj yksdfgr esa ekeys mBkus dh izo‘fÙk dks c<+kok fn;k tk, rkfd oafpr vkSj 'kksf"kr yksx Hkh vius lkekftd&vkfFkZd
vf/kdkj ik ldsa vkSj ;s vf/kdkj muds fy, okLro esa lkFkZd gks ldsa] >wBh vk'kk,¡ Hkj u jgsaA mudh jk; esa] Þvxj gesa
lkoZtfud nkf;Roksa dk ikyu djokuk gS vkSj lekt vkSj lewg ds vf/kdkjksa dks lqjf{kr j[kuk gS rks gesa lkoZtfud fgr
esa lkspus okys yksxksa dks lkekU; vFkok lewg ds fgr ds fy, vnkyrksa esa tkus dk vf/kdkj nsuk gh gksxk] Hkys gh muds
[kqn ds fgrksa ij lh/ks&lh/ks dksbZ vlj u iM+ jgk gksA rHkh ge muds mRlkg vkSj igy dk ykHk mBk ldrsa gSaAß
tgk¡ rd Hkkjr dk iz'u gS] ns'k esa dqi'z kklu dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, vnkyrksa esa ekeyk nk;j djus ds dkuwuksa dk mnkj
gksuk t:jh gS rkfd lkoZtfud fgr ds fy, dke djus dks rS;kj yksx vkxs vk ldsa vkSj dqiz'kklu dks mtkxj dj ldsa
vFkok fdlh mís'; ds fy, dqN dke dj ldsaA yksdfgrdkjhokn dk ,d mnkgj.k 1982 dk ¼eqUuk cuke mÙkj izns'k
ljdkj½ ekeyk FkkA bl ekeys esa ,d lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ us dqN fopkjk/khu cky dSfn;ksa dks jkgr fnykus ds fy, mPpre
U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk is'k dhA ;g ;kfpdk ,d lekpkj i=k dh ml [kcj ij vk/kkfjr Fkh ftlesa dkuiqj lSaVªy tsy esa
cky&dSfn;ksa ij nqO;Zogkj fd;s tkus ds xaHkhj vkjksi yxk, x, FksA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl ekeys esa funs'Z k fn;sA bl uhfr
dk mís'; Hkkjr esa ukxfjdks]a [kkl rkSj ls xjhc vkSj vf'kf{kr yksxksa dks] vfrfjDr lqj{kk vkSj lkekftd U;k; fnykuk gSA
iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuy
(Administrative Tribunals)
lkekU; dkuwuh vnkyrksa ds vykok dqN ns'kksa esa iz'kklfud dk;Zokgh ds f[kykQ f'kdk;rksa dk QSlyk djus ds fy,
iz'kklfud vnkyrsa vkSj VªkbC;wuy cuk, x, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Ýkal esa iz'kklu vkSj ukxfjdksa ds O;fDrxr fooknksa
ij QSlyk fy;k tkrk gSA bu ekeyksa esa vxj fdlh ljdkjh vf/kdkjh }kjk viuh ljdkjh dk;Z{kerk esa fd;s x, fdlh
dke ls fdlh ukxfjd dks uqdlku gksrk gS rks vf/kdkjh ij eqdnek pyk;k tk ldrk gSA VªkbC;wuyksa esa fu.kZ; gj laHko
'kh?kzrk ls fy, tkrs gSaA ;s vke U;k;ky;ksa ls de [kphZys gSa vkSj buesa yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa ij rqjar dkjZokbZ gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa fofHkUu dkuwuksa ds tfj, iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuy cus gSa tks ukxfjdksa dh fof'k"V f'kdk;rksa ij QSlyk nsrs gSaA ,sls
dqN VªkbC;wuy gSa& vkS|ksfxd VªkbC;wuy] vk;dj VªkbC;wuy] jsy nj VªkbC;wuy vkfnA
ukxfjdksa vkSj iz'kklfud ,tsafl;ksa ds chp fooknksa dks fuiVkus okys VªkbC;wuyksa dks lkekU; vnkyrksa dh rqyuk esa de
[kphZyk vkSj dk;Zdq'ky ekuk tkrk gSA buds izeq[k fo'ks"k ekeyksa dh ckjhfd;k¡ le>us okys fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA VªkbC;wuyksa
dk dk;Z v)Z&U;kf;d gS tcfd vnkyrksa ds dke U;kf;d gksrs gSaA VªkbC;wuy iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh gh gSa tks U;kf;d
nkf;Ro fuHkk jgs gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] pquko fookn] djksa dk fu/kkZj.k] vkS|ksfxd fooknksa esa QSlyk tSls dke
vyx&vyx VªkbC;wuyksa }kjk fd;s tkrs gSaA
ukxfjdksa dh iz'kklu ls f'kdk;rksa dh tk¡p djus okyh iz.kkyh ds vykok ,d ,slh O;oLFkk dh Hkh t:jr eglwl dh
xbZ tks ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh ukSdjh ls tqM+s ekeyksa dks fuiVk,A bl mís'; ls iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuy dkuwu] 1985 ikl
fd;k x;kA blesa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks rsth ls vkSj lLrs esa U;k; fnykus ds fy, dsUnzh; iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuy xfBr
djus dk izko/kku gSA dsUnzh; iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuy vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ds deZpkfj;ksa ds gh ukSdjh laca/kh ekeys ns[krk
gS tcfd la;qDr vkSj jkT; iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuy jkT; ljdkjksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ds ukSdjh laca/kh ekeys ns[krs gSaA
vkfFkZd iz'kklu esa dqN gh {ks=kksa esa VªkbC;wuy cuk, x, gSaA iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuyksa ds ckjs esa ,0 vkj0 lh0 v/;;u ny
us flQkfj'k dh gS fd iz'kklfud VªkbC;wuyksa dh iz.kkyh dks O;kid cukdj blesa vusd u;s {ks=kksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
tkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d iz'kklfud <k¡ps ds ckgj fdlh ,tsl a h }kjk iz'kklfud fu.kZ;ksa dh tk¡p djus ls gh ukxfjdksa dks okLro
esa U;k; fey ldrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fiNys dqN gh fnuksa ls ukxfjdksa vkSj iz'kklu ds fookn fuiVkus dk u;k rjhdk 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA yksxksa dh
iz'kklu ds f[kykQ lkekU; f'kdk;rksa ds fuiVku ds fy, yksd vnkyrsa 'kq: dh xbZ gSaA budh dk;Z&izfØ;k ljy vkSj
lLrh rks gS gh] buls isa'ku] lqfo/kkvksa] VsyhQksu] eqokot+s ds nkoksa vkfn dk tYnh fuiVku Hkh gks tkrk gSA vxj yksd
vnkyr dk QSlyk ukxfjd ;k iz'kklu dks Lohdk;Z u gks rks dksbZ Hkh i{k lkekU; vnkyrksa esa tk ldrk gSA
miHkksDrk >xM+s fuokj.k laxBu

(Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies)
Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy ns'k gSA bldh miHkksDrk dh oLrqvksa o lsok lEcU/kh ,d eq[; leL;k gSA miHkksDrk esa vius
vfèkdkjksa ds izfr vKkurk gSA blh dkj.k 1986 esa miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;e dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds
v/khu miHkksDrkvksa ds >xM+ksa dk fuokj.k djus ds fy, f=k&Lrjh; O;oLFkk dk O;o/kku fd;k x;k gSA ;g f=k&Lrjh;
laxBu bl izdkj gS&
1- ftyk Lrjh; Qksje (District Level Forum)
2- jkT; Lrjh; vk;ksx (State Level Commission)
3- jk"Vªh; Lrjh; vk;ksx (Nation Level Commission)
ftyk Lrjh; Qksje
(District Level Forum)
ftyk Qksje ds uke ls tkus okyh miHkksDrk lqj{kk laLFkk izR;sd ftys esa jkT; ljdkj ds vkns'k }kjk LFkkfir dh tk,xhA
;fn jkT; ljdkj pkgs rks ,d ftys esa ,d ls vf/kd Qksjeksa dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gSA
314 yksd ç'kklu
ftyk Qksje dh jpuk (Composition of the District Forum)

ftyk Qksje ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k rhu gksrh gS] ftuesa ,d v/;{k o vU; nks lnL; gksrs gSaA ftyk Qksje dk v/;{k ,d
,slk O;fDr gksrk gS tks ftyk U;k;k/kh'k (District Judge) ds in ij dk;Z dj jgk gks ;k fQj ftyk U;k;k/kh'k cuus dh
;ksX;rk j[krk gks ;k ftyk U;k;k/kh'k jg pqdk gksA ftyk Qksje ds nks vU; lnL; os O;fDr gksaxs ftUgksaus f'k{kk] O;kikj]
m|ksx] dkuwu] ys[kk vkfn esa fo'ks"k Kku rFkk vuqHko izkIr fd;k gksA bu nks lnL;ksa esa ,d L=kh dk gksuk t:jh gSA
ftyk Qksje ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of members of the District Forum)
ftyk Qksje ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jkT; ljdkj }kjk p;u lfefr (Selection Committee) dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij
dh tk,xhA bl p;u lfefr esa jkT; vk;ksx dk v/;{k] jkT; ds dkuwu foHkkx dk lfpo o jkT; esa mi;ksxh ekeyksa ls
lEcfU/kr foHkkx dk lfpo gksrk gSA ftyk Qksje ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr 5 o"kks± ds fy, dh tkrh gSA ;fn dksbZ lnL;
5 o"kks± dh vof/k ls igys 65 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr dj ysrk gS rks mls lsok fuo‘r (Retire) dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds
LFkku ij u, lnL; dh fu;qfDr dj nh tkrh gSA bldk dksbZ Hkh lnL; nwljh ckj fu;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ftyk
Qksje ds lnL;ksa ds osru o lsok 'krks± (Service Condition) dks jkT; ljdkj }kjk fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA
ftyk Qksje dk vf/kdkj {ks=k (Jurisdiction of District Forum)
ftyk Qksje dk vf/kdkj {ks=k dsoy ,d ftys fo'ks"k rd gh lhfer gksrk gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh f'kdk;r >xM+k gksus ds nks
o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh dh tk ldrh gSA f'kdk;r mlh ftyk Qksje esa ntZ djkbZ tk,xh tgka >xM+k gqvk gksA ftyk Qksje
dks 5 yk[k #i, ;k blls vf/kd jkf'k ds eqvkots ds iz'u dks lquus dk vf/kdkj gSA ftyk Qksje ds lkeus dh tkus okyh
f'kdk;rsa bl izdkj gSa&
1- oLrqvksa esa fdlh izdkj dh deh ik, tkus ijA
2- miHkksDrk dks nh tkus okyh lsokvksa esa deh gksus ijA
3- O;kikjh ;k foØsrk }kjk O;kikj ds xyr rjhds viuk, tkus ijA
4- ,sls eky dk foØ; fd, tkus ij tks thou lqj{kk ds fy, [krjukd gksA
5- ;fn miHkksDrk dks O;kikjh ds dkj.k uqdlku igqapk gksA
6- O;kikjh ;k nqdkunkj }kjk fuf'pr ewY; ls vf/kd iSls ysus dh fLFkfr esaA
f'kdk;r djus dk <ax (Manner in which complaint shall be made)
ftyk Qksje esa rhu rjg ds O;fDr f'kdk;r dj ldrs gSa&
1- miHkksDrk (Consumer) }kjk ftls oLrq,a csph xbZ gksaA
2- ekU;rk izkIr miHkksDrk laLFkk }kjk (Recognised Consumer Association)
3- dsUnzh; vkSj jkT; ljdkj }kjk (Central and State Government)
4- miHkksDrkvksa ds fgr dks /;ku esa j[kdj ,d ;k vf/kd miHkksDrkvksa }kjk (One or more consumers, where there
are numerous consumers having the same interest)
ftyk Qksje ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA ftyk Qksje >xM+s ls lEcfU/kr lHkh dkxt+kas (Papers related
to conflict) dks is'k djus ds fy, dg ldrh gSA izR;sd i{k dks viuk i{k j[kus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA lEcfU/kr
i{k dks de&ls&de 30 fnu o vf/kd&ls&vf/kd 45 fnu dk le; fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa og viuk i{k izLrqr dj ldrs gSaA
ftyk Qksje ds fu.kZ; (Decision by the District Forum)
lk/kkj.kr% ,d o"kZ ds vUnj f'kdk;r izLrqr dh tk ldrh gS ysfdu bl vof/k ds ckn Hkh ftyk Qksje f'kdk;r dks
Lohdkj dj ldrh gSA ftyk Qksje f'kdk;r ds vk/kkj ij dkjZokbZ djrh gSA rRi'pkr~ fuEufyf[kr vkns'k ns ldrh
gS&
1- oLrqvksa ds uqDl dks nwj fd;k tk,A

2- oLrqvksa dks cnyk tk,A
3- oLrq dh dher okfil dh tk,A
4- miHkksDrk dks eqvkot+k fn;k tk,A eqvkot+s dh jde ftyk Qksje }kjk fuf'pr dh tk,xhA
5- lsok (Service) esa dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk,A
6- [krjukd eky dh fcØh u dh tk,A
7- xyr O;kikj ds rjhds cUn fd, tk,A
8- miHkksDrk dks mlds }kjk fd;k x;k [kpZ okil ykSVk;k tk,A
jkT; Lrjh; vk;ksx
(State Level Commission)
izR;sd jkT; esa miHkksDrkvksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lquus ds fy, ,d vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS ftls jkT; vk;ksx (State
Commission) dgk tkrk gSA jkT vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k rhu fuf'pr dh xbZ gSA blesa ,d v/;{k o nks vU; lnL;
gksrs gSaA jkT; vk;ksx dk v/;{k mPp U;k; dk U;k;k/kh'k] ;k igys U;k;k/kh'k jg pqdk gks] gksrk gSA jkT; vk;ksx ds
v/;{k dh fu;qfDr jkT; ljdkj }kjk mPp U;k;ky; (High Court) ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh lykg ij dh tkrh gSA jkT;
vk;ksx ds vU; nks lnL;ksa dks O;kikj] vFkZ'kkL=k] okf.kT;] m|ksx ;k iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa [;kfr izkIr o vuqHkoh gksuk
vko';d gSA bu nks lnL;ksa esa ls ,d efgyk lnL; gksrh gSA
fu;qfDr o vof/k (Appointment and Term)
jkT; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dk p;u ,d p;u lfefr (Selection Committee) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA p;u lfefr dk laxBu
bl izdkj gS&
1- jkT; vk;ksx dk v/;{k (President of the State Commission)
2- jkT; ds dkuwu foHkkx dk lfpo (Secretary of Law Department of the State)
3- jkT; ds miHkksDrk ekeyksa ls lEcfU/kr foHkkx dk lfpo (Secretary in charge of Department dealing with
Consumer affairs of the State)A
jkT; vk;ksx ds izR;sd lnL; dh fu;qfDr dh vof/k 5 o"kZ gksrh gS vFkkZr~ lnL; dk p;u 5 o"kZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA ;fn dksbZ lnL; vof/k iwjh gksus ls igys 67 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr dj ysrk gS rks mls jkT; vk;ksx dh lsok ls eqDr
(Retire) dj fn;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks nks ckj lnL; fu;qDr (Not eligible for re-oppointment) ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA jkT; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa ds osru o HkÙks jkT; ljdkj }kjk fuf'pr fd, tkrs gSaA
vf/kdkj {ks=k (Jurisdiction)
miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;e] 1986 ds vuqlkj jkT; vk;ksx ds vf/kdkj {ks=k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS&
1- izkjfEHkd vf/kdkj {ks=k (Original Jurisdiction): 5 yk[k ls 20 yk[k rd ds ewY; dh oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ls
lEcfUèkr ekeys lh/ks jkT; vk;ksx esa ys tk, tk ldrs gSaA blh rjg 5 yk[k ls 20 yk[k #i, rd ds eqvkot+s
ds ekeys Hkh jkT; vk;ksx esa izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSaA jkT; vk;ksx dks fdlh Hkh ftyk Qksje ds fjdkMZ dks vius
ikl eaxokus dk vf/kdkj gS] ;fn mlus vius vf/kdkjksa dk xyr iz;ksx fd;k gSA
2- vihyh; vf/kdkj {ks=k (Appellate Jurisdiction): miHkksDrkvksa dks ftyk Qksje ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) jkT; vk;ksx
esa vihy djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gS] ;fn os ftyk Qksje ds fu.kZ;ksa ls vlUrq"V gSaA vihyh; {ks=k esa /ku dh dksbZ
lhek fuf'pr ugha dh xbZ gSA
316 yksd ç'kklu
3- jkT; vk;ksx ls lEcfU/kr izfØ;k (Procedure applicable to State Commission): jkT; vk;ksx ,d vlSfud
U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ;g fdlh Hkh f'kdk;rdÙkkZ o ftlds fo#) f'kdk;r dh xbZ gS] dks vius lkeus
izLrqr gksus o f'kdk;r lEcU/kh nLrkost+ izLrqr djus ds fy, dg ldrk gSA jkT; vk;ksx ds vkns'kksa dh vogsyuk
gksus ij ,d eghus ls rhu eghus rd dh dSn dh ltk nh tk ldrh gSA
jk"Vªh; Lrjh; vk;ksx
(National Level Commission)
jk"Vªh; Lrj ds vk;ksx dks jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vk;ksx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds lnL;ksa dh la[;k miHkksDrk
vf/kfu;e 1986 }kjk 5 fuf'pr dh xbZ gSA vk;ksx dk ,d v/;{k o 4 vU; lnL; gksrs gSaA vk;ksx dk v/;{k ml O;fDr
dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k gks ;k jg pqdk gksA vU; pkj lnL;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu
{ks=kksa&vkfFkZd {ks=k] dkuwuh {ks=k] ys[kk o m|ksx {ks=k ;k fQj iz'kklfud ekeyksa esa [;kfr izkIr ;k vuqHkoh gksuk vko';d
gSA pkj lnL;ksa esa ls ,d efgyk lnL; dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
fu;qfDr o dk;Zdky (Appointment and Tenure)
vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk p;u lfefr (Selection Committee) dh flQkfj'k ij dh tk,xhA
p;u lfefr dk xBu bl izdkj gksrk gS&
1- vk;ksx dk v/;{k tks loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k gksrk gS mldk ukekadu loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[;
U;k;k/kh'k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g U;k;k/kh'k p;u lfefr dk v/;{k Hkh gksrk gSA (A person who is a judge of
the Supreme Court to be nominated by the Chief Justice of India.)
2- Hkkjr ljdkj esa dkuwuh ekeyksa ds foHkkx dk lfpo (Secretary in the Department of Legal Affairs in the
government of India.)
3- Hkkjr ljdkj esa miHkksDrk lEcU/kh ekeyksa ds foHkkx dk lfpo (Secretary of the department dealing with
consumer affairs in the government of India.)
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh vof/k 5 o"kZ gksrh gS vFkkZr~ lnL; dk p;u 5 o"kZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn
ikap o"kZ ls igys fdlh lnL; dh vk;q 70 o"kZ dh gks tkrh gS rks mls lsok fuo‘Ùk (Retire) dj fn;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh
lnL; dks nwljh ckj fu;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk LFkku (Seat of National Commission)
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk LFkku (Seat) fnYyh esa gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh cSBdsa v/;{k }kjk vko';drk iM+us ij cqykbZ tkrh
gSaA
osru rFkk HkÙks (Salaries and Allowances)
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds v/;{k (President) dks loksZPp U;k;k/kh'k (Sitting Judge of Supreme Court) ds leku osru o HkÙks fn,
tk,axsA nwljs lnL;ksa dks 6000 #i;s ekfld ikfjJfed (Honorarium) fn;k tk,xk] ;fn os iwjs le; ds fy, dke djrs
gSa (If sitting on whole time basis)A ;fn lnL; de le; ds fy, gSa rks mls 300 #i;s izfrfnu ds fglkc ls ikfjJfed
fn;k tk,xk (“If sitting on part time basis a consolidated honorarium of three hundred rupees per day for sitting”)A
osru o HkÙks lafpr fuf/k esa ls fn, tkrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk vf/kdkj {ks=k (Jurisdiction of the National Commission)
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dks izkjfEHkd o vihyh; vf/kdkj izkIr gSAa 20 yk[k #i;s rd ds eky o eqvkot+s ls lEcfU/kr ekeys jk"Vªh;
vk;ksx ds ikl vkrs gSaA fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds jkT; vk;ksxksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) vihysa jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds ikl vkrh gSa ;fn
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx pkgs rks fdlh jkT; vk;ksx ls fdlh ekeys dks mlds ikl Hkstus ds fy, dg ldrk gSA
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; (Decision of the National Commission): jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; cgqer }kjk fy, tkrs
gSaA ;g vk;ksx ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; dh vogsyuk dh fLFkfr esa ,d
eghus ls ysdj 3 o"kZ rd dh dSn dh lt+k nh tk ldrh gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) loksZPp U;k;ky;
(Supreme Court) esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
fu"d"kZ (Conclosion)
mijksDr ppkZ ds i'pkr~ ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, fofHkUu
O;oLFkk,a dh xbZ gSa ijUrq blds ckotwn Hkh turk esa tkx‘fr ugha vkbZ gSA miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dh okLrfod lqj{kk rc
gh gks ik,xh tc mUgsa bl {ks=k esa f'kf{kr fd;k tk,xkA
vkSEcM~lesu&yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr

(The Ombudsman-Lokpal and Lokayukt)
turk dh f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus ds fy, fofHké laLFkkvksa us vusd v/;;u fd, gSAa okLro esa vusd ,slh izfØ;k,a izpfyr
gSa ftuds }kjk tulk/kkj.k viuh f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djk ldrk gSA ;nk dnk ,d O;fDr ¼ukxfjd½ viuh f'kdk;r ds
dkj.kksa dks lekpkj&i=kksa esa izdkf'kr djk ldrk gSA og viuh f'kdk;r ds ckjs esa jkT; fo/kkue.My esa ;k laln esa vius
izfrfuf/k dks fy[k ldrk gSA og iz'kklu ds le{k Lo;a izLrqr gks ldrk gS vkSj ;fn og HkkX;'kkyh gks rks lEcfU/kr eU=kh
ls Hkh fey ldrk gS] ijUrq bl rF; ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ;s lqfo/kk,a vR;Ur lhfer vkSj vi;kZIr gSaA
iz'kklfud U;k; ds fo#) f'kdk;r djus dh orZeku izfØ;kvksa dh vi;kZIrrk ds dkj.k gh LdS.Msfufo;kbZ ns'kksa esa
^vksEcM~lesu* uked ,d yksdfiz; laLFkku cuk;k x;k FkkA
^vksEcM~lesu* dk vFkZ gS lkoZtfud M;wVh ij rSukr ,d lkfyflVjA lcls igys LohMu us bls o"kZ 1809 esa blds orZeku
:i esa viuk;k vkSj blds ckn fQuyS.M] MsuekdZ vkSj ukosZ us bls viuk;kA LohMu esa bls laln }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkrk
gS tks laln dh vksj ls lkekU; ukxfjdksa dh f'kdk;rksa dh tkap djrk gS vkSj o"kZ ds nkSjku laln ds le{k vius dk;Z
dh fjiksVZ izLrqr djrk gSA U;wthyS.M tks ,d lalnh; iz.kkyh okyk ns'k gS vkSj tgka lkekU; dkuwu gS] us bls o"kZ 1962
esa vkSj fczVsu us bls o"kZ 1966 esa viuk;kA ,sfrgkfld n‘f"V ls buesa ls izR;sd ns'k us tks rU=k viuk;k gS mldk ,d gh
mís'; gS] vFkkZr~ deZpkfj;ksa vkSj iz'kklu ds dk;Zdykiksa vkSj muds }kjk 'kfDr ds nq#i;ksx ij fu;U=k.k fd;k tk, D;ksfa d
,slk eglwl fd;k x;k Fkk fd bl iz;kstu ds fy, orZeku rU=k vkSj izfØ;k,a vi;kZIr gSaA ;fn tulsokvksa ds fo#)
ukxfjdksa ls f'kdk;rsa izkIr gksrh gSa vkSj tkap ds ckn ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd mudk dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gS rks vo'; gh yksxksa
esa fo'okl dh Hkkouk iSnk gksxhA
fczVsu esa Ogs;ê dh fjiksVZ izdkf'kr gksus ds ckn ls Hkkjr esa ^vksEcM~lesu* dh fu;qfDr lEcU/kh fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k tk
jgk gSA vxLr 1962 esa ubZ fnYyh esa r‘rh; vf[ky Hkkjrh; fof/k lEesyu }kjk vk;ksftr ^vksEcM~lesu* lEcU/kh fopkjxksgh
vkSj vDVwcj 1963 esa enzkl izksfoafl;y ckj ,lksfl,'ku }kjk ^vksEcM~lesu* dh LFkkiuk dh flQkfj'k dh x;h Fkh vkSj
r‘rh; vf[ky Hkkjrh; fof/k eU=kh lEesyu esa bl ij ppkZ gqbZ FkhA 15 tqykbZ] 1963 dks eq[; U;k;kf/kifr ih0 ch0 xtsUnz
xMdj us Hkkjrh; yksd iz'kklu laLFkku ds nh{kkUr Hkk"k.k esa ^vksEcM~lesu* dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA ^jktLFkku iz'kklfud
lq/kkj lfefr* ¼1963½ us viuh fjiksVZ esa efU=k;ksa lfgr mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo#) f'kdk;rksa dh tkap ds fy, jkT;ksa }kjk
^vksEcM~lesu* ;k ,d vk;qDr dh fu;fDr dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA vU; ns'kksa esa fo|eku vksEcM~lesu laLFkkuksa vkSj Hkkjrh;
fLFkfr dh iqujh{kk djus ds ckn iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx (A.R.C.) us flQkfj'k dh gS fd Þgekjs ns'k dh fof'k"V
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus ds fy, nks fo'ks"k laLFkku gksus pkfg,A ,d izkf/kdj.k dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa
esa efU=k;ksa vFkok 'kklu ds lfpoksa }kjk dh x;h iz'kklfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fo#) f'kdk;rksa dh tkap ds fy, gksuk pkfg,A
;s lHkh izkf/kdj.k dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ls LorU=k gksus pkfg,Aß
iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa vksEcM~lesu laLFkk dh fu;qfDr ds fy, igyk
Bksl dne 9 ebZ] 1968 dks yksdlHkk esa yksdiky fo/ks;d dh iqu% LFkkiuk ds lkFk mBk;k x;k FkkA ;g
318 yksd ç'kklu
fo/ks;d la;qDr lfefr dks Hkstk x;k vkSj mls ckn esa yksdlHkk }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq tc ;g fo/ks;d jkT;
lHkk esa vfu.khZr iM+k gqvk Fkk rHkh yksdlHkk dk fo?kVu gks x;k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fo/ks;d O;ixr gks x;kA blh
rjg dk ,d u;k fo/ks;d yksdlHkk esa 11 vxLr] 1971 dks iqu%LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ;g fo/ks;d Hkh ikapoha yksdlHkk dk
fo?kVu gksus ij O;ixr gks x;kA ubZ ljdkj us] tks ekpZ 1977 esa lÙkk esa vk;h] yksdlHkk esa 28 tqykbZ] 1977 dks yksdiky
fo/ks;d iqu%LFkkfir fd;kA fo/ks;d esa mPp jktuhfrd Lrjksa ij Hkz"Vkpkj dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, yksdiky dh
laLFkk dks ,d izHkkoh rU=k ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dh O;oLFkk FkhA 1977 ds fo/ks;d ij laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr
lfefr }kjk fopkj fd;k x;k FkkA fo/ks;d esa dfri; la'kks/kuksa ds lkFk la;qDr lfefr dk izfrosnu 20&1&1978 dks
yksdlHkk esa izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA rFkkfi] laln }kjk fo/ks;d ij fopkj djus rFkk mls LohÑr djus ls igys gh NBh
yksdlHkk dk fo?kVu gks x;k vkSj fo/ks;d O;ixr gks x;kA lkroha yksdlHkk }kjk bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr fdlh fo/ks;d
ij fopkj ugha fd;k x;kA vkBoha yksdlHkk esa 26 vxLr 1985 dks yksdiky fo/ks;d iqu%LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ykdiky
fo/ks;d 1985 ds LFkku ij ,d u;k O;kid fo/ks;d ykus dh ea'kk ls 1988 esa bls okfil ys fy;k x;kA jk"Vªh; ekspkZ
ljdkj us fnlEcj 1989 esa yksdiky fu;qDr djus ds bjkns ls yksdlHkk esa ,d fo/ks;d is'k fd;k tks vf/kfu;e dk :i
xzg.k ugha dj ldkA nsoxkSM+k ljdkj us 13 fnlEcj 1996 dks rFkk oktis;h ljdkj us 3 vxLr 1998 dks yksdiky
foèks;d yksdlHkk esa izLrqr fd,A
yksdiky fo/ks;d] 1996% eq[; fo'ks"krk,a

(Lokpal Bill, 1996: Salient Features)
nsoxkSM+k ljdkj us 13 flrEcj] 1996 dks yksdlHkk esa cgqizrhf{kr yksdiky fo/ks;d is'k fd;kA bl fo/ks;d ds izeq[k
izkoèkku bl izdkj gSa%
1- yksdiky laLFkk dk xBu% ;g cgqlnL;h; laLFkk gksxh ftlesa v/;{k ds vykok nks lnL; Hkh gksaxsA
2- yksdiky laLFkk dh fu;qfDr% bldh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr ,d lfefr dh lykg ls djsx a s ftlds v/;{k iz/kkueU=kh gksx
a As
lfefr ds vU; lnL;ksa esa yksdlHkk v/;{k] jkT; lHkk dk milHkkifr] yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;lHkk esa foi{k ds usrk]
x‘g eU=kky; ds Hkkj lk/kd eU=kh rFkk lkoZtfud f'kdk;r ,oa dkfeZd eU=kky; ds Hkkj lk/kd eU=kh gksaxsA
3- yksdiky laLFkk ds v/;{k rFkk lnL;% rhu lnL;h; yksdiky laLFkk dk v/;{k loksZPp U;k;ky; dk iwoZ vFkok
orZeku eq[; U;k;k/kh'k gksxk rFkk vU; nks lnL; ,sls O;fDr gksaxs tks loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k jg pqds gSa
;k ml in dh ;ksX;rk j[krs gksaA
yksdiky dk v/;{k vFkok lnL; cuus ls igys fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks viuh laln ;k fo/kkue.M lnL;rk ls bLrhQk
nsuk gksxk] ykHk feyus okys vU; lHkh in R;kxus gksaxs] jktuhfrd nyksa dh lnL;rk NksM+uh gksxh] fdlh Hkh O;kikj
vFkok m|e dk izcU/k dk;Z NksM+uk gksxk rFkk vU; fdlh Hkh izdkj dh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k cUn djuh gksxhA
4- lsok 'krs±% yksdiky ds v/;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh lsok 'krs±] osru HkÙks vkSj isa'ku loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
ds cjkcj gksaxsA yksdiky dk lnL; cuus ls fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh fiNyh ukSdjh ds isa'ku xzsP;qVh vFkok fdlh vU;
lqfo/kk esa dksbZ dVkSrh ugha gksxhA
;g lqfuf'pr djus dh n‘f"V ls fd yksdiky LorU=krkiwoZd dk;Z djus esa vkSj vius ÑR;ksa dk fuoZgu fcuk Hk;
vkSj i{kikr ds djus esa leFkZ gks lds] ;g fo/ks;d micU/k djrk gS fd yksdiky dk v/;{k lnL; vius in ls
jk"Vªifr }kjk lkfcr dnkpkj ;k vleFkZrk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ;k bl iz;kstu ds fy, Hkkjr
ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k }kjk uke funsZf'kr fd, x, mPpre U;k;ky; ds fdlh vU; U;k;k/kh'k }kjk dh xbZ tkap ds
i'pkr~ fd, x, vksn'k }kjk gh gVk;k tk,xk vU;Fkk ughaA
5- yksdiky laLFkk dk {ks=kkf/kdkj% fo/ks;d ds vuqlkj] yksdiky ;g vfHkdFku djus okys ifjoknksa dh tkap djsxk
fd fo/ks;d esa ifjHkkf"kr] yksd lsod us Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 1988 ds v/khu n.Muh; dksbZ vijk/k fd;k
gS vkSj ^yksd lsod* in ds vUrxZr iz/kkueU=kh] eU=kh] jkT; eU=kh] mi&eU=kh vkSj laln ds lnL; gSaA
yksdiky ds Lor% tkapkf/kdkj nk;js esa jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] yksdlHkk v/;{k] loksPZ p U;k;ky; ds eq[; vkSj vU;
U;k;k/kh'k] fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd] eq[; ,oa vU; fuokZpu vk;qDr vkSj yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k ,oa
lnL; 'kkfey ugha gksaxsA
6- tkap izfØ;k% yksdiky dks tkap ds fy, dsUnz vFkok jkT; ljdkj dh fdlh Hkh tkap ,tsUlh vFkok fdlh vfèkdkjh
dh lgk;rk ysus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA bl nkSjku ,tsUlh vFkok vf/kdkjh dsoy yksdiky ds funs'kkuqlkj dke djsaxs
vkSj yksdiky dks gh fjiksVZ djsaxsA ftl vkjksi dh tkap yksdiky dj jgk gks mldh tkap vk;ksx vf/kfu;e ds
vUrxZr lekuksÙkj tkap ugha dh tk ldsxhA
yksdiky dks dh xbZ f'kdk;r >wBh vkSj xyr fl) gksus dh fLFkfr esa yksdiky dks f'kdk;r djus okys dks U;wure
,d o"kZ vkSj vf/kdre rhu o"kZ ds dkjkokl dk n.M nsus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA blds vykok xyr f'kdk;r
djus okys ij 50 gtkj #i;s tqekZus dk Hkh izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA nwljh rjQ ;g izko/kku Hkh gS fd fdlh
f'kdk;dÙkkZ ds lHkh vFkok dqN vkjksi iwjh rjg vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls fl) gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;g ik;k tkrk gS
fd bl izfØ;k esa f'kdk;rdÙkkZ dk dqN [kpZ gqvk gS rFkk yksdiky le>rk gS fd mls eqvkotk vFkok buke fn;k
tkuk pkfg, rks og dsUnzh; ljdkj ls f'kdk;rdÙkkZ dks leqfpr jkf'k fnyok ldsxkA
la{ksi esa] ;g fo/ks;d iwoZ esa fufeZr yksdiky fo/ks;dksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd O;kid vkSj rdZlaxr gSA iz/kkueU=kh dks Hkh
foèks;d ds nk;js esa fy;k x;k gSA fo/ks;d ukxfjdksa dks U;k;ky; dh izfØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls viuk mipkj ikus ls cpkus
ds fy, gS tks egaxk ;k foyEcdkjh lkfcr gks ldrk gSA ;g iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds mís'; vkSj iz;kstu
dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, gSA
yksdiky fo/ks;d] 1998% eq[; fo'ks"krk,a

(Lokpal Bill, 1998: Salient Features)
3 vxLr] 1998 dks iz/kkueU=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us cgqpfpZr yksdiky fo/ks;d yksdlHkk esa izLrqr fd;kA fo/ks;d
ds izeq[k izko/kku fuEukafdr gSa%
fo/ks;d ds ikfjr gksus ij fu;qDr fd, x, yksdiky dks lsokjr ,oa iwoZ iz/kkuefU=k;ksa o efU=k;ksa rFkk laln ds nksuksa lnuksa
ds lnL;ksa o iwoZ lnL;ksa ds fo#) Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkjksiksa dh tkap dk vf/kdkj gksxkA iz/kkueU=kh dks Hkh yksdiky dh tkap
ds nk;js esa yk;k x;k gSA fdUrq jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] yksdlHkk v/;{k] fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd] eq[; fuokZpu
vk;qDr o vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa] loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa rFkk la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa ds fo#) tkap
dk vf/kdkj bls ugha gksxkA
fo/ks;d ds vuqlkj izLrkfor yksdiky f=klnL;h; gksxk ftlesa v/;{k ds vfrfjDr nks vU; lnL; gksx a As loksPZ p U;k;ky;
ds lsokjr ;k iwoZ eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ;k mlds fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dks gh yksdiky dk v/;{k cuk;k tk ldsxk tcfd blds
lnL; ds :i esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds lsokjr ;k iwoZ U;k;k/kh'k dks fu;qDr fd;k tk ldsxkA budk dk;Zdky fo/ks;d
esa rhu o"kZ dk izLrkfor fd;k x;k gS rFkk ;g 70 o"kZ dh vk;q rd gh bl in ij jgsaxsA
fo/ks;d ds vuqlkj yksdiky dh fu;qfDr lkr lnL;h; p;u lfefr dh laLrqfr ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tk,xhA
mijk"Vªifr bl p;u lfefr ds lnL; gksx a As bl lfefr ds lnL;ksa esa iz/kkueU=kh] x‘geU=kh] yksdlHkk/;{k] laln ds ml
lnu ds usrk ftlds iz/kkueU=kh lnL; u gksa rFkk yksd lHkk ,oa jkT; lHkk esa foi{k ds usrk 'kkfey gksaxsA
,d ckj yksdiky laLFkk dk v/;{k ;k lnL; jgus okys O;fDr dh u rks ml yksdiky esa iqu%fu;qfDr gksxh vkSj u gh
mls dsUnz ;k fdlh jkT; ljdkj esa ykHk ds fdlh in ij fu;qDr fd;k tk ldsxkA
nqO;Zogkj ;k v{kerk fl) gksus dh fLFkfr esa yksdiky ds v/;{k ;k fdlh lnL; dks jk"Vªifr }kjk gh mlds in ls gVk;k
tk ldsxkA
yksdiky ds ckn v/;{k dk osru o vU; lsok 'krs± loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds leku rFkk blds lnL;ksa ds
osru o lsok 'krs± loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k ds leku gksaxsA
320 yksd ç'kklu
fo/ks;d esa fd, x, ,d izko/kku ds rgr fdlh Hkh vijk/k ds 10 o"kZ ds Hkhrj dh xbZ f'kdk;rksa ij gh fopkj djus dk
vf/kdkj yksdiky dk gksxkA
yksdiky fo/ks;d esa ;g Hkh izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd izR;sd lkaln dks lnu dh lnL;rk dh 'kiFk ysus ds 90 fnu ds
Hkhrj yksdiky ds le{k viuh o vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh lEifÙk dk C;kSjk is'k djuk gksxkA blds ckn mls izR;sd
foÙkh; o"kZ dh igyh frekgh esa ,slk djuk gksxkA >wBh rFkk eux<Ur f'kdk;rksa dks grksRlkfgr djus ds fy, Hkh fo/ks;d
esa izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA >wBh f'kdk;r dk nks"kh ik, tkus ij ,d ls rhu o"kZ dh ltk rFkk 50 gtkj #i;s ds tqekZus
dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
blds ckn yksdiky fo/ks;d 2001 esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA vHkh 15 vxLr 2003 dks iz/kkueU=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us
tksj nsdj dgk fd yksdiky fo/ks;d tYn gh ikl fd;k tk,xk ftlds rgr iz/kkueU=kh dk in Hkh gksxkA
;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd jktuhfrd [khaprku ds dkj.k yksdiky fo/ks;d vHkh rd ikl ugha gks ik;k gS] ysfdu Hkkjrh;
fjtoZ cSd
a us bl {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ o ljkguh; dne mBk;k gSA fjtoZ cSd a us 4 twu] 1995 dks xzkgd rFkk cSd
a vfèkdkfj;ksa
ds chp e/kqj lEcU/k cukus rFkk xzkgdksa dh cSad lEcU/kh f'kdk;rksa ds fuokj.k gsrq ,d ÞcSafdax yksdikyß dh LFkkiuk dh
gSA
jkT; Lrj ij vEcqM~lesu ¼yksdk;qDr½

(Ombudsman-Lokayukta at the State Level)
fdlh u fdlh dkj.ko'k yksdiky dk laLFkku dsUnzh; Lrj ij vHkh rd LFkkfir ugha gks ik;k] fdUrq jkT;ksa esa fLFkfr
mRlkgtud gSA mM+hlk ,slk igyk jkT; Fkk ftlus yksdk;qDr ,sDV dks ykxw fd;kA egkjk"Vª us loZizFke yksdk;qDr
fu;qDr fd;kA jktLFkku us 1973 esa ,slk fo/kku ykxw fd;kA fcgkj esa yksdk;qDr laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ,d v/;kns'k tkjh
djds 1973 esa dh xbZ ftldks dqN le; mijkUr fof/k dk :i ns fn;k FkkA mÙkj izns'k us 1975 esa yksdk;qDr vkSj
miyksdk;qDr ,sDV ikl fd;kA dukZVd us Qjojh] 1983 esa ,d v/;kns'k ykxw fd;k vkSj 1985 esa bldksa dkuwu dk :i
fn;kA vkU/kz izns'k fo/kku lHkk us 1982 esa yksdk;qDr vkSj miyksdk;qDr fo/ks;d ikl fd;kA e/; izns'k yksdk;qDr rFkk
mi&yksdk;qDr fo/ks;d dks 1981 esa ikl fd;k x;k vkSj fgekpy izns'k esa ,slk dkuwu 1983 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA dsjy
esa ifCyd izhoSU'ku vkQ djsI'ku ,sDV 1983 (Public Prevention of Corruption Act 1983) ls ykxw gS vkSj ukxkyS.M esa
Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus ds fy, foftySUl vk;ksx (Vigilance Commission) dk;Z dj jgk gSA xqtjkr Hkh 'kh?kz gh ,slk laLFkku
LFkkfir djus dk ;Ru dj jgk gSA vr% Hkkjr esa vc rd vk/ks jkT; yksdk;qDr laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dj pqds gSaA
fnYyh dk yksdk;qDr ,sDV 1996 esa ikl fd;k x;k] ;g vU; jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd izxfr'khy gS D;ksafd ;g ,sDV
yksdk;qDr dks uk dsoy mu f'kdk;rksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS tks mldks izkIr gqbZ gSa] vfirq mu
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks n.M nsus dh lÙkk Hkh iznku djrk gS tks ,sDV ds v/khu Hkz"Vkpkj ds nks"kh ik;s x;s gSaA fnYyh esa ,d
yksdk;qDr rFkk ,d mi&yksdk;qDr gksxkA fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks ;fn fdlh yksd&vf/kdkjh ¼ukSdj'kkg½] ljdkjh
deZpkjh] fo/kk;d] uxj ik"kZn ;k eaf=ke.My ds ea=kh ;k fnYyh ds eq[;ea=kh ds fo#) dksbZ f'kdk;r gS tks og mls lhèks
yksdk;qDr dks Hkst ldrk gSA mls mPp U;k;ky; ds leku 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh xbZ gSaA vr% og mu vkjksiksa dh
tk¡p&iM+rky dj ldrk gS tks mlds lEeq[k yk;s x;s gSa vkSj tks O;fDr Hkz"V vkpkj ds nks"kh ik;s x, gSa mudks n.M
ns ldrk gSA mlds fu.kZ; ds fo#) vihy dsoy loksZPp U;k;ky; dks nh tk ldrh gSA
gfj;k.kk esa yksdk;qDr vf/kfu;e ds rgr 1997 esa igyh ckj yksdk;qDr dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA lkekU;r% lHkh jkT;ksa ds
Þyksdk;qDr ,oa miyksdk;qDr vf/kfu;eksaß esa fuEu izko/kku fd, x, gSa%
1- yksdk;qDr ,oa miyksdk;qDr dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk ea[;ea=kh ,oa lnu esa foi{kh ny ds usrk ds lkFk ijke'kZ
ls dh tk,xhA
2- yksdk;qDr ,oa miyksdk;qDr dk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ gksxkA
3- yksdk;qDr jkT; ljdkj ds efU=k;ksa ,oa lfpoksa ds fo:) rFkk miyksdk;qDr lfpo Lrj ls uhps ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
fo:) vk;h gqbZ f'kdk;rksa ,oa vfHk;ksxksa dh tkap djsxkA
4- yksdk;qDr ,oa miyksdk;qDr ds osru] HkÙks] lsok 'krs± rFkk in lqfo/kk;sa Øe'k% mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk
vU; U;k;k/kh'kksa ds leku gksaxhA
5- budh dk;Z iz.kkyh iw.kZr% xksiuh; gksxhA
6- bUgsa vius in ls dsoy egkfHk;ksx&izfØ;k }kjk gh vinLFk fd;k tk ldsxkA
dqy feykdj yksdk;qDr inksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks fuEu vk/kkjksa ij Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS%
1- ;s turk dh f'kdk;rksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, lqxerk vkSj LorU=krkiwoZd lgt miyC/k gks ldrs gSaA
2- ;g U;k; izkIr djus dk lqxe] ferO;;h; vkSj 'kh?kzxkeh lk/ku gSA
3- ;g iz'kklfud vdq'kyrk rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj ds fuokj.k gsrq lq/kkjkRed rFkk vojks/kkRed nksuksa izdkj ds iz;kl djrk
gSA
4- ;g ,d LorU=k vkSj fu"i{k laLFkk gS] tks dk;Zikfydk] O;oLFkkfidk rFkk U;k;ikfydk rhuksa ls LorU=k gksdj dk;Z
djrh gSA
5- buesa e/;LFkksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
6- buds }kjk lHkh fo"k;ksa ij U;k;iw.kZ vkSj fu"i{k fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
7- ;s in U;k;ksfpr fgrksa dh vfrfjDr xkjUVh gSaA
8- ;s mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj lUrqfyr fu.kZ; ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSa D;ksafd ;g laln ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
buds }kjk 'kfDr ds nq#i;ksx fd, tkus dh n'kk esa laln }kjk mfpr dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vuqHko dk ewY;kadu

(Evaluation of the Indian Experience)
Hkkjr ds ftu jkT;ksa esa vEcqM~lesu laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dq'kklu dks jksdus ds fy, dh xbZ Fkh ogk¡ vk'kkuqdwy lQyrk
izkIr ugha gqbZA mlds dbZ dkj.k gSa&
izFke] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj dq'kklu ls yM+us ds fy, nks izFkd~ laLFkku] tSlk fd dbZ vU; ns'kksa esa LFkkfir fd, x, gSa] Hkkjr
esa LFkkfir ugha fd, x,&,d dq'kklu ds fy, vkSj nwljk Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy,A ;gk¡ bu nksuksa dk;ks± dks ,d gh laLFkku djrk
gSA tSlk fd izks0 MksukYM lh0 jksor (Prof. Donald C. Rowat) dk dguk gS&
ÞHkkjr dh ;kstuk esa eq[; nks"k ;g jgk gS fd ;gk¡ vEcqM~lesu laLFkku dks Hkz"Vkpkj ds lkFk yM+us okyh e'khujh ds lkFk
tksM+ fn;k x;k gS vkSj ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ihM+u lEcU/kh f'kdk;rksa ij Bhd mlh izdkj dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gS] tSlh fd
nqO;Zogkj ;k Hkz"Vkpkj dh f'kdk;rksa ijA blds nks nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ifj.kke gq, gSaA eaf=k;ksa o mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa esa vius fo#)
;k vius lkFkh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo#) f'kdk;rksa ds Hk; dk vFkZ ;g gqvk gS fd mUgksaus bl ;kstuk dks cM+k detksj leFkZu
fn;k gS tks bldh izHkkoh <ax ls dk;Z djus esa rksM+&QksM+ ;k vUr/o±l dh js[kk rd igq¡p x;k gSA nwljk ifj.kke ;g gqvk
gS fd ftu Hk;kog vkSipkfjd dk;Zfof/k;ksa dks vkjksiksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky ds fy, cuk;k x;k gS] ogha leku :i ls ihM+u
dh f'kdk;rksa ij ykxw dh tkrh gSaA bldk mxz mnkgj.k ;g gS fd f'kdk;r djus okys dks >wBk c;ku ns cSBus dh fLFkfr
esa nf.Mr fd;s tkus dh /kedh nh xbZ gSA nwljs ns'kksa esa vEcqM~leSu dks izk;% {kqnz ;k NksVs O;fDr dk fe=k&lgk;d le>k
tkrk gS tks orZeku jkT; dh ukSdj'kkgh ds jFk dh va/kh 'kfDr ls mldh j{kk djrk gSAß
f}rh;] pw¡fd yksdk;qDr laLFkku Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeys ij Hkh dk;Zokgh djrk gS] blds dkj.k blus jktuhfrKksa ds dqN oxks±
ls 'k=kqrk eksy yh gS] D;ksfa d vf/kdrj Hkz"Vkpkj dk izkjEHk blh Lrj ij gksrk gSA jktuhfrK bldks u dsoy viuh izfr"Bk
ds fy;s [krjk ekurs gSa] vfirq mudks ;g Hkh Mj gS fd ;g laLFkku dk;Zokgh lÙkk dk ,d fojks/kh dsUnz cu x;k gSA ;g
322 yksd ç'kklu
Mj fujk/kkj gS] fQj Hkh izpfyr gS vkSj blls bl laLFkku ds dk;Z djus ij izHkko iM+k gSA fcgkj ds eq[;ea=kh dk ;g
dFku mYys[kuh; gSA mlus dgk ÞO;fDrxr rkSj ij eSa ;g vuqHko djrk gw¡ fd yksdk;qDr laLFkku dh LFkkiuk djds vkSj
bldks ;g 'kfDr;k¡ nsdj fd og lnu ds lnL;ksa o eaf=k;ksa ds O;ogkj dh tk¡p&iM+rky dj lds] bl laizHkq lnu us
viuh laizHkqrk dks [kks fn;k gSAß
r‘rh;] yksdk;qDr ds vf/kdkj {ks=k dh Hkh leL;k mRiUu gqbZ gSA dbZ jkT;ksa us HkwriwoZ eaf=k;ksa vkSj HkwriwoZ yksd&vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks yksdk;qDr ds vf/kdkj&{ks=k ls ckgj j[kk gSA vr% dbZ ckj ,slk gksrk gS fd yksd vf/kdkjh vius in dh vof/k ds
vfUre le; esa vijk/k djrs gSa D;ksfa d os ;g tkurs gSa fd in NksM+ tkus ds mijkUr yksdk;qDr muds fo#) dksbZ dk;Zokgh
ugha dj ldrkA f'keyk esa yksdk;qDr vkSj miyksdk;qDrksa dk tks lEesyu gqvk Fkk] mlesa Hkh bl vko';drk dk vuqHko
fd;k x;k fd HkwriwoZ yksd&vf/kdkfj;ksa dks yksdk;qDr ds vf/kdkj&{ks=k esa yk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
prqFkZ] yksdk;qDrksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z ls irk pyrk gS fd muds }kjk izkIr f'kdk;rksa dk rqjUr fuiVkjk ugha fd;k
tkrkA muds ikl #dh gqbZ f'kdk;rksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSA f'kdk;rksa dk fuiVkjk djus esa cgqr le; yx tkrk
gS ftlls bl laLFkku dks LFkkfir djus dk ewy mís'; gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA ¼f'kdk;r djus okys dks rqjUr vkSj lLrk
U;k; fnyokuk½ ;fn yksdk;qDr Hkh rqjUr U;k; ugha fnyok ldrk rks bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk gh lekIr gks tk;sxhA
iape] dbZ jkT;ksa esa yksdk;qDr ds vk/khu tk¡p&iM+rky djus okyk viuk Lora=k dksbZ laxBu ugha gksrk tks f'kdk;rksa dh
Nkuchu dj ldsA tk¡p&iM+rky dk vf/kdrj dk;Z ljdkjh vfHkdj.k ;k laLFkk dks gh djuk iM+rk gSA blls turk
esa vkSj f'kdk;r djus okyksa esa ;g fo'okl ugha txk;k tk ldrk fd muds lkFk U;k; gksxkA vr% bl ckr dh vko';drk
gS fd dukZVd dh Hkk¡fr vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh yksdk;qDr ds vk/khu tk¡p&iM+rky djus okys Lora=k laxBu dks LFkkfir fd;k
tk,A
vUr esa ;g dguk gksxk fd Hkys gh bl laLFkku dh dqN detksfj;k¡ gksa] fQj Hkh bl laLFkku dk gksuk u gksus dh vis{kk
vPNk gSA bl laLFkku dh dsoy mifLFkfr ek=k gh yksd&vf/kdkfj;ksa esa la;e ls dk;Z djus ds fy, Mj mRiUu djsxhA
tSls&tSls le; chrsxk ;g laLFkku lq/kkjksa vkSj lek;kstu ds }kjk fodflr gksxkA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd
jktuhfrKksa vkSj iz'kkldksa dks bldh okaNuh;rk esa fo'okl gksuk pkfg, vkSj bldks lg;ksx nsus ds fy;s lgh O;ogkj
gksA bl lanHkZ esa izks0 jkor dh psrkouh ;gk¡ mYys[kuh; gksxhA mudk dguk gS fd bl O;oLFkk dks izfrjksfir djrs le;
;g /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,&ÞvEcqMl ~ esu jkeck.k ;k loZjksxgkjh vkS"kf/k ugha gks ldrkA dbZ yksx vEcqMl
~ esu dks ,d izdkj
dk tknw dk 'kCn le>rs gSa tks lHkh iz'kklfud jksxksa dk mipkj dj nsxkA fdUrq jkT; vkSj O;fDr ds chp lEcU/kksa dh
iqjkru leL;k cgqr vf/kd tfVy gS tks fdlh ,d ljy ;kstuk }kjk ugha lqy>kbZ tk ldrhA iz'kklfud dk;Z ij gesa
fofHkUu izdkj ds fu;a=k.kksa dh vko';drk gS vkSj vEcqMl ~ esu ;kstuk ds lkFk&lkFk lq/kkjksa dh t:jr gS tks gekjh fu;a=k.k
O;oLFkk esa fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dj lds] vU;Fkk ;g ;kstuk vlQy gks ldrh gS D;ksafd ge blls cgqr dqN djokus
dk iz;Ru dj jgs gSaAß
iapk;rh jkt vkSj fodkl pqukSfr;ka 323
v/;k;&33
iapk;rh jkt vkSj fodkl pqukSfr;ka
(Panchayati Raj and Challenges of Development)
Hkkjr xkaoksa dk ns'k gSA xkaoksa dh méfr vkSj izxfr ij gh Hkkjr dh méfr vkSj izxfr fuHkZj djrh gSA xka/khth us Bhd gh
dgk Fkk fd Þ;fn xkao u"V gksrs gSa rks Hkkjr u"V gks tk,xkAß Hkkjr ds lafo/kku&fuekZrk Hkh bl rF; ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr
Fks vr% gekjh Lok/khurk dks lkdkj djus vkSj mls LFkk;h cukus ds fy, xzkeh.k 'kklu&O;oLFkk dh vksj i;kZIr /;ku fn;k
x;kA gekjs lafo/kku esa ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS fd ÞjkT; xzke iapk;rksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dne mBk,xk vkSj mUgsa bruh
'kfä vkSj vf/kdkj iznku djsxk ftlls fd os ¼xzke iapk;rs½a Lo'kklu dh bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldsAa ß oLrqr% gekjk
turU=k bl cqfu;knh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd 'kklu ds izR;sd Lrj ij turk vf/kd&ls&vf/kd 'kklu dk;ks± esa gkFk
caVk, vkSj vius ij] jkt djus dh ftEesnkjh Lo;a >syAs Hkkjr esa tura=k dk Hkfo"; bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd xzkeh.k
tuksa dk 'kklu ls fdruk vf/kd izR;{k vkSj ltho lEidZ LFkkfir gks tkrk gS\ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fy,
iapk;rh jkt gh ,dek=k mi;qä ;kstuk gSA iapk;rsa gh gekjs jk"Vªh; thou dh jh<+ gSaA fnYyh dh laln esa fdrus gh
cM+s vkneh cSBsa] ysfdu vly esa îapk;rsa* gh Hkkjr dh pky cuk,axhA
Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk

(Role of Panchayati Raj in India)
Hkkjr esa xzke iapk;rksa dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA izkphu dky esa vkilh >xM+ksa dk QSlyk iapk;rsa gh djrh FkhaA ijUrq
vaxzsth jkt ds tekus esa iapk;rsa /khjs&/khjs lekIr gks x;ha vkSj lc dke izkUrh; ljdkjsa djus yxhaA Lok/khurk&izkfIr ds
ckn jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa us iapk;rksa dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj fo'ks"k /;ku fn;kA izks0 jtuh dksBkjh ds vuqlkj] Þjk"Vªh; usr‘Ro
dk ,d nwjnf'kZrkiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk iapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiukA blesa Hkkjrh; jkt O;oLFkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k gks jgk gS vkSj
ns'k esa ,d&lh LFkkuh; laLFkk ds fuekZ.k ls mldh ,drk Hkh c<+ jgh gSAß bldh 'kq:vkr dk Js; Jh tokgj yky usg:
dks gSA ia0 usg: dk dguk Fkk fd Þxkaoksa ds yksxksa dks vf/kdkj lkSia uk pkfg,A mudks dke djus nks pkgs os gt+kjksa xyfr;ka
djsaA blls ?kcjkus dh t:jr ughaA iapk;rksa dks vf/kdkj nksAß
usg: dks yksdrkfU=kd rjhdksa esa vVwV fo'okl FkkA lu~ 1952 esa mUgha dh igy ij lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe vkjEHk
gqvkA blesa dkQh la[;k esa ljdkjh deZpkjh j[ks x, vkSj yEcs&yEcs nkos fd, x,A ;g le>k x;k fd bl dk;ZØe
esa turk dh vksj ls lfØ; #fp ls Hkkx fy;k tk,xkA lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dk vkjEHk blfy, fd;k x;k Fkk
rkfd vkfFkZd fu;kstu ,oa lkekftd iqu#)kj dh jk"Vªh; ;kstukvksa ds izfr ns'kksa dh xzkeh.k turk esa lfØ; #fp iSnk
dh tk ldsA ijUrq lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds bl ljdkj }kjk izsfjr ,oa izk;ksftr dk;ZØe us xzkeh.k turk dks fu;kstu
dh ifjf/k esa ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k] ijUrq xzkeh.k Lrj ij ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u esa mls ^bPNqd i{k* ugha cuk;k tk ldkA
;g dk;ZØe ljdkjh rU=k vkSj xzkeh.k turk ds chp dh nwjh de djus ds eq[; mís'; esa foQy jgkA bl foQyrk dk
eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bls ljdkjh egdes dh rjg pyk;k x;k vkSj xkaoksa ds fodkl ds ctk; lkeqnkf;d fodkl dh
ljdkjh e'khujh ds foLrkj ij gh T;knk tksj fn;k x;kA ljdkjh e'khujh ds }kjk xkaoksa ds yksxksa dh eukso‘fÙk dks cnyus
dh vk'kk dh x;h( ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd xkaoksa ds mRiknu ds fy, [kqn iz;Ru djus ds ctk, xzkeh.k turk ljdkj dk
eqag rkdus yxhA ,d vesfjdh ys[kd jsugkbZ csafMDl fy[krs gSa] Þlkeqnkf;d fodkl dh lcls cM+h detksjh mldk
324 yksd ç'kklu
ljdkjh Lo:i vkSj usrkvksa dh y¶Qkth FkhA ,d rjQ bl dk;ZØe ds lw=k/kkj turk ls vkxs vkus dh vk'kk djrs Fks]
nwljh vksj mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ljdkjh dk;Zokgh ls gh urhtk fudy ldrk gSA dk;ZØe turk dks pykuk Fkk] ysfdu
os cuk, Åij ls tkrs FksAß
bu cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus dk mik; ;g Fkk fd okLrfod lÙkk lEié yksdrU=kh; LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dks 'kq: djds LFkkuh;
jktuhfr ds fo"k dks dkcw esa fd;k tk,A cgqr&ls yksxksa dk fopkj Fkk fd iapk;r jkt bldk bykt gks ldrk gS tks
blds lkFk gh iz'kkldh; ruko dks Hkh lekIr dj nsxkA iapk;r jkt dh cqjkb;ksa ds fy, jkeck.k tSls xq.kksa ls lEié
lk/ku ekuus dk dqN lEcU/k xka/khth dh ;knksa vkSj t;izdk'k ukjk;.k }kjk mUgsa iquthZfor djus ls gSA t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
us iapk;rh jkt dks ns'kh vkSj izkphu ^lkeqnkf;d yksdrU=k* ds leku crk;k vkSj lkFk gh bls if'pe ds ^turk dk gkFk
caVkus dk volj nsus okys yksdrU=k* (Participating Democracy) ls Hkh vf/kd vk/kqfud dgkA
oLrqr% xzkeh.k fodkl dh vfuok;Z vko';drkvksa us gh orZeku :i esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh l‘f"V dh FkhA lkeqnkf;d
fodkl dk;ZØe ds le; ,slk vuqHko fd;k x;k fd yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds fcuk xzkeh.k leqnk; dk iqufuZekZ.k lEHko
ugha gS vkSj og lgHkkfxrk dsoy iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds gh ek/;e ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
cyoUrjk; esgrk lfefr izfrosnu

(Balwantrai Mehta Committee Report)
lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe ij dkQh [kpZ gks pqdus vkSj bldh lQyrk ds yEcs&pkSM+s nkoksa ds ckn bldh tkap ds fy,
,d v/;;u ny 1957 esa fu;qä fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u ny ds v/;{k Jh cyoUrjk; esgrk FksA v/;;u ny dks lkSais
x, dk;ks± esa] ,d dk;Z ftldk fd ny dks v/;;u djuk Fkk] ;g Fkk fd ^dk;Z lEiknu esa vf/kd rhozrk ykus ds mís';
ls dk;ZØe dk laxBukRed <kapk rFkk dk;Z djus ds rjhds dgka rd mi;qä FksA* bl ny us ljdkj dks crk;k fd
lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dh cqfu;knh =kqfV ;g gS fd turk dk blesa lg;ksx ugha feykA v/;;u ny us lq>ko fn;k
fd ,d dk;ZØe dks] ftldk fd yksxksa ds fnu&izfrfnu ds thou ls lEcU/k gS] dsoy mu yksxksa ds }kjk gh dk;kZfUor
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl v/;;u ny dh fjiksVZ esa ;g dgk x;k fd tc rd LFkkuh; usrkvksa dks ftEesnkjh vkSj vf/kdkj
ugha lkSia s tkrs lafo/kku ds funs'kd fl)kUrksa dk jktuhfrd vkSj fodkl lEcU/kh y{; iwjk ugha gks ldrkA êsgrk v/;;u
ny* us 1957 ds vUr esa viuh fjiksVZ esa ;g flQkfj'k dh fd yksdrkfU=kd fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe
dks lQy cukus gsrq iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh rqjUr 'kq:vkr dh tkuh pkfg,A bl v/;;u ny us bls ^yksdrU=kh;
fodsUnzhdj.k* dk uke fn;kA
bl izdkj yksdrkfU=kd fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa turk dk lg;ksx ysus ds /;s; ls iapk;rh jkt dh 'kq:vkr
dh x;hA blds Lo:i esa fofHké jkT;ksa esa dqN vUrj gS] exj dfri; fo'ks"krk,a ,d&lh gSaA ,d rks iapk;rh jkt dh
rhu lhf<+;ka Fkha&xzke Lrj ij xzke iapk;r] [k.M Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr vkSj ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~A vFkkZr~ xkao
ls ysdj ftyk Lrj rd LFkkuh; ljdkj esa f=k&Lrjh; lajpuk ykxw dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk bu rhuksa Lrjksa esa ijLij lg;ksxh
lEcU/k ik, tkus pkfg,A nwljk] iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dks dke djus dh vktknh Fkh vkSj ns[k&js[k Åij
ls gksrh FkhA vFkkZr~ bu Lrjksa@laxBuksa dks lgh ek;us esa lÙkk dk gLrkUrj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A rhljk] lkeqnkf;d
dk;ZØe dh Hkkafr ;g 'kkldh; <kaps dk vax ugha FkkA iapk;rh jkt dh laLFkk,a fuokZfpr gksrh Fkha vkSj blds deZpkjh
fuokZfpr tuizfrfuf/k;ksa ds v/khu dke djrs FksA prqFkZ] lk/ku tqVkus vkSj tulg;ksx laxfBr djus dk Hkh bu laLFkkvksa
dks i;kZIr vf/kdkj FkkA iape] lHkh fodkl lEcU/kh dk;ZØe o ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u bu Lrjksa@laxBuksa ds }kjk fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A "k"V] bu Lrjksa@laxBuksa }kjk vius nkf;Roksa ds fuokZg gsrq mfpr foÙkh; lk/ku lqyHk gksus pkfg,A lIre]
bl O;oLFkk dks bl :i esa ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd Hkfo"; esa mÙkjnkf;Roksa o lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k fd;k tk ldsA
iapk;rh jkt ds ihNs tks fopkj/kkjk fufgr Fkh] og ;g gS fd xkaoksa ds yksx vius 'kklu dk mÙkjnkf;Ro Lo;a laHkkysaA
;gh ,d egku vkn'kZ gS ftls izkIr fd;k tkuk FkkA ;g vko';d gS fd xkaoksa esa jgus okys yksx Ñf"k] lkoZtfud LokLF;]
f'k{kk] flapkbZ] i'kqikyu] vkfn ls lEcfU/kr fodkl fØ;kvksa esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysaA xzkeh.k yksx u dsoy dk;ZØeksa ds
fØ;kUo;u esa gh Hkkx ysa] vfirq mUgsa ;g vf/kdkj Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd os viuh vko';drkvksa vkSj vfuok;Zrkvksa ds fo"k;
esa Lo;a gh fu.kZ; dh 'kfä Hkh iznku djsaA yksx vius pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djsa
vkSj turk dh okLrfod vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, muds vuqlkj gh vius dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djsaA bl izdkj]
ns'k dh tM+ksa rd yksdrU=k dks izos'k djk;k x;kA blds vUrxZr turk ds uhps ls uhps Lrj ij fLFkr yksx Hkh ns'k ds
iz'kklu ls lEc) gks tkrsA iapk;rh jkt dh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; yksx u dsoy uhfr dk gh fu/kkZj.k djrs]
vfirq mlds fØ;kUo;u rFkk iz'kklu dk fu;U=k.k ,oa ekxZn'kZu Hkh djrsA
iapk;rh jkt% mrkj&p<+ko

(Panchayati Raj: Ups and Down)
Hkkjrh; la?k ds vf/kdka'k jkT;ksa us iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds xBu ds fy, vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd,A jktLFkku lcls igyk
jkT; Fkk ftlus vius ;gka iapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiuk dhA bl ;kstuk dk mn~?kkVu 2 vDVwcj] 1959 dks iz/kkueU=kh usg:
}kjk ukxkSj esa fd;k x;kA 1959 esa gh vkU/kz izns'k Hkh iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks vius izkUr esa ykxw dj jktLFkku ds lkFk
igys uEcj ij vk x;kA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh lajpuk fofHké jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx jghA ns'k ds 14 jkT;ksa@la?k
'kkflr {ks=kksa esa f=kLrjh; iz.kkyh Fkh tcfd 4 jkT;ksa@la?k 'kkflr {ks=kksa esa f}Lrjh; iz.kkyh vkSj 9 jkT;ksa@la?k 'kkflr {ks=kksa
esa ,d Lrjh; iz.kkyh FkhA
izkjEHk ls gh ;g ekuk x;k fd iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a Bhd izdkj ls dk;Z ugha dj jgh gSaA Hkys gh 1959 ls 1964 rd
ds buds dk;Zdky dks mRFkku dky (Phase of Ascendency) dgk tk,A rFkkfi 1965 ls 1969 dh dk;kZof/k dks Bgjko
dky (Phase of Stagnation) ,oa 1969 ls 1983 dh dk;kZof/k dks Ðkl dky (Phase of Decline) dgk tkrk gSA yEcs le;
rd fofHké jkT;ksa esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds pquko rd ugha djok, x, vkSj ;s laLFkk,a fuf"Ø; gks x;haA oSls 1977
esa v'kksd esgrk lfefr fjiksVZ esa bu laLFkkvksa dks u;k :i nsus gsrq flQkfj'ksa dh xb± fdUrq mUgsa fØ;kfUor ugha fd;k tk
ldkA oLrqr% 1983 ds ckn iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds thoudky esa iqujksn; (Phase of Revival) izkjEHk gksrk gSA bl fn'kk
esa 1985 ds dukZVd ftyk ifj"kn~] rkyqdk iapk;r lfefr] e.My iapk;r ,oa U;k; iapk;r vf/kfu;e dh egrh Hkwfedk
jgh gSA 1985 esa MkW0 th0 oh0 ds0 jko dh v/;{krk esa fu;qä lfefr us uhfr fu;kstu vkSj dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u ds fy,
ftys dks vk/kkj cukus vkSj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa fu;fer pquko djkus dh flQkfj'k dhA 1987 esa iapk;rh jkt
laLFkkvksa dh leh{kk vkSj muesa lq/kkj ds mik;ksa gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy, MkW0 y{ehey fla?koh dh v/;{krk esa fu;qä lfefr
us xzke iapk;rksa dks vkRefuHkZj cukus ds fy, mUgsa vf/kd vkfFkZd lalk/ku iznku djus dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA ebZ 1989
esa jktho xka/kh ljdkj }kjk orZeku iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh dh vi;kZIrrkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, 64oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku
fo/ks;d yksd lHkk esa fopkjkFkZ izLrqr fd;k x;k] tks ikfjr ugha gks ldkA
iapk;rh jkt dk v'kksd esgrk ekWMy

(Ashok Mehta Model of Panchayati Raj)
turk ikVhZ ds lÙkk esa vkus ds ckn 12 fnlEcj] 1977 dks efU=ke.My lfpoky; us iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh dk;Zi.z kkyh
dk v/;;u djus ,oa izpfyr <kaps esa vko';d ifjorZu lq>kus gsrq ,d mPpLrjh; lfefr fu;qä dhA Jh v'kksd esgrk
bl lfefr ds v/;{k FksA bl lfefr us vius izfrosnu esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk ,d u;k izfreku ¼ekWMy½ lq>k;k
gSA lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa ds ihNs ewy Hkkouk ;g gS fd lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k dj mls laLFkkxr :i iznku fd;k tk,A
lfefr }kjk lq>k, x, iapk;rh jkt izfreku ¼ekWMy½ dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gSa% izFke] ftyk ifj"kn~ dks et+cwr
cuk;k tk, rFkk xzke iapk;r dh txg e.My iapk;r dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A vFkkZr~ iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds laxBu ds
nks Lrj (Two Tier)—ftyk ifj"kn~ rFkk e.My&iapk;r gksaA f}rh;] ftys dks fodsUnzhdj.k dh /kqjh ekuk tk, rFkk ftyk
ifj"kn~ dks leLr fodkl dk;ks± dk dsUnzfcUnq cuk;k tk,A ftyk ifj"kn~ gh ftys dk vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk;Z djsx a h] leLr
fodkl dk;ks± esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djsaxh vkSj uhps ds Lrj dk ekxZ funs'ku djsaxhA r‘rh;] ftyk ifj"kn~ ds ckn e.My
iapk;rksa dks fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk vk/kkjHkwr laxBu cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A e.My iapk;rksa dk xBu dbZ xkaoksa ls feydj
326 yksd ç'kklu
gksxkA ;s e.My iapk;rsa 15]000 ls 20]000 dh tula[;k ij xfBr dh tk,axhA e.My iapk;rksa dks dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u
dh n‘f"V ls /kjkryh; laxBu (Base-level organization) ds :i esa fodflr fd;k tk,A ^/khjs&/khjs* iapk;r lfefr;ka lekIr
gks tk,axh vkSj mudk LFkku e.My iapk;rsa ys ysaxhA prqFkZ] iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a lfefr iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij vius
dk;ks± dk lEiknu djsaA iape] ftyk/kh'k lfgr ftyk Lrj ds lHkh vf/kdkjh vUrr% ftyk ifj"kn~ ds ekrgr j[ks
tk,aA "k"B] bu laLFkkvksa ds fuokZpuksa esa jktuhfrd nyksa dks [kqys rkSj ls vius pquko fpUgksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkx ysus
dh LohÑfr nh tk,A lIre] U;k; iapk;rksa dks fodkl iapk;rksa ds lkFk ugha feyk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn U;k; iapk;r
dh v/;{krk ;ksX; U;k;k/kh'k djsa vkSj fuokZfpr U;k; iapk;r dks muds lkFk lEc) dj fn;k tk, rks vf/kd vPNk
gksxkA
v'kksd esgrk lfefr dh flQkfj'ksa egÙoiw.kZ gSa] fdUrq xzke iapk;rksa dks lekIr dj muds LFkku ij e.My iapk;rksa dk
xBu dgka rd mfpr dgk tk ldrk gS\ xzke iapk;r dh lekfIr rks iapk;rh jkt dh dYiuk dh ewy bdkbZ dh gh lekfIr
gksxhA lfefr ds ,d lnL; fl)jkt <M~<k us blh vksj ladrs djrs gq, fy[kk gS] Þeq>s ftyk ifj"kn~ vkSj e.My iapk;rksa
ls vkifÙk ugha gS fdUrq lfefr us xzke lHkk dh dksbZ ppkZ ugha dh gS] tcfd iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk /kjkry rks xzke
lHkk dks gh cuk;k tkuk pkfg, FkkAß
iapk;rh jkt dk u;k izfreku%

73oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku
(New Model of Panchayati Raj: 73rd Constitutional Amendment)
lafo/kku ds 73osa lafo/kku }kjk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA lafo/kku esa u;k v/;k; 9
tksM+k x;k gSA v/;k; 9 }kjk lafo/kku esa 16 vuqPNsn vkSj ,d vuqlwph&X;kjgoha vuqlwph tksM+h x;h gSA 24 vizSy] 1993
ls 73oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1993 ykxw fd;k x;k gSA bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa%
1- xzkelHkk% xzke lHkk xkao ds Lrj ij ,slh 'kfä;ksa dk iz;ksx djsxh vkSj ,sls dk;ks± dks djsxh tks jkT; fo/kkue.My
fof/k cukdj miyC/k djsaA
2- iapk;rksa dk xBu% vuqPNsn 243 [k f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt dk izko/kku djrk gSA izR;sd jkT; esa xzke Lrj] eè;orhZ
Lrj vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA fdUrq ml jkT; esa ftldh tula[;k 20
yk[k ls vf/kd ugha gS ogka e/;orhZ Lrj ij iapk;rksa dk xBu djuk vko';d ugha gksxkA
3- iapk;rksa dh lajpuk% jkT; fo/kkue.Myksa dks fof/k }kjk iapk;rksa dh lajpuk ds fy, micU/k djus dh 'kfä iznku
dh xbZ gSA ijUrq fdlh Hkh Lrj ij iapk;r ds izknsf'kd {ks=k dh tula[;k vkSj ,slh iapk;r esa fuokZpu }kjk Hkjs
tkus okys LFkkuksa dh la[;k ds chp vuqikr leLr jkT; esa ;FkklEHko ,d gh gksxkA
iapk;rksa ds lHkh LFkku iapk;r jkT; {ks=k ds izknsf'kd fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls izR;{k fuokZpu }kjk pqus x, O;fDr;ksa ls Hkjs
tk,axsA bl iz;kstu ds fy, izR;sd iapk;r {ks=k dks ,slh jhfr ls fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk,xk fd izR;sd
fuokZpu {ks=k dh tula[;k vkSj mldks vkcafVr LFkkuksa dh la[;k ds chp vuqikr leLr iapk;r {ks=k esa ;Fkklk/;
,d gh gksA
fdUrq jkT; fo/kkue.My fof/k cukdj ,slh jhfr ls vkSj ,slh 'krks± ds v/khu jgrs gq,%
(i) xzke Lrj ij iapk;rksa ds v/;{kksa dk e/;orhZ Lrj ij iapk;rksa esa ;k ftl jkT; esa e/;orhZ Lrj ij iapk;rsa
ugha gSa] ftyk Lrj ij iapk;rksa esa]
(ii) e/;orhZ Lrj ij iapk;rksa ds v/;{kksa dk ftyk Lrj ij iapk;rksa esa]
(iii) yksd lHkk ds ;k fo/kkulHkk ds ,sls lnL;ksa tks ,sls fuokZpu {ks=kksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa ftudk xzke Lrj
ij dksbZ iapk;r {ks=k iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% lekfo"V gS] ,slh iapk;r esa]
(iv) jkT; lHkk vkSj jkT; fo/kku ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dks ftudk uke e/; Lrj ;k ftyk Lrj ds iapk;r {ks=k esa
ernkrk ds :i esa ntZ gS] ftyk Lrj iapk;rksa esa izfrfuf/kRo ds fy, micU/k dj ldrk gSA
xzke Lrj ij iapk;r dk v/;{k ,slh jhfr ls pquk tk,xk tks jkT; fo/kkue.My fof/k }kjk fofgr djsaA e/;orhZ
vkSj ftyk Lrj ij iapk;r ds v/;{k dk fuokZpu mlds lnL;ksa }kjk vius esa ls fd;k tk,xkA
iapk;rksa esa vkj{k.k% izR;sd iapk;r esa {ks=k dh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa
ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr jgsaxsA ,sls LFkkuksa dks izR;sd iapk;r esa pØkuqØe (Rotation) ls vkcafVr fd;k tk,xkA
vkjf{kr LFkkuksa esa ls 1@3 LFkku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa dh fL=k;ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr jgsaxsA
izR;sd iapk;r esa izR;{k fuokZpu ls Hkjs x, LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ds 1@3 LFkku ¼ftuds vUrxZr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
vkSj tutkfr;ksa dh fL=k;ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr LFkkuksa dh la[;k lfEefyr gS½ efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr jgsaxs vkSj
pØkuqØe ls iapk;r ds fofHk=k fuokZpu {ks=kksa dks vkcafVr fd, tk,axsA
4- iapk;rksa dk dk;Zdky% iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksxkA fdlh iapk;r ds xBu ds fy, fuokZpu
5 o"kZ dh vof/k ds iwoZ vkSj fo?kVu dh frfFk ls 6 ekg dh vof/k ds volku ls iwoZ dj fy;k tk,xkA
5- for vk;ksx% jkT; dk jkT;iky 73osa la'kks/ku ds izkjEHk ls ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj vkSj mlds ckn izR;sd 5 o"kZ ds volku
ij iapk;rksa dh foÙkh; fLFkfr dk iqufuZjh{k.k djus ds fy, ,d foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu djsxkA foÙk vk;ksx
fuEufyf[kr fo"k; esa jkT;iky dks viuh flQkfj'k djsxk%
(i) ,sls djksa] 'kqYdksa] iFk djksa vkSj Qhlksa dks n'kkZuk tks iapk;rksa dks iznku dh tk ldsa(
(ii) jkT; dh lafpr fuf/k esa ls iapk;rksa ds fy, lgk;rk vuqnku(
(iii) iapk;rksa dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ds lq/kkj ds fy, mik; crkukA
6- iapk;rksa ds fuokZpu% iapk;rksa ds fuokZpu djkus ds fy, jkT; fuokZpu vk;qä dh fu;qfä dk izko/kku gSA jkT;
fuokZpu vk;qä dks dsoy mlh jhfr vkSj mlh vk/kkj ij mlds in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS tSls fd mPp U;k;ky;
ds U;k;k/kh'k dksA iapk;rksa ds fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh rS;kj djus dk vkSj iapk;rksa ds lHkh fuokZpuksa ds lapkyu
dk v/kh{k.k] funs'ku vkSj fu;U=k.k fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr gksxkA
7- iapk;rksa ds dk;Z% 11oha vuqlwph esa 29 fo"k; gSa ftu ij ia;k;rsa fof/k cukdj mu dk;ks± dks dj ldsaxhA ;s gSa&
(i) Ñf"k ftlds vUrxZr Ñf"k foLrkj Hkh gSA
(ii) Hkwfe fodkl] Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;kZUo;u] pdcUnh vkSj Hkwfe laj{k.kA
(iii) y?kq flapkbZ] ty izcU/k vkSj ty vkPNknu fodklA
(iv) i'kq ikyu] nqX/k m|ksx vkSj eqxhZ ikyuA
(v) eRL; m|ksxA
(vi) lkekftd ouks|ksx vkSj QkeZ ouks|ksxA
(vii) y?kq mRiknuA
(viii) y?kq m|ksx] ftlds vUrxZr [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx Hkh gSA
(ix) [kknh] xzke vkSj dqVhj m|ksxA
(x) xzkeh.k vkoklA
(xi) is; tyA
(xii) b±/ku vkSj pkjkA
(xiii) lM+dsa] iqfy;ka] iqy] ukS?kkV] tyekxZ rFkk lapkj ds vU; lk/kuA
(xiv) xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k ftlds vUrxZr fo|qr~ dk forj.k Hkh gSA
(xv) xSj&ikjEifjd ÅtkZ òksrA
328 yksd ç'kklu
(xvi) xjhch mi'keu dk;ZØeA

(xvii) f'k{kk] ftlds vUrxZr izkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed fo|ky; Hkh gSaA
(xviii) rduhdh izf'k{k.k vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kkA
(xix) izkS<+ vkSj vukSipkfjd f'k{kkA
(xx) iqLrdky;A
(xxi) lkaLÑfrd fØ;kdykiA
(xxii) cktkj vkSj esysA
(xxiii) LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk] ftlds vUrxZr vLirky] izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz vkSj vkS"k/kky; Hkh gSaA
(xxiv) ifjokj dY;k.kA
(xxv) L=kh vkSj cky fodklA
(xxvi) lekt dY;k.k] ftlds vUrxZr fodykaxksa vkSj ekufld :i ls vfodflr O;fä;ksa dk dY;k.k Hkh gSaA
(xxvii) turk ds detksj oxks± dk vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dk dY;k.kA
(xxviii) yksd forj.k iz.kkyhA
(xxix) lkeqnkf;d vkfLr;ksa dk vuqj{k.kA
ewY;kadu% iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds vc Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fgLlk cu tkus ls vc dksbZ Hkh iapk;rksa dks fn, x,
vfèkdkjksa] nkf;Roksa vkSj foÙkh; lk/kuksa dks muls Nhu ugha ldsxkA 73oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku u dsoy iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa
esa lajpukRed ,d:irk ykus dk iz;kl gS cfYd ;g lqfuf'pr Hkh djrk gS fd bu laLFkkuksa esa lekt ds detksj oxks±
dh fgLlsnkjh jgsA blesa izR;sd iapk;r esa iapk;r {ks=k esa dqy tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh tula[;k ds
vuqikr esa vfuok;Z vkj{k.k dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dh xbZ
bu lhVksa esa ls ,d&frgkbZ lhVsa bu tkfr;ksa dh efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gksaxhA jkT;ksa ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd os
dqy lhVksa dh ,d&frgkbZ lhVsa efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr djus dh O;oLFkk djsaA blesa ,d ,slk Hkh izko/kku j[kk x;k
gS ftlds vUrxZr jkT; fo/kkue.My] ;fn mfpr le>sa rks fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds ukxfjdksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dk izko/kku j[k
ldrs gSaA
vc rd iapk;rh jkt laLFkkuksa dh foQyrk dk dkj.k muds pquko le; ij u djkuk vkSj mUgsa ckj&ckj Hkax ;k LFkfxr
fd;k tkuk jgk gSA orZeku vf/kfu;e esa bl leL;k ij leqfpr /;ku fn;k x;k gS vkSj mEehn gS fd iapk;rh jkt laLFkku
fupys Lrj ij yksdrU=k ds dkjxj midj.k lkfcr gksaxs D;ksafd muds fuokZpuksa dh fuf'pr vof/k ij le;c) O;oLFkk
dh xbZ gSA bu laLFkkvksa dks vc Ng eghus ls vf/kd le; ds fy, Hkax ;k LFkfxr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
73osala'kks/ku vf/kfu;e dk udkjkRed fcUnq ;g gS fd blesa jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha
fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa vkSj LFkkuh; ukSdj'kkgh ds chp lEcU/klw=krk ds ckjs esa Hkh vf/kfu;e
pqIih lk/ks gq, gSA ys[kd dh ekU;rk gS fd 73oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e cu tkus ds ckotwn iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa
dh lQyrk jkT; ljdkjksa dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
iapk;rh jkt dh miyfC/k;ka ,oa leL;k,a

(Achievements and Problems)
gekjs ns'k esa iapk;rh jkt dh 'kq:vkr dks ,d ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk dgk x;kA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ls vf/kd iz'kalk cgqr
gh de laLFkkvksa dks izkIr gqbZ gSA ia0 usg: us Lo;a dgk Fkk fd ÞeSa iapk;rh jkt ds izfr iw.kZr% vk'kkfUor gwaA eSa eglwl
djrk gwa fd Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa ;g cgqr&dqN ekSfyd ,oa ØkfUrdkjh gSAß izks0 jtuh dksBkjh ds vuqlkj] Þbu laLFkkvksa
us u, LFkkuh; usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k gS tks vkxs pydj jkT; vkSj dsUnzh; lHkkvksa ds fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa ls vf/kd
'kfä'kkyh gks ldrs gSaA dkaxzsl vkSj bu nyksa ds jktuhfrK bu laLFkkvksa dks le>us yxs gSaA vc os jkT; fo/kkue.My
ds ctk, iapk;r lfefr vkSj ftyk ifj"knksa dks rjthg nsus yxs gSaAß oLrqr% bu laLFkkvksa us ns'k ds jktuhfrdj.k]
vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj lekthdj.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k gSA gekjh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa tu&lgHkkfxrk
esa o‘f) djds xkaoksa esa tkx:drk mRié dj nh gSA
gky gh esa jktLFkku esa iapk;rh jkt ds 27 o"kks± dh miyfC/k;ksa dk ,d losZ{k.k ds ek/;e ls v/;;u izfrosnu izdkf'kr
gqvk gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd%
1- iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ls xkaoksa esa jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud laLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa le> dk fodkl gqvk gS ftlds dkj.k
xzkeoklh bu laLFkkvksa esa lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ds fy, vkdf"kZr gq, gSaA
2- yksdrkfU=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dh bl izfØ;k esa lekthdj.k ds nkSj ls xqtjrs O;fä;ksa ds chp turkfU=kd ewY;ksa ds
fodkl ls vf/kdkjksa ds izfr psruk c<+h gSA erkf/kdkj psruk blh lkekU; psruk Lrj dk fof'k"V Lo:i gSA
3- iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk us 27 o"kZ ds dk;Zdky esa u dsoy xzkeokfl;ksa ds ekufld fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS cfYd
xkaoksa ds HkkSfrd fodkl esa Hkh dkjxj Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gS ftlls xkaoksa esa ;krk;kr] flapkbZ] is;ty lqfo/kkvksa dk
foLrkj gqvk gS vkSj lkekU; xzkeoklh ds thou&Lrj esa vkaf'kd lq/kkj Hkh vk;k gSA
4- f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh 'kq:vkr us lk{kjrk dk izfr'kr gh ugha c<+k;k gS cfYd xkao ds O;fä;ksa ds fopkjksa o ewY;ksa
esa ifjorZu ds fy, Hkh dk;Z fd;k gSA
5- iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ds ykxw gksus ds ckn xkao esa lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ds lekiu ds fy, Hkh ,d okrkoj.k rS;kj
gqvk gS ftlds vUrxZr e‘R;q&Hkkst] ngst&izFkk] NqvkNwr] cky&fookg rFkk efgyk vR;kpkj tSlh lkekftd
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh fn'kk esa dk;Z fd;k gSA
jktuSfrd Hkwfedk
(Political Role)
Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk jktuhfrd n‘f"V ls egRo c<+rk tk jgk gSA jktuhfrd ny iapk;rksa ds pqukoksa esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk vnk djus yxs gSaA iapk;rksa dks jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT; Lrj dh jktuhfr dk vk/kkj ekuk tkus yxk gSA jktuhfrd
ny vkSj muds usrk ;g eglwl djus yxs gSa fd yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kkulHkk fuokZpuksa esa lQyrk izkIr djus ds fy, iapk;rks]a
iapk;r lfefr;ksa vkSj ftyk ifj"knksa ij dCtk fd;k tkuk vifjgk;Z gSA ljiapks]a iz/kkuksa vkSj ftyk ize[q kksa ds :i esa xzkeh.k
usr‘Ro fodflr gks jgk gSA vkus okys o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh dqath mlh ny ds gkFkksa esa gksxh ftls xzkeh.k usr‘Ro
fodflr djus esa lQyrk feysxhA dsjy vkSj if'peh caxky esa ekDlZoknh&lkE;oknh ny us iapk;rh laLFkkvksa ij dCtk
djds jkT; jktuhfr esa viuh xgjh tM+sa tek yh gSaA vkt oLrqr% fo/kk;d vkSj laln lnL;ksa dh vis{kk uhps ds Lrj
ij ^ljiap*] îz/kku* vkSj ^ftyk izeq[k* vf/kd izHkkod Hkwfedk vnk dj jgs gSaA
jktho xka/kh us iapk;rh jkt ds egRo dks le>k Fkk vkSj blfy, ^turk dh 'kfä* (Power to the people) dk ukjk nsrs
gq, 64oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku fo/ks;d izLrqr fd;kA ckn esa jk"Vªh; ekspkZ ljdkj us vkSj ujflag jko ljdkj us Hkh iapk;rh
jkt ds iquxZBu dh ;kstuk izLrqr dhA
iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dh ,d u;h vkSj ltho iz.kkyh dh uhao iM+ pqdh gSA blds jkspd
jktuhfrd ifj.kkeksa ij vkxs fopkj fd;k tk,xk%
izFke] ftyk iz'kklu vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl nksuksa foHkkxksa ds deZpkfj;ksa dks igyh ckj i;kZIr 'kfälEié vkSj
jktuhfrd leFkZu }kjk izfrjf{kr tufiz; laLFkkvksa ds ,d lqlaxfBr tky (network) dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
f}rh;] iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh dk rkRdkfyd izHkko ;g Fkk fd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vU; ikfVZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa dkaxzsl dh rkdr
igys ls Hkh T;knk gks x;hA dkaxzsl dk laxBu vU; ikfVZ;ksa ds laxBuksa ls cM+k Fkk vkSj bu fofHké u;h laLFkkvksa ds lkFk
330 yksd ç'kklu
rkyesy cSBkus esa l{ke FkkA xzkeh.k lekt ds izHkko'kkyh oxks± dk bls igys ls gh leFkZu fey jgk Fkk vkSj lcls cM+h
ckr ;g Fkh fd lÙkk:<+ ikVhZ ds :i esa ;g ¼dkaxzsl½ yksxksa dks cgqr dqN ns ldrh FkhA dkaxzsl ljdkj vkSj LFkkuh;
laLFkkvksa ds chp vf/kdkf/kd rknkRH; dk vFkZ vfuok;Zr% ;g ugha Fkk fd ^dkaxl sz ds mEehnokj* pquko esa fot;h gksxa ]s cfYd
;g Fkk fd pqukoksa esa fot;h gksus okys mEehnokj&;fn os igys ls gh dkaxzslh mEehnokj ugha Fks&rks dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gks
tk,axAs dkaxl sz ds izHkko ls vc ;g jkLrk fojks/kh ikfVZ;ksa ds fy, vis{kkÑr vf/kd dkjxj rjhds ls [kqy x;kA jktuhfrd
vfLFkjrk okys jkT;ksa esa bldk ;g Hkh izHkko iM+k fd xkaoksa ds usrkvksa ds lkFk tksM+&rksM+ cSBkus dk dke igys dh vis{kk
vf/kd tfVy gks x;kA
r‘rh;] dkaxzsl ds vkUrfjd thou ij Hkh iapk;rh jkt dk vlj iM+kA ,d vksj bu u;h laLFkkvksa us ikVhZ ds mRlkgh
dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds fy, ljdkjh lÙkk dk ,d jkLrk [kksy fn;kA ;fn mUgsa lekt dY;k.k dk;ZdÙkkZ cus jgdj gh lUrks"k
u gks] rks os ny laxBu esa [kklrkSj ls feyk dkaxzsl desVh ds Lrj ij lÙkk la?k"kZ dh gksM+ esa 'kkfey gks ldrs FksA bu
u;h laLFkkvksa ds [kqy tkus ls ikVhZ ds dqN vlUrq"V dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dh txgsa fey x;ha vkSj muds fy, ikVhZ esa Åij tkus
ds fy, Vªsfuax rFkk izf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k gks x;haA lcls cM+h ckr 'kk;n ;g Fkh fd dkaxzsl laxBu esa uo;qodksa
dks vkÑ"V djus dh leL;k dks gy djus esa buls FkksM+h enn feyhA ljdkj dh bu u, Lrjksa dh laLFkkvksa us xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa esa jktuhfrd izfrHkk vkSj vkdka{kkvksa okys u, yksxksa dks <wa<+ fudkykA nwljh vksj] fupys Lrj ls dkaxzsl dh ?kqliSB
ls u;h leL;k,a lkeus vk;ha vkSj u, fdLe ds ncko iSnk gq,A xkao o Cykd Lrj ij tks xqVcUnh Fkh] og ikVhZ esa Åij
ds Lrjksa rd igqapus yxhA
prqFkZ] iapk;rh jkt dk nh?kZdkyhu izHkko ;g gqvk fd xzkeh.k jktuhfr esa xfr'khyrk vkSj gksM+ c<+ x;hA gkykafd vkjEHk
esa dkaxzsl dks bldk ykHk feyk] fdUrq fQj Hkh dkaxzsl xkao dh lÙkk ds ml <kaps dks fucZy cuus rFkk VwVus ls jksd ugha
ik;h] tks vHkh rd iwjh rjg ls xBk gqvk FkkA ;g vk'kk djuk cgqr cM+h ckr Fkh fd xkaoksa ds lHkh ljiap ftuesa cgqr&ls
igyh ckj dkaxzsl dh vksj ls pqus x, Fks] ftu inksa ij pqus x, Fks muds izpqj vf/kdkjksa dk vkpkj'khy <ax ls U;k;ksfpr
vkSj leqfpr nwjnf'kZrk ds lkFk bLrseky djsx a As nwljh vksj] jktLrjh; dkaxl sz ds usrkvksa ds fy, ,sls yksxksa dks vuq'kklu
ds vadq'k esa j[k ikuk dksbZ vklku dke ugha Fkk] ftudh ikVhZ dks T;knk t:jr Fkh vkSj ftuds fy, ikVhZ dks t:jr
vis{kkÑr de FkhA bl rjg ls ftrus yksx dkaxzsl ds fe=k cus] mrus gh dkaxzsl ds nq'eu Hkh cu x, vkSj bl izfØ;k dk
1967 esa ikVhZ esa gksus okyh xM+cM+h esa dkQh gkFk FkkA
iape] iapk;rh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls lEidZ lw=k dh jktuhfr (Linkage Politics) dk fodkl gqvkA xkao] ftyksa o jkT;ksa
ds eq[;ky;ksa ls tqM+us yxsA xkaoksa dh jktuhfr ij ftys ,oa jkT; Lrj dh jktuhfr dk izHkko iM+us yxkA jkT;Lrjh;
ysrk ,slh tksM+&rksM+ djus yxs fd muds xqV ,oa ikVhZ ds O;fä iapk;rksa esa vk,a rkfd mudk leFkZu vk/kkj etcwr gks
ldsA iapk;rh laLFkk,a ,oa usr‘Ro xkaoksa dks jktuhfr ls tksM+us dh egÙoiw.kZ dM+h gSA
"k"B] iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ls fiNM+h gqbZ tkfr;ksa esa u;h psruk dk fodkl gqvk gS vkSj ikjEifjd mPp tkfr;ksa dh
fLFkfr esa Ðkl gqvk gSA 73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa rFkk vU; fiNMs+ oxks± ds fy, mudh
tula[;k ds vuqikr esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa lhVksa ds vkj{k.k dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj ,d&frgkbZ lhVsa
efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dj nh xbZ gSaA blh vuqikr esa ljiap] iz/kku vkSj ftyk izeq[k ds in Hkh vkjf{kr dj fn;s x;s
gSaA bu mica/kksa ls lekt ds nqcZy oxks± dh egRokdka{kkvksa esa vikj o‘f) gqbZ gSA
lIre] iapk;rksa ds pquko mlh izdkj yM+s tkrs gSa ftl izdkj yksdlHkk vkSj foèkkulHkk ds pquko yM+s tkrs gSAa blls xzkeh.k
thou esa xqVcUnh dh Hkkouk,a fodflr gqbZ vkSj xkao jktuhfr ds v[kkM+s curs tk jgs gSaA
MkW0 ih0 lh0 ekFkqj us vius ,d fo}Ùkkiw.kZ 'kks/k ys[k esa jktLFkku esa iapk;rh jkt dh jktuhfr ds ifj.kkeksa dks bl
izdkj crk;k gS&
1- ijEijkoknh iapk;rksa dk volku gqvk gS (Eclipse of traditional Panchayats);
2- xzkeh.k xqVksa dk jktuhfrdj.k gqvk gS (Politicization of village factionalism);
3- jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrjh; jktuhfrd 'kfä;ksa ,oa jktuhfrKksa dh xzkeh.k vapyksa esa ?kqliSB gqbZ gS (Percolation of state
and district political forces and actors);
4- uo&ijEijkoknh >qdkoksa vkSj lehdj.kksa dk vH;qn; gqvk gS (Emergence of neotraditional political motivations
and calculations);
5- izHkkod tkfr;ksa dk izHkko c<+k gS (Increase in the political weightage or numerically dominant castes);
6- xzkeh.k usr‘Ro ,oa ftyk o jkT;Lrjh; jktuhfrd usr‘Ro esa erkpj.k lEcU/kh fyad LFkkfir gqvk gS (Establishment
of vote-nexus between local level political leadership and political leaders at the state and district level);
7- jkT; ,oa ftykLrjh; jktuhfr dk xzkeh.khdj.k gqvk gS (Ruralization of political leaders in state and district
politics);
8- jkT; ,oa ftykLrjh; jktuhfrKksa dks lUrqfyr djus ds fy, LFkkuh; jktuhfrKksa dk vH;qn; (Emergence of local
counter weights to district and state level political bosses);
9- LFkkuh; ,oa xzkeh.k lektksa esa HkkSfrdoknh >qdkoksa dk vH;qn; (Emergence of material benefits orientation at local
levels of Indian Society)
iapk;rh jkt dh leL;k,a

(Problems of Panchayati Raj)
fQj Hkh ;g rks dguk gh iM+sxk fd fiNys 38 o"kks± dk vuqHko fo'ks"k mRlkgo)Zd ugha jgkA ;s laLFkk,a xzkeh.k turk esa
u;h vk'kk vkSj fo'okl iSnk djus esa vlQy jgh gSAa oLrqr% tc rd xzkeh.kksa esa psruk ugha vkrh rc rd ;s laLFkk,a lQy
ugha gks ldrhaA fdUrq bldk ;g rkRi;Z dnkfi ugha fd iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk vlQy gks x;h gSA dqN jkT;ksa esa rFkk
dqN fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa bu laLFkkvksa us ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gSA ;g dk;Z eq[;r% ukxfjd lqfo/kkvksa ds gh lEcU/k esa gqvk
gSA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds le{k dqN u;h leL;k,a mRié gks x;h gSa( dqN igys gh Fkha] ftudk fujkdj.k djuk
vko';d gS] ;s leL;k,a gSa%
1- lÙkk ds fodsUnzhdj.k dh leL;k% yksdrkfU=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dh vlQyrk dh igyh 'krZ lÙkk dk LFkkuh;
laLFkkvksa dks gLrkUrj.k djuk gSA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks Lok;Ùk 'kklu dh 'kfä'kkyh bdkb;ka cukuk FkkA ;g
rHkh laHko gS tc izsj.kk uhps ds Lrjksa ls 'kq: gks vkSj mPp Lrj dsoy ekxZ funs'ku djsA jkT; ljdkjsa bu laLFkkvksa
dks vius vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus okyk ,ts.V ek=k u le>sa] blds fy, ukSdj'kkgh dh eukso‘fÙk esa ifjorZu dh
vko';drk gSA
2- vf'k{kk ,oa fu/kZurk dh leL;k% vf'k{kk vkSj fu/kZurk xzkeh.kksa dh fodV leL;k gSA blds dkj.k xzkeh.k usr‘Ro
dk fodkl ugha gks ik jgk gS vkSj os vius ladh.kZ nk;jksa ls Åij ugha mB ikrs gSaA fdUrq orZeku esa f'k{kk dh fn'kk
esa 'kklu }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± ls gekjs mRlkg esa o‘f) gks jgh gSA
3- nyxr jktuhfr% iapk;rh jkt dh lQyrk ds ekxZ esa lcls cM+h ck/kk nyxr jktuhfr gSA iapk;rsa jktuhfr dk
v[kkM+k curh tk jgh gSaA iapk;rksa esa NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dks ysdj >xM+s gqvk djrs gSa] nycUnh gksrh gS vkSj cgqr&lk
le; yM+us&>xM+us esa fudy tkrk gSA ;fn gekjs jktuhfrd ny iapk;rksa ds pqukoksa esa gLr{ksi djuk cUn dj nsa
rks iapk;rksa dks xUnh jktuhfr ds nyny ls fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
4- /ku dh leL;k% /ku dh leL;k iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds lkeus 'kq: ls gh jgh gSA bu laLFkkvksa dks LorU=k vkfFkZd
òksr ;k rks fn, gh ugha x, ;k fQj tks Hkh fn, x, os vFkZ'kwU; gSaA ifj.kker% 'kkldh; vuqnkuksa ij gh thfor
jguk iM+k gSA vr% vk; ds i;kZIr ,oa LorU=k òksr iapk;rh laLFkkvksa dks fn, tkus pkfg, rkfd mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr
lqn‘<+ cu ldsA
buds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dbZ leL;k,a gSa] jktuhfrd tkx:drk dh deh] fodkl&dk;ks± dh mis{kk] 'kkldh; vf/kdkfj;ksa
,oa fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa esa lg;ksx dk vHkko] vkfnA blds vfrfjä lHkh jkT;ksa esa jkT; ds fo/kkue.My vkSj laln
332 yksd ç'kklu
lnL;ksa dh iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ls lEc) djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA fo/kkue.My rFkk laln ds lnL;ksa dh fLFkfr
bruh mPp gksrh gS fd os iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ij viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir dj ysrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj vU; lnL;ksa ds
vfHkØe dks dqpy nsrs gSa rFkk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds dY;k.kdkjh fodkl esa ck/kk Mkyrs gSaA fo/kkue.My rFkk laln
ds lnL;ksa ds ikl fo/kk;h rFkk jktuhfrd dke cgqr vf/kd jgrk gSA blfy, muds ikl bruk le; ugha gksrk fd os
vius fo/kk;h dk;ks± ds vfrfjä iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh vksj i;kZIr /;ku ns ldsaA vr% mPpLrjh; jktuhfrKksa dk
xzkeh.k LFkkuh; 'kklu ls lfØ; :i esa lEcU/k gksuk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds fgr esa ugha gSA bu lHkh leL;kvksa dk
ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd iapk;rh jkt vius y{; dks izkIr ugha dj ldkA
iapk;rh jkt dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko

Hkkjr ds fy, xkao vkfFkZd le‘f) dk izrhd gSA ns'k rHkh Qysxk&Qwysxk tc mldh vkRek ds :i esa xkao dh izxfr gksA
xkaoksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl iapk;rksa dh lQyrk ds }kjk gh lEHko gSA iapk;rksa dh lQyrk ds fy, fuEukafdr lq>ko fn,
tk ldrs gSa%
izFke] iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa O;kIr xqVcUnh dks lekIr djuk gksxk(
f}rh;] iapk;rksa ds pqukoksa esa ernku dks vfuok;Z djuk gksxk vkSj tks ernkrk pquko esa Hkkx u ys ml ij dqN n.M yxk;k
tk,] tks ipkl #i;ksa ls vf/kd u gks(
r‘rh;] iapk;rksa dh foÙkh; gkyr lq/kkjuh gksxh(
prqFkZ] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks iapk;rksa ds fe=k] nk'kZfud vkSj iFk&izn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
iape] iapk;rksa ds fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj vUr esa] iapk;rksa ij fo'okl djuk gksxk] os
xyfr;ka djsaxh vkSj gekjk n‘f"Vdks.k muds izfr mnkj gh visf{kr gSA
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds izfr jkT; ljdkjksa rFkk ftyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dk mnklhu gksuk buds fy, ?kkrd fl) gksxkA
jkT; ljdkjksa] muds rduhdh vfHkdj.kksa rFkk ftyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk ekxZ funs'ku djuk rFkk
mUgsa izksRlkfgr djuk gSA ftyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks bu fodsUnzhÑr yksdrU=kh; laLFkkvksa ds fe=k] nk'kZfud rFkk îFk&izn'kZd*
cuuk gSA mUgsa turk dks vf/kdre igy djus dk ekSdk nsus okys f'k{kdksa dk dk;Z djuk gSA vf/kdkjhx.k fodsUnzhÑr
yksdrU=k dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; fgLlsnkjksa ds :i esa lEeq[k vkus pkfg,A blds lkFk gh mUgsa vgadkj o oxZ mPprk
dh [kks[kyh /kkj.kkvksa dks R;kxuk gksxkA ukSdj'kkgh dh iqjkuh mPprk okyh eukso‘fÙk ls dke ugha pysxkA vxj
^[k.M&fodkl vf/kdkjh* ^cM+s lkgc* okyk #[k viukus dk iz;kl djsxk rks iapk;rh jkt vkUnksyu dks Hkh"k.k dfBukb;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA
iapk;rh jkt ds QyLo:i ,d egÙoiw.kZ rF; ;g lkeus vk;k gS fd xzkeh.kksa ds efLr"d ls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk Hk; tkrk
jgk gSA vaxzsth 'kklu ds ;qx esa xzkeh.k tu ukSdj'kkgh dh 'kfä ls vkrafdr FksA vc xzkeh.k tu [k.M fodkl vf/kdkjh
ds ikl tkdj fo'okl ds lkFk mlls viuh leL;kvksa ij ckrphr dj ldrs gSaA
mnkjhdj.k dk yksd iz'kklu ij izHkko 333
v/;k;&34
mnkjhdj.k dk yksd iz'kklu ij izHkko
(Impact of Liberalization on Public Administration)
fo'odj.k dh vo/kkj.kk o tUe eq[;r;k if'peh ns'kksa eas gqvk gS ftlesa fo'ohdj.k dks yksdfiz; cukus dk Credit Hkh
bUgsa fn;k tkrk gSA bl vo/kkj.kk esa iwjs fo'o dks ,d ifjokj ds leku ekuus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA mnkjokn vkfFkZd
{ks=k esa eqDr O;kikj ,oa ykblsal dh lekfIr pkgrk gS] lkekftd thou esa [kqykiu ;k euekusiu dh NwV nsrk gS rFkk
uSfrdrk&vuSfrdrk lEcU/kh ekU;rkvksa dks [kkl egÙo ugha nsrkA jktuhfrd {ks=k esa lÙkk dks vius i{k esa djuk pkgrk
gS vkSj futhdj.k dk jktuhfrd Lrj ij c<+kok fnykrk gSA okLro esa mnkjhdj.k dk eq[; mís'; rks ekuoh; thou ds
lHkh i{k dks izHkkfor djuk gSA bu lcds gksrs gq, blds vkykspdksa us lkezkT;okn dk ,d u;k ek/;e crk;k gSA Fubu
Yamaha, Paul Kennedy, Samual P. Huntington ;s rhuksa fo}ku~ Globalisation ds leFkZd ekus tkrs gSA
a bUgksua s blds leFkZu
esa dbZ iqLrdsa fy[kh tSls& Fubu Yamaha – The End of Globalisation, Samual P. Huntington – The Clash of Civilizations
fo'odj.k dh e[; nks /kkj.kk,¡ gSa&
(i) Liberalisation
(ii) Privatization.
(i) mnkjhdj.k (Liberalisation) dk vFkZ
yksdiz'kklu ij mnkjhdj.k ds izHkko dks Li"V djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd igys mnkjhdj.k D;k gS] dks tkuus] mnkjhdj.k
,d xfr'khy ,oa ifjorZu'khy vo/kkj.kk gS tks lHkh {ks=kksa esa [kqykiu dh odkyr djrk gSA mnkjokn vkfFkZd {ks=k esa eqDr
O;kikj ,oa ykblsl
a dh lekfIr pkgrk gS] lkekftd thou esa [kqykiu ;k euekusiu dh NwV nsrk gS rFkk uSfrdrk&vuSfrdrk
lEcU/kh ekU;rkvksa dks [kkl egÙo ugha nsrk] jktuhfrd {ks=k esa lÙkk dks vius i{k esa djuk pkgrk gS vkSj futhdj.k dks
jktuhfrd Lrj ij c<+kok fnykrk gS] lkaLÑfrd {ks=k esa ekndrk ,oa v'yhyrk dk lekos'k djrk gS] Li"V gS fd
mnkjhdj.k dk eq[; mís'; rks ekuoh; thou ds lHkh i{k dks izHkkfor djuk gS] ysfdu eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
ij ,dkf/kdkj djuk gS] iwathoknh irkdk Qgjkuk gS vehjksa ds jkt dks LFkk;h cukuk gS] xjhcksa dh vkokt dks lnk ds
fy, nck nsuk gS iSls ds fy, gj deZ&dqdeZ djus dks rS;kj jgrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mnkjhdj.k
lektoknh fl)kUr dh fojks/kh vo/kkj.kk,¡ gSa ftldk Lo:i oxhZ; gS vkSj bldk lEcU/k iw¡thifr oxZ ls gS mnkjokn
iw¡thifr oxZ ds vuSfrd] fl)kUrfoghu] vekuoh; ,oa voljoknh fopkj/kkjk ,oa gfFk;kj gSA
mnkjhdj.k ds y{k.k
(Characteristics of Liberalisation)
1- fo'o esa vkfFkZd le:irk% ;g model if'peh fopkj/kkjk dks izLrqr djrk gS vkSj ;g Pro-rich ns'kksa ls lEcfUèkr
ekuk tkrk gSA bls Trichle down model Hkh dgrs gSaA bl model ds rgr ;s lkspk x;k gS fd lkjs fo'o esa vkfFkZd
lq/kkj le:irk ls fd;k tk,A
2- rduhdh izxfr ls lEcfU/kr% ;g model rduhdh izxfr dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS ftlls fodkl gksrk gSA
3- fodkl dk jkLrk iwathoknh% bleas iwathokfn;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk Jfedksa dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA
334 Public Administration
4- bl model ds rgr vkfFkZd lq/kkj esa vko';d lsokvksa dk izko/kku ugha fd;k x;kA
D. Bureaucracy Inspector Raj dks [kRe djukA vkS|ksfxd izxfr dks c<+kok nsukA
mnkjokn ds udkjkRed izHkko
1- ;s mifuos'kokn dk ,d u;k rjhdk ekuk tkrk gS tSls vesfjdk dk bjkd ij vkØe.k Hkkjr ds lkFk vkradokn
ds lkFk ikfdLrku dks vkradoknh ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k x;kA
vizSy 2002 btjkby dk fQfyLrkbu ij vkØe.k vkSj vesfjdk dk pqi jgukA
2- ;s iwathokfn;ksa ds fgr esa gS ftlesa xjhc vkneh ds fy, T;knk iz;Ru 'kkfey ugha fd, x,A Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy
ns'k gS ftlesa vk/kh ls vf/kd tula[;k xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSA
3- 1991 ls 2000 rd 10 djksM+ yksx vkSj xjhch js[kk ls uhps vk x, gSaA
4- deZpkfj;ksa ij futhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks nq"çHkko iM+k gS D;ksafd mudh NaVuh dh tk jgh gSA
(ii) Privatization
mu lsokvksa dk futhdj.k fd;k x;k gS ftlesa ljdkj dks vFkkZr~ ftudh fuRiknu larks"ktud u gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
ljdkj iz'kkldh; fØ;kvksa ls izR;{k :i ls 'kkfey u gksdj cfYd fu;eiwoZd dke djsA
tgk¡ rd Hkkjr dk lEcU/k gS mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ujflagk jko dh ljdkj esa mlds foÙk ea=kh eueksgu flag th ds
}kjk 1991 esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA D;ksafd Hkkjr ds ikl bls viukus ds flok; dksbZ pkjk ugha Fkk ftls TINA factor dk
uke fn;k x;kA
dkj.k
1989 esa HkwriwoZ USSR ds fo?kVu ds i'pkr lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk dk egÙo de gks x;k vkSj lalkj nks /kqzoksa ls ,d èkqzo
esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, blds fy, blds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk Hkh ugha Fkk fd bls viuk;k u
tk, ftlesa Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey FkkA
tgk¡ rd Privatisation dk loky gS og dqN bl izdkj gh dsoy mUgha miØeksa ;k m|ksxksa dk futhdj.k fd;k tk,xk
tks chekj gS rFkk izfrQy ugha nsrsA
mUgha miØeksa rFkk lsokvksa dk futhdj.k fd;k tk,xk ftuls ljdkj lUrks"ktud ugha gSA bleas lkekftd {ks=k dks è;kuesa
j[kk tk,xkA
blesa ^Je dY;k.k* dks ugha udkjk tk,xkA ,u- Mh- ,- dh ljdkj vkus ds i'pkr lkjs ekin.M cny fn, x, vkSj ;s
dgk x;k fd tks futhdj.k dh izfØ;k gS og chekj miØeksa esa 'kq: ugha dh tk,xhA fdUrq tks ljdkjh miØe vPNs
Fks vFkkZr~ ftudh Performance vPNh FkhA vFkkZr~ lUrks"ktud FkhA dbZ;ksa dk futhdj.k fd;k x;k tSls BALCO rFkk
ek:fr m|ksx lHkh etnwj laxBu rFkk lHkh fojks/kh nyksa us bldk fojks/k fd;kA
tgka rd mnkjhdj.k dk izHkko yksd&iz'kklu ij iM+k gS mldk o.kZu bl izdkj gS&
1- rduhdh fodkl
2- fo'o O;kikj laxBu
3- cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk dk izko/kku
4- chekj miØeksa ls NqVdkjk
5- xSj&ljdkjh laxBu dks c<+kok
6- Decontrol
mnkjhdj.k dk yksd iz'kklu ij izHkko 335
7- iz'kklu dk iztkrU=khdj.k
8- fofu;eu
9- ukSdj'kkgh ls NqVdkjk
Je lq/kkjksa ij foifjr izHkko Hkfo"; fuf/k] isa'ku] jkgr jkf'k vkfn dks de dj fn;kA
2002 eas ,d Je fo/ks;d yk;k x;k gS ftl Hkh dkj[kkus esa 1000 ls T;knk etnwj dke dj jgs gSa fdlh Hkh etnwj dks
m|ksifr ljdkj ds vuqefr ds fcuk fudky ldrk gSA
tSls ek:fr m|ksx tgka deZpkfj;ksa us 'kkfUriw.kZ Strike dj nh FkhA tks Je la?k vf/kfu;e] 1926 ds rgr vf/kdkj gSA
ysfdu lokZsPp U;k;y; us Hkh ek:fr m|ksx ds i{k esa QSlyk fn;k vkSj dgk fd dsoy mUgha deZpkfj;ksa dks okfil fy;k
tk ldrk gS tks good conduct dk izek.k nsA
xjhch dk fo'ohdj.k
Globalisation of Poverty
blesa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ka] W.T.O, I.M.F vkfn Pro-rich ds gd esa gsaA Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok feyk gSA D;ksafd ftruh Hkh
ljdkjh ykHk izkIr dEifu;ka gS lcdk futhdj.k gksrk tk jgk gSA
yksd iz'kklu ij mnkjokn ds izHkko dks ¼Hkkjrh; lanHkZ½ fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- yksd iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa ladqpu% mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr viukus ds dkj.k yksd iz'kklu ds dk;Z{ks=k iwoZ dh vis{kk
ladqfpr gks x;k gSA vc iz'kklu dk Lo:i yksd dY;k.kdkjh u gksdj fu"ks/kkRed gks x;k] vkt yksd iz'kklu
lkoZtfud mi;ksx ds dk;ks± ls viuk gkFk gVkrs gq, flQZ dkuwu o O;oLFkk ij viuk /;ku dsfUnzr djus yxk gS]
vc ;g ekuk tkus yxk gS fd iz'kklu dk dk;Z lkoZtfud fuekZ.k vkSj yksd lsok u gksdj flQZ dkuwu O;oLFkk
dks cuk, j[kuk gS] bl izdkj dy rd tks dk;Z vf/kdka'k yksd iz'kklu }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] os vkt futh dEifu;ksa
dks lkSia k tk jgk gS vkSj vkt yksd iz'kklu ds dk;Z{ks=k esa mu fo"k;ksa dh la[;k ?kV jgh gS ftu ij fd yksd iz'kklu
dk ,dkf/kdkj FkkA
2- yksd iz'kklu ds izfr vkd"kZ.k esa Ðkl% mnkjhdj.k ds QyLo:i yksd iz'kklu dh izfr"Bk ij Hkh izHkko iM+k gSA
vkt yksd iz'kklu ds izfr izfrHkk'kkyh ;qodksa dk vkd"kZ.k ?kV jgk gS rFkk mnkjhdj.k ds QyLo:i vkus okyh
futh dEifu;ksa ds izfr mudk >qdko c<+ jgk gS] og fnu nwj ugha] tc yksd iz'kklu dks ;ksX; ,oa izfrHkk'kkyh ;qod
,oa ;qofr;k¡ feyuk can gks tk,axhA
3- yksd iz'kklu dks pqukSrhiw.kZ izfrLi/kkZ% mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr viukus ds i'pkr~ vkt mu {ks=kksa esa Hkh futh dEifu;k¡
izos'k dj jgh gSa ftu ij dy rd ljdkj dk ,dkf/kdkj Fkk vkSj mudk lapkyu yksd iz'kkldksa }kjk fd;k tkrk
Fkk] ysfdu vkt fLFkfr dkQh cny pqdh gS] vc bu {ks=kksa esa futh dEifu;ksa dk izos'k izkIr gksrk tk jgk gS] yksd
iz'kklu dks viuh mikns;rk cuk, j[kus esa dM+h izfrLi)kZ djuh iM+ jgh gSA vHkh rd dk vuqHko ;g jgk gS yksd
iz'kklu futh dEifu;ksa ds le{k vf/kd nsj rd izfrLi)kZ ugha dj ik jgs gSa vkSj varr% ljdkj dks mUgsa Hkh futh
iz'kklu ds gkFkksa lkSaiuk iM+ jgk gSA
4- yksd iz'kklu dh HkrhZ ,oa izf'k{k.k esa ifjorZu% mnkjhdj.k ds QyLo:i izfrLi)kZ ekgkSy esa viuh mikns;rk
cjdjkj j[kus ds fy, yksd iz'kklu esa vkus okykssa dh HkrhZ iz.kkyh ,oa muds izf'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa vkt ifjorZu
vifjgk;Z gks x;k gSA
5- yksd iz'kklu dks izfr"Bk esa deh% mnkjhdj.k ds iwoZ yksd iz'kkldksa dks lekt esa dkQh izfr"Bk] lEeku dh n‘f"V
ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu mnkjhdj.k ds i'pkr~ mudh ;g izfr"Bk o lEeku esa deh vkbZ gS] bl deh ds vusd dkj.k
gSa] ftuesa vi;kZIr osru ,oa lqfo/kk,¡ jktuhfrd gLr{ksi] lkekftd ,oa dkuwuh mÙkjnkf;Ro vkfn izeq[k gSaA vkt
fLFkfr ;g gks xbZ gS fd yksd iz'kklu ls tqM+s yksx LoSfPNd lsok fuo‘fÙk ysdj futh {ks=kksa esa iyk;u dj jgs gSaA
336 Public Administration
6- Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok% ,sls rks yksd iz'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh ,frgkfld Hkwfedk gS vkSj ;g Lora=k Hkkjr eas
fnu&izfrfnu c<+rk x;k gS ysfdu foxr dqN fnuksa esa mnkjhdj.k esa yksd iz'kklu Hkz"Vkpkj dh xfr dks cgqr rhoz
cuk fn;k gSA mnkjhdj.k ds nkSj esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa esa dke djus okys ,d ,e- ch- ,- (M.B.A) ;k ,e- lh-
,- (M.C.A) dks vkbZ- ,- ,l- (I.A.S.) dh rqyuk esa cgqr T;knk osru feyrk gS vkSj muds thou esa HkkSfrdrk dk
vfr egRo gksrk gS ftlls yksd iz'kklu ls tqM+s yksx Hkh izHkkfor gq, oxSj ugha jgrsA ,d vkbZ- ,- ,l vius
iM+kslh ,e- ch- ,- ds foykflrkiw.kZ thou Lrj dks ns[krs gq, T;knk&ls&T;knk iSlk dekuk pkgrk gS] pkgs mUgsa
fdruh Hkh dkuwuh e;kZnkvksa dk mYya?ku djuk iM+s] Li"V gS fd mnkjhdj.k esa yksd iz'kklu eas Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok
fn;k gSA
vc rd ds fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd yksd iz'kklu ij mnkjokj dh cgqr T;knk izHkko iM+k gSA

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1

,e- ,- jktuhfr 'kkL=k ¼iwokZ)Z½

nwjLFk f’k{kk funs’kky;

Copyright © 2003, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK

Maharshi Dayanand University

bl fo"k; ds vU; egÙoiw.kZ ç.ksrk ÝSd

f}rh; pj.k 1927 – 1937

r‘rh; pj.k 1938 – 1947

prqFkZ pj.k 1948 – 1970

iape~ pj.k 1971 – 1990

"k"Ve~ pj.k 1990 – py jgk gS

yksd ç'kklu dk vFkZ

ilhZ eSdDohu (Percy McQueen)A

yksd ç'kklu dh çÑfr

çcU/kdh; fopkj (Managerial View)

bu 'kCnksas ls fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa dk cks/k gksrk gS%

yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu% lekurk dk n‘f"Vdks.k

yksd iz'kklu rFkk futh iz'kklu % vlekurk dk n‘f"Vdks.k

uohu yksd ç'kklu ds y{;

uohu yksd ç'kklu ds rhu çfry{; gSa&

uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fodkl ;k=kk

6. ,p tktZ ÝsMfjDlu dh iqLrd&yksd ç'kklu] 1980

uohu yksd ç'kklu dh fo'ks"krk,a

uohu yksd ç'kklu dh laHkkouk,a

fodkl iz'kklu ,oa iz'kklfud fodkl

2. iz'kklfud lq/kkj ,oa izcU/kdh; fodkl

Hkkjr esa fodkl iz'kklu vkSj iz'kklfud fodkl

fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa mBk;s tkus okys ix

vPNk fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;d gksus okys rÙo

gjcVZ lkbZeu% fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i)fr

O;ogkj ij ewY;ksa ,oa rF;ksa dk izHkko

iz'kklu esa fu.kZ; ysus dk LFkku

leik'ohZ; çk:i (Prismatic Model)

laxBu fl)kUr ds >qdko

vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

iqfyl egkf/kifr (Inspector General of Police)

iqfyl miegkf/kifr (Deputy Inspector General of Police)

ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd (District Superintendent of Police)

mi@lgk;d iqfyl v/kh{kd (Dy. S.P./A.S.P.)

e.My fujh{kd (Cricle Inspector)

fujh{kd@lgk;d fujh{kd (Inspector/Sub-Inspector)

gSM dkaLVscy (Head Constable)

dkaLVsfcy flikgh (Constable)

fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj fu/kkZfjr djus okys rRo

xzsdqukt dk fu;a=k.k ds foLrkj dk fl)kUr

izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ rFkk izdkj

l'krZ vkSj fcuk 'krZ çR;k;kstu (Condtional and Unconditional)

1. O;fDr ds Hkkoh O;ogkj dh vfuf'prrk]

lkekU; LVkQ rduhdh LVkQ lgk;d LVkQ lw=k bdkb;k¡

foHkkx ljdkjh fuxe Lora=k fu;kedh; vk;ksx

lw=k rFkk LVkQ esa vUrj

Hksn O;kogkfjd ugha gS

lw=k ,tsafl;ksa ds çdkj

LVkQ dh çÑfr vkSj dk;Z

LVkQ dk laxBu ds LFkku% bldk çHkko

ykbu rFkk LVkQ ds laca/kksa dks lq/kkjus ds mik;

lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa rFkk ykbu ,tsafl;ksa esa vUrj

vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa vUrj

vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa vUrj