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1
PILE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS
William E. Saul
 October 8- 9 ,
UII'EX, bladison

PTLE FOUNDATION ANALPSZS

W i l l i a m E. sau1.l Fellow ASCE

The design of p i l e foundatioaa f o r statir o r dynamic lo& cur b e

u c o m p l i s h d through t h e s t i f f n u s metbod of u u l y s L utilizing s o i l -
p i l a i n t e r a c t i o n l a o d r l r deriuwi from t b e b-prirrg f o d a t l a n id&-
r a t i o n although ariy linear o r pieceuise l l n u r m o d d v i l l s u f f i c e -
the Podel a d v w t d may b e of f i n i t e l e n g t h o r m d e up of a s e r i e s of
f i n i t e length. due t o variation in the s o i l o r the pile.

Tbe s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s of p i l e foun&tions requires computation of

d i s p l a c e m e t of t h e p i l e cap and forces on and displacements of each of
the piles. A lengthy s e t of r e f r r e n c n t o this problem were givan by
Saul, 1968(1), i n a paper vhich presented t h e b a s i c framework of t h e
material contained herein. Subsequent a d d i t i o n s by O'Ueill(2). Murthy
and Shrivastava(3). P r l l u o b and Chandrarakaran(S), Saul(5.6) and S a d
and 'blf(7.8) point out shortcomings t o t h e o r i g i n a l paper and supple-
ment it considerably. F o r w i k t i o n of t h e problem and the computational
techniques have not been f o d lacking; s e e VesiL(9), Eoules(lO), and
Arya, O'Neill and Pfncw(l1). Imprweteente and discussion of the pile-
s o i l i n t e r a c t i o n modeling, hovever, continua t o appear; s e e reference:,
( 9 , l l ) for,.general discussions and smmaries. Ya'ajor work is being
done by ~ e n i f ( 9 ) , Poulos(l2) and by h'ovak(13) and t h e i r colleagoea,
*ere tha references c i t e d a r e samples of t h e i r exteasive vorks, on pile-
s o i l interaction. The prinury t h r u s t i n these worlu, however, has been
derived from e l a s t i c theory although in a -re complete and complex
sense than t h e spring foundation idealization. This l e a d s t o a b e t t e r
underatanding of t h e problem; but a s y e t , v i t h s o i l p r o p e r t i e s normally
a v a i l a b l e , it is questionable vhether any model is b e t t e r s u i t e d f o r
design and a n r l y s f s in practice. I n t e r a c t i o n of t h e p i l e cap with
t h e s o u has been investigated by O',Murka and Dobry(l4). When t h i s
f a c t o r .is t o be included t h e s t i f f n e s s contribution of t h e soil-cap
a9y b e d i r e c t l y added t o t h e foundation s t i f f n e s s matrix a s computed
herein.
The objectives i n t h i s paper a r e to: 1. Update the material
presented e a r l i e r ( 1 ) . 2. Include inprovements developed since(5,6,8).

Professor, Department of C i v i l and Environmental Engineering, The Univsr-

s i t y of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
3. Present a major development which a l l o v s inclusion of layered s o i l s ,
p i l e s which may vary i n s e c t i o n v i t h length, o r s h o r t p i l l n g
(9). And, 4. Give exapplrr t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e coatputatioaal method.

A DK3ONSTRATXON

Consider a p i l e focmdrtioo conriscing of a rigid r e i n f o r e d cam-

c r e t e u p and any rider of a t t l c h d piling. Tho p F l u may be v e r t i c a l
o r battered, s h o r t o r long, a t t h e same refermace e l m L I o a vitbkl tbr
cap o r a t s e v e r a l levels a d of s i m i l a r o r d i f f e r e s c m f . ~ ,
s e c t i o n s o r sizes. The p i l e a m8y b m b m phcod in m y maaor o r
by d i f f e r e n t methods a t t h r samm t varlolu tima,
l o r~at ~ Their prin-
c i p a l axes may b e a t any angle and hm any d e g m of f i x i t y beernem
hinged and r i g i d v i t h t h e cap. The cap is'ammamed rigid (in l a t o r c o w
putations), but may be of .any s h p and thichress, variablm
thickness such as stepped, and may b e c o a s t r a r t c d 80 that t h e p i l e s
are enbedded a t d i f f e r e n t e l m t i o n . v i t h i a tha cap. The s o i l mny b e
h o m ~ g m w w ,varyLng o r layered, including l a y e r s of a r y w e ~ ko r
negligible solls. The p i l e cap m y be in a m t a c t o r embedded i n t h r
top l a y e r of s o i l o r e l m t e d am a platfurm. I n sunnmv, f o r t h e exper
i m m t , t h e r e a r e n e a r l y no c o n s t r a i n t s .
To proceed, a coordiaatm c a t e r f o r t h e p i l a fouudation is assigned
and a s e t of Cartesian coordinates. Although t h e s e ~ P ;be
I asmipad
a r b i t r a r i l y , it is useful t o choose an o r i g i n a t l e a s t v e r t i c a l l y
aligned v i t h t h e c e n t e r of mass of t h e foundation and/or load and have
one h o r i.z- o n t a l a x i s p a r a l l e l t o an a d s of syuauetry of foundation o r
-
loads, should one 'exist.
The demonstration is t o load t h e foundatioa in each of s i x comporr
e n t s , one component a t a t i m e . These s i x a r e t h e t h r e e r e c t i l i n e a r
f o r c e s m d t h e t h r e e r m m ~ t scorresponding t o t h e ax&sj u s t established
as shown i n Fig. 1. When w e of t h e s e f o r c e s Qi is applied, and n o w
other, t h e s i x corresponding components of d e f l e c t i o n , ( ~ 1 ~rectf-
~ 3
l i n e a r and 3 r o t a t l o n i l , may b e measured and plotted. These forces ~y
be applied by increments of force, i.e., dead loads, o r d i s p l a c e m n t ,
i.e., by jacking, by d e r o r l a r g e r incra-ta, s l o w l y o r more
r a p i d l y , and m o n o t o n i u l l y o r cycled. The r e s u l t i n s c a m s may be
nonlinear v i t h t h e r a t e of d e f l e c t i o n i n c r e a s i n g v i t h highor loads.
Creep o r r e l a x a t i o n , depending o n t h e type of load t e s t , =y ehw a
time dependency, 5-e., a viscoolastic m t e r i r l . In many c u e s , t h e
load-deflection curva v i l l e x h i b i t a regima with a s l w l y changing o r
air-st constant s l o p s f o l l w e ' b; a regime with a r a p i d l y changing s l o p ,
a. hod. . b. Displacrrrotr
Fig. 1 - ~ o ~ d a t ' i oLardr
n and Dfsplacawntr
and then another regime v i t h a very s t e e p , perhaps again constant, slope.
Although t h i s may appear a s a t y p i c a l s t r e s s a t r a i n currre with an elas-
tic, y i e l d and p l a s t i c behavior such is most probably not t h e c a s e and
i t may o f t e n b e d i f f i c u l t t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e t h r e e zones. The reason is
t h a t s o i l is o f t e n v i s c a e l a s t i c and t h a t t h e r e a r e sir. e f f e c t s , edge
e f f e c t s , p o s s i b l a f r i e t i o a between cap and soil, s o i l pressures d o v e l o p
ing against cmbdded caps, and m y n u n k r of o t h e r p o s s i b l e influeac8r
vhich could i n h i b i e n p m d u d b i l l t y of test r e s u l t s . N w e r t h e l u ~ ,if
k suggested t h a t if t h e l o a d vere c7eL.d a m r a 1 , t i m r s in t h e neighbor
hood of magnitude which is . ~ a a t w l l yexpected, t h a t a nearly constant
elope t o each cunre would b e found. I f the f l u c t u a t i o n of load magni-
tude was expectad t o b e wid., t h e came could be approximated a s bi-
l i n e a r o r piecewine l i n e a r . Thus, each of t h e 6 loading conditions
produces 6 d e f l e c t i o n s d where d = D /Q ; t h a t is, the d e f l e c t i o n
13 13 i) j
in d i r e c t i o n i due t o a u n i t load i n d i r e c t i o n j, dii, is t h e measured
d e f l e c t i o n a t i. D divided by t h e load Q a t j. '6e 6 by 6 m a t t i x of
11 1
t h e s e f l e x i b i l i t y i n f l u e n c e c o e f f i c i e n t s [dl, where each coluum b 1f is
produced by one load, is the e t r u c t u r a l flexibility matrix. It m y be
i n v e r t e d t o o b t a i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s matrix IS], IS1 * [dl",
v h e r e each c o e f f i c i e n t S i s t h e f o r c e a t p o s i t i o n i duo t o a u n i t dls-
11
placement a t p o s i t i o n j v i t h a l l o t h e r displacecnmts equal t o zero.
It is t o b e observed t h a t t h e s l o p e determined upon immediate load-
i n g of a p i l e foundation, o r v i t h a l i g h t loading, o r by using a d i f f e r -
e n t ~foundation design, 'such a s a scaled-down configuraeion, would be
d i f f c r e n t , u s u a l l y s t i f fe< -than t h e v a l u e obtained a s described e a r l i e r .
Such a t e s t m u l d be expensive, t i m e consuming, and t r u e only f o r t h a t
foundation i n t h a t place. Hovever, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e is i n understanding
t h e n a t u r e of t h e s t r u c t u r a l e t i f f n e s s n a t r i x s i n c e it is a r e a l and
h p o r t a n t property of t h e foundation, i n f a c t , t h e foundatfon's signature.
I:r e l a t e s f o r c e s , o r l o a d s , applied t o t h e foundation and t h e r e s u l t i n g
displacements i n t h e coordinates a l r e a d y u c a b l i s h e d . Thus,

vhere {Q) a r e l o a d s and {A) d e f l e c t i o n s of t h e foundation. The compon-

ents of [S] a r e constant i f t h e s y s t e s i s l i n e a r o r quasi-linear a s
described e a r l i e r ; otherwise they a r e v a r i a b l e s vhich may be taken a s
piecewise l i n e a r .

PTLE BEH.4VIOR

Sinc,e determir .\tion of the s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s matrix [ S ] by experi-

ment h a s t h e limitations noted a design 3 l t e r n a t P r e is necessary and
4
 provided. It is f i r s t u s e f u l t o consider a s i m i l a r d e m n s t r a t i o n con-
ducted on a s i n g l e p i l e . The p i l e may be placed i n any mnner, be of
any shape o r materials, any length, b e placed i n any type of s o i l o r
s o i l s , and be f l u s h v i t h t h e s u r f a c e o r extend i n t o t h e a i r . For t h i s
d e m n s t r a t i o n the p i l e should be v e r t i c a l . Coordinate axem a r e chosen
along the l o n g i t u d i n a l c e n t r o i d a l a x i s and t h e p r i n c i p a l xxas of bend-
ing. Applying 6' loads, d o n g each axis and a molnnt about each &,
one a t a tiw, as shown in Fig. 2 results i n fn dfsplrc8mest vector
{c)~
for each load. N t h a r g b v e c t o r (Cli hU 6 coaponeuts, most w i l l
b e zero six* flmmue a b o u a p r i n c i p a l axis should m e out-of-
p h , t o r s b u d and axial c a r p o n a f s . Rw, the arial and tors-
l o r d s a r e exputad to r u u l t in o n l y axial and t o r a i o o r l d i r p h ~ t r ,
r e s p e c t f v e l y , and t h e f l ~ r m - p t o d u c i n gload8 in only 2 compaornt d i e
p k r a e n t s each. The matrix [c] t h m is quite sparse, v i t h o d y s l i g h t
f l e x u r a l coupling. Once agaio, the soil-pilm intmractlon is malio.at
s o it would b e w m f u l t o c y c l e th. load l n t h e neighborhood of magrdtudm
of t h e l o l d s expmcted so that a r e a l i s t i c l i n e a r appmxirmtion can be
achieved betueea load apd d a f l e c t i o n . Once t h i s constant slope i s
s e l e c t e d , dividing t h e mwured d i s p l a c e w n t s { c ) ~by t h e !sagnitude of
t h e load i n d i r s c t i o n i, t h e r e s u l t i n g dfsplaccmrncs a r a t h e p i l e
flexural influence coefficients g t h e d e f l e c r i o n in t h e d i r e c t i o n i
i j'
to a u n i t f o r c e i n d i r e c t i o n j w i t h a l l o t h e r f o r c e s zero. The p i l e
f l e x i b i l i t y catrix Is] may be i n v e r t e d t o o b t a i n t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s
matrix [b'] where b W i j is t h e f o r c e i n d i r e c t i o n i due t o a u n i t dis-
placement i n d i r e c t i o n j w i t h a l l o t h e r displacements zero. The f o r n
. of t h e s e p i l e r u t r i c e s vould b e

and thm f o r c e s (PIi and displacanmnts a c t i n g on p i l e i a r e

r e l a t e d by

1 - l i i and IrIi - [gllCFli (3 1

GROUP ACTION

Xhen placed i n t o t h e foundation coordinate system, a s shovn i n

M g - 3, the p i l e may be b a t t e r e d , t h a t is, placed a t an angle Yi v i t h
5
 v i t h Respect

Axis of Pile

C. Elevation

Ng. 3 - P i l e Cap with P i l e i

t h e v e r t i c a l o r on a b a t t e r s l o p e o f l / h i where c o t a n g e n t Yi
a
- hi and
is t h e c l o c k v i s e a n g l e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f b a t t e r from t h e U a x i s o f
i 1
t h e f o u n d a t i o n i n p l a n v i w . F u r t h e r , t h e p i l e head is l o c a t e d a t
c o o r d i n a t e s U du ,u , u ) v i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u p c o o r d i n a t e system m d
1 1 2 3
t h e p i l e ' s p r i n c i p a l a x e s may b e r o t a t e d t o an a n g l e E i v i t h r e s p a c t
t o a c o o r d i n a t e n p s t c a d e x r l b a d by t h r v e r t i c a l p l a n e c o n t a i n i n g t h e
b a t t e r e d p i l a v h e r a ui is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h i s p h aud in t h a hod-
w n t a l U p l a n and U; i. p e r p e n d i c u l a r to ui and tha l o n g i t u i h d uis
u; o f the p i l e . Using t h o approprlrto t r a n s f m e i o n m , t h o s t i f f n e s s
mat& o f the p i l o v i t h rwpmct t o the fauodrtfoP eoardhata system U
is

[S1Ii - T T T
~ ~ l ~ ~ a l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ b ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ( ~4 ) a 1 ~ ~ d l ~
vhere

[P*]~-[-.~
COSE sin^
.;c 3

and
-sins e i n y c o s a
COW siPysina
0 cosy

which may b e v r i t t e n

Is'l, - [ca~l~[b'l~
T

The s t i f f n e s s n a t r i x of t h e f o u n d a t i o n is t h e sum o f the s t i f f n e s s of a l l

t h e p i l e s n i n t h e foundation
 Thus, from Eq. 1 t h e l o a d s may be determinad f o r a given d i s p k c w r n t
{A} of t h e foundatiota o r the displacemenl: deterrakud f o r a given load
191
Once t h e foundation d i s p l a c a w n t s {A} are detararined, t h e f o r e a
and d i s p ~ ~ oft i sn d i v i d u a l p i l i n g may b e . c & u b t d in t h e c w r d i ~ ~
ate system p a r a L l d to the foun&tion e o o r d i o r t r U from

o r i n member p r i n c i p a l axu f r m

-
i ~ 1[ c a ~d i
T
{ ~=d ~ -
( ~ 1t b -~
Ii ( ~ ) - I~*J~~C=PI:{AI (13)

when e i t h e r member p r i n c i p a l axis is h o r i z o n t a l [p]

f o r e , t h e r o t a t e d member s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x [b] ,where
- [I] and, there-

Ibl - Ipl D'I [PI= 04)

becomes i d e n t i c a l w i t h [b']. Elements of Eq. 10 w i t h [b']
p r e s e n t e d in a n a l y t i c form i n Appendix I.
- [b] are

- SOIL-PILE I ~ T I O HODELS
N

l%e components of t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x [b'], Eqs. 2 and 3,

may be obtalned by experiment, as noted, b u t a n a l y t i c nodels u s i n g
r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e s o i l d a t a a r e necessary. Herein f i v e a n a l y t i c podels
a r e presented, a11 based on t h e s p r i n g foundation i d e a l i z a t i o n f o r
l a t e r a l l o a d i n g (flexure).
It nay be assumed t h a t i n t h e neightborhood of i n t e r e s t , i.e.,
load magnitude and p i l e dimensions, t h e s o i l ' s r e a c t i v e p r e s s u r e on
t h e p i l e is l i n e a r l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e d e f l e c t i o n , thus, d e f i n i n g
a v a l u e ks, i n units of p r e s s u r e p e r u n i t d e f l e c t i o n such a s l b / i n 3 o r
3
N / m , which is a p r o p e r t y o f t h e s o i l . The p r e s s u r e then is k x
s i
which is analogous t o a l i n e a r s p r i n g . Considering t h e p i l e a s a
b-az t h e r e a c t i v e f o r c e p e r unit l e n g t h o f bean may be expressed a s
k D.x where D is t h e p r o j e c t e d w i d t h of t h e beam i n t h e d i r r e t l o s of
s r i i
bending. Now k is n o t a primary s o i l p r o p e r t y b u t may b e e x p r e s s ~ di n
s
t e n s of e l a s t i c c o n s t a n t s (15) o r a d j u s t e d f o r size and shape (16)
from t e s t data. Thus, i t m y be t h a t t h e product kSDi=k: is nore aean-
i n g f u l than k Since t b a spring concept n e g l e c t s s h e a r coupling
s alone.
i n t h e i d e a l i z a c i o n , i t appears t h a t t h e r e c e r t a i n l y should b e considered
an c:ge ef fecr a s w e l l as a Lirecc s p r l n g e f f e c t . This, hovever, is done
e
when t e s t s v i t h a u n i t p l a t e s i z e a r e used a s a standard t o deternine
k and t h i s value i s then adjusted f o r shape and s i z e .
s
The subgrade modulus a l s o v a r i e s with depth because of confinement
of the s o i l , s o i l properties, and p o s s i b l e v a r i a t i o n of s o i l with depth,
i.e., l a y e r i n g (17). It i s e a s i l y postulated and confirmed by m a r s u r r
ment t h a t t h e s o i l a t s u r f a c e about a freestanding p i l e has no v e r t i c a l
c o n s t r a i n t and, therefore, cannot support even low values of horizontal
pressure. Bowever, prw.nce of a cap may prmridr t h e c o o r t r a i n t o r
accounc f o r t h e c a p m i l f r i c t i o n . The rubgradr;nodulua f o r an over-
coruolldatd c o h e s i a s o i l a p p u r r t o approach r eoascaar d u e with
depth once o u t o f ran- of s u r f a c s e f f e c t s , i.a., k D 8 coastant. Raw-
a i
e w r , I n granuLu o r nonmlLy 10- c o h a i v a soil., t h o rub+e modu-

k
s
-
1- incruses vith depth and uny be a s s c u d t o 'do so l i n u r l y s o that
@ vhera 2 is depth of s o i l and t h e soil p a r t o r
d t s of 1 b / h e 4 o r N/=
6
.
has t h e

Solution of t h e beam equation introduces p a r w c e r s B and 9,

vhera

which hap. d t s of p e t u n i t length, i.e., in.-1 o r mn

-1
. Note t h a t
thene parameters are d i r e c t i o n a l , i.e., ~y be d i f f e r e n t v i t h respect t o
each p d c i p a l a d s i f Ii and o r D a r e n o t equal. If & or $I
2 n,
.
i
where L is t h e eubedded l e n g t h of t h e p i l e , t h e p i l e aay be considered
u, being long o r i n f i n i t e i n length; which means t h a t l a t e r a l deflec-
t i o n has been e f f e c t i v e l y damped t o n e g l i g i b l e above t h e p i l e t i p . For
t h e case of a long p i l e four models f o r t h e f l e x u r a l s t i f f n e s s coeffi-
c i & t r a r e p&sented 'in Appendix X I . They are:
Al. A s i n g l e l a y e r of s o i l v i t h k a constant.
s
A2. A s i n g l e l a y e r of s o i l v i t h k -2, i.e., increasing l i n e a r l y with
s
depth.
81. A two-layer system where kS=O in t h e top l a y e r because of an ele-
vated cap (platform), n e g l i g i b l e o r poor s o i l , o r l a c k o f confinement
t o develop an e f f e c t i v e l a t e r a l s o i l pressure. The l o v e r l a y e r has
k A constant,
BZ. A Wo-layer system where k -0 i n t h e t o p l a y e r , s i m i l a r t o 8 1 and
s
k.-WZ i n t h e l o v e r 1 e v e l ~ Z - Oa t t h e top of t h e second layer.
When & o r JlLca l a t e r a l d i s p l a c e m a t oE t h e p i l e t i p may occur
and t h e s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t s which apply f o r long p i l e s become l e s s
useful. The smalle'r BL o r 9L t h e nore pronounced t h e e f f e c t . In
addition t o s h o r t o r i n t e r n e d i a t e length p i l e s , nonlinear v a r i a t i o n of
9
ks v i t h depth, l a y e r i n g o r s t r a t a of the soil, o r v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p i l e
s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o r naaterials alonq its l e n g t h protride a p p l i c a t i o n
f o r a f i f t h model based on a layered system. Model C is based on a
beam o r s p r i n g foundation element of f i d t e l e n g t h v f t h 8 lateral kin-
matic degrees of freedam (2 r e c t i l i n e a r displaceemnts and 2 r o t a t i o o r l
displacements a t each end), see A p d i x 111. It is assumui f o r drl
C that f o r each sectioa o r cf-t kaDIis c o n s t a n t m d the p i l e fs
p r i s r n t i c ; hovevet, erch e l 5 r any ham d i f f a r a a t s o i l and p i l e
p r o p e r t i e s , i n c l u d i n g k s 4 , aad them any he -here f r o m one to r
f o r g e number of segments. A pile of *¶9pattS w i l l have 4 ( P t l ) ?at-
e r a 1 d e g r m of freedom i n d i s p h c r i w a t , Since t h e a degrees of
freedom, comprnsiarr and t o t s i o a , arm not coupled v i t h t h e f 3 . m
they a r e included k t - although they could errrily b e included a t thim
stage. In t h e computatioa t h e 8 by 8 stiffaas matrix shavn kr
Appendix III is computed f o r each segment and t h e element s t i f f n e s s
matrices summai to produce a 4(-) square s t i f f n e s s matrix of t h e
plle. This matrix +a than condensed to e l i m i n a t e all degrees of f r e e
don except those of i n t e r e s t fb'], a t t h e p i l o head. The l a r g e matrix
map be r e t a i n e d i f l a t e r computation f o r stress r e s u l t a n t s , i.e., dis-
placements, shear, moments, a r e d e s i r e d d o n g t h e p i l e . The proccduta
o u t l i n e d f o r m d e l C is b e s t accompiished thmugh.use of a computer.
The f a c t o r 6 used in expressions f o r t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s coeffi-
c i e n t s b'
v i n f l e x u r e is a measure of t h e

-
to. t h e p i l e c a p . Thus, 0
c o n d i t i o n aud 6
61 1.0 where 6
1.0 f o r a f i x e d condition.
-
connectivity of the p i l e
0 f o r a pinned o r hinged
I f t h e connection fs
s e a i - r i g i d , i.e., 0 < 6 (1.0, t h e d u e of 6 may be estimated. With
m ~ d e lC, t h e layered o r f i n i t e l e n g t h p i l e , 6 should be formulated u
a m u l t i p l i e r t o t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s coutputed e a r l i e r . These m u l t i p l i e r s
a r e 6 f o r b'44s bnS6, bPLS, a d b'Z4; f o r b V l i and b'2Z it is 0.5 ( 1 ~ ) .
The l o n g i t u d i n a l member s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t s , b ' j f a x i a l and
b'66-torsion have been s u g g u t e d ( I ) in t h e form

vhcre hE/L and JC/L a r e axial and t o r s i a n d member s t i f f n m s s , r e s p e c t l o a l y ,

d txis been defined e a r l i e r , and t h e c o e f f i c f e n t s kL and kT a r e emperical
participation factors. I f t h e p i l e were fixed a t i t s end only, t h e s e
f a c t o r s vould b e 1.0; however, they nay d i f f e r considerably. O'Neill(2)
notes t h a t % may b e much larger, larger 'than the 2.0 previously sugges-
ted. The f a c t o r kL may be l e s s o r g r e a t e r than 1.0. I f the p i l e t i p
 did not move and r e l i e d on f r i c t i o n f o r b e a r i n g k., v o d d be about-=
kvement of the p i l e t i p , however, a c t s t o decrease \. Vorks vhich
may be consulted i n c l u d e those by Novak(l8), Pouloa(19). and m l p h
.Pd Wroth(20) f o r d i s c u s s i o n o r alternative c i l c u k t i o n o f bVj3. For
rmving t i p o r l a y e r a d system b e s t e v a l u r t i o o of t h e l o n g i t u d i m f
s t i f f n e s s appears t o b r e m u n c i a l . I n r k y e r d system t h e relatiara-
s h i p between l o r d om th. p i l e and d i r r p l a c u p t a t thm top of t h e
l a y e r , where d i s p k w i n d u d a s r i g i d body t- of t h e p i l e
b r u u s e o f soil shear a d s h o r t e n i n g of t h e pF1. due to a h t i c COIF .
p r e s r i o o , may b e denoted by biji f o r lay-r 1. The s t i f f n e u coaffi-
c i c n t of t h e p i l e i n n l a y e r s i e t h e n ca.lcul.tad from

--1jj 1 1
1--+-...
(17)
ill b;3i b33,1 b33,2

A similar c a l c u l a t i o n can b e d e t o determine t h e t o r s i o n a l s t i f f n e s s

c o e f f i c i e n t , bqb6, i n a layered system.

COMPUTATIONS

A 1 0 inch MI p i p e p i l e was used in computations t o compare p i l e

s t i f f n e s s p r o p e r t i e s ruing t h e f f n i t e l e n g t h p i l e , Hodel C, and t h e long cc-
p i l e . t b d e l Al. Results a r e given b d o v :
(ft.) b'll(k/in.) bi4(in-klradian) bi5(k/rad. o r in.-k/in.)

2 51.31 9,821 614.2

1 95.10 69,494 2196.3
6 114 -02 157,355 3461.2
10 117.04 212,505 3598.2
18 125.83 215,886 3683.3 *
24 126.06 216,786 3696.9
infinite 126.08 216,802 3697.0 !

P i l e p r o p e r t i e s are:
10.75 in.,
A - I
16.1 in.
Y
2
, Ix= -
211.9 in. 4 , Dx = D
E = 30,000 hi, and G- 12,000 hi. S o i l m d u l u s ks
Y
0.2 -
-
kci. It can b e seen t h a t t h e r e is a rapid change a f t e r 6 f t . v i t h t h e . I
1 1

- -
s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i ~ i e n t sapproaching t h e v a l u e f o r InflnCte. Note t h a t

\ ) 0.0171/in.,

bil = 78.82 klin.,

thua &

b14 -
r f i e l d s I. 2 15.35 f t . as r long p i l e .
If t h e above p i l e is topped v i t h a 2 f t . c a n t i l e v e r , i.e.,
p i l e v i t h 24 f t . embedded and 2 f t . i n air, t h e e o e f f i c i m n t s are:
211,508 in-k/rad, and bi5 = 3257.1 k/rad.
Obviously, the condition of t h e t o p l a y e r i s of major importance.
A problem vas solved, s e e Fig. 4, t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e method of
a 26 f t -

1i I
-

.-

I
computation. The p i l e p r o p e r t i e s are:

11

. . I
I
.

- .-. -*. .- .-.-..--- - . I -

-
Fig. 4 - Example Problem
12
 4
u (in 1 u (in 1 u ( i n I (in. 1
P i l e No. L(in.1 1 ' 2 ' 3 - - ~ ( ~ ~ - 2 )
1 400 30 20 1.32 30- 3 16.10 211.9
2 400 0 0 -7.68 0 0 113.09 1017.9
3 400 -20 -20 1.32 300. 5 16.76 294.7

i P i l e No.
4
Ix(in. 1 D x ( i n . ) D (in-) (
Elcei
) G(ksi) Material
1 211.9 10.75 10.75 30,000 12,000 St-lPip
2 1017.9 12 12 1,500 300 Timber Pole
3 100.6 10.224 10.03 30,000 12,000 BPlO

A follObLiOO 1Qd of
The soil subgrad. dU;LW k, = 0.1 kci.
-
jQIT = [40.k, 2O.k. 600.k. 0 , -500 in-k, 01 w a r used.

Results arm as follows: ( a l l units i n k i p s and inch-)

1. P i l e stiffness v h r ,
. .#:.\ -
pile -
b;l -
bi2 5 -
bb4 -
b;5 -
bi6 -
bi5 -
b;4

1 74.90 74.96 1207.5 182,302 182,302 12,714 2614.0 -2616.0

2 57.00 57.00 424.1 64,291 64,291 4,071 1353.6 -1353.6
3 58.99 78.40 1257.0 230,558 102,426 ll.859 1736.1 -3006.3

2. The foundation s t i f m a matrix,

C i

2I
1.1

3.

4.
-
308.06

[
26.93
435.18
2497.66
327.69.
756.74
276.97
74.24
2600.15
-9410.49
421.86

The fmmdation displacemmts,

-
{ A } ~ t-0.5132,
2704.86
-1699.42
-9449.02
6912.82
1,277,722
-1,202,452
- 285,315

0.4991, 0.3741, 0.009045, 0.010398,

The p i l e displacmnents in member coordinates,

SYn

1,905,765
189,448 I
327,523

-0.0054891
-
1
1 '
---

---
.

{XI: - [-0.2441, 0.4742, 0.1749, 0.014099. 0.004483, -0.0010861

, - - I
$4
{XI:

1x1:

5.

{rIl

{z}:
T
-
-
[-0.5931,

(-0.8944.
0.5686,

-0.2291,
0.3741,

0.1899,

The p i l e forces i n member coordinates.

-
=
1-6-58, -1.31,

1-19.72.
211.2,

20.16, 158.7.
0.009015,

-0.003017,
0.010398. -0.0051891

1330.8. 179.2. -11.81

-188.1. -134.3.
0.013032.

-22.31
-0.0064121

&I
-,
z!
13
I - -
-1
q!J
-.= , ..3 -
. .
I'
.
 Although o computer program "as used t o sol- the pml-m the s t i f f n e s s
m a t r i x can b e assembled using the equations i n Appendix I. The &or
s t i f f n e s s matrices Ib1Ix can be determin+d from n d o l Al but v e r o coa-
puted f o r t h i s problem u a h g C t o check Al.

CONCLUSIONS

The s p r i n g formdacioa model has r n u d e r of advantag.. f o r arod.1-

i n g l a t e r a l l o r d i n g including t h o a b i l i t y t o compute detloetions,
shears, bending momeats and s t r u s o s along t h e p i l a . The c o r a p u r t i a r u
a r e s t r a i g h t f o m a r d and und8rstandable. Vark rcautns t o be done on
impmvlng t h e s o i l - p i l a i n t e r a c t i o n models snd adding t o t h o l i b r a r y
of models m a i l a b l e t o t h e designer.
It i s u s e f u l t o r e a l i z e t h a t when p i l b g a r e hinged o r v e r t i c a l , a
number of variahlu b u m zero. Io addition, t h o Ib'] matrix nay b e
t h e s a w i f several o r all p i l e s i n t h e fouadatioo a r e t h e same. fir-
ther, s p e t r y of t h e arrangewsnt of p i l i n g in a folmdation may a l l o w
a decrease i n t h e amount of cosputations. Syrmacem of loadlag may
a l s o s h o r t e n computatioos, e s p e c i a l l y i f a combination of gaometrp and
loading a l l w t h e foundation t o be analyzcd as a plane figuro.
P a r t i a l c o n s t r a i n t o f t h e p i l e t o tho cap i s accounted f o r through
choice o f d b e t v e e n 0 and 1.
The a d d i t i o n of t h e finite l e n g t h model, C, herein, is an impor-
- t a n t and valuable Step forvard alloving use of s h o r t p i l e a , v a r i a b l e
o r layered soils, and v a r i a b l e s e c t i o n piles.

&oHram PILEFDN, b7J Dep;.-.tmcnt of C i v i l and Environmental Enginrering.

14
 APPENDIX I - FORHUTAS FOR STIFFNESS ItWLUOJCE COEFFICICFTS

Formulas a r e 8iv.n f o r s i n g l e piloa. S t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t S ' S'

i) ji
by r e c i p r o c i t y and frurction Bi a r e defined f o r convd8ncm a e followa:

B1 -
bll
2
cos Y - bZ2 + bj3 2
'in Y

B2 -(b -b ) 8inY coeY

B3 - 11 33
(blS+bZ4) coea
COSY 8 i ~ O

Bb -q -
sina u2 cons

B5 - 2 2
+
bll sin y b33 cos y

B6 -bgq cos y
2
- bS5 + bb6 sin2 y
B1 = u3 [b22+i31 c o s 2 d B16 - 2
(b15 s i n a - b24 cos 2a)cosy
B -u (b22+Bl sh20) B17 - u1 bZ2 - bZ4 sinY c o s a
bg -B~ u3 s i n a cosu B 18- sins COS~

Thus S t U B10 cosa + bZ2

B19 - (b44 - b 66) s i n y cosy
S*12 ' B1B18

"13 ' -B1l

Stl4 -u2 Bll - Bg-B3
"15 ' 5 B1l '7 + + '14
-. S'16 ' BI, B10 - u2b22 + bZ4 sLL~( sim
S ' 44 - 2 2
u2B5+2u2Bl5~iua+B6~~s
a+bS5+U3 (2u2B13+B8+2B16)
= -u u B +B B -B (u sina+osa)-u (u B +u B +u B B +2B3)
"45

"46
- 1 2 5 6 1 8 15 1

2 3 2 4 1 16 19
3 211 113 3 1 1 8
(B -B B 1-u B -B C O ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ( B ~ ~ B ~ + B ~ , )

- B'U
2
+B sin a++ +2 6 cosWu3(B,+2tyBU+2B14)
55 "l 15
"55
s * 56 -q 1 5 6
( B ~ B ~ + B ~ ) - B ~ ~ s[shy
~ u (gBlc~W+b24sino)~2
~ B ~ ~ + u ~ (~~~cos0cb~~~l

S' 66 - 2 2 2 2
b l B 4 + ( ~ l ~ Z ) b U - 2 b 2 4 ( ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ i ~ ) ~ i n Y + ( b 4 4 - b 6Y+b66
6)~b -
vhere U1(u1,u2.u3) are the coordinates of the pifa top in thm f o d r
tion, ai is the angle to the direction of batter elockuiss in p l w
fron the U1 and yi is the angle of batter f r o m the vertical in
the plane of batter.

- -- -.-.- -
APPENDIX I1 - STIFFNESS COEFRCIEfiTS FOR LONG P I L E S
 APPENDIX 111 - STIFFNESS KATRIX FOR A PILE SEGMENT

where, Tli -
n, = (C'S
(C'S' - CS)q
- CS')K~
- T3i = 2(CS + C'S*)KB 2q
2
2(C'S + CS')KB q
T4i
T5,
T6,
-- (s*' + s2)rk
2SS'dq
Segment i of Pile vlth Hembe?
Degrees of Fretdoa

-'
q
--
l/(sq2-s2)
C COSSL
S = sia0L
2
 APPENDIX I V - REFERENCES
1. S a d . W i l l i a m E., " S t a t i c and Dynamic Analysts of P l l e Foundations,"
Journal of the S t r u c t u r a l Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. STS, Uay.
1968, pp. 1077-1100.

2. O'Neill, Hiclue1 U,, discussion of "Static and Dynamic hualyli8 of

P l l e Fuun&tlmu," by William E. Saul, J o u r n a ~of t h e S t r u c t u r a l
Division, &CE, Vol. 95, NO. ST?, Feb., 1969, pp. 289-295.
'. i 3. ~ b r t h y , v.N.s., and shtivastrwa, s.P., discusaioa o f " s t a t i c and
D y n m i c Analpis of P i l e Foua&efoar," by W i U + p p 2. Saul, J o u d
of tho S t m c t u r a l Mviaioo, AS=, Vol. 95, No. SR, Feb., 1969,
pp. 288-289.
i 4. Prakash. Shaadiar, rrd Cluadrasokaran, v.,' d i s c u u i o n of "Static
!- and Dynamic Analysis o f P U e ~oun&tioos," by U i l l k n E. Saul,
Journal of the S t r u c t u r a l Mvision. ASCE. Vol. 95, No. STIl.
&v., 1969, p. 762.

5. S a i l , W i l l i a m E., closure t o " S t a t i c and Dynamic Analysis of P i l e

Foundations," Journal of t h e S t r u c t u r a l Division, ASCE, Vol. 95,
No. STll, Nov., 1969, p. 2511.
6 Saul, Willlam E., discussion of "Full-Scale L a t e r a l Load Tests of
P i l e Groups," by J a i B. Kim and Robert J. Brungraber, J o u n d of
t h e G m t e c h n k a l Division, ASCZ, Vol. 103, No. CT2, Feb., 1977,
pp. 147-148.

7. Saul, W i l l i a m E., and Wolf, Thomas V., discussion of "Design of

Hachina Foundations on Piles," by Jogeshvar P. Singh, Neville C.
Ibnovan, and Adrianus C. Jobsis, Journal of t h e Ceotechnical
Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GTl2, Dec., 1978, pp. 15261530.

' 8. .Saul, U f l l i a a E., and Wolf, ~hontasW., "Applications For New Research
f o r P i l e Supported Hachine Foundations," paper presented a t the 1979
Annual Conventloo, ACI, H i l v a k e e , W i s . , March, 1979.

9. ~ e s i ; , Aleksandar S., "Design of P i l e ~oundatioos," NCARP Synthesis

42, TRB, 1977.
10. Bovles, Joseph E., Foundation Analysis and Desim, 2d Ed., HcGrar
H i l l , N.Y., 1977.

ll. Arya, Suresh C., O'Neill, Mchael W., and Pfncus, George, Design of
Structures and Foundations foe Vibrating Fachinas, 'Gulf Publ. Co.,
Houston, 1979.
-?
12- Poulos, Harry C., "Group Factors f o r P i l d e f l e e t i o n Eatirmtioa,"
Journal of the Ceotechnicd Ennineerinx Division, ASCZ, Vol. 105,
No. GT12, Dec., 1979, pp. 1489-1509.

\ 13. Novak, Milos, "Vertical Vibration of Floating Piles," Journal o f t h e

Lhgineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vo1. 103, No. EHl, Feb., 1977,
pp. 153-168. .
14- O'burka, M c h a r l J., and Dobry, Picardo, "Spririg and Dashpot Caeffi-
c i e n t s f o r rachine Foundatious on Piles," p a p e r presented a t the 1979
Annual Convention, ACI. Htlwaukea, U i s . , Parch, i979.
15. vesif. A. H.. "Bending of Beams Resting on I s o t r o p i c E l a s t i c Solid*"
Journal Engineering KechanLcs Divfsion, ASCE, Vol. 87, EHZ, Apr.,
1961, pp. 35-53.

16. Terzaghi, K., "Evaluation of Coefficient of Subgradm Re.ctiom,~

Ceotechnique, Vol. 5, No. 6 , Dec., 1955, pp. 297-326.

17. Robinson, K.E., "Horfzone;ll Subgrade Reactions Estimated f r o m

Lateral Loading Tests on Timber Piles," Behavior of Deep Founda-
-
t i o n s , ASTH SrP 670, Raymond Lundgren, Ed., 1979, pp. 520-536.

18. Novak, W o s , "Dynamft S t f f f n e a s and Damping of Piles," Canufiro

C e o t e c M c a l Jou-, Vol. 11, No. 4, Elov., 1974,

19. P o d o s , H.G., and TIIvts, E.X.. "The Settlement Behavior of Single

Axially Loaded Incompressible P i l e s and Piers," Ccotechaique, Vol.
18, 1968, pp. 351-371.

20. Randolph, H.F. and Wroth, C.P., "A Simple Approach t o P i l e D w i g u

and Evaluation of P i l e Tests," Behavior of P i l e Foundations,
ASTM STP 670, RayraondLundgren, Ed., 1979, pp. 484-499.
 Errata & Discussions R e l a t i n g t o Paper
" S t a t i c and Dynamic A n a l y s i s o f P i l e F o u n d a t i o n s "
by William E. S a u l
P u b l i s h e d i n t h e S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l , ASCE, May 1968, pp. 1077=1100

1. Errata:

pp. 1080-81-82 1. Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b to 2 in

Eqs. 3 , 1 3 & 1 9 .
11

2. Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b
22
to 1 i n .
Eqs. 4 , 1 4 , & 20.
3. Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b = b to
2 i n Eqs. .9, 1 7 , & 2 3 . 15 51
4. Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b = b to
1 i n Eqs. 1 0 , 1 8 , & 24. 24 42
5. Chanqe e x p r e s s i o n i n Eqs. 19 & 20 t o (1 + 2 B i k ) ;
( i . e . , change -t o +.)

p. 1084 Note : u n o t shown i n Fig. 5 , it i s t h e v e r t i c a l component.

3

p . 1086 1. Change Eq. 47 t o Qi = m r

2 a'
( i )i
2. Chanqe Eq. 49 t o -[S] {A} = r n [ ~ ' ] { h ' }
3. Change Eq. 50 t o I
:
[ - X~[I]]{A) = 0
n
p. 1091 ( c a u t i o n ) I t h a s been s a i d and n o t y e t v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e c t o r s i n Table 4 ( g ) a r e i n c o r r e c t .

p. 1095 F o l l o w i n g t h e Eq. f o r S h 5 change 8' t o S i 6 .

46

2. D i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e above p a p e r were p u b l i s h e d a s f o l l o w s :
1. O'Neill, M.W., S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l , ASCE, Feb. 1969, pp. 289-295.
2. V. N. S. Murthy and S. P. S h r i v a s t a v a , S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l ASCE,
Feb. 1969, p. 288.
3. Shamsher P r a k a s h a n d V. C h a n d r a s e k a r a n , S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l ,
ASCE, Nov. 1 9 6 9 , p. 7 6 2
4. C l o s u r e , s t r u c t u r e s j o u r n a l ASCE, N o v . 1 9 6 9 , p . 2 5 1 1 .
3. D i s c u s s i o n s o r o t h e r p a p e r s which add t o t h e above.
1. J o u r n a l o f t h e G e o t e c n n i c a l D i v i s i o n , ASCE, Feb. 1977, pp. 147-148.
Extend models t o i n c l u d e s e m i - i n f i n i t e p i l e i n s c i l w i t h
l i n e a r l y i n c r e a s i n g modulus o f s u b g r a d e r e a c t i o n .
2. J o u r n a l o f t h e G e o t e c h n i c a l D i v i s i o n ASCE, Dec. 1 9 7 8 , pp. 1526-1530.
3. " A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r New Research f o r P i l e S u p p o r t e d Machine Founda-
t i o n s " by W i l l i a m E. S a u l & Thomas W . Wolf, p r e s e n t e d a t A C I Annual
C o n f e r e n c e , Milwaukee, W I , March 1979.
4. " P i l e F o u n d a t i o n A n a l y s i s " by Willian! E. S a u l , Preprint 80-102,
ASCE S p r i n ~1980 Convention.