Issued in October 2010

Revised in October 2016

TORAY Pressurized PVDF Hollow Fiber

Membrane Module "TORAYFILTM"
Instruction Manual
Model: "HFU Series" (type N)

issued by Toray Industries, Inc.

Water Treatment & Environment Division
2-1-1, Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8666 Japan
Tel: +81-3-3245-4557
Fax: +81-3-3245-4913
URL: http://www.toraywater.com
BJAFAJCA
 Content
I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
1. Characteristics of Toray "HFU series" Membrane Modules .............................. 1
2. About “type N” ................................................................................................. 2
3. Applications of Toray "HFU series" Membrane Modules .................................. 2
II. For Your Safety ................................................................................................ 3
1. Safety Instruction for Unpacking and Installation ............................................. 4
2. Safety Instruction for Filtration Operation ........................................................ 5
3. Safety Instruction for Chemical Cleaning ......................................................... 7
4. Safety Instruction for Disposal ......................................................................... 8
III. Specifications of Toray "HFU series" Membrane Modules ................................ 9
IV. Configuration of Toray "HFU Series" Membrane Modules .............................. 11
V. Installation ..................................................................................................... 13
VI. Operation ....................................................................................................... 16
1. Filtration ........................................................................................................ 16
2. Backwash and Air-scrubbing ......................................................................... 18
3. Toray Maintenance Cleaning ......................................................................... 21
4. Basic Trans-Membrane Pressure Calculation ................................................ 24
5. Temperature Correction Factor ...................................................................... 25
VII. Chemical Cleaning......................................................................................... 26
VIII. Storage of Membrane Module ........................................................................ 30
1. Storage of New Membrane Modules ............................................................. 30
2. Storage of Membrane Modules after use ....................................................... 30
3. Replace Preservative Chemical..................................................................... 31
I. Introduction

Toray PVDF Hollow Fiber Membrane Module “HFU series” is the pressurized
hollow fiber UF (ultra filtration) membrane module developed with the polymer
science and the membrane fabrication technologies accumulated for a long time in
Toray Industries, Inc.

The membrane material is Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The nominal molecular

weight cut off of the membrane is 150,000 daltons. It has been confirmed that more
than 90% of 150,000 daltons model polymers is consistently removed.

The module, with PVC and/or equivalent casing, is pressure-driven which products
much purified water than siphon-driven. The maximum operating pressure is 300
kPa (43.5 PSI). The flow direction is outside to inside which is suitable for high
turbidity water treatment because the air-scrubbing can be adopted to remove
suspended solid effectively.

1. Characteristics of Toray "HFU series" Membrane Modules

(1) High Filtration Flux

HFU series provides high filtration flux and stable operation for the filtration of
various raw water sources. The membrane is made with a special spinning
method, which enables high permeability and high fouling resistance.

(2) Excellent Water Quality

HFU series provides very good water quality for the filtrate, extremely low
turbidity since the membrane has 150,000 dalton nominal molecular weight cut
off. HFU series is recommended to be applied to the tertiary treatment of
sewage water and RO pretreatment in seawater desalination.

(3) High Mechanical Strength

The membrane of HFU series has very high mechanical strength because it is
made of PVDF with the special spinning method developed by Toray. HFU
series provides high integrity and durability under recommended operating
conditions.

1
(4) High Chemical Durability
The membrane material of HFU series is PVDF, which allows you to clean the
membrane with high concentrations of chlorine and with high concentrations of
acid resulting in better cleaning and longer sustainable membrane flux rates.

2. About “type N”

“Type N (-2020N, -1020N, -2008N and -1010N)” is a module type that Feed Water
Inlet and Filter Outlet are arranged linear direction (lower side nozzle is glued up).

3. Applications of Toray "HFU series" Membrane Modules

- Drinking Water Production

- Tertiary Treatment of Sewage Water
- RO Pretreatment in Seawater Desalination
- Industrial Water Production
- Reuse of Industrial Waste Water

2
II. For Your Safety

- Please be sure to read and follow the instructions below before using HFU
series. This manual should be retained for future reference.

- Follow the safety precautions as they are intended to protect operators and
equipment from various risks such as physical harm and/or property
damage. The following table shows a level of potential risk for each
indicated symbol.

This symbol indicates an imminent hazardous situation

which will result in serious injury or death when the
instruction is not observed.

This symbol indicates a potentially hazardous situation

which will result in serious injury or death when the
instruction is not observed.

This symbol indicates a potentially hazardous situation

which might result in injury or property damage when
the instruction is not observed.

- The following table explains the information to be noted.

“Prohibited”
This symbol indicates a prohibited action or procedure.
Prohibited
“Instruction”
!!
Instruction
This symbol indicates an important action or procedure
which has to be taken without fail.

3
1. Safety Instruction for Unpacking and Installation

Be sure to wear safety gear such as rubber gloves and safety glasses
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Instruction
for unpacking. The membrane is packaged in sodium hypochlorite
solution (100mg/l). If the solution happens to splash onto the skin, wash
the affected part with running water. If the solution happens to get in the
eyes or mouth, wash the affected part with sufficient amounts of clean
running water for more than 15 minutes and see the doctor immediately.

Be sure to wear safety gear such as a helmet and safety shoes to avoid
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Instruction
injury.

Do not break the glued up plate open.

Prohibited

The preservative solution should be drained out before using the

modules. After that, keep clean water in the modules to prevent the
Prohibited hollow fiber membrane from drying out. Do not allow the modules to dry
even for a few hours.

The membrane modules should not be frozen.

Prohibited

Be careful not to damage or dent the modules during handling.

Prohibited

4
 Housing type joints are applied for connecting the modules of
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Instruction
HFU-2020N or HFU-1020N to the piping. Follow the instruction of the
Housing Type Joints Set-up Guide at the connection point. Wrong
connections may damage the modules.

IDF/ISO Clamp Union Fittings 1.5 are applied for connecting the
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Instruction
modules of HFU-2008N or HFU-1010N to the piping. Do not
over-tighten the clamp as damage to the module may occur.

Keep the connection surface free of any dirt or oils.

Prohibited

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Instruction
Be sure to install the modules vertically for effective air scrubbing.

2. Safety Instruction for Filtration Operation

Flush all the piping out with clean water and make sure no debris is
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Instruction
remaining in the piping prior to connecting the modules.

Confirm that the preservative chemical in the modules is completely

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Instruction
drained out before starting the filtration operation. The preservative
chemical is harmful to humans.

Flush the modules at low pressure, filling from the bottom, and vent to
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Instruction
remove any air from the modules. Air left in the modules may cause
water hammer and may result in damage to the membrane.

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Instruction
Prior to use, make certain modules are flushed. Filtrate water should be
drained unless it meets the required quality. Especially in case that the
filtrate water is used for drinking water production, the filtrate water
should be used after it is certain to meet appropriate water quality
standard for drinking water.

5
 Protect modules from direct sunlight and ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light
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Instruction
can degrade module housing and membranes.

Constantly monitor filtrate water quality such as turbidity and/or the

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Instruction
number of particles during filtration, and stop the operation if abnormal
water quality is detected.

Do not exceed the maximum applicable pressure of 300 kPa (43.5 PSI).
Higher pressures can damage the modules. Do not exceed the
Prohibited maximum temperature of 40 degree C (104 degree F). The higher
temperature damages the modules.

Do not freeze the membrane modules.

Prohibited

The operating conditions, including the filtration flux and the periodical
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Instruction
physical cleaning, must be properly set-up otherwise
trans-membrane pressure may rise too quickly. The operation range is
the

described in the latter section of this manual.

Do not overfeed air to the modules. Excessive scrubbing air damages

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Instruction
the membranes and/or shortens the membrane life.
The air flow rate should be within the range below for each module type.
HFU-2020N: 4.8 – 9.0 Nm3/h (2.8 – 5.3 scfm)
HFU-2008N: 0.7 – 1.2 Nm3/h (0.4 – 0.7 scfm)
HFU-1020N: 4.8 – 9.0 Nm3/h (2.8 – 5.3 scfm)
HFU-1010N: 1.2 – 2.2 Nm3/h (0.7 – 1.3 scfm)
The maximum required air pressure during the air-scrubbing for inside
of the module will be 40 kPa (6 PSI).

6
 At the integrity tests, such as Pressure Decay Test (PDT) or Diffusive
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Instruction
Air Flow (DAF) Test, keep the air pressure below 125 kPa (18 PSI).
Keep the source air pressure lower than 200 kPa (29 PSI), to prevent
the module damaged. All air used for air scrubbing and integrity testing
must be dry oil-free air.

Do not break the glued up plate open.

Prohibited

3. Safety Instruction for Chemical Cleaning

Take special precautions when handling chemicals during chemical

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Instruction
cleaning. Wear the safety gear such as safety glasses and protective
gloves. If chemicals come in direct contact with your skin or your clothes,
treat the contacted part appropriately based on the SDS.

Do not mix sodium hypochlorite with acid. Such mixture generates toxic

Prohibited
chlorine gas.

Stop operation whenever any anomaly occurs with the equipment or

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Instruction
any signs of an anomaly are observed.

In the chemical cleaning, strictly follow the procedure described in the

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Instruction
latter section of this manual. Otherwise you may damage the modules
or negatively affect the membrane performance.

7
4. Safety Instruction for Disposal

When dispose the modules, please apply a service of a qualified waste

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Instruction
disposing company. When the module is to be incinerated, please apply
the appropriate facilities in which hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas can be
neutralized. HF gas is generated with the incineration of membrane.

8
III. Specifications of Toray "HFU series" Membrane Modules

Table 1. Specifications of membrane * 1)

Membrane Material PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride)

Nominal Molecular Weight Cut Off 150,000 *2)

Trans-Membrane Maximum *3) 300 kPa (43.5 PSI)

Pressure Normal Operation Lower than 200 kPa (29.0 PSI)
0 – 40 degree C
Operating Temperature Range
(32 – 104 degree F)
Operating pH Range 1 – 10
*1): Please note that the specifications are subject to changes from time to time.
*2): The nominal molecular weight cut off is determined with the model test of dextran.
*3): TMP (Trans-Membrane Pressure) should be below 300 kPa (43.5 PSI) at any time
even during the filtration.

Table 2. Feed water limits *1)

Intermittent Peak * 4) Standard: 100 NTU Potential *5): 200 NTU
Turbidity
Continuous Maximum Standard: 30 NTU Potential *5): 50 NTU

Intermittent Peak * 4) Standard: 100 mg/L Potential *5): 200 mg/L

TSS
Continuous Maximum Standard: 30 mg/L Potential *5): 50 mg/L

Ozone Not detected

Pretreatment Filter Mesh Size Smaller than 200 micron meter

0 – 40 degree C
Temperature Range
(32 – 104 degree F)
pH Range 1 – 10

Maximum Feed Pressure 300 kPa (43.5 PSI)

*1): Please note that the specifications are subject to changes from time to time.
*4): The duration time should be less than 48 hours and the occurrence frequency
should not exceed more than once a month.
*5): In case of design with the Potential conditions, please contact us.

9
 Table 3. Cleaning limits *1)
Cleaning pH Range 0 – 12
0 – 40 degree C
Cleaning Temperature Range
(32 – 104 degree F)
Maximum Concentration of NaClO as Cl2 3,000 mg/L (10 < pH < 12)
Maximum NaClO Exposure
1,000,000 mg/L hours
(lifetime contact time) as Cl 2
Maximum Acid Contact Time 1,000 hours (pH > 0)
*1): Please note that the specifications are subject to changes from time to time.

Table 4. Specifications of modules *1)

HFU-1010N HFU-2008N
Module Type HFU-2020N HFU-1020N (small module (small module
for pilot test) for pilot test)
Membrane Surface Area 72 m 2 29 m 2 7.0 m 2 11.5 m 2
(Outer Surface) (775 ft2) (312 ft2) (75 ft2) (124 ft2)
216 mm 216 mm 114 mm 89 mm
Diameter
(8.50 inches) (8.50 inches) (4.49 inches) (3.50 inches)
Dimensions
2,160 mm 1,120 mm 1,078 mm 2,000 mm
Length
(7.087 ft.) (3.675 ft.) (3.537 ft.) (6.562 ft.)
Full of Water 110 kg (243 lbs) 60 kg (132 lbs) 15 kg (33 lbs) 18 kg (40 lbs)
Weight
Drained 67 kg (148 lbs) 40 kg (88 lbs) 9 kg (20 lbs) 11 kg (24 lbs)
Housing PVC and/or equivalent
Materials
Potting Epoxy and/or equivalent
Housing type joint Housing type joint IDF/ISO Clamp IDF/ISO Clamp
Top
80A 80A Union Fitting 1.5s Union Fitting 1.5s
Housing type joint Housing type joint IDF/ISO Clamp IDF/ISO Clamp
Connections Bottom
80A 80A Union Fitting 1.5s Union Fitting 1.5s
Housing type joint Housing type joint IDF/ISO Clamp IDF/ISO Clamp
Side
65A 65A Union Fitting 1.5s Union Fitting 1.5s
Max. Feed
12 m 3/h (53 gpm) 4.8 m 3/h (21 gpm) 1.2 m 3/h (5.1 gpm) 2.0 m 3/h (8.4 gpm)
Water Flow
Max.
Backwash 13.5m 3/h (59 gpm) 5.4 m 3/h (23 gpm) 1.3 m 3/h (5.7 gpm) 2.1 m 3/h (9.4 gpm)
Flow
Operating Max. Air Flow 9.0 Nm 3/h (5.3 scfm) 9.0 Nm 3/h (5.3 scfm) 2.2 Nm 3/h (1.3 scfm) 1.2 Nm 3/h (0.7 scfm)
Conditions Filtration
Outside to inside, dead end
Method
Max. Inlet
300 kPa (43.5 psi)
Pressure
Maximum
40 degree C (104 degree F)
Temperature

*1): Please note that the specifications are subject to changes from time to time.

Handle and operate the modules within the ranges and

the limits indicated in Table 1 to 4. Operation out of
these ranges or limits may damage the modules, and
affect filtration performance.

10
IV. Configuration of Toray "HFU Series" Membrane Modules
(type N)
(1): Filtrate Outlet / Inlet of Backwash
Water
(2): Air Outlet / Backwash Water Outlet
(3): Feed Water Inlet / Air Inlet / Drain
Outlet
Connections
Pipe fitting outer
diameter Connectors
mm (in)
Housing type
(1) 89.1 (3 1/2”)
joint 80A
Housing type
(2) 76.3 (3”)
joint 65A
Housing type
(3) 89.1 (3 1/2”)
joint 80A

Fig. 1 Type: HFU-2020N Fig. 2 Type: HFU-1020N

11
 (1): Filtrate Outlet / Inlet of Backwash
Water
(2): Air Outlet / Backwash Water Outlet
(3): Feed Water Inlet / Air Inlet / Drain
Outlet

Connections
Pipe fitting
outer
Connectors
diameter
mm (in)
IDF/ISO Clamp
(1) 50.5 (2”)
Union Fitting 1.5s
IDF/ISO Clamp
(2) 50.5 (2”)
Union Fitting 1.5s
IDF/ISO Clamp
(3) 50.5 (2”)
Union Fitting 1.5s

Fig. 3 Type: HFU-2008N Fig. 4 Type: HFU-1010N

12
V. Installation

The standard method to install the membrane modules is described below.

1. Unpack the membrane module from wooden box or corrugated box.

2. Remove plugging plate from each nozzle of the module.
3. Drain out the preservative solution from the module.

- Wear rubber gloves and safety glasses when you

drain the preservative chemical. Note that the
preserving chemical is sodium hypochlorite solution
(100 mg/l of chlorine). If this solution splashes onto
your skin, wash the affected part with running water.
If the solution gets in your eyes or mouth, wash the
affected part with enough amounts of running water
for over 15 minutes and see the doctor immediately.

4. Put the module vertically on the pedestal in the module rack. Fix the module
upright with the hanging hook and/or the supporting belt. (see Fig. 5)

- Do not drop the module.

- Use equipment such as chain blocks, a crane or a
forklift truck when you handle the module. The
HFU-2020N module is too heavy to handle by hand.

- Be careful not to install the module upside down.

Confirm the module is installed in the right direction.
- Do not overtighten the module with the hanging hook
and/or the supporting belt, or you may damage the
module.
- Do not allow the hollow fiber membranes to dry even
for a few hours, especially in summer.
- Do not freeze the module.

13
 Hanging Hook
吊りフック
(Optional Parts)

Support Belt
・ ・

膜モジュール架台
Pedestal Pedestal

(1) HFU-2020N, HFU-1020N (2) HFU-2008N, HFU-1010N

170 - 190 mm
250 mm
(3) Pedestal reference for HFU-2020N and HFU-1020N

Fig. 5 Installation of the membrane module

5. Connect the piping to each connection point of the module with Housing type
joints (HFU-2020N, HFU-1020N) or ferrule joints (HFU-2008N, HFU-1010N)
(see Fig. 6). The maximum fastening power of the Housing type joints should
not exceed 40Nm. When you tighten or loosen the Housing type joints or the
ferrule joints, make certain to maintain sufficient space prior to the work and be
careful not to be wounded by swinging out or clipping your fingers.

14
 - Keep the connection surface free of any dirt or oils.
- Follow the instruction of the Housing Type Joints
Set-up Guide when using Housing Type Joints. A
wrong use may cause the damage to the module.
- Do not overtighten the clamp when using ferrule
joints (IDF/ISO Clamp Union Fittings 1.5s), or you
may damage the module.

6. Air inject should be located just beneath the bottom nozzle of the module to
inlet air completely to the module. Please refer to the below photos. Also, a
check valve is necessary to the air piping to avoid water reverse flow.

Good location for air inject Poor location for air inject
Good location for check valve

7. Make sure that the module is installed vertically.

- If the module is not installed vertically, the effect of

the air scrubbing would be reduced and an effective
filtration will be impaired.

15
VI. Operation

1. Filtration

(1) Check that all piping is connected appropriately and flushed out prior to the
operation. Fig. 6 shows a typical example of piping.

V-5

V-4
Air exhaust or V-6
backwashing
drainage

Filtrated
water

Backwashing Backwashing Chemical tank

pump tank

V-2
The air for Chemical feed
scrubbing V-3 pump

Feed Drainage
raw water V-1

Fig. 6 Typical example of piping

(2) Make sure the feed water valve (V-1), the drainage valve (V-3) and the valve for
the scrubbing air (V-2) are “closed”.
(3) Make sure the filtrate water line is open. Open the air exhaust valve (V-4).
(4) Gradually open the feed water valve (V-1) and charge the feed water to the
module to purge any air out.

16
 - Do not open the feed water valve (V-1) quickly, or
water-hammer may occur and the module could be
damaged.

(5) Confirm that the air is out of the module, and then close the air exhaust valve
(V-4).
(6) Set appropriate volume of filtrate water flow.

- Do not exceed 300 kPa (43.5 PSI) to avoid damage

to the module.
- Operating conditions including the filtration flux and
the physical cleaning should be properly set up,
observing the rise of trans-membrane pressure
(Details are described in the next session.). Please
contact us if you need technical support.

(7) When stopping operation, gradually close the feed water valve (V-1).

17
2. Backwash and Air-scrubbing

The physical cleaning with backwash followed by air-scrubbing should be carried

out periodically and automatically for the continuous filtration. The frequency of the
physical cleaning mainly depends on the raw water quality (Typical frequency is
once every 30 minutes normally for surface water filtration. Please contact us if you
need technical support.). Fig. 7 shows a typical example of the flow diagram for
backwash and air-scrubbing. Do not carry out the backwash and the air-scrubbing
simultaneously since it may damage the membrane.

V-5

V-4
Air exhaust or V-6
backwashing
drainage

Filtrated
water

Backwashing Backwashing Chemical tank

pump tank

V-2
The air for Chemical feed
scrubbing V-3 pump

Feed Drainage
raw water V-1

Fig. 7 Flow diagram for backwash and air-scrubbing

(1) Close the feed water valve (V-1) and stop the feed water pump.
(2) Open the air exhaust valve (V-4).
(3) Close the filtrate water valve (V-5) and open the backwashing valve (V-6) to
feed back the filtrate water from the backwashing tank to the membrane
module. During backwash, chemical feed pump can be operated to dose
chemical to the backwash water. The dosing chemical is usually sodium

18
 hypochlorite and the dosing ratio should be up to 50 mg/L as Cl 2.
The flow rate of backwash water is set up in advance for 1.0 to 1.5 times filtrate
water flow rate (Do not exceed Max. Backwash Flow described in Table 4).
(4) After backwashing for a fixed time (normally 30 seconds, up to 60 seconds),
close the backwashing valve (V-6) and stop the backwashing pump.
(5) Open the air exhaust valve (V-4) and the air-scrubbing valve (V-2) for
air-scrubbing for a fixed time (normally 30 seconds, up to 60 seconds).

- The air flow rate for air-scrubbing should be within

the range below. Excessive air flow rate may
damage the hollow fiber membrane.
HFU-2020N: 4.8 – 9.0 Nm3/h, normally 6.0 Nm3/h
(2.8 – 5.3 scfm, normally 3.5 scfm)
HFU-2008N: 0.7 – 1.2 Nm3/h, normally 0.8 Nm3/h
(0.4 – 0.7 scfm, normally 0.5 scfm)
HFU-1020N: 4.8 – 9.0 Nm3/h, normally 6.0 Nm3/h
(2.8 – 5.3 scfm, normally 3.5 scfm)
HFU-1010N: 1.2 – 2.2 Nm3/h, normally 1.5 Nm3/h
(0.7 – 1.3 scfm, normally 0.9 scfm)
The maximum required air pressure during the
air-scrubbing for inside of the module will be 40 kPa
(6 PSI).

(6) Close the air-scrubbing valve (V-2) and open the drainage valve (V-3).
(7) Close the drainage valve (V-3) after the water is all drained out.
(8) Run the feed water pump and open the feed water valve (V-1).
(9) Close the air exhaust valve (V-4) after the air is purged from the module.

19
- Constantly monitor filtrate water quality during
filtration, and stop the operation if abnormal water
quality is detected. If abnormal water quality is
detected, check the integrity of the module with PDT
(Pressure Decay Test) or DAF (Diffusive Air Flow
Test). The test procedure is provided as the technical
information by Toray.

20
3. Toray Maintenance Cleaning

Instead of chemical dosing for every backwash, soaking the membrane to chemical
solution several tens of minutes a day is also effective for membrane performance
retention. This process is called Toray Maintenance Cleaning (TMC). The TMC is
usually held following the backwash and air-scrubbing which does not contain the
chemical dosing. The frequency and soaking time of the TMC mainly depends on
the raw water quality (Normally once a day and each soaking time are 20 minutes.
Please contact us if you need technical support.). Fig. 8 shows a typical example of
flow diagram for the TMC.

V-5

V-4
Air exhaust or V-6
backwashing
drainage

Filtrated
water

Backwashing Backwashing
pump tank

V-2
The air for
scrubbing V-3 NaClO feed pump
Feed Drainage NaClO tank
raw water V-1

Fig. 8 Flow diagram for the TMC

(1) Open the air exhaust valve (V-4) and the drainage valve (V-3).
(2) Open the backwashing valve (V-6), run the NaClO feed pump and the
backwashing pump to feed the chemical enhanced backwash water to the
membrane module.
The flow rate of backwash water is set up in advance for 1.0 to 1.5 times filtrate
water flow rate (Do not exceed Max. Backwash Flow described in Table 4).

21
(3) As soon as the NaClO is detected in the drainage water, close the drainage
valve (V-3).
(4) After making sure water comes out from upper part of the side nozzle of the
membrane module, stop the NaClO feed pump, close the backwashing valve
(V-6) and stop the backwashing pump.
(5) Soak the membrane in the chemical for a fixed time (normally 20 minutes). And
then, open the air-scrubbing valve (V-2) for a fixed time (normally 60 seconds).

- The air flow rate for air-scrubbing should be within

the range below. Excessive air flow rate may
damage the hollow fiber membrane.
HFU-2020N: 4.8 – 9.0 Nm3/h, normally 6.0 Nm3/h
(2.8 – 5.3 scfm, normally 3.5 scfm)
HFU-2008N: 0.7 – 1.2 Nm3/h, normally 0.8 Nm3/h
(0.4 – 0.7 scfm, normally 0.5 scfm)
HFU-1020N: 4.8 – 9.0 Nm3/h, normally 6.0 Nm3/h
(2.8 – 5.3 scfm, normally 3.5 scfm)
HFU-1010N: 1.2 – 2.2 Nm3/h, normally 1.5 Nm3/h
(0.7 – 1.3 scfm, normally 0.9 scfm)
The maximum required air pressure during the
air-scrubbing for inside of the module will be 40 kPa
(6 PSI).

(6) Close the air-scrubbing valve (V-2), open the drainage valve (V-3) to drain the
chemical from the membrane module.
(7) Close the drainage valve (V-3), and then open the backwashing valve (V-6) and
run the backwashing pump (normally 30 seconds). Stop the backwashing pump
and close the backwashing valve (V-6), and then open the air-scrubbing valve
(V-2) (normally 30 seconds). Repeat this procedure until the overflow water
meets the required water quality.
(8) Repeat the process of (6) to (7) until the overflow water meets the required
water quality.
(9) Make sure the air-scrubbing valve (V-2) and the backwashing valve (V-6) are
“closed” and the backwashing pump is “stopped”.

22
- Constantly monitor filtrate water quality during
filtration, and stop the operation if abnormal water
quality is detected. If abnormal water quality is
detected, check the integrity of the element with PDT
(Pressure Decay Test) or DAF (Diffusive Air Flow)
Test. The test procedure is provided as the technical
information by Toray.

23
4. Basic Trans-Membrane Pressure Calculation

To calculate accurate Trans-Membrane Pressure (TMP), it is necessary to involve

the height difference of inlet and outlet pressure gauges.

Example calculation of TMP

TMP = (Pin - Hin) - (Pout - Hout)
= (70 - 10) - (20 + 25)
= 60 - 45
= 15 kPa

Note, the following formula may also be used:

TMP = Pin - Pout - total delta H
= 70 - 20 - (10 + 25) = 15 kPa

24
5. Temperature Correction Factor

The permeability of the membrane is influenced by temperature mainly because

the water viscosity changes with temperature. When you evaluate the permeability
correctly, you need to eliminate the temperature effect with the temperature
correction factor (TCF) shown in Fig. 9.
A Trans-Membrane Pressure (TMP) measured at some real temperature can be
converted to 25 degree C corrected TMP with multiplying by TCF at real
temperature shown in Fig. 9.
A filtrate flow rate measured at some real temperature can be converted to 25
degree C corrected filtrate flow rate with divided by TCF at real temperature shown
in Fig. 9.

1.6
1.4
1.2
温度補正係数 (-)

Temperature 1.0

correction 0.8
0.6
factor
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 10 20 30 40
膜供給水温度 (℃)
Feed water temperature

Fig. 9 Temperature correction factor (TCF)

The equation for calculating TCF at a temperature (T degree C) is as follows.

TCF
= 0.0008902 / (0.01257187 x EXP((1－0.005806436 x (273.15 + T)) / (0.001130911
x (273.15 + T) - 0.000005723952 x (273.15 + T) x (273.15 + T))) / 1000)

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VII. Chemical Cleaning

The chemical cleaning should be carried out to remove foulants accumulated in the
membrane pores or sticking to the membrane surface.

- Carry out the chemical cleaning before the

trans-membrane pressure rises up to 200 kPa (29.0
PSI), or the module filtration performance could be
reduced significantly.
- Follow the instruction described in this manual when
you carry out the chemical cleaning. If you use the
unacceptable chemicals or perform the cleaning
altered from the recommended procedure, the
membrane could be seriously damaged.

- Pay full attention when handling chemicals and be

sure to wear the safety gear such as glasses and
gloves. The chemicals used for the chemical
cleaning are harmful to people. If chemicals directly
contact your skin, your eyes or other body parts, take
the appropriate treatment as stated in its SDS.
- Do not mix sodium hypochlorite with acid. Such
mixture generates toxic chlorine gas.
- Stop operations when any instrumental anomalies
occur or any sign of anomalies are observed.

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 Chemical Permeate Valve V -5
Filtrated
water
V -4
Air exhaust or
backwashing
drainage

Chemical return valve

Chemical feed valve

Chemical tank Chemical feed

pump
V -2
The air for
scrubbing V-3
Feed
raw water Drainage
V -1

Fig. 10 Flow diagram for chemical cleaning

(1) The flow diagram for cleaning simultaneously both outer surface and inside of
hollow fiber membranes is shown in Fig. 10. The flow diagram can be changed
case by case. Please contact us if you need the information in detail.
(2) Open the chemical return valve and then open the chemical feed valve.
(3) Run the chemical feed pump to start the circulation of chemical and then open
the chemical permeate valve to have the chemical permeate through the
membrane.
(4) Circulate the chemical for a fixed time.
(5) Stop the chemical feed pump.
(6) Drain the chemical and rinse the cleaning line and the module thoroughly with
product water.

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 - Take appropriate measures to prevent the
mis-operation or accidents that could cause the
chemicals to get into the product water. Check the
piping and correctly position of each valve before
starting the chemical cleaning.

(7) The standard conditions for chemical cleaning are shown in Table 5.
- The concentration and the circulation time shown in Table 5 should be
observed. Otherwise the membrane module may get damaged and/or the life of
membrane may be shortened.
- To get enough cleaning effect, the cleaning temperature should be higher than
20 degree C.
- The circulation flow rate for each type of the module is as follows.
HFU-2020N: 50 L/min (13 gpm)
HFU-2008N: 8 L/min (2.1 gpm)
HFU-1020N: 20 L/min (5.3 gpm)
HFU-1010N: 5 L/min (1.3 gpm)

Table 5. Standard conditions for chemical cleaning

Maximum Circulation
Pollutants Chemicals
Concentration Time (hr)

Inorganic substances Citric acid *6) 3.0 wt% 1-3

3,000 mg/L
Organic substances Sodium hypochlorite as chlorine 1-3
(10 < pH < 12)

*6): Besides citric acid, hydrochloric acid (with the maximum concentration of 1.0 mol/ L),
oxalic acid (with the maximum concentration of 1.0 wt%), sulfuric acid (with the
maximum concentration of 0.05 mol/L) and nitric acid (with the maximum
concentration of 0.1 mol/L) are acceptable.

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 - In the case of cleaning with acid and with sodium
hypochlorite alternately, rinse the cleaning line and
the module with clean water thoroughly after each
cleaning. Use product water for rinsing and make
sure that pH of the water in the module is in the
range between pH 6.5 and 7.5 after rinsing.

- Do not use any other chemicals than those indicated

above.
- Do not mix sodium hypochlorite with acid. Such
mixture generates toxic chlorine gas.

The chemical cleaning should be done at least once a year. Otherwise

!!
Instruction
the module filtration performance could be reduced.

29
VIII. Storage of Membrane Module

Follow the instruction below when you store the modules.

- Be careful not to freeze the modules.

1. Storage of New Membrane Modules

Keep the modules in the original packing in a dark and cool place (0 to 40 degree
C).

Avoid direct sunlight and moisture.

2. Storage of Membrane Modules after use

(1) Short term, or temporary, shutdown or storage

In the case of the suspension of operation for less than four days, stop the feed
water and keep modules full of water. Keep the modules at 0 to 40 degree C.
If the suspension lasts for four days to less than eight days, fill the module with
the chemical described in Table 6. Use filtrate quality water. Keep the modules at
0 to 40 degree C.

Table 6. Conditions for storing membrane modules for less than eight days

Concentration of the
Maximum Storage Period Chemical
Chemical

7 days Sodium hypochlorite 20 mg/L as chlorine

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(2) Long term storage
First carry out a chemical cleaning with sodium hypochlorite. Fill the module with
the chemical described in Table 7. Use filtrate quality water. Follow the
instructions shown in Table 7.
Keep the modules sealed with the aqueous chemical solution shown in Table 6
or Table 7. If removing modules from the system, seal them and store out of
direct sunlight. Keep the modules at 0 to 40 degree C.

Table 7. Conditions for storing membrane modules for more than seven days

Concentration of the
Storage Period Preservative Chemical
Chemical
More than 7 days Sodium bisulfite 1,000 mg/L

- Rinse the module thoroughly with clean water after

the chemical cleaning with sodium hypochlorite, and
fill the module with sodium bisulfite solution. Toxic
chlorine gas is generated in the case of mixing
sodium hypochlorite with sodium bisulfite without first
flushing with water.

3. Replace Preservative Chemical

Check the pH value of sodium bisulfite solution as the preservative and replace
the chemical if the pH is below three (3.0). Sodium bisulfite solution with a pH of
3 - 6 is active for the preservation. Sodium bisulfite reacts with oxygen and forms
sulfuric acid which results in a lower pH.

31
This Instruction Manual does not intend to guarantee the results of application of the
information provided herein or the safety and the compatibility of this product.
Before using this product, the user is asked to check for its safety and compatibility with
the intended purpose.
The content of this Instruction Manual is subject to revision from time to time.
Unauthorized use or reproduction of this manual is forbidden.

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