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ON GRAPH ENERGIES OF CHAKRAS

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© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

ON GRAPH ENERGIES OF CHAKRAS

1
Vedula Padmavathi, 2Radha Rajamani Iyer
1
Department of General Science and Engineering, 2Department of Mathematics
1
A. G. Patil Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India, 2Amrita University, Coimbatore
1
E-mail: vedulapadma72@gmail.com
Abstract : The energy of a graph is introduced by Ivan Gutman which has roots from the concept of total 𝜋- electron
energy of a molecule. Energy of a simple graph G (p, q) with adjacency matrix A is defined as sum of absolute values of
eigen values of A.RecentlyHuman energy field research has its contribution in health, complementary and alternative
therapies[16]. Investigations have centered on studying the chakras which are sub-atomically linked to the endocrine
glands. According to the Vedas these energy points are visualized as wheels with different number of petals. In this paper
we initiate study of some types of graph energies of six chakras . we provide correlation analysis of these graph energies
with Energies of chakras.

Index Terms: Graph energy, Laplacian energy, Signless Laplacian energy, Randic energy.

I. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Origin of Graph Energy:

Let G(p,q) be a simple, undirected, connected graph without loops. Details about graphs can be found in [3]. The
graphs considered in this paper are graphs of six chakras. In this paper we initiate the study of energies of these graphs by
considering adjacency matrices, Laplacian matrices, signless Laplacian matrices, Randic matrices. The origin of graph
energy is Huckel molecular orbital theory which gave a path to find 𝜋- electron energies approximately in conjugated
hydrocarbon molecules [7]. In 1956 Gunthard and Primas observed that the first degree polynomial obtained in Huckel
method is the characteristic polynomial of adjacency matrix of a graph related to the molecule being studied [4]. The total
𝜋- electron energy of a molecule can be defined as the sum of absolute eigen values of that graph. Gutman in 1978
introduced the energy of general simple graph [5]. Gutman, Klobucar and Majstorovac [6] observed that though Chemists
were aware of graph theory concepts they considered the graphs that arise from molecular bonds only.

1.2 Chakras or Swirling Wheels:

According to the Indian treasure, the Vedas , theYoga Shastra and Ayurveda there are five sheaths or pancha kosha of human
being .They are Annamay kosh, Pranamay kosh, Manomay kosh, Vignanamay kosh and Anandmay kosh. Yogic literature
mentions that in Pranamay kosha there are seven major energy centers called Chakras which are interconnected with 72000
nadis . Nadis carry pranic currents which are not visible to naked eye. A key function of the chakra vortices is to absorb the
required vibrations and expel toxins and negative vibrations. Each chakra acts like transponder. The seven major Chakras account
for the seven endocrine glands. Each chakra colour represents a band of frequencies that form Human Aura as a spectrum .Details
of Aura (Human energy spectrum) can be found in [16].
The phrases of the TAITTIRIYA UPANISHAD ,
“Saya eshonthara hridayaakasaha tasminnayam Purusho manomayaha amrito hiranmayaha
Antarenataluke eshastana ivavalambate Sandrayonihi yatrasoukesante vivartate
Vyakohyaseerishakapale bhorityagnou pratitistati” mentions about Sahasrara Chakra. We have not considered graph of
Sahasrara chakra in this paper.

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© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Table 1.2.1: Details of Chakras
Place Chakra Related Glands Color Chakra diagrams

Crown Sahasrara Pineal Violet 1000 petals wheel

Figure 1.2.1
Brow Ajna Pituitary Indigo

Figure 1.2.2
Throat Vishuddi Thyroid Blue

Figure 1.2.3
Heart Anahata Thymus Green

Figure 1.2.4
Solar Manipura Adrenals Yellow
plexus

Figure 1.2.5
Navel Svadisthana Pancreas Orange

Figure 1.2.6
Base Muladhara Gonads Red

Range of Wave lengths of visible light colors from violet to red is from 380 – 740 nm, frequencies 430 – 770 THz and energies is
1.8 ev – 3.1 ev. More details about Chakras can be found in [16].

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© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
II. PRELIMINARIES :
2.1 Adjacency matrix [3], [17]:
For any connected graph G with vertex set {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }, Adjacency matrix is
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴(𝐺) = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗

Energy of a graph [7],[8],[9],[10]: Let𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … … . 𝜆𝑛 be the eigen values of A(G) . Then the energy of a graph is defined as
𝑛

𝐸(𝐺) = ∑|𝜆𝑖 |
𝑖=1

2.2 Laplacian matrix [11] :

For any connected graph G with vertex set {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }, Laplacian matrix is
−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐿(𝐺) = [𝑙𝑖𝑗 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑗 = {0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝑑𝑖 is degree of i th vertex.
Laplacian energy of a graph[11], [1], [2]: Let 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … … . 𝜆𝑛 be the eigen values of 𝐿(𝐺). Then the Laplacian energy of a
graph is defined as
𝑛
2𝑚
𝐿𝐸(𝐺) = ∑ |𝜆𝑖 − |
𝑛
𝑖=1

2.3 Signless Laplacian matrix [1],[2], [13]:

For any connected graph G with vertex set {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }, Signless Laplacian matrix is
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
+ +
𝐿+ (𝐺) = [𝑙𝑖𝑗 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑗 = {0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗

Signless Laplacian energy of a graph [1],[2],[13]: Let 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … … . 𝜆𝑛 be the eigen values of L+(G). Then the Signless
Laplacian energy of a graph is defined as
𝑛
+ (𝐺)
2𝑚
𝐿𝐸 = ∑ |𝜆𝑖 − |
𝑛
𝑖=1

2.4 Randic matrix [12], [14]:

For any connected graph G with vertex set {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }, Randic matrix is
1
𝑅(𝐺) = [𝑅𝑖𝑗 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑗 = { √𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑗 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑣𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Randic energy of a graph [12],[14]: Let 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … … . 𝜆𝑛 be the eigen values of R(G) . Then the Randic energy of a graph is
defined as
𝑛

𝑅𝐸(𝐺) = ∑|𝜆𝑖 |
𝑖=1

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

We formed Adjacency matrices, Laplacian matrices, Signless Laplacian matrices and Randic matrices for graphs of six chakras
by considering nodes of figures 1 to 6.We obtained matrices of orders 9x9, 14x14, 15x15, 22x22, 24x24 and 34x34. For
convenience MATLAB is used to obtain eigen values of these matrices. Adjacency, Laplacian, Signless Laplacian, Randic
energies are calculated.

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© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Table 3.1 :Adjacency, Laplacian, Signless Laplacian, Randic energies of Chakras
Chakra No. of Graph energy Laplacian energy Signless Laplacian Randic energy
nodes(n) energy

Ajna 9 13.3795 11.6837 13.9106 4.38

Vishuddi 34 51.6514 48.3194 61.6579 30.0129
Anahata 24 35.2137 51.7618 49.8464 10.8828
Manipura 22 33.5293 38.9146 39.8313 10.0122
Svadisthana 14 20.6334 22.091 23.916 6.7974
Muladhara 15 22.3563 23.6442 25.6034 6.4726

Graph 3.1

Scatter diagram of energies

70

60

50
Energies

40 Adjacency energy
30 Laplacian energy

20 Signless Laplacian energy

Randic energy
10

0
0 10 20 30 40
nodes

Observations:
(i) The energies are directly proportional to number of nodes of the graphs.
(ii) These graphs are neither Hyperenergetic [6] nor Hypoenergetic [6],[15].
(iii) For Anahata Chakra 𝐿𝐸(𝐺) > 𝐿𝐸 + (𝐺)and for all other Chakras 𝐿𝐸(𝐺) < 𝐿𝐸 + (𝐺).
(iv) For Muladhara, svadisthana, Manipura Chakras RE(G) < E(G) < LE(G) < 𝐿𝐸 + (𝐺)
(v) For Visuddi, AgnaChakras RE(G) < LE(G) < E(G) < 𝐿𝐸 + (𝐺)
(vi) For AnahataChakra RE(G) < E(G) < 𝐿𝐸 + (𝐺) < LE(G)
(vii) RE(G) < n for all Chakras.
IV.Conclusion: Applications of Graph energies , Graph spectra are very interesting and attracting researchers to develop new
investigations. Investigation on correlation of these energies with Spectrum energies is in progress.

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© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
V. REFERENCES:

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[4] H. H. Gunthard and H. Primas, Zusammenhang von Graph entheorieund MO-Theorie von Molekelnmit System enkonjugierter
Bindungen,Helv. Chim. Acta, 39 (1956).
[5] Ivan Gutman, The energy of a graph, 10. Steiermarkisches Mathema-tisches Symposium (Stift Rein,
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Hypoenergetic Graphs, Applications of Graph Spectra (Mathematical Institution, Belgrade) (2009)
[7] I. Gutman, X. Li, and Y. Shi. Graph Energy. New York: Springer, 2012.raz, 1978), 103 (1978).
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