KCSAP TIMPS - Tomato VC June2019

DRAFT
INVENTORY OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE TOMATO

TECHNOLOGIES, INNOVATIONS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Compiled by
Agnes Ndegwa 1, Charity Gathambiri 1, Rahab Magoti 1, Finyange Pole 1, John Wesonga 2
and Mwangi Maina 3
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization
Under
KENYA CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE PROJECT

(KCSAP)
April 2019 (Updated June 2019)
Version 1
1
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute
2
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
3
Kenyatta University
1.0 Definition of terms and summary tables of Tomato Technologies, Innovations and
Management Practices (TIMPS)
1.1 Definition of terms
Technology: This is defined as an output of a research process which is beneficial to the target
clientele (mainly farmers, pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and fisher folk for KCSAP’s case), can
be commercialized and can be patented under intellectual property rights (IPR) arrangements.
It consists of research outputs such as tools, equipment, genetic materials, breeds, farming and
herding practices, gathering practices, laboratory techniques, models etc.
Management practice: This is defined as recommendation(s) on practice(s) that is/are

considered necessary for a technology to achieve its optimum output. These include, for
instance, different agronomic and practices (seeding rates, fertilizer application rates, spatial
arrangements, planting period, land preparation, watering regimes, etc.), protection methods,
for crops; and feed rations, management systems, disease control methods, etc. for animal
breeds. This is therefore important information which is generated through research to
accompany the parent technology before it is finally released to users and the technology would
be incomplete without this information.
Innovation: This is defined as a modification of an existing technology for an entirely different
use from the original intended use. (E.g. fireless cooker modified to be used as a hatchery).
1
1.2 Summary of Inventory of TIMPs in the Tomato Value Chain
The inventory process resulted in a total of 59 TIMPs including 28 technologies, 3 innovations

and 28 management practices, distributed among the 7 sub-themes, as indicated in Table 1.
Table 1. TIMPS in the Tomato Value Chain
Commodity/VC Sub-Theme Technologies Innovations Management

Practices
Tomato Improved varieties 12 0 0
Tomato Agronomic practices 5 0 8

Tomato Physiological 1 0 1
Disorders
Tomato Pests and Diseases 5 3 15
Tomato Harvesting practices 0 0 2
Tomato Postharvest handling 3 0 2
Tomato Value addition 2 0 0
Overall Total 28 3 28
1.3 Summary of Status of TIMPs in Tomato Value Chain
The inventory process resulted in a total of 27 TIMPs that are ready for up-scaling, 29 TIMPs
that require validation and 9 TIMPs that require further research in the sub-themes, as indicated
in Table 2.
Table 2. Number of TIMPs ready for up-scaling, require validation or further research
Commodity/VC Sub-Theme Ready for up- Require Further

scaling validation Research
Tomato Improved varieties 0 12 1*
Tomato Agronomic practices 7 6 3*
Tomato Physiological Disorders 2 0 0
Tomato Pests and Diseases 13 7 4*
Tomato Harvesting practices 2 0 0
Tomato Postharvest handling 2 3
Tomato Value addition 1 1 1*
Overall Total 27 29 9
2
Table3: Inventory of Tomato TIMPs by Category and Status
TIMPs Sub- TIMPs Title TIMPs Status

Theme Category
2.1 Improved Tomato varieties for open field
varieties 2.1.1 Rio Grande Technology Requires validation
2.1.2 Cal J Technology Requires validation
2.1.3 Onyx Technology Requires validation
2.1.4 Roma F1 Technology Requires validation
2.1.5 Kilele F1 Technology Requires validation
Tomato varieties for Greenhouse cultivation Technology Requires validation
2.1.6 Anna F1 Technology Requires validation
2.1.7 Tylka F1, Technology Requires validation
2.1.8 Chonto F1 Technology Requires validation
2.1.9 Bravo F1) Technology Requires validation
2.1.10 Mavuno F1 Technology Requires validation
Cherry tomato varieties
2.1.11 Koko (JKUAT) Technology Requires validation
2.1.12 Chika (JKUAT) Technology Requires validation
2.2 Agronomic Open field tomato cultivation
practices
2.2.1 Raising clean Tomato seedlings in Nursery Management Ready for up-scaling
beds practice
2.2.2 Recommended spacing in open field Management Ready for up-scaling
Practice
2.2.3 Nutrition management Management Ready for up-scaling
Practice
2.2.4 Drip irrigation Management Ready for up-scaling
practice
2.2.5 Staking and Pruning in open field Management Ready for up-scaling
practice
2.2.6 Bio-degradable Mulching materials for Management Validation
weed management and moisture retention practice
Greenhouse Tomato cultivation
2.2.7 Improved greenhouses for production of Technology Validation
high quality tomatoes (JKUAT)
2.2.8 Coco-peat based intensive tomato Technology Validation
production (JKUAT)
2.2.9 Raising clean Tomato Seedlings in Management Ready up-scaling
germination trays in greenhouse Practice
2.2.10 Styrofoam based intensive tomato Technology Validation
production (JKUAT)
2.2.11 Capillary wick based irrigation system Technology Validation
(JKUAT)
2.2.12 Improved management practices for Management Validation
cherry tomatoes (JKUAT) Practice
2.3 Physiological 2.3.1 Management of Blossom end rot Management Ready for up-scaling
disorders Practice
3
2.3.2 Shade-net tomato cultivation for Technology Ready for up-scaling
management of sunscald
2.4 Pests and 2.4.1Scouting for pests identification and control Management Ready for up-scaling
Diseases Practice
2.4.2 Integrated Pest Management control Management Validation
practices Practice
2.4.3 Management of Soil pests (Cut worms, Management Ready for up-scaling
Agrotis spp and Chafer grubs, Melolontha spp) Practice
by use of integrated control practices
2.4.5 Management of African bollworm, Management Ready for up-scaling
Helicoverpa armigera Hb by use of integrated Practice
control practices
2.4.6 Management of Red spider mites, Management Ready for up-scaling
Tetranychus spp. by use of integrated control Practice
practices.
2.4.7 Management of Tomato leaf miners (Tuta Management Ready for up-scaling
absoluta and Liriomyza spp) by use of integrated Practice
control practices
2.4.8 Management of Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Management Ready for up-scaling
Frankliniella occidentalis, F. schultzeii and Practice
Ceratothripoides brunneus) by use of integrated
control practices
2.4.9 Management of pests in tomato by use of Innovation Ready for up-scaling
agri-nets
2.4.10 Evaluation of pesticides for effectiveness Management Ready for up-scaling
in control of economic important pests for tomato Practices
2.4.11 Pesticides for management of insect pests Management Ready for up-scaling
Practices
2.4.12 Safe use of pesticides Management Ready for up-scaling
Practices
2.4.13 Use of plant extracts for control of tomato Innovation Requires further
pests research
2.4.14 Intercropping of tomatoes with garlic and Technology Requires further
onions to control pests research
2.4.15 Soil Solarization Technology Ready for up-scaling
2.4.16 Management of Early blight (Alternaria Innovation Requires further
solani) by use of milk research
2.4.17 Crop rotation as a means of controlling Management Validation
diseases in tomatoes Practice
2.4.18 Field sanitation as a means of controlling Management Ready for up-scaling
disease incidences Practice
2.4.19 Evaluation of fungicides for effectiveness Management Requires further
in control of economic important diseases for Practice research
tomato
2.4.20 Tomato Grafting Innovation Requires validation
2.4.21 Disease resistant varieties Technology Requires validation
2.4.22 Bio-control Technology Requires validation
4
2.4.23 Trap crops Technology Requires validation
2.4.24Seed dressing for early pest management Management Requires validation
practice
2.4.25 Quarantine and movement restriction for Management Ready for up-scaling
management of pest and diseases Practice
2.5 Harvesting 2.5.1 Maturity indices Management Ready for up-scaling
Practices Practice
2.5.2 Harvesting Procedure Management Ready for up-scaling
Practice
2.6 Postharvest 2.6.1 Postharvest handling practices Management Ready for up-scaling
handling Practice
2.6.2 Improved packaging for Cherry tomatoes Management Validation
JKUAT Practice
2.6.3 Modified atmospheric packaging to extend Technology Validation
shelf-life
2.6.4 Zero-energy cooling unit for tomato Technology Validation
storage
2.6.5 Charcoal cooler for tomato storage Technology Ready for up-scaling
2.7 Value 2.7.1 Processing of tomato into pulp Technology Ready for up-scaling
Addition
2.7.2 Solar drier for dehydration of tomato Technology Validation
5
2.0 Detailed Tomato Value chain TIMPS
2.1. Improved varieties
2.1.1 TIMP Name Rio-Grande
Category (i.e. technology, Technology

innovation or management
practice)
A: Description of the technology, innovation or management practice
Problem addressed Lack of superior tomato varieties adapted to local conditions
with acceptable fruit characteristics
What is it? (TIMP Rio-Grande is a popular tomato variety suitable for irrigated
description) open field cultivation with good market preference. It is
determinate in growth habit, matures in 75-80 days after
transplanting, produces elongated pear-shaped, bright red, pulpy
fruit weighing 74gm on average and has a potential yield of
84t/ha. It performs best in medium to lower-medium zones in
major tomato growing areas such as Mwea in Kirinyaga County,
Ngurumani in Kajiado County and parts of Rift Valley and
Western regions.
Justification Rio-Grande is a popular determinate variety that requires

minimal staking and is suitable for open-field cultivation under
rain-fed and irrigated regimes. It is one of the best varieties for
hot climates and is therefore suitable for dry areas where
irrigation water is available. It matures in four months hence
fits within one growing season, is tolerant to Fusarium and
Verticillium wilts and has a high yield of 84 T/ha. It produces
medium to large quality bright red pulpy firm fruit with a long
shelf life of up to 3 weeks and transports well. These factors
make it suitable for growing even in far flung marginal areas
and can be transported to distant markets while still in
wholesome condition. The fruit characteristics make it suitable
for both fresh market and processing. It is an open-pollinated
variety and seeds are therefore affordable to resource poor
farmers.
B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up/out approaches
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension agents, traders, processors
Approaches used in Stakeholder training, field demonstrations, farmer field
dissemination schools, Radio/TV broadcasts, shows, trade fairs
Critical/essential factors Collaboration between all partners
for successful promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, Logistics (Transport)
Partners/stakeholders for County Government- to provide extension services and funding
scaling up and their roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and
varieties; Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes,
6
Farmer groups/CBOs to link farmers with other stakeholders,
source for inputs jointly and seek market outlets; Marketers –
to provide viable all year round markets at good prices that spur
growth of the crop
C: Current situation and future scaling up
Counties where already - The variety was promoted in Kirinyaga County and has
promoted if any been widely adopted across other major tomato growing
areas such as Kajiado County
Counties where TIMPS - Future scaling up in Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Garissa and
should be up-scaled Mandera,
Challenges in - The variety has not been evaluated for tolerance to heat
dissemination stress which is a constraint in the new target areas
- It is not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta
Suggestions for addressing - It is necessary to evaluate variety for heat stress tolerance
the challenges and acceptable characteristics in target areas
Lessons learned in up- - Previous works have identified that Farmer participatory
scaling if any approach works
Social, environmental, - Organized marketing channels are critical for benefits to be
policy and market derived from technology
conditions necessary for
up-scaling
D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations

Basic costs - KES 155,000/ha (Total variable costs);
- Seed cost: KES 15,000/ha
Estimated returns - KES 750,000/ha Gross margin
Gender issues and - Decision making is largely done by men and this may affect
concerns in development, adoption of the technology. Women may be disadvantaged
dissemination, adoption through lack of access to land to engage in tomato
and scaling up cultivation.
Gender related - The technology can be a good commercial enterprise across
opportunities genders.
- Tomato production has high returns when the timing is
right and thus provides more income for sharing within the
house hold across all genders.
VMG issues and concerns - VMGs are rarely in farmer groups and are therefore
in development, disadvantaged in upscaling, training and financing
dissemination, adoption - Lack of access to land and credit especially for the youth
and scaling up may limit their participation in tomato production.
VMG related - Tomato is nutritious and has antioxidant properties which
opportunities would be beneficial especially to health challenged groups
if engaged in growing and use
- It is a lucrative enterprise and if involved VMGs will be
availed opportunity to be gainfully engaged
E: Case studies/profiles of success stories
7
Success stories from -Contact farmers in Mwea who participated in the initial
previous similar projects demonstrations of the variety have upgraded livelihood
-Some of the youth (farmer’s sons) adopted tomato growing in
land allocated to them prompted by the demonstrations of the
variety in parent’s farm
-Impact studies conducted after the end of USAID-
MIAC/SO7/ADSP projects indicated that 70% of tomato seed
sales in project pilot areas were of the new varieties promoted
e.g. Rio-grande
- Baseline study conducted in Kajiado County under KOPIA
Vegetable Project in 2018, indicated that Rio-Grande variety
was among the main tomato varieties grown by 22% of the
farmers in open field under irrigation.
Application guidelines for Tomato cultivation manual and brochure with descriptor of the
users variety are documented
F: Status of TIMP (1. 2. Requires validation
Ready for upscaling 2.
Requires validation 3.
Requires further research
G: Contacts
Contacts Institute Director, KALRO Kandara
Lead organization and KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa, Rebecca Faraay,Rahab Magoti
scientists
Partner organizations Royal Seed Co Ltd. Simlaws Seed Co. Ltd; MoALF&I
Research gaps
1. Evaluation of existing tomato varieties and new introductions for adaptability (e.g.
Tolerance to heat stress) in target zones
2. Establishment of a database of tomato cultivars in the market.
8
3.
2.1.2 TIMP Name Cal-J

practice)
Problem addressed Lack of superior tomato varieties adapted to local conditions
with acceptable fruit characteristics
What is it? (TIMP Cal J is popular open-pollinated tomato variety suitable for
description) open field cultivation in warm climates under rainfed and
supplementary irrigation regimes. It is determinate in growth
habit, does not require staking and matures in 70-75 days with
a yield potential of 70 T/ha. Fruits weigh 68g on average, are
deep red, blocky oval to round in shape and firm with a shelf
life of upto 21 days when harvested at breaker stage.
Justification Cal J has determinate growth and matures in 70-75 days after
transplanting fitting well within growing season and give yields
of up to 70 t/ha. It does not require staking and therefore saves
on labour and resources for buying stakes. It is an open pollinated
variety whose seeds are readily available from seed agents at an
affordable cost. It is suitable for open field cultivation and is also
tolerant to some of the problematic tomato diseases. Fruits are
oval-round and firm with deep red colour that make the variety
suitable for the fresh market and processing. These attributes of
the variety make it a preferable choice by resource poor farmers
in tomato growing areas across varied rain-fed regimes and also
under irrigation.
Users of TIMP Farmers, traders, processors
Approaches used in Stakeholder training, field demonstrations, farmer field
Most effective approach Farmer participatory demonstrations/ farmer field schools
for successful promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, Logistics (Transport)
scaling up and their roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and
varieties; Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes,
growth of the crop
9
Counties where already - The variety was promoted in Kirinyaga County and has
promoted if any been widely adopted across other major tomato growing
areas such as Kajiado County
Counties where TIMPS - Future scaling up is targeted in Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet,

should be up-scaled Garissa, Mandera and West Pokot
Challenges in - The variety has not been evaluated for tolerance to heat
dissemination stress which is a constraint in the new target areas
Suggestions for addressing - The variety should be evaluated for tolerance to heat stress
the challenges in target areas
Lessons learned - Previous research has shown that farmer participatory
approach works
Social, environmental, - Organized marketing channels critical for benefits to be
up-scaling
Basic costs - KES 155,000/ha (Total variable costs); Seed cost
Estimated returns - KES 750,000/ha gross margin
Gender issues and - The variety can be easily grown by all gender categories
concerns in development and can be a good commercial enterprise
dissemination, adoption an - Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be
dscaling-up disadvantaged by lack of access to land for tomato
cultivation
Gender related - All gender categories can participate in growing the tomato
opportunities variety
VMG issues and concerns - Inclusivity of VMGs in tomato growing should be
in development promoted avoid perpetuation of their marginalization
dissemination, adoption - The VMGs may be disadvantaged due to lack of access to
and scaling-up land and credit for tomato production
VMG related - The tomato variety has nutritious attributes and antioxidant
opportunities properties which would be beneficial especially to health
challenged groups if engaged in growing and use
- Growing the variety has potential as a lucrative enterprise
for VMGs to be gainfully engaged
Success stories from - Contact farmers in Mwea who participated in the initial
previous similar projects demonstrations of the variety have upgraded livelihood
- Some of the youth (farmer’s sons) adopted tomato growing
in land allocated to them prompted by the demonstrations
of the variety in parent’s farm
- Impact studies conducted after the end of USAID-
MIAC/SO7/ADSP projects indicated that 70% of tomato
10
seed sales in project pilot areas were of the new varieties
promoted e.g. Cal J
- Baseline study conducted in Kajiado County under KOPIA
Vegetable Project in 2018, indicated that Cal J variety was
among the main tomato varieties grown by 53% of the
Application guidelines for - Tomato cultivation manual and brochure with descriptor of
users this variety are documented
G: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa, Rebecca Faraay
scientists
Research gap
Tolerance to heat stress) in target zones
2. Establishment of a database of tomato cultivars in the market.
11
3.
2.1.3 TIMP Name Onyx F1

innovation or management practice)
Problem addressed Lack of superior tomato varieties adapted to local
conditions with acceptable fruit characteristics
What is it? (TIMP description) Onyx F1 is an excellent hybrid tomato variety suitable
for open field cultivation in medium to lower medium
zones. It is determinate in growth habit, does not
require staking and produces firm, oval-round fruits
with deep red color when fully ripe. It matures in 70
days from transplanting, has an average fruit weight of
105gm and yield potential of 45t/ha depending on level
of crop management. Fruits have a shelf life of upto 21
days and transport well to distant markets.
Justification The hybrid is an improvement of the earlier “Onyx”

variety and has added attributes that include early
maturity, higher yields and very firm fruit with an
excellent shelf-life. It has been widely adopted in
major tomato growing areas and is very popular in the
market. The variety requires testing for adaptability in
the target areas
Users of TIMP Farmers, extension service providers, County
Government, Farmer groups/CBOs and NGOs
traders, processors
Approaches used in dissemination Stakeholder training, field demonstrations, farmer
field schools, Radio/TV broadcasts, shows, trade fairs
Most effective approach Farmer participatory demonstrations/farmer field
schools
Critical/essential factors for Collaboration between all partners
successful promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, logistics
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up County Government- to provide extension services
and roles and funding Seed companies- to provide improved
certified seeds and varieties; Individual farmers- to
grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs to link
farmers with other stakeholders, source for inputs
jointly and seek market outlets; Marketers – to
provide viable all year round markets at good prices
that spur growth of the crop
12
Counties where already promoted if - The variety was promoted in Kirinyaga County
any and has been widely adopted across other major
tomato growing areas e.g. Kajiado County
Counties where TIMPS should be - Future scaling up in: Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet,

up-scaled Garissa, Mandera, West Pokot
Challenges in dissemination - The variety has not been evaluated for
adaptability in the new target areas for example
tolerance to heat stress which is a constraint
- It is not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta
absoluta
Suggestions for addressing the - There is need to evaluate the variety for heat stress
challenges tolerance and acceptable characteristics in target
areas
Lessons learned in up-scaling if any - Previous research indicates that farmer
participatory varietal evaluation approach works
and enhances adoption
Social, environmental, policy and - Organized marketing channels are critical for
market conditions necessary for up- benefits to be derived from technology
scaling
Basic costs KES 155,000/ha (Total variable costs)
Estimated returns KES 750,000/ha gross margin
Gender issues and concerns in - Some gender categories (youth and women) may
development, dissemination, be disadvantaged by lack of access to land to
adoption and scaling up engage in tomato cultivation
Gender related opportunities - Onyx F1 is a good variety to include in tomato
growing enterprise since it does not elicit any
demands biased to any gender class.
- The variety can be easily grown by all gender
categories engaged in tomato farming as a
commercial enterprise
VMG issues and concerns in - Inclusivity of VMGs in tomato growing is critical

development, dissemination, to avoid perpetuation of marginalization
adoption and scaling up - Lack of access to land and credit for tomato
production
VMG related opportunities - Tomato variety Onyx F1 has nutritious and

antioxidant properties which would be beneficial
especially to health challenged groups if engaged
in growing and use
- It is a lucrative enterprise and if involved VMGs
will be availed opportunity to be gainfully
engaged
13
Success stories from previous -Contact farmers in Mwea who participated in the
similar projects initial demonstration trials of the original Onyx
variety adopted the variety and upgraded livelihood
was evident as impact
-Farmer’s sons (youth) adopted tomato growing in
land allocated to them prompted by the
demonstrations of this variety among others in
parent’s farm
-Impact studies conducted after the end of USAID-
MIAC/SO7/ADSP projects indicated that 70% of
tomato seed sales in project pilot areas were of the
new varieties promoted, Onyx being one of the main
ones
-Baseline study conducted in Kajiado County under
KOPIA Vegetable Project in 2018, indicated that
Onyx variety was among the main tomato varieties
grown by 31% of the farmers in open field under
irrigation.
Application guidelines for users Tomato cultivation manual and brochure with
descriptor of this variety documented
F: Status of TIMP (1. Ready for 2. Requires validation
upscaling 2. Requires validation 3.
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists KALRO- Agnes Ndegwa; Rebecca Faraay
Partner organizations Royal Seed Co Ltd. Simlaws Seed Co. Ltd;
MoALF&I
Research gap
tolerance to heat stress) in target zones
2. Establishment of a database of tomato cultivars in the market
14
2.1.4 TIMP Name Roma VF

practice)
Problem addressed Lack of superior tomato varieties adapted to local conditions with
acceptable fruit characteristics specifically for processing
What is it? (TIMP Roma VF is an improved open-pollinated determinate tomato
description) variety suitable for open field cultivation and is very ideal for
processing. It is determinate in growth habit, does not require
staking and matures in 80-85 days with a yield potential of 83t/ha.
Fruits are deep red in colour, pear-shaped and firm with few
seeds, thick walls and dense flesh weighing 53g on average The
variety has a high demand by the canning industry for making
tomato sauce and paste and is also among the best varieties for
drying.
Justification Roma VF is one of the very few varieties currently grown

specifically for processing. It has preferable attributes such as
determinate growth habit and fruits ripen over a concentrated
period rather than continually. This ensures supply of adequate
volumes to target processing markets. The variety produces fruits
with characteristics demanded by the processing industry such as
a higher ratio of flesh to pulp and is also the best variety for
drying. The fruits are firm and can withstand transport to distant
processing markets hence this would be an ideal variety for
promotion in the target Counties. Roma VF is an improvement of
the original Roma variety and requires adaptability testing in the
target areas.
Users of TIMP - Farmers, extension service providers, County Government,
Farmer groups/CBOs and NGOs, processors traders,
Approaches used in - Stakeholder training, field demonstrations, farmer field
Most effective approach - Farmer participatory demonstrations and farmer field schools
have been found effective in previous projects
Critical/essential factors for - Collaboration between all partners
successful promotion - Adequate facilitation: funds, Logistics (Transport)
Partners/stakeholders for - County Government- to provide extension services and
scaling up and roles funding Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds
and varieties; Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes,
15
to provide viable all year round markets at good prices that
spur growth of the crop
Counties where already - The variety is grown in some tomato production areas such as
promoted if any the Coastal zone targeting processing market
Counties where TIMPS - Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, West Pokot

should be up-scaled
Challenges in - The variety has not been evaluated for tolerance to heat stress
dissemination which is a constraint in the new target areas
Suggestions for addressing - There is need to need to evaluate the variety for adaptability
the challenges in new target areas with particular focus on heat stress
tolerance and acceptable fruit characteristics
Lessons learned - Farmer participatory approach worked well in previous
projects
conditions necessary
necessary for development
Basic costs KES 155,000/ha (variable costs)
Gender issues and concerns - Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be
in development disadvantaged by lack of access to land to engage in tomato
dissemination, adoption and cultivation
scaling up
Gender related - All gender categories can participate in growing Roma VF
opportunities tomato variety and can even be capacity built to venture into
value addition at cottage industry level since the variety is
suitable for processing
VMG issues and concerns - There is room for inclusivity of VMGs in growing tomato
in development, such as variety Roma VF
dissemination, adoption and
scaling up
VMG issues and concerns - Lack of access to land and credit for tomato production may
in adoption and scaling up hinder VMGs from taking up growing of the variety
VMG related opportunities - The VMGs can easily grow the variety and further engage in
cottage level processing to various products that have longer
shelf life
- This will ensure continuous availability of nutritious tomato
products with antioxidant properties which would be
beneficial especially to health challenged groups if engaged in
growing and use
16
- Cultivation of a tomato variety like Roma VF with processing
potential is a lucrative enterprise and if involved, VMGs will
be availed opportunity to be gainfully engaged
Success stories
Application guidelines for - Tomato cultivation manual and brochures with descriptors of
users these varieties are documented
G: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Rebecca Faraay, Rahab Magoti,
scientists Charity Gathambiri, Finyange Pole,
Research gap
1. Evaluation of existing tomato varieties and new introductions for adaptability
(e.g.tolerance to heat stress) in target zones
2.1.5 TIMP Name Kilele F1

practice)
Problem addressed Lack of superior tomato varieties adapted to local conditions with
acceptable fruit characteristics
What is it? (TIMP Kilele F1 is an improved hybrid tomato variety with the following
description) characteristics:
 Medium determinate growth habit
 Very firm elongated-oval fruits
 Long harvest period upto 10 weeks
 Long shelf life upto 21 days
 Resistant to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Tomato
Mosaic virus (TMV), Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt and
nematodes
Justification The variety has attributes that make it suitable for cultivation in
open field cultivation such as determinate growth habit thus does
not require staking, firm fruit with long shelf life and good
transportability as well as resistance to some of the major tomato
diseases. Improved hybrid varieties like Kilele F1 with acceptable
17
attributes require validation for adaptability in emerging tomato
production frontiers.
Approaches used in Stakeholder training, field demonstrations, farmer field schools,
dissemination Radio/TV broadcasts, shows, trade fairs
successful promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, Logistics (Transport)
scaling up and roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and
varieties; Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer
groups/CBOs to link farmers with other stakeholders, source for
inputs jointly and seek market outlets; Marketers – to provide
viable all year round markets at good prices that spur growth of
the crop
Counties where already - The variety has been adopted adopted in some major tomato
promoted if any growing areas such as Kirinyaga and Kajiado
Counties where TIMPS - Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera,
should be up-scaled
Challenges in dissemination - The variety has not been evaluated for tolerance to heat stress
which is a constraint in the new target areas
- Not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta
Suggestions for addressing - There is need to include the variety in the evaluation of
the addressing the existing/introduced varieties for heat stress tolerance and
challenges acceptable characteristics in target areas
Lessons learned - Farmer participatory approach has been found effective in
previous related research activities
Social, environmental, - Organized marketing channels critical for benefits to be
development and upscaling
Basic costs KES 155,000/ha (Total variable costs)
Gender issues and concerns - Some gender categories (youth and women) may be
in development, disadvantaged by lack of access to land to engage in tomato
dissemination, adoption cultivation
and scaling up - Seed cost of hybrid varieties is relatively higher and this could
be Hybrid
Gender related - The variety integrates well in tomato commercial enterprise
opportunities across the gender divide if the issues of concern are well
addressed
VMG issues and concerns - Lack of access to land and credit for tomato production may
in hinder VMGs from growing this variety
18
development,dissemination,
adoption and scaling up
VMG related opportunities - Tomato variety Kilele F1 has nutritious and antioxidant
properties which would be beneficial especially to health
challenged groups if engaged in growing and use
Success stories - Baseline study conducted in Kajiado County under KOPIA
Vegetable Project in 2018, indicated that Kilele F1 variety
was among the main tomato varieties grown by 26% of the
Application guidelines for - Tomato cultivation brochure with descriptor of this variety is
users documented
G: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa; Rebecca Faraay, Rahab Magoti,
scientists Charity Gathambiri
Partner organizations Sygenta Seed Co Ltd. Simlaws Seed Co. Ltd; MoALF&I
Research gap
2.1.6 TIMP Name Anna F1

Category (i.e. Technology
technology, innovation
or management practice)
Problem addressed Lack of information on superior tomato varieties suitable for
greenhouse cultivation with acceptable fruit characteristics
Justification Anna F1 is an indeterminate tomato variety that produces fruits for
a prolonged period without topping-off and is therefore very ideal
for greenhouse cultivation. It has a long harvest duration of up to 8
months and a very high yield potential of up to 300 tons/ha. This
implies that a farmer can have continuous production of tomato with
adequate volumes to sustain an established market for almost one
year. This variety is suitable for deals to supply supermarkets and
other large retail markets. The variety is tolerant to some of the
tomato diseases constraining production and this is an advantage to
the farmer in terms of reduced costs on control measures. The fruit
have preferred characteristics such as deep red colour and good
19
firmness to withstand transportation even to distant markets. The
variety should be included in validation trials for grreenhouse
production in suitable target areas.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Traders, Processors
Approaches used in Stakeholder training, Farmer Participatory demonstrations, farmer
dissemination field schools, radio/TV broadcasts
Most effective approach Farmer Participatory demonstrations, farmer field schools
for successful promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, logistics (transport)
scaling up and roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and varieties;
Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs
to link farmers with other stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and
seek market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable all year round
markets at good prices that spur growth of the crop
Counties where already - The variety is widely grown by greenhouse farmers in various
promoted if any regions/Counties such as Kiambu, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nairobi,
Meru, Nyandarua, Machakos, Kitui, Trans-Nzoia, Nandi,
Bungoma
Counties where TIMP - Future scaling up: Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera,
will be up-scaled West Pokot (if demanded)
Challenges in - In-appropriate greenhouse structures
dissemination - The variety is not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta
and problematic diseases such as bacterial wilt
- Telephone-farming is rampant with many greenhouse farmers
Suggestions for - Appropriate greenhouse structures should be promoted to ensure
addressing the challenges that the optimum potential of recommended varieties for the
cultivation system is achieved
- Varieties with tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses need to
be introduced and evaluated
- The person actually managing the greenhouse should be the
recipient of training on greenhouse farming
Lessons learned - Experiences gained while working with greenhouse tomato
farmers indicate that:
- Farmer participatory approach works where farmers practicall
gain hands-on experience in managing greenhouse crop
- Greenhouse tomato cultivation requires expertise
- Group managed greenhouses apparently have a high failure rate,
so approach on individual farmer basis more sustainable
conditions necessary for - Greenhouse crop cultivation requires appropriate regulatory
frameworks
20
development and up-
scaling
D: Economic, gender,
vulnerable and
marginalized groups
(VMGs) considerations
Basic costs KES 400,000 (including cost of 8x30 greenhouse)
Estimated returns KES 720,000 (1st season)
Gender issues and - The technology can be easily applied by all gender categories
concerns in development since the variety is suited for greenhouse production where
dissemination, adoption activities are relatively easier to manage
and scaling up - Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be
disadvantaged by lack of access to land and capital to put up a
greenhouse
Gender related - All gender categories can participate in growing tomato varieties
opportunities in greenhouse
- A lucrative commercial enterprise across the gender divide and
for VMGs
- It should be attractive especially to youth since it is smart
farming
VMG issues and - Lack of access to credit for initial capital cost of putting up
concerns in greenhouse is a concern for VMGs
development,
dissemination, adoption
and scaling up
VMG related - It is a lucrative enterprise and if involved, VMGs will be availed
opportunities opportunity to be gainfully engaged
Success stories - Youth groups in Kiambu County and farmers in peri-urban
Nairobi County are successfully growing this variety in
greenhouses
Application guidelines - Brochure and fact sheet with descriptor of this variety are
for users documented
F: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa,Vincent Ochieng, Rahab Magoti,
scientists Finyange Pole
Partner organizations JKUAT, Royal Seed Co Ltd, Simlaws Seed Co. Ltd MoALF&I
Research gap
21
2.1.7 TIMP Name Tylka F1
practice)
Problem addressed Lack of information on superior tomato varieties suitable for greenhouse
cultivation with acceptable fruit characteristics
What is it? (TIMP Tylka F1 is a hybrid tomato variety that is ideal for greenhouse
description) cultivation but can also be grown in open field. It has the following
characteristics:
• Indeterminate growth habit
• Does not require staking
• Vigorous open plant type with minimum foliage
• Fruits are elongated oval, very firm with sweet flavor
• Maturity: 75 days after transplanting
• Harvest duration: 4-6 months
• Fruit weight: 100-130g
• High yield potential: 120t/240m2 (8x30m greenhouse)
• Long shelf life: up to 28 days
• Resistant to Tomato leaf curl virus, Tomato mosaic virus and
Grey spot
Justification The variety is ideal for greenhouse cultivation and has a high yield
potential and a long harvest duration. Farmers growing this variety have
the assurance of continuous production in adequate volumes for the
target market. The fruits have a tough skin that remains firm for a much
longer period than in other varieties hence the variety can withstand
harsh environments and transportation from distant markets and still
retain postharvest quality. Tylka F1 is resistant to problematic viral and
fungal diseases of tomato which is an advantage to the grower since
resources for control measures are saved. The variety should be included
in the validation of varieties for greenhouse cultivation in target areas
where the technology is demanded.
Region promoted Kirinyaga (Mwea, Kagio), Kiambu Kajiado, Muranga, Nairobi, Trans
Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Kisumu
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension service, Traders, Processors
Approaches used in Stakeholder training, Farmer Participatory demonstrations, farmer field
dissemination schools, radio/TV broadcasts
Partners/stakeholders for County Government- to provide extension services and funding Seed
scaling up and roles companies- to provide improved certified seeds and varieties; Individual
farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs to link
22
farmers with other stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and seek
market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable all year round markets at
good prices that spur growth of the crop

Counties where already - The variety has been adopted by farmers growing tomato in
promoted if any greenhouse in various Counties e.g. Kiambu, Murang’a, Kajiado,
Nairobi, Machakos, Kitui, Trans-Nzoia, Bungoma
Counties where TIMP will - Future scaling up: Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, W.
be up-scaled Pokot (if demanded)
Challenges in - In-appropriate greenhouse structures
dissemination - Lack of access to credit for initial capital cost of putting up
greenhouse is a concern
- The variety is not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta and
problematic diseases such as bacterial wilt
Suggestions for addressing - Appropriate greenhouse structures should be promoted to ensure that
the challenges the optimum potential of recommended varieties for the cultivation
system is achieved
- Varieties with tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses need to be
introduced and evaluated
- The person actually managing the greenhouse should be the recipient
of training on greenhouse farming
Lessons learned - Previous experience indicates that Farmer participatory approach
works
- Greenhouse tomato cultivation requires expertise
- Group managed greenhouses apparently have a high failure rate, so
approach on individual farmer basis more would be more feasible
Social, environmental, - Organized marketing channels are critical for benefits to be derived
policy and market from technology
conditions necessary for - Greenhouse crop cultivation requires appropriate regulatory
development and up- frameworks
scaling
Basic costs KES 400,000 (including capital cost of 8x30m greenhouse)
Gender issues and - The technology can be easily applied by all gender categories since
concerns in development, the variety is suited for greenhouse production where activities are
dissemination, adoption relatively easier to manage
and scaling up - Lack of capital to set up greenhouse structure could be a concern
- Some gender categories (youth and women) may be disadvantaged
by lack of access to land and capital to put up a greenhouse
Gender related - All gender categories can participate in growing the tomato variety
opportunities in greenhouse
23
- Growing the tomato variety in greenhouse should be especially
attractive to youth since it is smart farming with quick gains
VMG issues and concerns - Lack of access to credit for initial capital cost of putting up
in development, greenhouse is a concern
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities - VMGs can easily undertake growing of the tomato variety in
greenhouse if their concerns are addressed through affirmative
action
- It is a lucrative enterprise and if involved, VMGs will be availed
opportunity to be gainfully engaged

Success stories - Youth groups in Kiambu County and farmers in peri-urban Nairobi
County are successfully growing this variety in greenhouse
Application guidelines for - Brochure and fact sheet with descriptor of this variety documented
users
F: Status of TIMP 2. Requires validation
1.Ready for upscaling
2.Requires validation
3.Requires further research
G: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Rahab Magoti, Finyange Pole, Charity
scientists Gathambiri, Vincent Ochieng
Research gap
2.1.8 TIMP Name Chonto F1

practice)
What is it? (TIMP Chonto F1 is a hybrid premium tomato variety suited to greenhouse
description) cultivation with the following characteristics:
• Good calyx retention,
• Maturity to first harvest: 75 days
24
• Long harvest period of up to 8 months
• Yield: 28-36 t/240 m2 ( 8x30m greenhouse)
• Long shelf life up to 21 days
Justification
Partners/stakeholders for County Government- to provide extension services and funding Seed
scaling up and roles companies- to provide improved certified seeds and varieties; Individual
Counties where already The variety has been adopted by farmers growing tomato in greenhouse
promoted if any in various Counties such as Kiambu, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nairobi,
Machakos, Kitui, Trans-Nzoia, Bungoma
Counties where TIMP will Future scaling up: Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera(if
be up-scaled demanded)
Challenges in -In-appropriate greenhouse structures
dissemination -Variety not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta and
Suggestions for addressing -Need to introduce and evaluate heat stress and bacterial wilt tolerant
the challenges varieties with acceptable characteristics for evaluation in target areas
Lessons learned -Farmer participatory approach works
-Greenhouse tomato cultivation requires expertise
-Group managed greenhouses apparently have a high failure rate, so
approach on individual farmer basis more sustainable
Social, environmental, -Organized marketing channels are critical for benefits to be derived
policy and market from technology
conditions necessary for -Greenhouse crop cultivation requires appropriate regulatory
scaling
Basic costs KES 400,000 (including cost of 8x30m greenhouse)
Gender issues and - Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be disadvantaged
concerns in development, in adopting the variety due to lack of access to land and capital to put up
a greenhouse
25
and scaling up
Gender related - The variety can be easily applied by all gender categories if issues of
opportunities concern are addressed since the variety is suited for greenhouse
production where activities are relatively easier to manage than in
open field;
- It should be especially attractive to youth due to quick high returns
expected
VMG issues and concerns - Inclusivity of VMGs is critical in the process to avoid perpetuation
in development, of marginalization
dissemination, adoption - Lack of access to credit for initial capital cost of putting up
and scaling up greenhouse is a concern
VMG related opportunities - It is a lucrative enterprise and if involved, VMGs will be availed
Success stories -Youth groups in Kiambu and farmers in peri-urban Nairobi County are
successfully growing this variety in greenhouse
Application guidelines for Brochure and fact sheet with descriptor of this variety are documented
users
G: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Rahab Magoti, Finyange Pole, Charity
scientists Gathambiri, Vincent Ochieng
2.1.9 TIMP Name Bravo F1

practice)
What is it? (TIMP Bravo F1 is hybrid tomato variety that adapts well to a wide range of
description) agro-ecological zones. It has the following attributes:
• Long harvest period
• Maturity: 75 days from transplanting
• Yield: 24-31 t/240 m2
• Long shelf life of up to 21 days at room temperature
26
• Resistant/ tolerant to tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV),
Fusarium Wilt, Verticillium Wilt, Grey Leaf Spot and
Nematode
Justification The variety has a wide adaptability and can therefore withstand diverse
micro-climates in the greenhouse. It is high yielding, has acceptable fruit
characteristics and is resistant/tolerant to a number of diseases that
constrain tomato production. It is therefore ideal for greenhouse
cultuivation and should be promoted in target areas
Region promoted Kirinyaga (Mwea, Kagio), Kiambu Kajiado, Muranga, Nairobi, Trans
Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Kisumu
Partners/stakeholders for County Government- to provide extension services and funding; Seed
scaling up and their roles companies- to provide improved certified seeds and varieties; Individual
promoted if any in various Counties e.g. Kiambu, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nairobi,
Challenges in -In-appropriate greenhouse structures
dissemination -Variety not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta and
Suggestions for addressing Need to introduce and evaluate heat stress and bacterial wilt tolerant
the challenges varieties with acceptable characteristics for evaluation in target areas
Lessons learned - Previous experience has shown that Farmer participatory approach
works
Social, environmental, -Organized marketing channels critical for benefits to be derived from
policy and market technology
scaling
27
vulnerable and
marginalized groups
(VMGs) considerations
Basic costs KES 400,000 (including cost of greenhouse)
Estimated returns KES 500,000/ha (1st season)
Gender issues and -The technology can be easily applied by all gender categories since the
concerns in development variety is suited for greenhouse production where activities are relatively
and dissemination easier to manage; should be attractive especially to youth but lack of
capital to set up greenhouse structure could be a concern
Gender issues and Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be disadvantaged
concerns in adoption and by lack of access to land and capital to put up a greenhouse
scaling up
Gender related - All gender categories can participate in growing tomato varieties in
opportunities greenhouse
- A lucrative commercial enterprise across the gender divide
in development, of marginalization
dissemination, adoption - Lack of access to credit for initial capital cost of putting up
and scaling up greenhouse is a concern
Success stories -Youth groups in Kiambu County and farmers in peri-urban Nairobi
County are successfully growing this variety in greenhouse
users
F: Contacts
Lead organization and KALRO/JKUAT: Agnes Ndegwa, John Wesonga, Rahab Magoti,
scientists Finyange Pole, Charity Gathambiri, Vincent Ochieng
Partner organizations Royal Seed Co Ltd, Simlaws Seed Co. Ltd MoALF&I
Research gap
28
2.1.10 TIMP Name Mavuno F1
practice)
What is it? (TIMP Mavuno F1 is a hybrid tomato variety that is ideal for greenhouse
description) cultivation and has the following characteristics:
• Maturity: 70 days after transplanting
• Continuous fruit set
• Long harvest duration: up to 12 months
• Yield Potential: 24-26t/240m2 greenhouse
• Long shelf life (up-to 21 days)
• Tolerant to bacterial and Fusarium wilt, Tomato Mosaic Virus,
Blossom end rot and nematodes
Justification The variety is very ideal for greenhouse cultivation since it has a very
long harvest duration up to one year and is high yielding. Fruits have
acceptable characteristics preferred in the market. It is tolerant to some
of the problematic diseases, nematodes and blossom end rot
physiological disorder which can be a big constraint in hot dry areas
where most of the target counties are located. Therefore, this variety is
a good choice for adaptability trials in these areas.
promoted if any in various Counties such as Kiambu, Murang’a, Kajiado, Nairobi,
29
Challenges in -Inappropriate greenhouse structures
dissemination -The variety is not tolerant to emerging pests e.g. Tuta absoluta and
Suggestions for addressing -There is need need to introduce and evaluate heat stress and bacterial
the challenges wilt tolerant varieties with acceptable characteristics for evaluation in
target areas
Lessons learned -Past experience indicates that Farmer participatory approach works
Social, environmental, -Organized marketing channels critical for benefits to be derived from
policy and market technology
scaling
Basic costs KES 400,000 (including cost of greenhouse)
Estimated returns KES 700,000/ha (1st season)
Gender issues and - Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be
concerns in development, disadvantaged by lack of access to land and capital to put up a
dissemination, adoption greenhouse
and scaling up
Gender related - The technology can be easily applied by all gender categories since
opportunities the variety is suited for greenhouse production where activities are
relatively easier to manage; should be attractive especially to youth
but lack of capital to set up greenhouse structure could be a concern
- All gender categories can participate in growing tomato varieties in
greenhouse
in development and of marginalization
dissemination - Lack of access to credit for initial capital cost of putting up
greenhouse is a concern
Success stories -Youth groups in Kiambu and farmers in peri-urban Nairobi County are
successfully growing this variety in greenhouse
users
F: Contacts
30
Lead organization and KALRO/JKUAT: Agnes Ndegwa, John Wesonga, Rahab Magoti,
scientists Finyange Pole, Charity Gathambiri, Vincent Ochieng
Partner organizations Royal Seed Co Ltd, Simlaws Seed Co. Ltd MoALF&I
Research gap
2.1.11 TIMP name Introduced Cherry tomato variety (Koko)

practice)
Problem to be addressed Lack of cherry tomato varieties adapted to local conditions for the local
market. Only few cherry tomato varieties are available on the Kenyan
market. High level of youth unemployment hence the need to provide
avenues for entrepreneurship for the youth.
What is it? (TIMP This is a high yielding and high quality tomato cultivar suitable for
description) production under Kenyan conditions. The cultivar introduced from
Japan has been evaluated at JKUAT and has the following features:
 75 days to maturity (start of harvesting),
 Indeterminate with long harvesting period up to 3 years possible
 Round, red, sweet, flavored fruit
 Adapted to varying climates.
 Disease resistant
 Yield: 2.5kg of fruit/plant per year (1.15ton/240m2 greenhouse)
 Harvested 3 days per week
Justification There is high market demand for the cherry tomatoes and several farmers
are considering engaging in their production. The cherry tomatoes are
consumed without cooking hence most nutrients are consumed without
destruction compared to cooked varieties. The Cherry tomato are highly
priced hence can contribute to high incomes for farmers. They are a rich
source of lycopene, beta-carotene, folate, potassium, vitamin C,
flavonoids, and vitamin E which makes them important in
cardiovascular disease prevention. The variety has the desirable
attributes and should be included in wider evaluation and promotion of
cherry tomato in target areas
Approaches to be used in Newspaper, ASK shows, TV
dissemination
31
Critical/essential factors Validation through on farm trials with participation of farmers
for successful promotion
farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs to link farmers
with other stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and seek market
outlets; Marketers – to provide viable all year round markets at good
prices that spur growth of the crop
Current extent of reach Limited
Counties where already Kiambu, Nyeri, Nakuru
promoted, if any
Counties where TIMP will Kiambu, Nyeri, Nakuru, Kajiado
be up-scaled
Challenges in Limited knowledge on performance of the varieties in other locations
dissemination
Suggestions for addressing To undertake national performance trials and registration
the challenges
Lessons learned in up- Cherry tomatoes are highly productive and are acceptable to the Kenyan
scaling, if any Market
Social, environmental, Approval by KEPHIS
policy and market
development and up-
saling
Basic costs KES 155,000/ha (variable costs)
Gender issues and Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be disadvantaged
concerns in development by lack of access to capital to establish production
dissemination,adoption
and scaling up
Gender related All gender categories can participate in cherry tomato production
opportunities Can be a good commercial enterprise across the gender
VMG issues and concerns Lack of access to land and credit for cherry tomato production
in development,
and scaling up
VMG related - Cherry tomatoes are nutritious with antioxidant properties which
opportunities would be beneficial especially to health challenged groups if engaged
in growing and use. They are consumed directly ensuring bio-
availability of the nutrients
- It is a lucrative enterprise and if involved VMGs will be availed
32
Success stories from Cherry tomatoes have been evaluated at JKUAT on a semi-commercial
previous similar projects scale. Market survey was conducted and niche markets identified in
Karen and various parts of Nairobi. There are several farmers who are
keen to grow cherry tomatoes.
Application guidelines for Cherry Tomato cultivation manual and brochures with descriptors of
users these varieties are documented
readiness (1. Ready for
upsaling; 2. Requires
validation; 3. Requires
further research
G: Contacts
Contacts Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT),
Department of Horticulture and Food Security
Lead organization and JKUAT, John M.Wesonga
scientists
Partner organizations Wago Company Limited and IMG Co. Ltd, Japan, KALRO
Research gap
1. Evaluation of existing cherry tomato varieties and new introductions for adaptability
2. Establishment of a database of cherry tomato cultivars in the market
2.1.12 TIMP name Introduced cherry tomato variety (Chika)

practice)
Problem to be addressed Lack of cherry tomato varieties adapted to local conditions for
the local market. Only few cherry tomato varieties are available
on the Kenyan market.
What is it? (TIMP description) This is a high yielding and high quality Cherry tomato cultivar
suitable for production under Kenyan conditions. The cultivar
introduced from Japan has been evaluated at JKUAT and has
the following features:
 75 days to maturity (start of harvesting),
 Indeterminate with long harvesting period up to 3 years
possible
 Round, red, sweet, flavored fruit
 Adapted to varying climates.
 Disease resistant.
 Yield: 2.5 kg/ plant per year (1.15ton /240m2 greenhouse)
 Harvested 3 days per week
Justification The variety has desirable attributes and should be included in
wider evaluation and promotion of cherry tomato in target
33
areas. There is high market demand for the cherry tomatoes and
several farmers are considering engaging in their production.
The cherry tomatoes are consumed without cooking hence
most nutrients are consumed without destruction compared to
cooked varieties. The Cherry tomato are highly priced hence
can contribute to high incomes for farmers.
Region promoted Limited
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension service providers, traders, processors
Approaches to be used in Newspaper, ASK shows, TV
dissemination
Critical/essential factors for Validation through on farm trials with participation of farmers
successful promotion
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up County Government- to provide extension services and
and their roles funding; Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds
growth of the crop
Counties where already promoted, if Kiambu, Nyeri, Nakuru
any
Counties where TIMP will be Kiambu, Nyeri, Nakuru, Kajiado
upscaled
Challenges in dissemination Limited knowledge on performance of the varieties in other
locations
Suggestions for addressing the To undertake national performance trials and registration
challenges
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any Cherry tomatoes are highly productive and are acceptable to
the Kenyan Market
Social, environmental, policy and Approval by KEPHIS required
market conditions necessary for
development and upsaling
Basic costs KES 663,840.00 /240m2 (variable costs)
Estimated returns KES 1,352,160/240m2 gross margin
Gender issues and concerns in - Some gender categories (e.g. youth and women) may be
development, dissemination, disadvantaged by lack of access to capital to establish
adoption and scaling up production
Gender related opportunities - All gender categories can participate in cherry tomato
production
- Potential commercial enterprise across the gender
34
VMG issues and concerns in - Inclusivity of VMGs is critical in the process to avoid
development, dissemination, perpetuation of marginalization
adoption and scaling up - Lack of access to land and credit for cherry tomato
production
VMG related opportunities - Cherry tomatoes are nutritious with antioxidant properties
which would be beneficial especially to health challenged
groups if engaged in growing and use. They are consumed
directly ensuring bioavailability of the nutrients
Success stories from previous The cherry tomatoes have been evaluated at JKUAT on a semi-
similar projects commercial scale. Market survey was conducted and niche
markets identified in Karen and various parts of Nairobi. There
are several farmers who are keen to grow cherry tomatoes.
Application guidelines for users Tomato cultivation manual and brochures with descriptors of
these varieties are documented
F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. 2. Requires validation
Ready for upsaling; 2. Requires
validation; 3. Requires further
research
G: Contacts
Contacts Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
(JKUAT), Department of Horticulture and Food Security
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M.Wesonga
Partner organizations Wago Company Limited and IMG Co. Ltd, Japan, KALRO
Research gap
1. Evaluation of existing cherry tomato varieties and new introductions for adaptability
2. Establishment of a database of cherry tomato cultivars in the market
2.2 Agronomic practices

2.2.1TIMP Name Raising clean Tomato seedlings in Nursery beds
Category (i.e. technology, Management practice
Problem addressed Lack of clean tomato seedlings
What is it? (TIMP description) The management practice entails the step by step process of
nursery site selection, preparation of beds, solarization, sowing
of the seeds and management of the nursery upto the time the
seedlings are ready for transplanting. Nursery beds should be
of 1m width and convenient length.
Justification Clean planting material is a pre-requisite for successful tomato
production. However, use of poor quality seedlings obtained
from non-reputable sources is rampant. Some farmers also use
“own seed” “Kukamua mbegu” which is a wrong practice that
35
should be discouraged. Tomato farmers require sensitization
on importance of raising clean seedlings properly on-farm
using certified seed of preferred varieties.
B: Assement of dissemination and scaling up /out approaches
Users of TIMP Farmers, commercial vegetable nursery operators
Approaches used in dissemination Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory demonstrations, Farmer
field schools
successful promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, logistics (transport)
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up County Government- to provide extension services and
and roles funding; Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds
growth of the crop
Counties where already promoted Kirinyaga, Machakos, Kitui, Meru,Busia
Counties where TIMPS should be Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, Siaya, West Pokot
up scaled
Challenges in dissemination -Lack of adherence to recommendations even after capacity
building in areas where promoted
Suggestions for addressing the -Continuous capacity building and practical demonstrations
challenge -Emphasis on the dangers of using poor quality seedlings
Lessons learned in up-scaling if any - Farmer participatory approach and continuous capacity
building is necessary
Social, environmental, policy and All gender categories can participate in greenhouse tomato
market conditions necessary for up nursery management which has potential to be undertaken as a
scaling business and is a good opportunity for youth and women
groups
Basic costs KES 20,000 (12m2 Nursery)
Estimated returns KES 5 per seedling
Gender issues and concerns in None
development, dissemination,
adoption and up scaling
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in tomato nursery
management which has potential to be undertaken as a business
VMG issues and concerns in None
VMG related opportunities Tomato nursery requires small space, is not labour intensive
and can be easily undertaken by VMGs for income generation
Success stories from previous Farmers who were sensitized in the pilot phase of the MIAC
similar projects project are practicing good nursery management. Cases to note
36
are individual farmers and groups who are engaged in
commercial tomato nursery business in major tomato growing
areas
Application guidelines for users Tomato cultivation manual, brochure and fact sheet with
detailed guide on tomato nursery management have been
documented
F. Status of TIMPS readiness 1) (1) Ready for up-scaling
Ready for up scaling; 2) Requires
validation; 3) Requires further
research

Lead organization and scientists KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa; Rebecca Faraay, Rahab Magoti,
Charity Gathambiri
Partner organizations MoALF&I
Gap
1. Demonstration of management practices in new target areas required
2.2.2 Technology name Recommended Spacing in open field

Category (i.e. technology, Management practices
practice)
A: Description of the
technology, innovation or
management practice
Problem addressed Inappropriate spacing methods used by farmers
What is it? (TIMP description) -The recommended spacing of tomato in open field is 60-90cm
between rows and 45-60 cm between plants in shallow holes that
are 20 cm deep and 20 cm wide
Justification Tomato farmers currently use inappropriate spacing and hence

fail to achieve optimum plant density and the potential yields of
the recommended varieties. Optimal plant density depends on
variety, length of growing cycle, seasonal changes in the light,
climate and training and pruning of the crop There is need for
demonstration and capacity building on the right spacing of
tomatoes for rain fed cultivation to achieve high yields.
B: Assessment of dissemination
and scaling up/out approaches
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension Service providers
Approaches used in Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory demonstrations, Farmer
dissemination field schools
Most effective approach Farmer participatory demonstrations, Farmer field schools
37
Partners/stakeholders for scaling County Government- to provide extension services and funding;
up if any Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and
the crop
C: Current situation and future
scaling up
Counties where already Major tomato growing Counties: Kirinyaga, Kajiado
promoted
up scaled
Challenges in dissemination Farmers may modify the recommendation due to associated
practices e.g. irrigation mode
Suggestions for addressing the Reviewing/adjusting recommendation but still optimizing plant
challenge population
Social, environmental, policy and Organized marketing critical for benefits of the recommendation
market conditions necessary to be derived
vulnerable and marginalized
groups (VMGs) considerations
Basic costs KES 155,000/ha
Estimated returns KES 750,000/ha (Gross margin)
Gender issues and concerns in Technology easily practical for all gender categories
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in tomato transplanting
VMG issues and concerns in - Activity may be difficult for the physically challenged, elderly,
development, dissemination, and ailing members of target communities
VMG related opportunities -VMGs who are active and physically able can be gainfully
engaged in tomato transplanting
E: Case studies/profiles of
success stories
Success stories -Farmers in major tomato growing areas were sensitized on proper
spacing recommendation in previous initiatives such as the
MIAC and ADSP projects
Application guidelines for users Tomato cultivation manual, brochure and fact sheet with detailed
guide on recommended tomato spacing are documented
F: Status of TIMPS readiness: 2) Requires validation
1) Ready for up-scaling; 2)
Requires validation; 3) Requires
further research
F: Contacts
38
Contacts
Lead organization and scientists KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa, Rahab Magoti, Rebecca Faraay
Gap
2. Validation/Demonstration of management practices in new target areas required
2.2.3TIMP NAME Nutrition management

practice)
Problem addressed Farmers lack knowledge on appropriate nutrient management in
tomato cultivation
What is it? (TIMP description) The management practice details the importance and process of
soil sampling and testing as a prerequisite to determining the
nutritional status of the soil at specific farm sites. Guided by these
results, specific nutrient requirements are derived to augment the
general recommendation as follows:
- Application of well decomposed manure at transplanting at the
rate of two handfuls per planting hole (20t/ha) and mix thoroughly
with the soil
-Apply 10g or one teaspoonful (200 kg/ha)TSP fertilizer- per
planting hole and mix well with soil
- Top dress with CAN at 100 kg/ha (5g or ½ teaspoonful per
plant), when plants are 20-25 cm high and 200 kg/ha (10g or one
teaspoonful per plant) after 3-4 weeks
-Apply foliar feed (fruit and flower) weekly from onset of
flowering
Justification Inadequate knowledge in nutrient management in tomato
cultivation such as appropriate fertilizer/manure type, timing,
method and levels of application leads to low yields. Famers
require capacity building on nutrient management to improve
tomato yields, fruit quality and to reduce production costs through
efficient use of nutrients.
Users of TIMP Farmers
up and their roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and
39
the crop
Counties where TIMP where Major tomato growing Counties: Kirinyaga, Kajiado
already promoted if any
Counties where TIMP will be up Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, Siaya, West Pokot
scaled
Challenges in dissemination Lack of access to required inputs
Suggestions for addressing the Adequate timing, amount, and placement of fertilizers and
challenges manures can reduce negative effects of excessive fertilization,
reduces soil salinity and nutrient leaching.
Lessons learnt in up-scaling if Previous initiatives indicated that farmer participatory approach
any in technology dissemination works well
Social, environmental, policy and -Access to inputs (fertilizers, manure)
market conditions necessary
Basic costs KES 155,000/ha
Estimated returns KES 750,000/ha
Gender issues and concerns in -Some gender categories (women) may be disadvantaged in
development, dissemination, accessing the information due to lower participation in capacity
adoption and scaling up building for a
-Some gender categories (women and youth ) may lack access to
resources to procure required inputs
Gender related opportunities - All gender categories can participate in nutrient management
which has potential to increase tomato yields.
VMG issues and concerns in - Some VMGs may lack access to resources to procure required
development, dissemination, inputs
adoption and scaling up - Some VMGs (elderly, ailing, physically challenged) may find
the operation of manure/fertilizer application cumbersome
VMG related opportunities - If concerns are addressed, VMGs can apply the
recommendations on nutrient management to engage in the
potentially lucrative tomato growing venture
Success stories Farmers who were sensitized in the pilot phase of the MIAC
project are able to use the right amount, and placement of
fertilizers to reduce negative effects of excessive or under
fertilization for higher yields.
guide on tomato nutrition management are documented
F: Status of TIMPS readiness: 1) 1) Ready for up-scaling
Ready for up-scaling 2) Requires
validation 3) Requires further
research
G: Contacts
40
Contacts Institute Director HRI; Centre Director- KALRO Kandara
Lead organization and scientists KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa Rahab Magoti, Rebecca Faraay
Partner organizations MoALF&I, Agro-dealers
Gap
3. Demonstration of management practices in new target areas required
2.2.4.TIMP Name Drip irrigation

practice)
Problem addressed Water stress in open field tomato cultivation
What is it? (TIMP description) The management practice details the drip irrigation mode for
tomato crop. Drip laterals should be placed at the center of the
planting bed/row. Inline drip lateral should have an emitting point
for every 30 cm interval with a discharge of 2 litres of water per
hour. The frequency of irrigation is dependent on prevalent
weather, soil type and stage of crop but should be set to ensure the
plants are well watered throughout crop growth cycle.
Justification Tomatoes require good amounts of water during the growing
period and fruit setting. Drip irrigation systems provides
consistent water supply to the plants that leads to uniform
maturity. Inadequate knowledge on use of irrigation techniques is
a constraint in tomato cultivation. In dry weather regular watering
is essential. Drip irrigation systems have superior attributes over
other conventional irrigation methods in tomato cultivation owing
to precise and direct application of water in the root zone. Farmers
growing tomatoes under rain-fed conditions can save in water and
fertilizer use besides increased growth, development and yield of
tomatoes by use of drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is the most
efficient and risk free method as it does not form water splashes
on to plants hence reducing disease spread. There is need to train
farmers on efficient water use through drip irrigation, and water
harvesting methods. Various drip systems require validation for
their efficiency in target areas for increased tomato yields.
B: Assessment of dissemination and scaling up /out approaches
Users of TIMP Farmers, extension service providers
up and roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and
inputs jointly and seek market outlets; Marketers- to provide
41
the crop
Counties where already Major tomato growing counties such as Kirinyaga and Kajiado
promoted
up scaled
Challenges in dissemination Not adopted by all sensitized farmers
Suggestions for addressing the Sensitization should include practical demonstrations of the
challenge benefits of the management practice
Lessons learned in upscaling if Demonstrations and Farmer participatory approach are key to
any adoption of recommendations
Social, environmental, policy and Drip irrigation kits should be subsidized in cost so that they can
market conditions necessary for be affordable for ordinary farmers
upscaling
Basic costs KES
Estimated returns KES
Gender issues and concerns in Drip irrigation has no drudgery effect and can be easily utilized
development, dissemination, by all gender categories
adoption and scaling up Capital cost of installing drip system may be prohibitive for some
gender categories
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can easily utilize drip irrigation system in
tomato production. The system uses water efficiently and requires
less labour. Since the system is self-propelling, one is not tied up
on-farm all day long and for women in particular, this is
advantageous as they can simultaneously attend to other domestic
roles
VMG issues and concerns in - Drip irrigation has no drudgery effect and can be easily utilized
development, dissemination, by all VMGs
adoption and scaling up Capital cost of installing drip system may be prohibitive for some
VMGs
VMG related opportunities - VMGs can easily operate drip irrigation system in tomato
production. The system uses water efficiently and requires
less labour. Since the system is self-propelling, one is not tied
up on-farm all day long and allows for rest periods for the
VMGs
Success stories from previous Some farmers in other pilot project areas are successfully
similar projects practicing drip irrigation in tomato cultivation
Application guidelines for users Fliers on drip irrigation kits appropriate for Tomato cultivation in
open field, manual, brochure and fact sheet with detailed guide on
water use efficiency in tomato are documented
F. Status of TIMPS readiness 1) 2) Ready for up scaling;
42
research

Lead organization and scientists KALRO Isiah Sijali, Rahab Magoti Agnes Ndegwa Rebecca
Faraay
Partner organizations MoALF&I, Agro-preneurs
Gap
1. Demonstration of the technology in target areas
2.2.5 TIMP Name Staking and Pruning in open field

practice)
Problem addressed Lack of information and skills on tomato plant management
What is it? (TIMP description) Pruning should start 20 to 30 days after transplanting at weekly
intervals retaining two stems per plant. The main stem of tomato
plant branches into two after the first flower cluster. Those two
branches are retained and all others branches are removed. All the
branches developing at the base of the stem should also be removed.
Removal of excess fruits by de-flowering is also recommended as
it results in larger tomatoes at harvest that can fetch good price. In
case a knife is used, first disinfect the knife by dipping in 5% JIK
after every cut. When 6 to 8 flowers form, the growing tip should
be pinched off to encourage growth of new side shoots.
Staking: For the semi-determinate varieties put a 2m stake firmly
into the ground and loosely tie seedling to the stake. For
indeterminate varieties, put a strong stake in the ground at every
four metres and fix two wires running lengthwise along the rows
one at a height of 0.5m and another at 2m above the ground level
Train the tomato plants up the wires using poly twine
Justification Inappropriate pruning and staking of tomatoes, leads to low yields,
quality and prices offered at the farm gate. Proper pruning, staking
or trellising tomato plants provides plant support, keeps the fruit and
foliage off the ground and allows adequate absorption of sunlight
by the plant. Staking eases spraying and harvesting, reduces disease
incidence, fruit rot and increases fruit size and ultimately fruit yield.
Tomato farmers need to be capacity built pn these agronomic
practices.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension service providers
Approaches used in Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory demonstrations, Farmer field
dissemination schools
43
Partners/stakeholders for County Government- to provide extension services and funding;
scaling up and roles Seed companies- to provide improved certified seeds and varieties;
Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer
inputs jointly and seek market outlets; Marketers- to provide viable
all year round markets at good prices that spur growth of the crop
Counties where already Not done
promoted
Counties where TIMPS should Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, Siaya, West Pokot
be up scaled
Challenges in dissemination Not done
Suggestions for addressing the Technology can be practiced by all gender categories
challenge
Lessons learned in upscaling if None
any
Social, environmental, policy Staking materials should be readily available without any threat to
and market conditions the environment by integrating crop and agroforestry
necessary for upscaling
Basic costs Not done
Estimated returns Not done
Gender issues and concerns in - The management practice might have an element of drudgery
development, dissemination, for some gender categories (women) since it requires physical
adoption and scaling up exertion to put stakes in place
Gender related opportunities - All gender categories can participate in staking and pruning of
tomatoes.
VMG issues and concerns in - The management practice could be tedious for some VMGs (the
development, dissemination, elderly, ailing and physically challenged) since it requires
adoption and scaling up physical exertion to put stakes in place
VMG related opportunities
Success stories from previous Some farmers who were sensitized in the pilot phase of the MIAC
similar projects project are practicing staking and pruning of tomatoes regularly
Application guidelines for Tomato cultivation manual, brochure and fact sheet with detailed
users guide on staking and pruning are documented
F. Status of TIMPS readiness 2) Ready for up scaling
1) Ready for up scaling; 2)
Requires validation; 3)
Lead organization and KALRO- Agnes Ndegwa, Rahab Magoti Rebecca Faraay,
scientists
44
Research gaps
1. Determination of the effect of deflowering on number and size of tomato fruits
2. Determination of the effect of defoliation on number and size of tomato fruits
2.2.6. TIMP Name Bio-degradable Mulching materials for weed management

and moisture retention
practice)
A:Description of the
technology, innovation or
management practice
Problem addressed Weeds and moisture stress
What is it? (TIMP description) Mulching is a soil surface management practice that reduce water
loss though evaporation from the soil surface and also controls
weeds. The different types of mulching techniques suitable for
tomato include organic trash such as dry grass, crop residues and
biodegradable polyethylene sheet. Mulch material should be
placed on soil surface between rows and between plants within
row leaving a small uncovered circle area around plant
Justification Mulching conserves soil moisture, improves soil structure,
reduces erosion and allows efficient use of fertilizers. It also
suppresses weed growth thus reducing the labour cost on weed
control. The use of mulch in tomato production shortens the
period to maturity which is an advantage to the farmer. It is a
practice that should be recommended to farmers and promoted to
improve tomato production.
B: Assessment of
dissemination and scaling up
/out approaches
the crop
45
C: Current situation and future
scaling up
Counties where already Kirinyaga and Kajiado Counties
promoted
up scaled
Challenges in dissemination Some mulching materials such as bio-degradable polethylene may
not be readily available to farmers
Suggestions for addressing the Improve access of mulching materials at local levels
challenge
Lessons learned in upscaling if Practical demonstrations enhance adoption of recommended
any practices
Social, environmental, policy and Open field tomato mulching practices can be undertaken using the
market conditions necessary for many crop residue materials locally available as well as other
upscaling appropriate materials if accessible to farmers
Gender issues and concerns in The management practice is easily practical for all gender
development, dissemination, categories
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in mulching tomato
VMG issues and concerns in -Laying out the mulching material may have an element of
development, dissemination, drudgery for some VMGs
VMG related opportunities -
E: Case studies/profiles of
success stories
Success stories from previous - Mulching has been adopted by some farmers in the marginal
similar projects areas where tomato production is done
guide on mulching in tomato are documented
F. Status of TIMPS readiness 1) 2) Requires validation;
research

Lead organization and scientists KALRO Agnes Ndegwa Rahab Magoti, Charity Gathambitri,
Finyage Pole
Partner organizations MoAL&I
46
Research gaps
1. Evaluation of bio-degradable materials for mulching in tomato*
2. Testing of hydrogel polymer for moisture retention in tomato production systems
2.2.7 TIMP name Improved greenhouses for production of high quality

tomatoes
Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Technology
management practice)
Problem to be addressed The current greenhouses for small scale farmers do not
provide the right conditions for production of tomatoes.
This has led to abandonment of many greenhouse around
the country. At the same time a negative attitude emerges
towards greenhouse farming.
What is it? (TIMP description) The improved greenhouses has the following features:
 It measures 17m x 6m
 The ground is covered with a woven mat
 The top is covered in plastic cladding material, has
a top vent and covered with a shade net
 The sides are covered with insect proof net with a
roller up system made of plastic cladding materials
 It has double door entrance porch system to assist
in containment of pests
 It is equipped with a timed irrigation system that
supplies water or nutrient solution at planned
intervals for set duration
 It is equipped with sensors for weather conditions
namely radiation, temperature and relative
humidity to enable growers to monitor the
greenhouse weather conditions and use the
information for decision making
Justification The improved greenhouse offers a better growing
environment and provides better crop hygiene. It also
provides a better work environment for the growers. The
greenhouse therefore provides better condition for higher
productivity and better quality and requires validation in
target areas.
Region promoted None
Users of TIMP Growers of high value horticultural crops, service
providers involved in greenhouse construction
Approaches to be used in dissemination Newspapers and magazines, ASK shows, Trade fairs, TV
Critical/essential factors for successful Validation through on farm trials with participation of
promotion farmers
47
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and County Government- to provide extension services and
their roles funding; Seed companies- to provide improved certified
seeds and varieties; Individual farmers- to grow and sell
tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs to link farmers with other
stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and seek market
outlets; Marketers- to provide viable all year round
markets at good prices that spur growth of the crop
Counties where already promoted, if any Kiambu, Naivasha and Nyeri
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kiambu, Kajiado,
Challenges in dissemination Limited local competence in the construction of suitable
greenhouses
Suggestions for addressing the Capacity building and co-development of the new
challenges greenhouses
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any None
Social, environmental, policy and Materials for the greenhouses are not readily available
market conditions necessary for since they are imported and should be availed locally at
development and upsaling subsidized cost
D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and
marginalized groups (VMGs)
considerations
Basic costs KSh. 1,478,180 for 240sq.m. greenhouse. This is an
capital investment cost that should be discounted for a
period of at least 3 years
Estimated returns KSh. 1,352,160 for 240sq.m. greenhouse
Gender issues and concerns in Technology is relevant to either gender without any issue
development, dissemination, adoption likely
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities The greenhouse enables high productivity and quality
hence can be a good avenue for empowering women. The
greenhouse has an improved working environment
conducive for women working.
VMG issues and concerns in High initial capital requirement may a barrier for adoption
development, dissemination, adoption by VMG.
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities The greenhouse enables high productivity and quality
hence can be a good avenue for empowering VMGs
Success stories from previous similar The greenhouses have been constructed by some farmers
projects in Nyeri, Nairobi and Machakos. Greenhouses done by
Vintage green company
Application guidelines for users Construction details and specification will be documented
into a resource book
F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 2. Requires validation
for upsaling; 2. Requires validation; 3.
48
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M. Wesonga, Urbanus Mutwiwa
Partner organizations Wago Company Limited and IMG Co. Ltd, Japan, Vintage
Green Ltd, KALRO
Research Gaps
1. There is need to study greenhouse ecology in order to understand the interaction between
the biotic and abiotic factors for optimizing production in the greenhouse
2. Evaluation of other designs and materials in order to lower costs
3. Study of greenhouse ecology in order to understand the interaction between the biotic and
abiotic factors for optimizing production in the greenhouse
4. Evaluation of alternative low-cost greenhouse structural designs and materials
2.2.8 TIMP name Improved technique for raising high quality clean
tomato Seedlings in greenhouse
Problem to be addressed Lack of clean planting material
What is it? (TIMP description) Structure and process of raising clean tomato seedlings in
greenhouse in normal beds prepared on the soil or
containers (seedling boxes, trays, pots) filled with growing
media such as coco peat, pumice, humix and sterilized
soil. The seedling trays are held on raised based. The
system is equipped with a misting system for watering
using a fine mist to avoid injury to the delicate seedlings.
Three days after emerging, the seedlings are supplied with
a dilute solution of complete fertilizer nutrient solution.
The seedlings are maintained for a period of three weeks
after which water application frequency is reduced to
harden the seedlings. The propagation area is secured and
access strongly controlled to avoid introduction of pests
and pathogens into the seedlings.
Justification Clean planting material is a pre-requisite for successful
tomato production. Use of poor quality seedlings obtained
from non-reputable sources. Raising seedlings in
greenhouse in containers is more efficient for space (can
be placed on shelves)
Seed germination percentage is higher (80-90%)
compared to 70% in conventional nursery beds in the field
Seedlings have big root mass, plants are stronger so low
incidence of transplants drying. The system can enable
faster establishment of crops to optimize use of limited
water occasioned by climate change.
49
Region promoted Kajiado (Plant raisers-Isinya), Kiambu, Naivasha
(Longonot nurseries)
Approaches to be used in dissemination Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory demonstrations,
Farmer field schools
Critical/essential factors for successful Collaboration between all partners
promotion Adequate facilitation: funds, logistics (transport)
their roles funding; Seed companies- to provide improved certified
markets at good prices that spur growth of the crop,
Student interns, African Farmers Club to spur youth start-
up ventures.

Counties where already promoted, if any Kajiado, Nakuru- Adopted by some individual farmers
and some agro-preneurs as a business but requires up-
scaling
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Future scaling up: Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo-
Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera,
Challenges in dissemination -Capital cost in setting up greenhouse/shade-house
structure may be prohibitive for many farmers
- Lack of access to credit for farmers
Suggestions for addressing the Organized marketing channels are critical for benefits to
challenges be derived from technology
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any N/A
Social, environmental, policy and Not done
considerations
Basic costs
Estimated returns
Gender issues and concerns in - All gender categories can participate in greenhouse
development, dissemination, adoption tomato nursery management which has potential to be
and scaling up undertaken as a business
- A good opportunity for youth and women groups
Gender related opportunities - Seedling production is an intensive high revenue
which can empower women. Only limited land is
required.
50
VMG issues and concerns in VMG will need financial support to establish nursery
development, dissemination, adoption business
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -Management of tomato nursery in greenhouse could be a
good enterprise for commercialization by VMGs
-Business can be conducted entirely on site where clients
place orders and collect at site, not labour intensive
-Seedling production is an intensive high revenue which
can empower VMG
Success stories from previous similar Individual farmers and agro-preneurs are successfully
projects doing commercial seedling production for horticultural
crops including tomato e.g. Kajiado (Plant raisers in
Isinya), Kiambu (farmer recently featured on smartfarm
segment on Citizen TV), Naivasha (Longonot nurseries).
JKUAT and KALRO centres have very successful TC
banana and other fruit trees nursery which has contributed
immensely in the development of fruit industry and
promotion of vegetable nursery can ride on this success
Application guidelines for users Brochure and fact sheet with detailed guide on
greenhouse-tomato nursery management are documented
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists KALRO/JKUAT Rahab Magoti, John Wesonga, Agnes
Ndegwa, Rebecca Faraay
Partner organizations MoALF&I, Seed Companies (e.g. Sygenta, Kenya
Highland Seed Company, Amiran, Simlaw seeds), Agro-
tunnel Ltd
Research Gaps
1. Assessment of local substrates for tomato seedling production
2. Development of a container-less seedling production system
3. To assess the performance of the technique at farm level and identify any challenges faced
by the farmers
4. Develop resources such as growers’ manual for use by growers and consultants
2.2.9 TIMP name Coco-peat based intensive tomato production

Problem to be addressed Many soils where tomatoes are grown are contaminated
with soil borne pathogens including bacterial wilt and
nematodes
51
What is it? (TIMP description) This entails the use of cocopeat for growing of tomatoes.
The cocopeat is sourced from the local market and
washed to remove excess salts. The substrate is placed
in growth containers or troughs to which tomato
seedlings are transplanted and grown.
Justification Cocopeat has very good water holding capacity, is light

weight and has good aeration. It is free from pests and
disease causing organisms hence a good starting point
for growers to minimize the need for application of
pesticides to control pests. It has higher productivity
compared to soil. The water holding capacity enables
water saving making it climate smart.
Users of TIMP Growers of tomatoes and other horticultural crops,
seedling propagators,
Approaches to be used in dissemination Media including social media, Practical training,
Demonstrations, farmers field schools
Most effective approach Practical training, Demonstrations, farmers field schools
Critical/essential factors for successful Increase availability of cocopeat. Currently cocopeat is
promotion available in only few specialized shops and is imported
their roles funding; Agro-dealers - to provide agro inputs including
coopeat; Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes,
Farmer groups/CBOs to link farmers with other
markets at good prices that spur growth of the crop,
Student interns, African Farmers Club to spur youth
start-up ventures

Counties where already promoted, if any Kiambu- None by JKUAT but is widely used among
large scale growers
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kiambu, Kajiado,
Challenges in dissemination Availability of cocopeat at local level
Suggestions for addressing the challenges NACOSTI chair on Manufacturing at JKUAT is
working on development of local cocopeat to enhance
availability and reduce costs
Social, environmental, policy and market Limited availability of cocopeat and high prices
conditions necessary for development and
upsaling
52
considerations
Basic costs KSh 600 per block of cocopeat
Estimated returns KSh 4000 from tomatoes (Each block produces 20 litre
substrate that can support 8 tomato plants. Each tomato
plant to generate KSh 500 worth tomatoes)
Gender issues and concerns in Initial capital may hinder adoption by some gender
development, dissemination, adoption and categories but with financial support they can be
up scaling empowered
Gender related opportunities - All gender categories can participate in utilizing the
technology
- Highly suitable for empowerment of women due to
high returns. Limited land resources required. Less
laborious.
VMG issues and concerns in - Initial capital may hinder adoption by VMGs but
development, dissemination, adoption and with financial support they can be empowered
scaling up
VMG related opportunities - Highly suitable for empowerment of VMG due to
high returns, limited land resources required and is
not laborious
Success stories from previous similar Cocopeat is widely used in floriculture with high
projects productivity and quality. It has potential for improving
productivity of tomato production
Application guidelines for users Guidelines for preparation and use of cocopeat in press
F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for 2. Requires validation
upsaling; 2. Requires validation; 3.
G: Contacts
Contacts Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology (JKUAT), Department of Horticulture and
Food Security
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M.Wesonga, Urbanus Mutwiwa,
Boniface Muteshi
Partner organizations Wago Company Limited and IMG Co. Ltd, Japan,
KALRO
Research Gaps
1. Assessment of suitability of local cocopeat
2. Optimization of fertilizer management using cocopeat
3. Assess the use of organic sources of such as FYM and compost with cocopeat
2.2.10 TIMP name Styrofoam based intensive tomato production

53
Problem to be addressed Growing tomatoes in soil faces many challenges
especially the soil borne Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas
solanacearum) and nematodes. Soilless systems offer
opportunities for dealing with this problem. However,
limited containers are available to be used with non-soil
substrates.
What is it? (TIMP description) Styrofoam boxes are used to hold soilless substrate
(cocopeat) in which tomatoes are grown. The Styrofoam
boxes are available on the Kenyan market for packaging
of fragile equipment during transportation. The boxes
been adopted for growing tomatoes. Each box measures
355mm x 260mm x 155mm with 10 litres capacity. Each
box is planted with 4 tomatoes plants that grow to
maturity. The system is equipped with drip irrigation to
provide water or nutrient solution. The system uses
substantially little amounts of substrate which reduces
the cost of media used in the system. This also makes it
possible to sterile media for reuse.
Justification The system allows the use of soilless substrate such as
cocopeat in growing high quality tomatoes. It helps to
overcome problems associated with soil borne diseases
and other production challenges. Styrofoam is a light
weight material and has insulating capacity which
moderates root-zone temperature for stable tomato
growth. The boxes are readily available on the Kenya
market and require only minor modification for use.
Users of TIMP Tomato growers, extensions staff, consultants
Approaches to be used in dissemination Newspapers and magazines, ASK shows, Trade fairs,
TV, Youtube
Most effective approach Farmer participatory demonstrations/ farmer field
schools
Critical/essential factors for successful Validation through on farm trials with participation of
promotion farmers
their roles funding; Agro-dealers - to provide agro inputs
Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer
groups/CBOs to link farmers with other stakeholders,
source for inputs jointly and seek market outlets;
Marketers- to provide viable all year round markets at
good prices that spur growth of the crop, Student interns,
African Farmers Club to spur youth start-up ventures

Counties where already promoted, if any Kiambu-(JKUAT)
54
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kiambu, Kajiado
Challenges in dissemination None known
Suggestions for addressing the challenges N/A
Social, environmental, policy and market None
conditions necessary for development and
upsaling
considerations
Basic costs KSh 185 per box (KSh. 88,800 for 240sq.m. greenhouse,
computed as 40 rows of 12 boxes = 480 boxes @ KSh.
185)
Estimated returns KSh. 1,920,000 per 240sq.m greenhouse (480 boxes x 4
plants per box x KSh. 250 per plant)
Gender issues and concerns in None. Technology can apply to either gender
development, dissemination, adoption and
scaling up
Gender related opportunities Due to high value and per unit productivity, it is a good
avenue for empowering women and the youth.
VMG issues and concerns in development, High initial costs may limit adoption by VMGs
dissemination, adoption and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Due to high value and per unit productivity, it is a good
avenue for empowering women and the youth.
Success stories from previous similar Styrofoam boxes have been used at JKUAT to grow
projects cherry tomatoes. High productivity and high quality
produce was achieved with good returns
Application guidelines for users Resource materials to be developed.
F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready for 2. Requires validation
upsaling; 2. Requires validation; 3.
G: Contacts
Technology (JKUAT), Department of Horticulture and
Food Security
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M. Wesonga, Urbanus Mutwiwa
Partner organizations Wago Company Limited and IMG Co. Ltd, Japan
Research Gaps
1. Undertake cost benefit analysis of the technology
2. Assess performance of technology at farm level
55
2.2.11 TIMP name Capillary wick based irrigation system
practice)
Problem to be addressed With climate change, water for growing horticultural crops
including tomatoes is becoming limited. Efficient low costs
irrigation methods are required for crop production under the
changing climate
What is it? (TIMP description)  Capillary wick irrigation involves the use of a device that
delivers water by capillary movement from a reservoir to the
plant growing medium
 The system has a compartment for holding plant growing
substrates. The system may be made of locally available
material such as timber or plastic containers.
 The compartment has provision through which wick
materials pass through from inside to a water reservoir.
 The system has a water reservoir which may be of any locally
available materials such as waste pipes or gutters. The water
reservoir is maintained full during the growing period
 Various growing substrates including soil, cocopeat and
mixtures may be used
 A capillary wick of a suitable material and dimensions runs
from the substrate compartment to the water reservoir
 The system is modular allowing starting small and expanding
on need and capacity
 Initial system costs KSh 10,000 per module with 32 plant
capacity
Justification The technology has potential to enhance crop production and
contribute to food security under the changing climate. This
innovative method is easy and cheap to install and operate
making it particularly suitable for resource poor farmers in
Kenya. The system saves upto 63% water compared to bucket
irrigation.
Users of TIMP Growers of high quality horticultural growers, service providers
involved in greenhouse construction, the youth and youth led
enterprises
Approaches to be used in Newspapers and magazines, ASK shows, Trade fairs, TV, social
dissemination media e.g. Youtube
Critical/essential factors for Validation through on farm trials with participation of farmers
successful promotion
Partners/stakeholders for scaling Service providers: County extension staff for collaboration in
up and their roles technology demonstration and dissemination, Media for
56
awareness creation, student interns for installation and adaptation
to local situations
Counties where already Limited
promoted, if any
Counties where TIMP will be Kiambu, Machakos
upscaled
Challenges in dissemination Kiambu, Nakuru, Laikipia, Kajiado
Suggestions for addressing the None
challenges
Lessons learned in upscaling, if N/A
any
Social, environmental, policy and N/A
Basic costs KSh 10,000 per system (KSh 400,000 per 240sq.m greenhouse)
Estimated returns KSh. 23,040.00 pers system (KSh. 921,600.00 per 240sq.m
greenhouse per production cycle)
Gender issues and concerns in It is suitable for both gender and highly attractive to the youth. It
development, dissemination, provides very conducive working environment
Gender related opportunities It can promote engagement of women and the youth to farming
VMG issues and concerns in No known issues to date
VMG related opportunities - VMGs are accommodated and can benefit if included in the
dissemination and scaling up
- It is relatively cheap and modular hence can address the issue
of marginalized persons

Success stories from previous Capillary wick system has been installed by Mr. Bakari of Roben
similar projects Center in Mukuru kwa Njanga. He installed some units in Somali
and Kakuma refugee camp. The system was able to sustain
vegetable production using limited water in extremely dry
condition. Mr. Larry Mwendwa a student at JKUAT has installed
the system in some farmers field in Machakos county. Mr. Caleb
Ndolo has applied the system for vegetable production
Application guidelines for users Manual to be provided upon validation
F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. 2. Requires validation
Ready for upsaling; 2. Requires
research
57
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M. Wesonga, Martin Mburu, Patrick Home. Mr.
Francis Ombwara, Cornelius Wainaina, Larry Mwendwa, Caleb
Ndolo
Partner organizations Ruben Centre https://www.rubencentre.org. (Mr. Bakari),
Vintage green, KALRO
Research Gaps
1. Optimization of fertilizers for use with capillary wick system especially development of
slow release fertilizers or liquid fertilizers
2. Develop mechanisms for controlling algae in the systems
3. Assess performance of the system with farmers in different localities and crops
4. Assess other local materials for adaptation of the system to local situations
5. Develop installation and operators manual to support implementation
2.3 Physological Disorders
2.3.1.TIMP Name Management of blossom End Rot

practice)
Problem addressed Physiological disorder caused by a localized deficiency of
calcium in the distal (blossom) end of the fruit due to fluctuation
in water supply even for a short period of time. Affected fruits
ripen more rapidly than normal reducing the marketable quality.
What is it? (TIMP description) The mitigation measure entails adequate calcium supply to the
crop root zone by application of calcium in fertigation or spray
with 0.5% CaSO4 solution and maintaining watering balance to
the tomato crop to maintain steady fruit and plant growth.
Justification Farmers lack information on importance of regular watering and

balanced nutrition of tomatoes. Blossom end rot cannot be
reversed in a tomato fruit once it has set in, but under good
management practices the problem can be prevented. This is done
by regular watering and calcium application to correct conditions
that trigger the disorder. Affected fruits are harvested to reduce
stress on the plant and to allow it to direct its energy to other
tomatoes be corrected. This information should be imparted to
farmers to improve tomato productivity.
Users of TIMP
58
the crop
Counties where already Kirinyaga, Embu,Meru, Kjiado, Tharaka Nithi, Busia, Makueni,
promoted Bungoma, Taita Taveta, Makueni, Tranzoia, Busia, Uasin Gishu,
Machakos,
up scaled
Challenges in dissemination None
Suggestions for addressing the N/A
challenge
Lessons learned in upscaling if Practical demonstrations aid in promoting adoption of
any management practices
Social, environmental, policy and None
upscaling
development and dissemination
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in management of blossom
end rot.
VMG issues and concerns in -None

VMG related opportunities - All VMGs can participate in management of blossom end rot
Success stories from previous - Previous initiatives under NACOSTI project in Kirinyaga and
similar projects Muranga Counties sensitized farmers on management of
blossom end rot
guide on tomato staking and pruning documented
research
59
Lead organization and scientists KALRO- Agnes Ndegwa Rahab Magoti, Charity Gathambiri, and
Finyage Pole
Partner organizations MoALF, JKUAT, Agro-dealers
2.3.2.TIMP Name Shade-net tomato cultivation for management of

sunscald
practice)
Problem addressed Heat stress which affects the quality of tomato fruit
What is it? (TIMP description) The shade materials help in protecting plants, from direct
sunlight and also works as a windscreen during the dry
periods. Depending on the climatic conditions shade net of
50% to 60% density should be used by tomato growers in
colder areas while in hotter it should be 70-80%.
Justification Use of shade net is a climate smart technology that ensures
that tomato fruit remains free from scalding when
temperatures are very high. The plants are also protected
from wind pressure damage and photosynthesis is
enhanced to stimulate plant growth. The shade net also
promotes retention of flowers during the dry spell in hot
areas that would otherwise abort resulting in reduced
yields. Growing tomatoes under shade nets can increase the
yield and improve the quality of tomatoes. The technology
requires validation in target areas.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension service providers, agro-prenuers
operators
Approaches used in Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory demonstrations,
dissemination Farmer field schools
Partners/stakeholders for scaling County Government- to provide extension services and
up and roles funding; Seed companies- to provide improved certified
outlets; Marketers- to provide viable all year round markets
at good prices that spur growth of the crop
60
Counties where already Not done by KALRO but some farmers are practicing the
promoted technology in some Counties such as Meru
up scaled
Challenges in dissemination Not done
Suggestions for addressing the
challenge
Lessons learned in upscaling if None
any
Social, environmental, policy and All gender categories can participate in shade-house tomato
market conditions necessary for management practices
upscaling
Gender issues and concerns in - Technology practical for men, women, youth
development, dissemination, - Establishment of the shade net structure has cost
adoption and scaling up implications that may be prohibitive for some gender
categories
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can practice technology
VMG issues and concerns in - Technology practical for VMGs
development and dissemination - Establishment of the shade net structure has cost
implications that may be prohibitive for some VMGs
VMG related opportunities VMGs can practise technology if issues of concern are
addressed
Success stories from previous -
similar projects
detailed guide on management of sun-scald in tomato are
documented
research

Lead organization and scientists KALRO Agnes Ndegwa Rahab Magoti, Charity
Gathambitri, John Wesonga , Finyange Pole
Partner organizations MoALF, JKUAT
2.4 Pests and Diseases
2.4.1 TIMP Name Scouting for pests identification and control
61
practice)
Problem addressed Limited awareness by farmers on the need to undertake
scouting for pest attack in their fields
What is it? (TIMP description) Scouting techniques and frequency to determine the
presence of the different types of pests and their respective
populations in order to make a decision on the control
measures to be undertaken.
Justification Most farmers spray pesticides indiscriminately in tomato

crops. This is not only uneconomical but also destructive to
the environment and at the same time kills the beneficial
insects. Scouting involves regular monitoring the
incidences of pest damage to crops. The purpose is to gain
a good understanding of insect pests, diseases, weed and
beneficial insect activity in your crop. Effective monitoring
includes assessing the numbers of insect pests as well as the
beneficial insects in a crop together with the incidences of
diseases and weeds. Recording this information and any
control actions taken, will help to better understand your
crop management practices over time. Scouting has to be
done on a regular basis so that appropriate remedial
measures are undertaken timely hence reducing crop losses
as well as saving on the costs of pesticides.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension service providers, agro-preneurs
Approaches used in Farmer trainings, farmer participatory demonstrations/
dissemination farmer field schools, shows, trade fairs
Partners/stakeholders for scaling Ministry of Agriculture-Extension Service to conduct
up and their roles extension services and farmer trainings, Individual Farmers
farmer groups/CBOs to participate in the implementation
of the various technologies for tomato production, KALRO
and Universities to develop the technologies and conduct
ToTs, NGOs to link farmers to the market and farmer
mobilization to lobby for changes in agriculture policies to
favour the farmer.
62
Counties where technology is Kwale, Kilifi, Taita-Taveta
already being promoted if any
Counties where TIMPS will be Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa,
up scaled Mandera
Challenges in dissemination Change of mindset in favour of current practices maybe
difficult to achieve
Suggestions in addressing the -Capacity building and sensitization forums
challenges -Participatory approach in demonstrating the practice to
farmers and economic analysis to convince them on cost
effectiveness _
Lessons learned in up scaling if Farmer participatory approach works
any
Social, environmental, policy and Organized collective marketing channels critical for
market conditions necessary benefits to be derived from practice
Basic costs KES 300 per day for 3 months
Estimated returns KES 500,000 per acre
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in tomato field
scouting which has potential to increased yields of quality
fruits and reduction in costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in crop scouting once
development, dissemination, sensitized
VMG related opportunities Scouting for tomato pests and diseases can easily be
undertaken by VMGs and hence lead to a reduction in costs
for pesticides
Success stories Farmers who were sensitized in the FARM-Africa funded
Passion fruit project in coastal Kenya are undertaking
scouting as a management practice. Some framers growing
tomatoes have embraced the practice in this region.
detailed guidelines on tomato crop health management are
documented
Status of TIMP (1. ready for up 1. Ready for up scaling
scaling 2, Requires validation 3.
Requires further research)
F: Contacts
Contacts Institute Director, KALRO Kandara, Cntre Director,
KALRO-Matuga, Deans of Agriculture, KU and JKUAT
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Finyange Pole, Muo Kasina,
Maina Mwangi, John Wesonga, Rahab Magoti, Charity
Gathambiri
63
Partner organizations MoALF&I, County governments, Universities (KU and
JKUAT)
2.4.2 TIMP Name Integrated Pest Management control practices

Category (i.e. technology, innovation Management practice
Problem addressed Excessive use of pesticides for the control of insect
pests in open fields and greenhouses for tomatoes is
reaching alarming levels. Other farmers have gone to
an extent of using non-crop chemicals such as
acaricides that are used for tick control to control pests
in tomatoes. This exposes the consumers of tomato to
a great health risk.
What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated pest Management (IPM) practice involves
the use of a combination of biological, cultural,
mechanical, host plant resistance and chemical control
practices for the management of pests in tomato fields.
In IPM practices, the use of agro-chemicals is usually
considered as a last option after undertaking all the
other pest control practices and realizing that the pests
are still attacking the crop.
Justification There has been an upward trend in the use of pesticides
for the control of various pests in tomatoes. Once
farmers spray their crop with either a pesticide or
fungicide, there is usually a post-harvest interval (PHI)
that must be observed before the crop is harvested.
This condition is hardly observed by farmers hence
most of the produce reaching the consumers has high
chemical residues which is a health hazard. Adoption
of IPM practices for control of pests in the fields and
greenhouses will not only reduce the costs for
purchase of pesticides but will also make the final
produce safe for consumption. The IPM strategy could
either involve the use of a single control practice such
as cultural control or a combination of two or more
control practices. The use of chemicals is considered
to be the last option.

Users of TIMP Farmers, commercial tomato nursery operators
Approaches used in dissemination Farmer trainings, farmer participatory demonstrations/
farmer field schools, shows, trade fairs
64
schools
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up Ministry of Agriculture-Extension Service to conduct
and their roles extension services and farmer trainings, Individual
Farmers farmer groups/CBOs to participate in the
implementation of the various technologies for tomato
production, KALRO and Universities to develop the
technologies and conduct ToTs, NGOs to link farmers
to the market and farmer mobilization to lobby for
changes in agriculture policies to favour the farmer.
Counties where technology is already Kwale, Kilifi, Taita-Taveta, Machakos, Makueni
being promoted if any
Counties where TIMPS will be up Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa,
scaled Mandera
Challenges in dissemination Change of mindset in favour of current practices
maybe difficult to achieve
Suggestions in addressing the -Capacity building and sensitization forums
challenges -Participatory approach in demonstrating the practice
to farmers and economic analysis to convince them on
cost effectiveness _
Lessons learned Farmer participatory approach works
Basic costs KES 50,000 per acre
Estimated returns KES 500, 000 per acre
Gender issues and concerns in Technology basically gender friendly. It can easily be
development, dissemination, adoption adopted by women, youths and the physically
and scaling up challenged
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in tomato IPM
technology which has potential to increased yields of
quality fruits and reduction in costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in crop IPM
development, dissemination, adoption technology once sensitized
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities IPM for tomato pests and diseases can easily be
undertaken by VMGs and hence lead to a reduction in
costs for pesticides
Success stories Farmers who were sensitized in the FARM-Africa
funded Passionfruit project in coastal Kenya are
undertaking IPM as a management practice and this
has influenced them to practice the same in tomato
65
cultivation. Cases to note are individual farmers and
groups who are engaged in commercial tomato
business in major tomato growing areas who practice
IPM
Application guidelines for users Tomato cultivation manual, brochure and fact sheet
with detailed guidelines on IPM in tomato are
documented
Status of TIMP (1. ready for up 2, Requires validation
F: Contacts
KALRO-Matuga, Deans of Agriculture, KU and
JKUAT
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Finyange Pole, Muo
Kasina, Maina Mwangi, John Wesonga, Rahab
Magoti, Charity Gathambiri
Partner organizations MoALF&I, County governments, Universities (KU
and JKUAT)
Research Gaps
1. Validation of the IPM technology in different agro-ecological zones in order to come up with
region specific management practices
2. Validation of use of agri-nets for management of pests in tomato
2.4. 3 TIMP Name Management of Soil pests (Cut worms, Agrotis spp
and Chafer grubs, Melolontha spp) by use of
integrated control practices
Problem addressed The major soil pests attacking tomato seedlings are cut
worms, Agrotis spp and chafer grubs, Melolontha spp.
Cut worm larvae are grey to black caterpillars
approximately 24 mm long often found hidden in the
soil near the seedlings. They hide in the soil feeding
on the underground parts of the plant during the day
and come to the surface to feed on the aerial parts of
the plant at night. Soil pest infestations are sporadic
and are more common in weedy spots, fields with high
organic matter and poor drainage.
What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated control practice for tomato soil pests
involves the use of a combination of biological,
cultural, and chemical control methods in the tomato
fields. The use of one control method alone is not
effective since the pest usually buries itself
66
underground and start feeding on the roots during the
day and comes out at night to feed on the aerial parts.
Cultural methods include clearing the fields of weeds
and other foreign materials before application of other
control measures. Biological control with bio-
pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis may be used
to control the pests. If the two methods are found to be
ineffective, then the chemical control method could be
used by application the following chemicals: 5%
Malathion dust around the plant after transplanting
preferably in the afternoon, Dipterex (Dylox)
Trichorphon 5% dust similarly at 2 kg/ha and add baits
e.g. Bran mixed with sugar or Spray with pyrethroid
insecticides at transplanting (Brigade, Sevin, Fastac or
Karate).
Justification Cutworms normally cut the seedlings stem at the soil
line, and eat holes into roots. The injured plant
thereafter, withers and die. Young caterpillars feed on
the leaves leaving perforations on the leaves. The
pests feed on the plants at the base causing serious
damage to stems. Stalks of plants may be cut. Soil pest
infestations are sporadic and often associated with
sections of the field that are weedy, have high amounts
of organic residue, or poor drainage. Integrated
Management of the pests using cultural, biological as
well as chemical options is critical to ensure optimum
plant population and to achieve expected yields.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension service providers, agro-preneurs
schools
67
scaled Mandera
Challenges in dissemination Change of mindset in favour of recommended
practices maybe difficult to achieve
Suggestions for addressing the -Capacity building and sensitization forums
Lessons learned in upscaling if any Farmer participatory approach works
Gender issues and concerns in The practice can easily be adopted by women, youths
development, dissemination, adoption and the physically challenged
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in integrated
management of soil pests in tomato which has
potential to increase yields and quality of tomato fruits
and reduction in costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMGs can easily participate in Integrated
development and dissemination cutworm control technology once sensitized
VMG related opportunities Integrated control of soil pests practice can easily be
Success stories Cases to note are individual farmers and groups who
are engaged in commercial tomato business in major
tomato growing areas
with detailed guidelines on tomato crop protection
Status of TIMP (1. ready for up 1. ready for up scaling
F: Contacts
JKUAT
and JKUAT)
68
2.4.4 TIMP Name Management of African bollworm, Helicoverpa
armigera Hb by use of integrated control practices
Problem addressed The caterpillars of the African bollworm are major
pests of tomato. They bore into the fruit often with the
hind part of the body exposed outside. They produce
copious amounts of pellet-like droppings. One
caterpillar can cause damage to several plant parts
such as flowers, flower buds and fruits which are
characterized by presence of one or two rounded holes
thereby making the tomato farmer incur heavy losses
of up to 90%.
What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated control practice for tomato African
bollworm involves the use of a combination of
biological, cultural, natural enemies and chemical
control methods in the tomato fields. The use of one
control method alone is not effective. The use of
chemicals for example leads to the development of
resistance. This calls for an integrated approach aimed
at reducing the damage caused by African bollworm
in the farmers’ fields.
Justification The African bollworm is one of the major pests of
economic importance in tomatoes. It can cause field
losses of up to 90% as the pest has the potential to
multiply very fast. The most destructive stage is the
larvae and hence an integrated approach for its control
is very essential. Scouting of the crop for the pest on
regular basis should be encouraged.
schools
69
scaled Mandera
Lessons learned in upscaling if any Previous research initiatives have shown that Farmer
participatory approach works
Gender issues and concerns in The management practice can easily be adopted by all
development, dissemination, adoption gender categories
and scaling up
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily apply the management practice
development and dissemination once sensitized
VMG related opportunities Integrated African bollworm control practice can
easily be undertaken by VMGs and hence lead to a
reduction in costs for pesticides
tomato growing areas and are practicing integrated
management of tomato soil pests
F: Contacts
JKUAT
70
and JKUAT)
2.4.6 TIMP Name Management of Red spider mites, Tetranychus spp.

by use of integrated control practices.
Problem addressed Red spider mites pose a major problem on tomato and
other members of the Solanaceae (eggplant, chillies,
capsicums and Irish potato) family. The pest attacks
many cultivated and wild plants, has a high
reproductive capacity and can destroy plants within a
short period of time. When left uncontrolled the farmer
can lose his entire production within a week. The mites
can be spread by the wind. Infestation often starts on
the outside (border rows) of a plot. Therefore, other
adjacent (tomato) crops, wild plants and weeds can
serve as a source of infestation. Mites can also be
spread passively by irrigation water, dust storms,
clothing and implements. All the different stages of
insect development are usually found together on the
leaves at the same time. The pest develops very rapidly
in warm, dry weather and could be among the pests
that show resurgence due to adverse effects of climate
change.
What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated control practice for red spider mites in
tomato involves the use of a combination of biological,
natural enemies and chemical control methods. This is
so because the pest has a large range of host plants and
can easily be spread by agents such as wind, irrigation
water, dust storms and even clothes. To ensure an
effective control of the pest, there is need to use IPM
technologies. These include: Cultural practices.
Regular scouting of the crop to determine the presence
of the pest and the level of infestation at an early stage
is a substantial element of IPM (Integrated Pest
management). Burning of infested plants can be
successful during the early stages of infestation when
the mites concentrate on a few plants. The separation
of infected crops and newly planted crops or nursery
areas and the burning or removal of infected crop
residues and weeds, also helps to minimize the
problem. Natural enemies such as predatory mites are
effective in the control of spider mites. e.g.
71
Phytoseilus persimilis has been very effective when
used in the green house; Botanical pesticides.
Botanicals such as Neem (Azadirachta indica) and
Tephrosia sp. are currently being evaluated in Kenya
for their effectiveness in the control of red spider mite.
Chemical control. Curative and preventive treatments
especially during the vegetative phase are advisable.
Effective insecticides include Abamectin, Amitraz,
Dicofol, Clofentezine, Bifenthrin, Tetradifon and
Azadirachtin among others. Care should be taken
when considering chemical control (contact extension
staff or KALRO for advice) for information available
chemical formulas and their cost-effectiveness.
Justification The Red spider mites are serious pests that cause
damage to the leaves by injuring them as a result of the
mites sucking out valuable substances from the
underside of leaves causing speckling and tarnishing
and eventual leaf fall. Under severe attacks they will
cause stunted growth and reduce yields by at least
50%. The problem is more acute during dry weather
spells. The mites and its webbing, just visible to the
eye, can be seen on the underside of the leaf. Spider
mites may also cause spots on the fruits. Because of
their small size (0.3-0.5mm), an infestation is often
only noticed after the leaves have been discolored.
This calls for an integrated approach with effective
scouting programmes in place to enable early
detection for the pest in order to undertake appropriate
control measures.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Extension srviice providers
schools
72
scaled Mandera
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in Integrated cutworm
development, dissemination, adoption control technology once sensitized
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Integrated red spider mite control practice can easily
be undertaken by VMGs and hence lead to a reduction
in costs for pesticides
tomato growing areas and practice Integrated red
spider mite control
F: Contacts
JKUAT
73
and JKUAT)
2.4.7 TIMP Name Management of Tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta

and Liriomyza spp) by use of integrated control
practices
Problem addressed The adults Liriomyza spp are small black and yellow
flies about 2mm long. They lay eggs which hatch into
small larvae that feed by mining between the upper
and lower epidermis of the leaves making a tunnel as
they move along. On the other hand Tuta absoluta are
caterpillars that are yellowish when newly hatched,
later turn yellow green with a black band behind the
head and the fully grown ones have a pinkish colour
on their back Tuta absoluta is a devastating leaf miner
on tomato crops. The pest can cause up to 50-100%
yield reduction on tomato crops and its presence may
also limit the export of the produce. It reproduces
rapidly with a life cycle of 24-38 days, depending on
the temperature, the minimum being 9 ̊ C. Damage by
“mining” causes whitish blotches inside the leaves,
kills the leaves eventually making them fall off
prematurely.
What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated control practice for leaf miners involves the
use of a combination of biological, natural enemies,
traps, pheromones and chemical control methods in
the tomato fields. The use of one control method alone
is not effective. This is so because the pest has the
ability to develop resistance to most of the chemicals
within a short time. Again the pest is usually located
in between the upper and the lower parts of the leaves-
tunnels. This makes it difficult for it to be accessed by
chemicals. To ensure an effective control of the pest,
there is need to use IPM technologies. These include:
Use of Bacillus thuringiensis have shown efficacy in
controlling outbreaks, use of inorganic pesticides such
as Spinosad and Imidacloprid;
Use of sex pheromone traps is highly effective on the
males thus reducing the populations due to reduced
fertilization of the females. Pheromone lures can be
74
used for monitoring and mass trapping. For the other
types of leaf miners, use of parasitic wasps such as
Diglyphus ssp has proved effective; use of yellow
sticky traps or yellow basins filled with water attract
the adult leaf miner. These are later killed. Destruction
of hosts such as old crop debris as well as having a
rotation with non-host crops can help reduce leaf
miner populations in the crop.
Justification The Leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) are serious pests that
cause damage to both the leaves and the tomato fruits.
They cause high yield losses of 50-100%. There is
therefore the need to use a combination of control
practices and at an early stage to ensure that the pest is
put under control before it causes serious damages to
the crop. This calls for an integrated approach with
effective scouting programmes in place to enable early
detection for the pest in order to undertake appropriate
control measures.
schools
scaled Mandera
75
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in Integrated
development, dissemination, adoption leafminer control once sensitized
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Integrated leaf miners control can easily be undertaken
by VMGs and hence lead to a reduction in costs for
pesticides
tomato growing areas who have been sensitized on
leafminer control are successfully using the
management practices.
with detailed guidelines on leaf miner (Tuta absoluta)
are documented
F: Contacts
JKUAT
and JKUAT)
2.4.8 TIMP Name Management of Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella

occidentalis, F. schultzeii and Ceratothripoides
brunneus) by use of integrated control practices
76
Problem addressed Thrips are small insects, about 1 to 2 mm long. They
usually feed on the lower surface of leaves puncturing
them and suck the exuding sap. They also attack buds,
flowers and fruits. Attacked leaves have a silvery
sheen and show small black spots (thrips excrements).
Under heavy infestation attacked buds and flowers
usually fall off. Attacked fruits show speckling and
small necrotic patches on the surface affecting fruit
quality. Fruits may become deformed. Thrips feed on
tomatoes at all stages, but their feeding on seedlings is
particularly damaging. Heavy infestation can reduce
stands of young seedlings in hot weather. Thrips of the
genus Thrips and Frankliniella are carriers of viruses
such as the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (the most
economically important virus in tomato production)
and the Tomato Chlorotic Spot Virus.
What is it? (TIMP description) Integrated control practice for thrips involves the use
of natural enemies. Predatory mites (e.g. Amblyseius
sp.), anthocorid bugs (e.g. Orius spp.), and other
predators such as ladybird beetles, lacewings and
spiders, and the fungus Entomophthora are important
in natural control of thrips. Monitor the crop regularly.
Check plants daily in the nursery, and crop borders in
the field. Be particularly vigilant at flowering. Pay
careful attention to flowers and flower buds. Destroy
thrips pupae in the soil. This helps reducing
subsequent thrips populations. Plough and harrow
before transplanting to expose pupae in the soil from
previously infested crops to natural enemies and
desiccation. Soil Solarization and flood irrigation
(flooding previously infested fields prior to
planting/transplanting) destroy a large proportion of
thrips pupae present in the soil;
If necessary spray with bio pesticides. Neem and some
other plant extracts are reported to control thrips.
Apply Spinosad, a bacterial derivative effective in
thrips control. However, timing of bio-pesticide
application is important. Spraying early in the morning
or in the evening and mixing the spray with a sugar
solution (which attracts the thrips out of the flowers)
are reported to increase efficacy of sprays.
Justification Thrips are insect pests that cause severe damage to
tomatoes and can lead to high yield losses since they
attack the growing tips and flowers leading to flower
abortion. Their secretive habits (eggs are laid in plant
tissue, the larvae and adult shelter in the flowers and
77
larvae pupate in the soil) makes them quite difficult to
control using chemical control method. This calls for
an integrated approach with effective scouting
programmes in place to enable early detection for the
pest in order to undertake appropriate control
measures.
schools
scaled Mandera
Gender issues and concerns in Management of thrips can easily be adopted by all
development, dissemination, adoption gender categories though some components such as
and scaling up spraying may be impractical for women
78
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in Integrated thrips
development and dissemination control technology once sensitized
VMG related opportunities Integrated thrips control practices can easily be
tomato growing areas and are managing thrips using
IPM approach
with detailed guidelines on tomato crop protection are
documented
F: Contacts
JKUAT
and JKUAT)
2.1.9 TIMP Name Evaluation of pesticides for effectiveness in control

of economic important pests for tomato
Problem addressed There is lack of information by farmers and agro-
dealers on the efficacy of most agro-chemicals that are
in the market today. Many agro-chemical companies
have manufactured different types of pesticides for
control of various tomato pests. However, their
efficacies are not known while in some of them the
information given on the labels does not seem to agree
with the outcomes in the field once the pesticides are
used for the control of pests. This therefore calls for an
evaluation of the common pesticides in the market to
determine their effectiveness.
What is it? (TIMP description) The process will involve the purchase of the common
pesticides used for the control of the economic pets for
tomato from the agro-dealers. The pesticides that are
79
used for control of similar pests but manufactured by
different agro-chemical companies will be procured
and tested for their efficacy on the tomato crop in
different agro-ecological zones of the tomato growing
counties in the project mandate areas.
Justification Farmers in the tomato growing areas have used
different kinds of pesticides for the control of various
tomato pests with very little success. This has led to
many of them getting desperate owing to the high
losses they incur in the process of tomato production
and resort to using acaricides meant to control ticks in
cattle in the control of crop pests. This has exposed the
consumers of tomatoes into high health risks.
schools
scaled Mandera
Challenges in dissemination Change of mindset in favour of recommended practices
practices maybe difficult to achieve
farmers and economic analysis to convince them on
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Gender issues and concerns in The management practice can easily be adopted by
development, dissemination, adoption women, youths and the physically challenged
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in the evaluation
of pesticides for determination of their efficacy
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in in the evaluation of
development, dissemination, adoption pesticides for determination of their efficacy
and scaling up technology once sensitized
VMG related opportunities Evaluation of pesticides for determination of their
efficacy control practice can easily be undertaken by
VMGs and hence lead to a reduction in costs for
pesticides
Success stories Efficacy trials have routinely been conducted by
accredited institution such as KALRO in collaboration
with PCPB
with detailed guidelines on approved tomato crop pest
management products, PCPB List of Approved Pest
Control Products
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 3. requires further research)
for upscaling; 2. Requires validation;
3. requires further research)
F: Contacts
Contacts Institute Director, KALRO Kandara, Centre Director,
KALRO-Matuga, Deans of Agriculture, Kenyatta
University and JKUAT.
Maina Mwangi, John Wesonga
Partner organizations MoALF&I, County governments, Universities
Research Gap
1. Evaluation of pest and disease control products for efficacy (Continuous)*
2.4.10 TIMP Name Pesticides for management of insect pests

Problem to be addressed  High incidence of pests and disease
 Inappropriate use of synthetic chemical
pesticides

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What is it? (TIMP description) Pesticides are products intended for application to
destroy pests and/or reduce their impact on quantity and
quality of tomato crop and produce. The targeted pests
may be weeds, insects, pathogens, rodents or birds.
Pesticides have various types of formulations, e.g.
suspension (liquid), granules, dust, fumigant, powder,
aerosols. They can be applied using various methods
including spraying, granule incorporation into soil,
drenching, smearing, injection, fumigating. Pesticides
can be applied at different stages in the tomato
production cycle, e.g. at land preparation (e.g.
herbicide), at planting, after planting or post harvest.
Justification Tomato is an important crop for food, nutrition and
income security in Kenya. A wide range of pests and
diseases limit production. Although there are different
means of controlling the pests, most farmers turn to
pesticides due to their effectiveness. However,
pesticides are costly, and therefore reduce profits, they
can be harmful to the environment and people.
Inappropriate use of pesticides leaves residues on
tomato fruits, which lowers their quality, it can also
lead to pests becoming resistant. It is therefore
important for farmers to understand the correct
procedure of choosing pesticides, their safe use and
management, and how to integrate to other pest/ disease
management methods.
Users of TIMP Farmers, agrovet dealers
Approaches used in dissemination Trainings to farmers and agrovet dealers, farmer
participatory demonstrations/ farmer field schools,
shows, trade fairs, electronic platforms
Critical/essential factors for  Sustained demand for effective disease control
successful promotion methods
 Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
production
 Collaboration between all partners
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up KALRO and KU will conduct trials and research on
and their roles pesticide use and their effectiveness under different
agro-ecological conditions and pests/pathogen
hotspots;
KU will conduct research on pest/ disease distribution
and strain diversity to guide pesticide use
recommendations; County governments, farmers
groups/CBOs, NGOs, agrovet dealers will implement
extension.
82
Counties where already promoted if All areas where tomatoes are grown
any
Counties where TIMP will be Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa,
upscaled Mandera and others
Challenges in dissemination  Lack of funds to purchase pesticides
Suggestions for addressing the -Provision of knowledge on appropriate use of

challenges pesticides
-Training and demonstration on pesticide use
-Economic analysis to convince growers on cost
effectiveness
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any The current mindset and dependence on pesticide to
produce healthy tomato needs to be addressed.
Social, environmental, policy and - Guidelines on residue limits for locally consumed
market conditions necessary for tomato
development and upscaling -Favorable climatic conditions for tomato production
-Sustained market demand for high quality tomato
fruits.

Basic costs Varies with pesticide product
Gender issues and concerns in - Application of pesticides may be cumbersome for
development, dissemination, adoption some gender categories (women)
and scaling up - In some regions women and youth lack access and
control over resources for production and benefits
Gender related opportunities - Any gender can participate in tomato production
using recommended crop health management
practices for increased production and income
generation
VMG issues and concerns in - Application of pesticides may be cumbersome for

development, dissemination, adoption some gender categories (women)
and scaling up - Some VMGs lack access and control over resources
for production and benefits
VMG related opportunities - VMGs can be involved in in tomato production
using recommended crop health management
practices for increased production and income
generation if issues of concern are addressed

Success stories from previous similar Appropriate use of pesticides in tomato production has
projects been promoted in Kirinyaga, Embu and Murang’a
under the ENBALE Horticulture project at KU/NRF.
83
Application guidelines for users Production guidelines are provided by pesticide
manufacturers.
F: STATUS OF TIMP READINESS Requires validation and further research
(Ready for upscaling; 2. Requires
research)
F: Contacts
Contacts Director, KALRO Kandara; Kenyatta University,
JKUAT
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Rebecca Faraay; Agnes Ndegwa, Finyange
Pole, Muo Kasina, Maina Mwangi, John Wesonga
Partner organizations MoALF&I, County governments, Universities: KU,
JKUAT
Research Gaps
1. Evaluation of resistance to pesticides
2.1.11 TIMP Name Safe use of pesticides

Problem addressed Excessive pesticides application to crops, use of
pesticides for spraying crops without wearing the right
spraying gear, storage of pesticides in non-designated
stores, spraying against the wing direction and use of
pesticides without following the guidelines given in the
labels.
What is it? (TIMP description) Capacity building of farmers, crop protection teams and
on safe handling and use of pesticides right from
transportation from the agro-dealers to storage in their
houses, mixing procedures and their application in the
field in order to ensure safety of the crop, the person
handling them and the environment at large.
Justification Cases of improper use of pesticides are very common in
most of the areas where tomatoes are grown. There have
been incidences of excessive use, improper handling that
lead to the spray attendants inhaling the chemicals in the
process of spraying, use of inappropriate spray equipment
that lead to leakages and thereby exposing the handlers to
health risks as well as contamination of the water bodies.
Most of these irregularities can easily be corrected
through sensitization and capacity building forums so as
the end users can be made aware of the best practices that
should be used when handling pesticides.
84
schools
technologies and conduct ToTs, NGOs to link farmers to
the market and farmer mobilization to lobby for changes
in agriculture policies to favour the farmer.
Counties where technology is Kwale, Kilifi, Taita-Taveta, Machakos, Makueni
already being promoted if any
scaled Mandera
effectiveness _
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in the safe use of
pesticides which has potential to increase yields of
quality and safe tomatoes and reduce production costs
VMG related opportunities Safe use of pesticides practice can easily be undertaken
pesticides
85
Success stories Cases to note are individual farmers and groups who are
engaged in commercial tomato business in major tomato
growing areas who practice safe use of pesticides after
sensitization in various forums and past research projects
detailed guidelines on tomato crop protection
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 1. Ready for upscaling;
for upscaling; 2. Requires
validation; 3. requires further
research)
F: Contacts
2.4.12 TIMP Name Use of plant extracts for control of tomato pests
Category (i.e. technology, innovation Innovation

Problem addressed Tomato plants in the field and nurseries are usually
attacked by a number of pests. Farmers have for a
long time been struggling to control pests using
chemical control practices with minimal success. At
the same time, the agro-chemicals are expensive and
unaffordable to the common farmer. The use of plant
extracts for the control of pests will make the crop not
only safe for consumption but also cheaper for the
farmer.
What is it? (TIMP description) Use of plant extracts for control of crop pests has been
undertaken by farmers in various parts of the country.
It involves the extraction of sap from leaves of
medicinal plants for the control of pests. Such plants
include neem, Tithonia, tobacco, pawpaw and chili
plant. The extracts can be used alone or in
combination so as to make them more effective and
control more than one pest.
Justification Demand for organically produced crop products has
been on the increase in the recent years. These
products also fetch premium prices in the market as
they are free from chemical residues. Plant extracts
do not contain heavy metals and are safe to the
environment. Once sprayed onto the tomato crop,
86
harvesting can be done as early as the following day
without having to observe the post-harvest interval.
Approaches used in dissemination Farmer trainings, farmer participatory
demonstrations/ farmer field schools, shows, trade
fairs
schools
implementation of the various technologies for
tomato production, KALRO and Universities to
develop the technologies and conduct ToTs, NGOs to
link farmers to the market and farmer mobilization to
lobby for changes in agriculture policies to favour the
farmer.
scaled Mandera
to farmers and economic analysis to convince them
on cost effectiveness _
development, dissemination, adoption
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in the use of
plant extracts technology which has potential to
increase yields of quality and safe fruits and reduce
production costs
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and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Use of plant extracts to control pests can easily be
undertaken by VMGs and hence lead to a reduction
Success stories
with detailed guidelines on use of botanicals for pest
control to be documented
F: Contacts
Kasina, Maina Mwangi, John Wesonga
Gaps
1. Evaluation of efficacy of plant extracts for control of tomato pests
2.4.13 TIMP Name Intercropping of tomatoes with garlic and onions

to control pests
Category (i.e. technology, innovation Technology
Problem addressed Increased use of pesticides for the control of various
pests in tomato fields.
What is it? (TIMP description) The TIMP entails planting onions and or garlic in
between the rows of tomatoes. Garlic and onions have
some medicinal properties and are also aromatic. The
aroma/smell released by the intercrops will chase
away the pests from the tomato plots thereby
reducing the costs of pesticide’s and at the same time
make the end products safe for use.
Justification Intercropping the tomato fields with garlic and or
onions will not only keep away the pests from
attacking the tomato crop but will also enable the
farmer earn an extra income from the sale of the
onions or garlic. The final product will also be safe to
use, saves the farmer from the costs of pesticides and
at the same time the practice is environmental
friendly.
88
fairs
schools
farmer.
scaled Mandera
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in the
intercropping of tomato with garlic and or onion
quality and safe tomatoes and reduction in costs
and scaling up
89
VMG related opportunities The VMG can easily participate in the intercropping
of tomato with garlic technology once sensitized

with detailed guidelines on tomato crop protection to
be documented
F: Contacts
Research Gaps
Validate effect of intercropping tomatoes with garlic and onions to control pests
2.14 TIMP Name Soil Solarization

Problem addressed Infestation of tomato plants planted in the soil by soil
borne pests such as nematodes and chaffer grubs.
What is it? (TIMP description) Solarization involves heating of soil media using
solar energy before planting tomato seeds in a nursery
bed or transplanting seedlings into the main seedbed.
This is done by covering moistened soil media with
transparent polythene sheet under the hot sun for 4 to
6 weeks. The polythene sheet absorbs and traps heat
and increases the temperatures in order to kill the soil
borne pests.
Users of TIMP Farmers, commercial tomato nursery operators,
Extension service providers
fairs
90
schools
farmer.
scaled Mandera
Gender issues and concerns in The technology can easily be adopted by all gender
development, dissemination, adoption categories
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in the
solarization technology which has potential to
increase yields, quality and safety of tomatoes and
reduce production costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMGs can easily participate in the solarization
development, dissemination, adoption technology once sensitized
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Solarization can easily be undertaken by VMGs and
hence lead to a reduction in costs for pesticides
91
tomato growing areas who were sensitized in
previous initiatives and currently practice solarization
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 1. Ready for upscaling;
F: Contacts
2.4.15 TIMP Name Management of Early blight (Alternaria solani) by

use of milk
Category (i.e. technology, Innovation
practice)
Problem addressed Tomato early blight is a disease of economic importance
in tomato production.
What is it? (TIMP description) The innovation entails use of use of fresh milk as an IPM
option for management of tomato early blight. This is
done by mixing one litre of fresh milk in 9 litres of water
to make a total 10 litres. The mixture is then used to
spray the tomato crop against early blight.
Justification Tomato early blight that is caused by Alternaria solani
is one of the major diseases of economic importance.
Farmers spend a lot of resources in trying to control the
disease. the use of milk for control of early blight will
go a long way in reducing costs, safeguarding the
environment and also makes the produce safe to use at
all times. Again milk is a product that is readily available
at all times throughout the year and is also locally
available making it easily accessible to the farmer.
schools
92
Partners/stakeholders for scaling Ministry of Agriculture-Extension to offer Service,
up and their roles Individual Farmers farmer groups/CBOs to practice the
technology, KALRO and the Universities to develop and
fine tune the technology, NGOs for farmer mobilization
and marketing of the produce.
Counties where technology is Taita-Taveta.
already promoted if any Adopted by a few farmers but a majority of them are yet
to adopt the practice.
Counties where TIMP will be up Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa,
scaled Mandera
Suggestions in addressing the Through capacity building and sensitization forums
effectiveness
Lessons learnt in up scaling if any Farmer participatory approach works
Gender issues and concerns in -The innovation can easily be practiced by all gender
adoption and scaling up -The use of milk may as a crop spray may present a
scenario of making a choice between and nutrition
especially for young babies in cases where milk is not
available in plenty
Gender related opportunities The innovation has potential to increase yields of quality
and safe tomatoes and reduce production costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMGs can easily utilize the innovation once
VMG related opportunities - Use of milk for control of blight can easily be
undertaken by VMGs and hence lead to a reduction
- The use of milk may as a crop spray may present a
scenario of making a choice between the innovation
and nutrition needs especially for the ailing in cases
where milk is not available in plenty
Success stories Cases to note are individual farmers and groups who are
engaged in commercial tomato business in major tomato
growing areas
93
detailed guidelines on tomato crop protection
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 3. requires further research
research)
F: Contacts
KALRO-Matuga
Gap
1. Validate Management of Early blight (Alternaria solani) by use of milk
2.4.16 TIMP Name Crop rotation as a means of controlling diseases in

tomatoes
Problem addressed Disease build up in as a result of continuous cultivation
of tomatoes in the same field or greenhouse for a long
period of time.
What is it? (TIMP description) The TIMP involves the reduction of disease pathogens
build up in a field or greenhouse by observing strict
crop rotation procedures in tomato production. The
rotation should be done in such a way that the crop that
follows the tomato after harvest is not related to the
tomato family which includes crops such as capsicum
brinjals, black night shade and many others in the
solaceae family. Suitable rotation crops include garlic,
coriander, amaranth as well as leguminous crops.
Justification Tomatoes are usually affected by a number of diseases
as they grow. The disease causing organisms usually
remain in the field with the crop residues and in the soil
after the crop is harvested. Once a new crop of tomato
is planted in the same field, the diseases will quickly
multiply and start infecting the plants. By practicing
crop rotation, the disease causing organisms will have
nothing to feed on and will in the long run die. This will
help in reducing their populations after a different crop
that is not related to tomatoes is planted in the following
season.
94
schools
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up Ministry of Agriculture-Extension to offer Service,
and their roles Individual Farmers farmer groups/CBOs to practice
the technology, KALRO and the Universities to
develop and fine tune the technology, NGOs for farmer
mobilization and marketing of the produce.
Counties where technology is Taita-Taveta, Kirinyaga, Kajiado.
already promoted if any
scaled Mandera
cost effectiveness
Gender issues and concerns in Crop rotation can be easily practiced by all gender
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in crop rotation
technology which has potential to increased yields, of
quality and safety of produce as well as reduce
production costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMGs can easily practice crop rotation once
VMG related opportunities Crop rotation technology can easily be undertaken by
VMGs and hence lead to a reduction in costs for
pesticides
Success stories Cases to note are individual farmers and groups
sensitized on importance of crop rotation in previous
projects and are now practicing it in commercial tomato
business in major tomato growing areas
95
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 2. Requires validation
research)
F: Contacts
2.4. 17 TIMP Name Field sanitation as a means of controlling disease

incidences
Problem addressed High disease causing pathogens accumulation and
frequent attacks to tomatoes leading to high
production costs as a result of excessive use of agro-
chemicals due to poor field sanitation conditions.
What is it? (TIMP description) The TIMP involves the reduction of disease causing
organisms build up in a field by observing strict
sanitation procedures in tomato production. This
entails ensuring that the tomato crop in either the open
field of the greenhouse is free from weeds and the
surrounding areas are also clear of weeds and other
crop residues. The water used for irrigation should be
clean and free from disease causing pathogens.
Equipment used for weeding, pruning as well as
materials used for mulching should always be clean
and free from disease causing organisms.
Justification There is an increase in production costs for tomatoes
that end up eating into the profits due to increased use
of fungicides and as a result of poor sanitation
conditions in the tomato fields that lead to disease
outbreaks. By observing proper sanitation conditions
in the fields and greenhouses, the disease incidences
could easily be reduced to a minimum thereby
increasing the income levels of tomato producers.
96
schools
develop and fine tune the technology, NGOs for
farmer mobilization and marketing of the produce.
Counties where technology is already Taita-Taveta, Kirinyaga.
promoted if any
scaled Mandera
cost effectiveness
Gender issues and concerns in Field sanitation can be easily practiced by all gender
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can participate in field sanitation
quality and safe tomatoes and reduce production costs
VMG issues and concerns in The VMG can easily participate in the crop rotation
development, dissemination, technology once sensitized
VMG related opportunities Field sanitation technology can easily be undertaken
pesticides
tomato growing areas and practice field sanitation
97
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 2. Requires validation
F: Contacts
2.4.18 TIMP Name Evaluation of fungicides for effectiveness in control

of economic important diseases for tomato
Problem addressed Presence of many and different types of fungicides in
the market that are manufactured for use by tomato
farmers for the control of diseases but there levels of
efficacy is not known or is not corresponding to the
instructions given in the label.
What is it? (TIMP description) The TIMP involves sourcing of the different disease
control chemicals manufactured by the different agro-
chemical companies and evaluating them for their
effectiveness in controlled research trials.
Justification Tomato farmers have faced challenges related to
recommended chemicals that are not effective in
disease control. Most farmers end up purchasing more
than one chemical for use in the control of the same
disease. This leads to an increase in production costs as
well as a destruction of the environment through
excessive use of agro-chemicals. There is need to
determine efficacy of these products continually to
ensure that only products with good efficacy are
recommended.
schools
98
develop and fine tune the technology, NGOs for farmer
mobilization and marketing of the produce.
Counties where technology is already Taita-Taveta, Kirinyaga.
promoted if any
scaled Mandera
cost effectiveness
-On farm trials
Gender issues and concerns in -Application of products may not be easily practical for
development, dissemination, adoption some gender categories (spraying by women)
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities -Participation of all gender categories in fungicides
efficacy trials technology has potential to increase
yields of quality and safe tomatoes and reduce
production costs
VMG issues and concerns in Some VMGs (elderly, ailing) may not be able to easily
development, dissemination, adoption participate in fungicides efficacy trials sensitized
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Able VMGs can participate in evaluating fungicides
efficacy and hence lead to a reduction in costs for
pesticides
Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 3. requires further research
F: Contacts
99
2.4.19 TIMP Name Tomato Grafting

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Innovation
Problem to be addressed High incidence of soil-borne disease such as
bacterial wilt
What is it? (TIMP description) This is a technique in which a plant with proven
resistance to soilborne pathogens is used to enable
the production of a high yielding variety that has
high market demand but highly susceptible to the
soil borne pathogen. The preferred variety is used as
the source of scion and joined to the resistant variety
which serves as a rootstock.
Justification Soilborne pathogens especially bacterial wilt caused
by Ralstonia solanacearum are a major challenge to
Tomato production. The bacteria survive for long in
the soil and most farmers are compelled to abandon
their fields once attacked occurs and the soil is
infected. There are no effective control measures for
the pathogen. Susceptible tomato varieties with high
market demand, e.g. Anna F1, Kilele F1, Cal J can
be grafted onto wilt resistant germplasm of Solanum
incanum, Eggplant or MT56. This could enable their
production even in soil with high inoculum load of
Ralstonia pathogen.
Extension service providers
Approaches used in dissemination Trainings to farmers and propagators/nursery
operators, farmer participatory demonstrations/
farmer field schools, shows, trade fairs, electronic
platforms
Critical/essential factors for successful - Sustained demand for disease resistant high
promotion yielding tomato seedlings
- Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
production
- Collaboration between all partners
100
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and KALRO, KU, JKUAT, County governments, farmer
their roles groups/CBOs, NGOs, private nursery operators.
Counties where already promoted if any Not yet
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kajiando, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo Marakwet,
Garissa, Mandera and others
Challenges in dissemination -Lack of funds to purchase the more expensive
grafted seedlings
-Change of mindset in favour of current practices
Suggestions for addressing the -Provision of healthy affordable grafted seedlings
challenges -Training and demonstration of technology
-Economic analysis to convince them on cost
effectiveness _
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any Proof of effectiveness of the technology is necessary
Social, environmental, policy and market -Certification guidelines for grafted tomato
conditions necessary for development seedlings
and upscaling. -Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
production
-Sustained market demand for seedlings and
tomatoes.

Basic costs KES 30 per seedling
Gender related opportunities -All gender categories can participate in tomato
production and marketing which increases
opportunities for income
-In some regions women and youth lack access and
VMG issues and concerns in -Grafting may be a challenging technology to
development, dissemination, adoption practice for VMGs who are physically challenged
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -VMGs can be involved in nursery operations and
seedling sales.
Success stories from previous similar Farmers trained under the IPM CRSP project
projects successfully tested the grafted tomato seedling
technology
Application guidelines for users Grafting protocol to be developed suited for Kenya
validation; 3. Requires further research)
F: Contacts
101
JKUAT
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Rebecca Faraay; Agnes Ndegwa,
Finyange Pole, Muo Kasina, Maina Mwangi, John
Wesonga
JKUAT
Gaps
1. Evaluation of performance of grafted tomato varieties/ seedlings under different agro-
ecological conditions
2. Identification of additional bacterial wilt resistant rootstocks for tomato grafting
2.4.20 TIMP Name Disease resistant varieties

Problem to be addressed -High incidence of pests and disease
-Indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical pesticides
What is it? (TIMP description) Resistant varieties have inherent genetic capacity to
tolerate and/or resist important pests and diseases. A
variety with resistance to a specific pest/pathogen
does not require additional application of chemical
pesticides to manage the specific pest/disease. A
pest/ disease resistant variety may also possess’
other attributes such as high yielding and early
maturity. Varieties with tolerance to different pests
and diseases have been promoted in different regions
where tomatoes are grown. These include: Fortune
Maker, Kentom, Taiwan F1 tolerant to bacterial wilt;
Roma VNF, Shengena, Tengeru-97, Kentom
tolerant to root knot nematodes. When purchasing
seed farmers should ask for varieties that are tolerant
to the main pests and diseases prevalent in their
regions. Growers can use codes on the label to
identify tolerance of different varieties. For example
Roma VFN indicate tolerance to Verticilium wilt
(V), Fusarium wilt (F) and Nematodes (N). Other
codes may indicate A for Alternaria leaf spot;
TSWV for Tomato Spotted wilt virus; Zara F1 is
resistant to bacterial wilt, intermediate resistance to
tomato yellow leaf curl virus, mosaic virus, and
fusarium wilt race one and two; Shanty F1 is highly
tolerant to nematodes.
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diseases limit production. Most farmers have to rely
on chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases.
In some areas farmers are compelled to abandon
fields due to pests and diseases. Resistant varieties
offer a sustainable and environment friendly strategy
for pests and disease control.
Approaches used in dissemination Trainings to farmers and propagators/nursery
operators, farmer participatory demonstrations/
farmer field schools, shows, trade fairs, electronic
platforms, through input sellers
Critical/essential factors for successful -Sustained demand for disease resistant high
promotion yielding tomato varieties
-Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
production
-Collaboration between all partners
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and KALRO, KU, JKUAT will conduct trials and
their roles research on performance of varieties under different
agro-ecological conditions and pests/disease
hotspots;
KU will conduct research on pest/ disease
distribution to guide dissemination of resistant
varieties; County governments, farmers
groups/CBOs, NGOs, private nursery operators will
implement extension.
Counties where already promoted if any None
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa,
Mandera and others
Challenges in dissemination -Lack of funds to purchase the more expensive
grafted seedlings
-Change of mindset in favour of current practices
Suggestions for addressing the -Provision of healthy affordable grafted seedlings
challenges -Training and demonstration of technology
-Economic analysis to convince them on cost
effectiveness _
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any Proof of effectiveness of the technology is necessary
Social, environmental, policy and market -Certification guidelines for grafted tomato
conditions necessary for development seedlings
and upscaling -Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
production
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-Sustained market demand for seedlings and
tomatoes.

Basic costs Varies with variety
development, dissemination, adoption an
dscaling up
Gender related opportunities -Any gender can participate in tomato production
and marketing which increases opportunities for
income
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities VMGs can be involved in different parts of the
tomato value chain.
Success stories from previous similar Various disease/pest resistant or tolerant varieties
projects are currently being promoted
Application guidelines for users Production guidelines are provided by seed

merchants
F: STATUS OF TIMP READINESS Requires validation
F: Contacts
JKUAT
Wesonga
JKUAT
Research Gap
1. Evaluation of performance of resistant varieties under different agro-ecological conditions
and disease/pest hotspots
2. Development of pest / disease distribution maps to guide dissemination of resistant
varieties in Kenya
2.4.21 TIMP Name Bio-control
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Problem to be addressed High incidence of pests and disease
Inappropriate use of synthetic chemical pesticides
What is it? (TIMP description) Bio-control is an approach that uses living organisms
or their products to suppress pests/ pathogens and
detrimental effects on cultivated crops. Bio-control
is environment friendly and a more sustainable
method compared to chemical products. The
targeted pests may be weeds, insects, or microbial
pathogens including nematodes. Bio-pesticides have
various types of formulations and they can be
applied using various methods including spraying,
granule incorporation into soil, drenching, dipping
or smearing. For insect control, predators are
released into the fields where the pests occur and
once established they can sustain their populations
over extended periods of time. Depending on the
target pest, bio-control products can be applied at
different stages of the tomato crop growth.
diseases limit production. Most farmers prefer to use
pesticides for pest control but these are costly, and
can be harmful to the environment and people. In
addition, inappropriate use of pesticides leaves
residues on tomato fruits, which lowers their quality
and can lead to pests becoming resistant. Bi-ocontrol
products are a suitable and more environment
friendly alternative for pest control.
Region promoted Bio-pesticides targeting different types of pests
have been promoted in different regions in Kenya.
Users of TIMP Farmers, agrovet dealers
Approaches used in dissemination Trainings to farmers and agrovet dealers, farmer
participatory demonstrations/ farmer field schools,
shows, trade fairs, electronic platforms
Critical/essential factors for successful Sustained demand for effective disease control
promotion methods
Favorable climatic conditions for tomato production
Collaboration between all partners
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and KALRO, KU, JKUAT will conduct trials and
their roles research on biopesticide use and their effectiveness
105
under different agro-ecological conditions and
pests/pathogen hotspots; County governments,
farmers groups/CBOs, NGOs, agrovet dealers will
implement extension.
Counties where already promoted if any All areas where tomatoes are grown
Challenges in dissemination -Perception of biopesticides being slow acting
-Some bio-products cost more than synthetic
products
-Lack of funds to purchase bio-pesticides
-Nonexistent distribution network bio-pesticides
Suggestions for addressing the -Training and demonstration on bio-pesticide use

challenges -Economic analysis to convince growers on cost
effectiveness
-avail affordable effective biocontrol products
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any -Marketing of bio-pesticides needs an effective
strategy
-Better demonstration of their effectiveness
necessary
Social, environmental, policy and market - Guidelines on pesticide residue limits for tomato
conditions necessary for development -Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
and upscaling production
-Sustained market demand for high quality tomato
fruits.

Basic costs Varies with bio-pesticide product
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities -Any gender can participate in tomato production
and marketing which increases opportunities for
income
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities VMGs can be involved in different parts of the
tomato value chain.
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Success stories from previous similar Use of bio-pesticides in tomato production has been
projects researched and promoted in Kirinyaga, Embu,
Murang’a, under KU/Osho project on bio-
prospecting for natural pest control products.
Examples: BioCure, Trichoderma, Beuveria
bassiana, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas isolates etc are
in the market for control of various pests/ pathogens.
Parasitic wasps, e.g. Cotesia, predatory mites
(Phytoseliusl spp.), spiders, have been used in
control of insect pests.
Application guidelines for users Production guidelines are provided by bio-pesticide

producers.
F: Contacts
JKUAT
Wesonga
JKUAT
Research Gaps
1. Evaluate opportunities to integrate bio-control products to existing pest control strategies.
2. Modelling climate changes and their potential impact on effectiveness of bio-control
products.
2.4.22 TIMP Name Trap crops

Problem to be addressed -High incidence of pests and disease
-Inappropriate use of synthetic chemical pesticides
What is it? (TIMP description) Trap cropping is a pest (nematode) management

technique. A susceptible plant host is planted and
larvae of a sedentary parasitic nematode such as
root-knot are attracted to the plant where they enter
and establish a feeding site on the plant. Once the
female nematodes are trapped within the root, the
trap crop is destroyed before the life cycle of the
nematode can be completed, thus significantly
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reducing the pest population. Trap crops can be
selected from among crops with economic or
nutrition value.
diseases limit production. Most farmers turn to
pesticides due to their effectiveness but these are
costly and can be harmful to the environment and
people. Trap crops can be a suitable alternative to
use of chemical pesticides if well integrated into pest
control programmes.
Region promoted Not known
Users of TIMP Farmers
Approaches used in dissemination Trainings to farmers, farmer participatory
fairs, electronic platforms
Critical/essential factors for successful -Sustained demand for effective disease control
promotion methods
-Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
production
-Collaboration between all partners
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and KALRO, JKUAT and KU will conduct trials and
their roles research on trap crops and their effectiveness under
pests/pathogen hotspots;
County governments, farmers’ groups/CBOs,
NGOs, will implement extension.
Counties where already promoted if any Not known
Challenges in dissemination -Destruction of the trap crop perceived as wasteful
Suggestions for addressing the -Use trap crop that has economic or nutrition value
challenges -Provision of knowledge on appropriate use of trap
crops
-Training and demonstration on trap crops
-Economic analysis to convince growers on cost
effectiveness
Lessons learned in upscaling, if any The current mindset and dependence on pesticide to
produce healthy tomato needs to be addressed.
Social, environmental, policy and market -Favorable climatic conditions for tomato
conditions necessary for development production
and upscaling. -Sustained market demand for high quality tomato
fruits.
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Basic costs To be determined
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities Any gender can participate in use of trap crops in
tomato production and marketing which increases
opportunities for income

and scaling up
VMG related opportunities VMGs can utilize the practice as they engage in
different parts of the tomato value chain.
Success stories from previous similar Carrots can be used to trap root knot nematodes
projects
Application guidelines for users Guidelines are needed
F: Contacts
JKUAT
Wesonga
JKUAT
Research Gap
1. Validation of trap crop technology
2.4.23 TIMP name Seed dressing for early pest management

Problem to be addressed Poor plant establishment is often associated with
early pest and disease infestation. Seedling blights
and damping off are common problems that lead to
poor seed germination and seedling survival
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What is it? (TIMP description) Seeds are treated with chemical pesticides such as
Thiram, Apron Star, Celest®Top, Cruiser® 350FS,
Dividend® 030fs, Maxim Xl® 035FS, Seed Plus
30WS, Mancolax 72% WP, Marshal 350 ST, Protreat
350fs. This is especially important for seeds
extracted by farmers. The seeds are placed in a
container and the chemical applied according to the
instructions on the label.
Justification The technology offers protection to the seed and
young seedling resulting in better germination and
better plant establishment. It also stimulates root
development leading to vigorous starts, uniform
growth and higher yields.
Region promoted Kajiado (Plant raisers - Isinya), Kiambu, Naivasha
(Longonot nurseries
Approaches to be used in dissemination Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory
demonstrations, Farmer field schools
Most effective approach Farmer participatory demonstrations, Farmer field
schools
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and Extension service providers for : County, farmer
their roles groups and CBOs for promoting the technology,
Student interns for capacity building, Agrochemical
companies and seed companies for provision of
inputs
Current extent of reach Not adopted yet, require validation
Counties where already promoted, if none
any
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa,
Mandera,
Challenges in dissemination None known
challenges
considerations
Basic costs To be determined
Estimated returns To be determined
110
Gender issues and concerns in No gender issue known
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities - Technology can be adopted by either gender
VMG issues and concerns in -No VMG issue known
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities - Technology can be adopted by all VMGs
Success stories from previous similar None
projects
Application guidelines for users Brochure and fact sheet with detailed guide on seed
dressing documented
G: Contacts
Technology (JKUAT), Department of Horticulture
and Food Security
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M. Wesonga, Boniface Muteshi,
Francis Ombwara, Losenge Turoop
Partner organizations KALRO Kandara, RealIPM, Koppert, BazerEA,
DuduTech
2.4.24 TIMP name Quarantine and movement restriction for

management of pest and diseases
Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Management Practice
Problem to be addressed High incidences of pests and diseases in tomato
production systems
What is it? (TIMP description) This entails restriction of access to and movement
within production areas. Strict procedures involving
disinfection and cleaning are followed before access
to production sites. Movement of animals into
production site is eliminated and tools and other
equipment and implements are cleaned before use in
production places.
Justification This is a preventive method that minimizes pest
infestation. It is a first line of defense against pests
that ensures minimal costs of dealing with pest
outbreak. It contributes to product safety through
minimal use of pesticides. Due to low pesticide usage
production costs are also lower. This method targets
viral and bacterial diseases such as Tomato ringspot
111
nepovirus and bacterial wilt. It can also reduce
problems of Tuta absoluta, whiteflies, spider mites,
Tomato potato psyllid among others.
Region promoted Kajiado (Plant raisers - Isinya), Kiambu, Naivasha
(Longonot nurseries
tomato growers, consultants
Approaches to be used in dissemination Farmer trainings, Farmer participatory
demonstrations, Farmer field schools
Most effective approach Farmer participatory demonstrations, Farmer field
schools
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and Extension service providers: County extension staff,
their roles farmer groups and CBOs for promoting the
management practice, Student interns for sensitizing
farmers and building their capacity , Media for
creating awareness
Current extent of reach Adopted by some individual farmers and some agro-
preneurs as a business but requires up-scaling
Counties where already promoted, if Kajiado, Nakuru
any
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Future scaling up: Kajiado, Kisumu, Siaya, Elgeyo-
Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera
Challenges in dissemination Capital cost in setting up structures for restricting and
controlling movement may be prohibitive for many
farmers Access to credit for farmers
Suggestions for addressing the Linking farmers to funding sources
challenges
considerations
Basic costs Variable depending on size
Estimated returns No direct cost
Gender issues and concerns in All gender categories can practice the improved
development, dissemination, adoption management.
an dscaling up
Gender related opportunities -Reduction of pesticides creates a better working
environment for women
112
-Better practices can contribute to access to market
and contribute to empowerment of the women
VMG issues and concerns in The better management is beneficial to all including
development, dissemination, adoption VMG
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities Better practices can contribute to access to market
and contribute to empowerment of the VMG
Success stories from previous similar Plantec Naivasha and Plant Raisers have quarantine
projects and controlled movement which enables them to
produce high quality pest free seedlings.
Application guidelines for users Brochure and fact sheet with detailed guide on
quarantine and controlled movement
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists KALRO, Agnes Ndegwa, Rebecca Faraay
Partner organizations JKUAT, MoALF&I, Seed Companies (e.g. Sygenta,
Kenya Highland Seed Company, Amiran, Simlaw
seeds), Agro-tunnel Ltd
Research Gaps
1. Evaluation of pest/ pathogen diversity/ biotypes and distribution in tomato growing
regions.
2. Modelling the effect of climate changes on pathogen populations and their distribution as
a predictor of future pesticide use trends.
2.5 Harvesting
2.5.1 TIMP name Maturity indices

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Management Practice
Problem addressed Lack of information and expertise in
determination of maturity indices for
tomato destined for different markets
What is it? (TIMP description) This is identification of maturity indices
used to determine the appropriate stage to
harvest tomato fruit. The parameters are
physical (colour, size, texture) and chemical
(brix).
Justification Tomatoes destined for various markets and

end use should be harvested at the
113
appropriate time. This ensures good quality
of produce with long shelf-life. Many
farmers especially new entrants into the
market are not very familiar with the
maturity indices for tomato and proper
harvesting procedure. There is need for
capacity building farmers on this aspect.
Users of TIMP Farmers, traders, extension service
providers
Approaches used in dissemination Farmer trainings, Field Demonstrations,
Farmer Field Schools, shows, trade fairs
Critical/essential factors for successful Farmer Participatory Demonstrations/
promotion Farmer field schools
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their County Government- to provide extension
roles services and funding Seed companies- to
provide improved certified seeds and
varieties; Individual farmers- to grow and
sell tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs to link
farmers with other stakeholders, source for
inputs jointly and seek market outlets;
Marketers – to provide viable all year round
markets at good prices that spur growth of
the crop

Counties where already promoted if any Kirinyaga, Tharaka-Nithi, Meru
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa,
Mandera, West Pokot
Challenges in dissemination -Indices are based on visual assessment and
this may not be easy for some actors
Suggestions for addressing the challenges -Capacity building with practical
demonstrations
Social, environmental, policy and market -Organized marketing channels are critical
conditions necessary for upscaling for benefits to be derived from technology
-
Gender issues and concerns in development, -The practice suitable for men, women and
dissemination, adoption and scaling up youth
Gender related opportunities -All gender categories can easily use the
technology in marketing of tomato to fetch
good returns
114
VMG issues and concerns in development, -The practice is suitable for VMGs
dissemination, adoption and scaling up -Misconceptions about technology may
affect adoption and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -Use of appropriate maturity indices offers
opportunities for marketing tomato fruit of
high quality to fetch premium prices as a
lucrative commercial venture for VMGs
E: Case studies/profile of Success stories
Success stories from previous similar projects Youth groups in Kiambu, farmers in peri-
urban Nairobi County who utilize the
appropriate maturity indices are doing good
business
Application guidelines for users Provide factsheet with detailed guidelines
on tomato maturity indices in color
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready for Ready for up-scaling
upscaling 2) Requires validation 3. Requires
further research
G: Contacts
Contacts Kalro.kandara@kalro.org
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Gathambiri
Charity, Wayua Francis
Partner organizations JKUAT, MOA, Traders, Processors
2.5.2 TIMP name Harvesting procedure

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Management Practices
Problem addressed Lack of information and expertise in appropriate
harvesting practices to maintain tomato quality
What is it? (TIMP description) - How to harvest fruit from plant
-Use of proper harvesting containers
-Time to harvest
Justification Tomatoes destined for various markets and end

use should be harvested using appropriate
practices. This ensures good quality of produce
with long shelf-life. Many farmers especially
new entrants into the market are not very familiar
with the proper harvesting procedures. There is
need for capacity building farmers on this aspect.
Users of TIMP Farmers, traders, extension service providers
Approaches used in dissemination Farmer trainings, Field Demonstrations, Farmer
Field Schools, shows, trade fairs
115
Critical/essential factors for successful Farmer Participatory Demonstrations/ Farmer
promotion field schools
roles services and funding Seed companies- to provide
improved certified seeds and varieties;
Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes,
stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and seek
market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable all
year round markets at good prices that spur
growth of the crop

Counties where already promoted if any Kirinyaga, Tharaka-Nithi, Meru
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera,
West Pokot
Challenges in dissemination -Lack of adherence to recommendations
Suggestions for addressing the challenges -Continuous capacity building with practical
demonstrations
Social, environmental, policy and market -Organized marketing channels critical for
conditions necessary for upscaling benefits to be derived from technology
Gender issues and concerns in development, The practices are suitable for men, women and
dissemination, adoption and scaling up youth
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can easily use the
technology in marketing of tomato
VMG issues and concerns in development, -The practices are suitable for VMGs
VMG related opportunities -Adherence to recommended harvesting
procedures offers opportunities for lucrative
commercial venture
Success stories from previous similar projects Youth groups in Kiambu, farmers in peri-urban
Nairobi County
Application guidelines for users Use practical guidelines on how to harvest
Provide fact sheets on harvesting
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready for Ready to upscale
further research
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Agnes Ndegwa, Gathambiri Charity,
Wayua Francis
116
2.6 Postharvest Handling

2.6.1 TIMP name Postharvest handling practices
Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Management practices
Problem addressed Lack of information and expertise in handling
tomato produce after harvest which results in
high postharvest losses
What is it? (TIMP description) Good tomato postharvest handling practices
include:
-Proper harvesting and holding containers
-Sorting and grading
- Pre-cooling at farm level
-Packaging (plastic crates)
-Postharvest diseases management
Justification Tomatoes are delicate fruits that require careful
handling from harvesting up to market to ensure
maintenance of good quality. Farmers and other
actors at these chain levels do not always follow
recommended practices. This leads to high
postharvest losses. There is need to sensitize
farmers and other chain actors on importance of
proper postharvest handling and capacity build
them on best practices.
Critical/essential factors for successful Good collaboration between all partners
promotion Adequate facilitation: Funds, Logistics
(Transport)
roles services and funding Seed companies- to provide
improved certified seeds and varieties;
Individual farmers- to grow and sell tomatoes,
stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and seek
market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable all
year round markets at good prices that spur
growth of the crop
117
Counties where already promoted if any Kirinyaga,Tharaka-Nithi, Meru, Kajiado
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera,
West Pokot
Challenges in dissemination Limited extension officers with knowledge on
postharvest handling procedures
Suggestions for addressing the challenges -Training of TOTs
Social, environmental, policy and market -Organized marketing channels is critical for
Gender issues and concerns in development, All gender categories can participate in tomato
dissemination, adoption and scaling up postharvest handling though some of the
activities may not be easy for some gender
categories for example- carrying, loading and
stacking packed tomato crates is cumbersome for
women
-Cost may be prohibitive for some requirements
Gender related opportunities -All gender categories can participate in various

aspects of postharvest handling to ensure good
tomato quality is maintained
VMG issues and concerns in development, -Some activities may not be suitable for VMGs
VMG related opportunities -Good postharvest handling offers opportunities
for a lucrative commercial venture for VMGs
Success stories from previous similar projects -Horticultural growers in Tharka Nithi,
Kirinyaga and Meru counties
Application guidelines for users Tomato cultivation manual, brochures and
factsheet with detailed guidelines on tomato
postharvest handling practices are documented,
Radio and TV broadcasts can also be used to
promote the management practices
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready for Ready for upscaling
further research
F: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists KALRO: Charity Gathambiri, Francis Wayua
118
119
Research Gaps
1. Evaluation of Tomato varieties for Processing and fresh market*
2.6.2 TIMP name Charcoal cooler

Problem addressed Lack of cheap cooling technology for tomato
produce at farm level to reduce postharvest losses
What is it? (TIMP description) The Charcoal cooler is an evaporative cooling unit
that offers short term storage of tomato. The cooling
unit is constructed using cheap and locally available
materials.
Justification Tomato fruits are highly perishable therefore they

should be at low temperature to enhance their shelf
life. High temperature increases respiration rate and
enhances postharvest rots. Cooling tomato at farm
level improves the shelf life and maintains quality.
The Charcoal cooling unit offers cost effective
technology to maintain tomato produce in good
quality and prolong shelf life and should be
promoted.
promotion Adequate facilitation: Funds, Logistics (Transport)
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their County Government- to provide extension services
roles and funding Seed companies- to provide improved
grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer
groups/CBOs/Youth groups to link farmers with
other stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and
seek market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable
all year round markets at good prices that spur
growth of the crop

Counties where already promoted if any Kirinyaga,Tharaka-Nithi, Meru,
120
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, West
Pokot
Challenges in dissemination Limited materials to construct the charcoal cooler
Gender issues and concerns in development, The technology can be practiced by all gender
dissemination, adoption and scaling up categories basically gender friendly though some of
the activities are more suited to one gender for
example carrying, loading and stacking packed
tomato crates in charcoal cooler
Gender related opportunities -If concerns are addressed, all gender categories can
easily use the technology to ensure good tomato
quality is maintained and best prices fetched by
holding produce to time favourable market
VMG issues and concerns in development, -Some activities that require physical exertion may
dissemination, adoption and scaling up not be suitable for VMGs
VMG related opportunities -The technology offers opportunities to VMGs to
engage in a lucrative commercial venture since
farmers can hold tomato produce for some time
while awaiting good market prices without
compromising on quality of produce
Success stories from previous similar projects -Youth groups in Kiambu, farmers in peri-urban
Nairobi County
Application guidelines for users Proper training on construction guidelines is very
essential
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready for Ready for upscaling
further research
F: Contacts
2.6.3 TIMP name Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)

121
Problem addressed High postharvest losses that occur due to high
perishability of tomato.
What is it? (TIMP description) Modified atmospheric Packaging (MAP) is the use
of barrier packaging material such as polybags that
controls exchange of gas in and out of packaging
containers. The packaging material allows
modification of gas inside creating a suitable
atmosphere to improve the shelf life of produce.
The modification lowers amount of oxygen and
increases inert gases such as carbon dioxide and
nitrogen. Low levels of oxygen reduces rate of
respiration and infestation by pathogens thus
improving the shelf life of tomato.
Justification Tomato fruits are highly perishable, proper
packaging enhances their shelf life. High
respiration rate during packaging increases
postharvest losses. Modified Atmosphere
Packaging reduces respiration rate due to
modification of gas inside the package and is a
technology that should be promoted.
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and their County Government- to provide extension services
roles and funding Seed companies- to provide improved
grow and sell tomatoes, Farmer
groups/CBOs/Youth groups to link farmers with
other stakeholders, source for inputs jointly and
seek market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable
all year round markets at good prices that spur
growth of the crop

Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, West
Pokot
Challenges in dissemination Limited information on technology
122
Gender issues and concerns in development -The technology can be easily practiced by all
and dissemination, adoption and scaling up gender categories
Gender related opportunities All gender categories can easily use the technology
to ensure good tomato quality is maintained
VMG issues and concerns in development, -Important to consider VMGs issues when
dissemination, adoption and scaling up promoting the technology
-The activity is suitable for VMGs
VMG related opportunities -Offers opportunities for commercial venture for
VMGs
Success stories from previous similar projects -None
Application guidelines for users -Brochures, Training module
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready for Validation
further research
F: Contacts
Partner organizations JKUAT,MOA, Traders, Processors
2.6. 4 TIMP name Zero Energy cooling Unit

Problem addressed Lack of cheap cooling technology unit for tomato produce
at farm level to reduce postharvest losses
What is it? (TIMP description) Zero energy cooler is an evaporative cold storage that
offers short time storage for fresh produce. It reduces the
temperature and increases relative humidity during storage
essential in maintaining the freshness of the tomato. The
cooler should be well-constructed to maintain low
temperatures and high humidity inside the unit
Justification Tomato fruits are highly perishable therefore they should
be stored at low temperature and high relative humidity to
enhance their shelf life. High temperature increases
respiration rate and enhances postharvest rots. Cooling
tomato at farm level improves the shelf life and maintains
quality. Zero energy unit offers cost effective cold storage
unit. The unit is developed using locally available materials
that are environmental friendly.
123
Approaches used in dissemination None
their roles funding Seed companies- to provide improved certified
tomatoes, Farmer groups/CBOs/Youth groups to link
farmers with other stakeholders, source for inputs jointly
and seek market outlets; Marketers – to provide viable all
year round markets at good prices that spur growth of the
crop

Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Siaya, Elgeyo- Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, West Pokot
Challenges in dissemination The technology requires validation
Suggestions for addressing the None
challenges
Lessons learned in upscaling if any None
Social, environmental, policy and -Organized marketing channels is critical for benefits to be
market conditions necessary for derived from technology
upscaling
Gender issues and concerns in -Technology can be easily applied by all gender categories
development, dissemination, adoption -Cost may be prohibitive for some requirements
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities -All gender categories can easily use the technology to
ensure tomato quality is maintained
VMG issues and concerns in -Participation of some VMGs in capacity building sessions
development, dissemination, adoption may be a challenge
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -The technology enhances opportunities for commercial
venture for VMGs
Success stories from previous similar None
projects
Application guidelines for users - Brochures and fliers to be documented
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready Validation
for upscaling 2) Requires validation 3.
F: Contacts
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2.6.5 TIMP name Improved packaging for Cherry tomatoes

Problem to be addressed Cherry tomatoes is a new commodity that requires
appropriate packaging for marketing. Proper packaging can
enhance product appearance as well as maintain
postharvest quality. Proper packaging can also ensure
better prices for the farmers
What is it? (TIMP description) Cherry tomatoes are packaged in plastic containers
(punnets). Each package weighs 250g and contains
consistent size of tomatoes. A label is affixed to the
package and contains key information about the product.
The information includes the cultivar, some key nutritional
information and shelf life.
Justification The improved package improves presentation of the
product which makes it fetch higher price. This increases
revenue to the farmer/grower. The package also protects
the tomatoes from advance environmental conditions
enabling longer storage. Information provided on the label
guides consumers and other supply chain actors to handle
and use the product appropriately.

Users of TIMP Growers, extension service providers, transporters/traders,
consumers
Approaches to be used in dissemination TV programmes on agriculture, ASK shows, Exhibition
and trade fair, Agricultural magazines, demonstrations
Most effective approach Demonstrations
Critical/essential factors for successful -Favourable policy on environmentally friendly packaging
promotion materials
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up and Growers for supply of produce; Extension service
their roles providers for technology dissemination; Packaging
material suppliers for design and supply of appropriate
packaging material; Media for promotion
125
Counties where already promoted, if Kiambu
any
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Kiambu, Kajiado, Nairobi
Challenges in dissemination None
challenges
Social, environmental, policy and The policy on the use of plastic may render the technology
market conditions necessary for inapplicable. New materials may be required.
considerations
Basic costs KSh. 105,000 per 240sq.m (Assuming 7000 punnets @
KSh. 15)
Estimated returns KSh 1,400,000 per 240sq.m (Assuming 7000 punnets @
KSh. 200)
Gender issues and concerns in -All gender categories can participate in the development
development, dissemination, adoption and dissemination.
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities -This is a value addition commercial venture that offers
opportunities for empowerment of disadvantaged gender
categories such as women and youth
VMG issues and concerns in No issue
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -This is a value addition commercial enterprise that offers
opportunities for empowerment of VMGs
Success stories from previous similar The use of punnets packaging is widely common in high
projects end market and offers producers better prices. It ensures
hygienic and aesthetic display which has better visual
appeal. The produce is protected from the environment to
some extent while on the shelf and in household storage
before consumption
Application guidelines for users Guidelines to be formulated and provided
F: Status of TIMP readiness (1. Ready 2 requires validation
G: Contacts
Lead organization and scientists JKUAT, John M. Wesonga
Partner organizations Wago Company Limited and IMG Co. Ltd, Japan
126
Research Gaps
1. The policy on the use of plastic may render the technology inapplicable. Testing of alternative
new packaging materials may be required
2.7 Value Addition
2.7.1 TIMP name Processing of tomato into pulp

Problem addressed -High Postharvest losses in tomato
-Low returns during glut harvest
-Lack and /or limited information, expertise and skills in
tomato value addition
What is it? (TIMP description) Fresh tomato is value added by processing into pulp to
prolong shelf life. The pulp can be further processed to
other value added products such as sauce, paste and
ketchup.
Justification Tomato fruit is highly perishable resulting to postharvest

losses and short shelf life. Processing of tomato fruits into
various products enhances shelf life thus ensuring
availability during off season. Agro-processing adds value
to the fruits resulting in increased economic returns to
farmers involved in value addition or various value chain
actors. Processing tomato into various value added
products also diversifies marketing and usage of tomato.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Traders/processors and Extension service
providers
Approaches used in dissemination Value chain actors trainings, Demonstrations, Farmer Field
Schools, shows, trade fairs
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up Ministry of Agriculture-Extension Service for technology
and their roles dissemination, individual Farmers, farmer groups/CBOs,
Youth Groups to grow produce and also engage in cottage
level value addition, KBS for regulation of standards of
value added products, traders to market value added
products

Counties where already promoted if Kirinyaga, Tharaka Nithi, Meru
any
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, Siaya, West Pokot
127
Challenges in dissemination -Limited processing infrastructure available to interested
beneficiaries
-Short shelf life of processed products especially preserves
-Lack of quality standards of processed products
Suggestions for addressing the -Access to credit
challenges -Availability of small scale processing equipment
-Develop technology on how to extend shelf life of tomato
preserves
Lessons learned in up-scaling if any Demonstrations approach works
Effective extension services is essential for adoption of the
technologies
Social, environmental, policy and Organized producers groups to ensure consistence
market conditions necessary for availability of raw materials
upscaling Organized marketing channels
Gender issues and concerns in -The technology can be easily utilized by all gender
development, dissemination, adoption categories (especially women and youth)
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities -It offers good opportunity for commercial venture that can
empower all gender categories
VMG issues and concerns in -The technology can be easily utilized by all VMGs
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -Offers opportunities for lucrative commercial venture by
VMGs
E: Case studies/profile of success stories
Success stories from previous similar This has been done in Kirinyaga at household level but
projects needs to be upscaled to cottage industry level
Application guidelines for users Brochures and factsheets with detailed guidelines on
tomato value addition documented
F: Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready Ready for upscaling
G: Contacts
128
2.7.2 TIMP Name Solar drier to dehydrate tomato
Problem addressed -High Postharvest losses in tomato
-Low returns during glut harvest
-Lack and /or limited information, expertise and skills in
tomato value addition
What is it? (TIMP description) Solar drying is the use of solar energy to dehydrate tomato
There are two types of solar driers namely natural
convection solar and forced air convention solar drier.
Natural convection drier is not suitable for small scale
farmers due to low buoyance of air movement while forced
convection improves rate of air movement. The tunnel drier
which uses forced convection is recommended for
dehydrating tomato.
Justification Tomato fruit is highly perishable resulting to high
postharvest losses and short shelf life. Processing of tomato
fruits into dried products enhances shelf life thus ensuring
availability during off season. Value added products fetch
increased economic returns for farmers and other value
chain actors. Dehydrating tomato also allows for further
processing into other value added products and diversifies
market and usage of tomato.
Users of TIMP Farmers, Traders/processors and Extension service
providers
Approaches used in dissemination Value chain actors trainings, Demonstrations, Farmer Field
Schools, shows, trade fairs
Partners/stakeholders for scaling up Ministry of Agriculture-Extension Service for technology
and their roles dissemination, individual Farmers, farmer groups/CBOs,
Youth Groups to grow produce and also engage in cottage
level value addition, KBS for regulation of standards of
value added products, traders to market value added
products
Counties where already promoted if Kirinyaga, Tharaka Nithi, Meru iin other horticultural
any crops
Counties where TIMP will be upscaled Elgeyo Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, Siaya, West Pokot
Challenges in dissemination Limited processing infrastructure available to interested
beneficiaries
Short shelf life of processed products especially preserves
Lack of quality standards of processed products
129
Suggestions for addressing the -Access to credit
challenges -Availability of small scale processing equipment
-Develop technology on how to extend tomato preserves
Lessons learned in upscaling if any Demonstrations approach works
Effective extension services is essential for adoption of the
technologies
Social, environmental, policy and Organized producers groups to ensure consistence
market conditions necessary for availability of raw materials
upscaling Organized marketing channels
Gender issues and concerns in -The technology can be easily utilized by all gender
development, dissemination, adoption categories (especially women and youth)
and scaling up
Gender related opportunities -It offers good opportunity for commercial venture that can
empower all gender categories
VMG issues and concerns in -The technology can be easily utilized by all VMGs
and scaling up
VMG related opportunities -Offers opportunities for lucrative commercial venture by
VMGs
E: Case studies/profile of success stories
Success stories from previous similar This has been done in Embu in other horticultural produce
projects especially in mango
Application guidelines for users Brochures and factsheets with detailed guidelines on
tomato sauce documented, Radio and TV broadcasts,
shows, trade fairs
Status of TIMP readiness 1) Ready Validation
G: Contacts
130

KCSAP TIMPS - Tomato VC June2019

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DRAFT

INVENTORY OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE TOMATO

Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization

KENYA CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE PROJECT

April 2019 (Updated June 2019)

1.1 Definition of terms

Management practice: This is defined as recommendation(s) on practice(s) that is/are

The inventory process resulted in a total of 59 TIMPs including 28 technologies, 3 innovations

Table 1. TIMPS in the Tomato Value Chain

Commodity/VC Sub-Theme Technologies Innovations Management

Tomato Agronomic practices 5 0 8

1.3 Summary of Status of TIMPs in Tomato Value Chain

Commodity/VC Sub-Theme Ready for up- Require Further

TIMPs Sub- TIMPs Title TIMPs Status

2.1.1 TIMP Name Rio-Grande

Category (i.e. technology, Technology

Justification Rio-Grande is a popular determinate variety that requires

D: Economic, gender, vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) considerations

2.1.2 TIMP Name Cal-J

Category (i.e. technology, Technology

Counties where TIMPS - Future scaling up is targeted in Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet,

2.1.3 TIMP Name Onyx F1

Category (i.e. technology, Technology

Justification The hybrid is an improvement of the earlier “Onyx”

Counties where TIMPS should be - Future scaling up in: Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet,

VMG issues and concerns in - Inclusivity of VMGs in tomato growing is critical

VMG related opportunities - Tomato variety Onyx F1 has nutritious and

Category (i.e. technology, Technology

Justification Roma VF is one of the very few varieties currently grown

Counties where TIMPS - Siaya, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Garissa, Mandera, West Pokot

2.1.5 TIMP Name Kilele F1

Category (i.e. technology, Technology

2.1.6 TIMP Name Anna F1

C: Current situation and future scaling up

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

2.1.8 TIMP Name Chonto F1

2.1.9 TIMP Name Bravo F1

2.1.11 TIMP name Introduced Cherry tomato variety (Koko)

2.1.12 TIMP name Introduced cherry tomato variety (Chika)

2.2 Agronomic practices

Contacts Institute Director, KALRO Kandara

2.2.2 Technology name Recommended Spacing in open field

Justification Tomato farmers currently use inappropriate spacing and hence

2.2.3TIMP NAME Nutrition management

2.2.4.TIMP Name Drip irrigation

Contacts Institute Director, KALRO Kandara

2.2.5 TIMP Name Staking and Pruning in open field

2.2.6. TIMP Name Bio-degradable Mulching materials for weed management

Contacts Institute Director, KALRO Kandara

2.2.7 TIMP name Improved greenhouses for production of high quality

C: Current situation and future scaling up

2.2.9 TIMP name Coco-peat based intensive tomato production

Justification Cocopeat has very good water holding capacity, is light

C: Current situation and future scaling up

2.2.10 TIMP name Styrofoam based intensive tomato production

Category (i.e. technology, innovation or Technology

C: Current situation and future scaling up

E: Case studies/profiles of success stories

2.3 Physological Disorders

2.3.1.TIMP Name Management of blossom End Rot