Neurochemistry

1/29/2019 Neurochemistry
 Home HiYield Paper Neurosciences
HiYield Paper A(2)
Started on Tuesday, 29 January 2019, 4:41 PM

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Completed on Tuesday, 29 January 2019, 4:41 PM
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Question 1 HiY Neurochemistry 010

Not answered Which one of the following is an incorrect pairing of the disease condition and the primary neurotransmitter
that is abnormal in the diseases?
Marked out of 1.00
Flag question Select one:

Noradrenalin-depression
Dopamine - Alzheimer's dementia
GABA- epilepsy
Dopamine- Schizophrenia
Serotonin-anxiety
Check
Dopamine is implicated in both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Glutamate is implicated in many
neurodegenerative disorders while GABA is implicated in epilepsy. Both noradrenaline and serotonin are
relevant for depression and anxiety. Acetylcholine is more relevant than dopamine for Alzheimer's
dementia. Please note that the explanation here is an over-simplification - most neuropsychiatric disorders
include a generalised disturbance in multiple neurotransmission systems.
The correct answer is: Dopamine - Alzheimer's dementia

Not answered Supraspinal analgesia related to opioid release is mediated by
Marked out of 1.00

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Mu receptors
Nicotine receptor subunits
Kappa receptors
Sigma receptors
Delta receptors
Check
The general role of the endogenous opioids includes the regulation of pain (supraspinal and spinal
analgesia), anxiety, and memory.
https://spmmcourse.com/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=448684 1/16
1/29/2019 The correct answer is: Mu receptors Neurochemistry

Not answered The enzyme involved in catabolism of GABA is
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Transferase
Transaminase
Decarboxylase
Oxidase
Hydroxylase
Check
The breakdown enzyme involved in GABA metabolism is GABA transaminase.

The correct answer is: Transaminase

Not answered Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in the neurochemical changes seen in Huntington's
disease?
Marked out of 1.00

Dopamine
Endorphins
Serotonin
GABA
Noradrenaline
Check
Reduced GABA, Reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase, reduced acetyl choline, reduced substance P,
Raised somatostatin and reduced corticotrophin releasing factor are seen in Huntington's disease.
The correct answer is: GABA

Not answered Regarding excitatory amino acids which one of the following statements is incorrect?
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Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters are essential in learning and memory
Calcium entry in neurons is influenced by glutamate
Glutamate can be a potent neurotoxin when excessive
Ketamine is a selective agonist at NMDA receptors
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter
Check
There are four main types of excitatory amino acid receptors; N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA), amino-3
hydroxy 5-methyl 4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), kainate and Metabotropic (G-protein coupled receptors).
Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors. Glutamate is the major excitatory
neurotransmitter with a wide distribution in the brain. There is a possible link between the glutamate
receptor activation and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus as the physiological substrate of memory.
Glutamate transmission has been postulated to have a link with psychosis. Excess glutamate via NMDA
mediated, calcium-dependent excitotoxicity can result in neuronal damage
The correct answer is: Ketamine is a selective agonist at NMDA receptors

Not answered The effects of magic mushroom are very similar to those of
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Cannabis
LSD
Cocaine
Methadone
Heroin
Check
Many hallucinogens occur naturally in 'magic mushrooms', datura or 'angel's trumpet' (atropine-like effects),
mescaline and DMT (dimethyltryptamine). Magic mushrooms contain two hallucinogenic substances:
psilocin and psilocybin. Psilocybin gets converted to psilocin and acts similar to LSD, although it is about
100 times less potent than the synthetic LSD itself. The most popular hallucinogen in current use is the
synthetic drug LSD.
The correct answer is: LSD

Not answered The most abundant neurotransmitter in the median raphe nuclei is
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Noradrenaline
GABA
Acetylcholine
Glycine
Serotonin
Check
Serotonin transmission from the median raphe nuclei provides rich projections to the frontal cortex
The correct answer is: Serotonin

Not answered Which of the following receptors increase adenylate cyclase to stimulate cell machinery?
Marked out of 1.00

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Dopamine D2
Dopamine D3
Alpha 1
Dopamine D4
Beta adrenergic
Check
Alpha1 receptors phospholipase C coupled; Alpha 2 are Gi-coupled(inhibitory). Beta receptors Gs coupled -
so they increase adenylate cyclase.
The correct answer is: Beta adrenergic

Not answered The neurochemical changes in the brain reported in Alzheimer's disease include
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Increased DOPA decarboxylase
Increased levels of choline acetyl transferase
Increased levels of acetyl cholinesterase
Increased GABA levels
Decreased levels of acetyl cholinesterase
Check
The neurochemical changes in the brain reported in Alzheimers disease would include decreased levels of
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), decreased levels of choline acetyltransferase, decreased GABA levels and
decreased levels of noradrenaline. Acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine and thus
inhibits cholinergic neurotransmission, is consistently decreased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's
dementia. Such a decrease is also seen in the CSF and plasma of these patients. But note that despite this
overall decrease, levels of this enzyme appears to be high in the vicinity of β-amyloid plaques - thus
contributes to amyloidogenesis. Thus AChE Inhibitors are useful to treat this illness.
Ref: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806824/
The correct answer is: Decreased levels of acetyl cholinesterase

Not answered Which of the following enzymes mediate several catalytic reactions involving aminoacids that synthesize
neurotransmtters such as dopamine, serotonin and tryptamine?
Marked out of 1.00

Hydrolase
Reductase
Oxidase
Decarboxylase
Hydroxylase
Check
Monoamine Oxidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines. They are present
on the outer membrane of mitochondria.
The correct answer is: Oxidase

Not answered Which of the following substances serve as a precursor for GABA?
Marked out of 1.00

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Adrenaline
Dopamine
Glucagon
Butyrylcholinesterase
Glutamate
Check
GABA is one of the most ubiquitous inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS, and an estimated 40% of all
brain synapses use it. Within the cerebellum, Purkinje cells produce GABA. GABA projections are found
arising in the striatum, terminating in the substantia nigra and Globus pallidus. Loss of these GABA
neurones in the caudate and putamen occurs in Huntington's chorea. Underactivity of the GABAergic
system would theoretically result in epilepsy and reduction in GABA-BDZ receptors have been
demonstrated in seizure foci.
The correct answer is: Glutamate

Not answered The neural mechanism of memory formation may include changes in physical properties of neurons and
synapses. One such change called LTP or Long Term Potentiation is mediated by
Marked out of 1.00

Cannabinoid receptor CB1
NMDA receptor
GABAA receptor
Adenosine A1
Serotonin 5HT2A
Check
NMDAhas a role in memory acquisition, developmental plasticity, epilepsy, and ischemic brain injury. NMDA
receptor mediates long-term potentiation
The correct answer is: NMDA receptor

Not answered The principal location of noradrenergic neuronal cell bodies in the CNS is
Marked out of 1.00
1/29/2019 Select one: Neurochemistry
Flag question Raphae nucleus

Nucleus basalis of meynert
Caudate and putamen nucleus
Locus coereleus
Hippocampus
Check
The principal location of noradrenaline is the locus coereleus. The principal location of acetylcholine is in
the cell bodies in the nucleus basalis of Meynert with axons innervating the hippocampus. The neurones
containing 5-HT are located in the midbrain and brain stem median raphe nuclei.
The correct answer is: Locus coereleus

Not answered A 44-year-old woman is on antipsychotic depot injections. She develops a white discharge from her
breasts. Hyperprolactinemia is noted. Which of the following dopamine pathways has a role in prolactin
Marked out of 1.00
regulation?
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Select one:
Mesolimbic
Incertohypothalamic
Mesocortical
Nigrostriatal
Tubero infundibular
Check
Dopaminergic pathways can be classified as 1. Long: Nigrostriatal (movement), mesocortical and

mesolimbic. 2. Short: Tuberoinfundibular (prolactin inhibiting), incertohypothalamic 3. Ultrashort: amacrine
cells in the retina, olfactory system.
The correct answer is: Tubero infundibular

Not answered Which of the following neurotransmitters can be called catecholamines?
Marked out of 1.00

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Serotonin only
Dopamine only
Noradrenalin only
Dopamine and serotonin
Dopamine and noradrenalin
Check
All the three are monoamines, but dopamine and noradrenaline are catecholamines while serotonin is an
indolamine.
The correct answer is: Dopamine and noradrenalin

Not answered Which of the following neurotransmitters are not correctly matched with their precursors?
Marked out of 1.00

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Adrenaline-Noradrenaline
Dopamine-Tyrosine
Serotonin-Histidine
Noradrenaline-Dopamine
The Noradrenaline neurones originate in the brain stem, from a series of nuclei
including the locus cereleus
Check
The biosynthesis of catecholamines starts from the conversion of tyrosine into L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-
DOPA) by tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is then decarboxylated by DOPA decarboxylase to form
dopamine. The conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine comes about by the action of the enzyme
dopamine ß-hydroxylase. The rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin is tryptophan
hydroxylase. Here, tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase and by 5-
hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase into serotonin. Histidine is the precursor of histamine not serotonin.
The correct answer is: Serotonin-Histidine

Not answered Stimulation of nicotine receptors leads to the release of which of the following neurotransmitters?
Marked out of 1.00

Select one:
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Serotonin
Dopamine
Melatonin
Adrenaline
Norepinephrine
Check
Nicotine is highly lipid soluble and rapidly enters the brain after inhalation (smoking). Nicotine receptors are
found on dopaminergic cell bodies, and stimulation of nicotine receptors leads to release of dopamine
The correct answer is: Dopamine

Not answered Which of the following are carrot-shaped eosinophilic inclusions seen in hematoxylin and eosinophilic
stains?
Marked out of 1.00

Rosenthal fibres
Pick cells
Lewy bodies
Hirano bodies
Tau proteins
Check
Rosenthal fibers appear on H&E stained sections as brightly eosinophilic carrot-shaped or corkscrew-like
structures. Rosenthal fibres are alterations in astrocytic processes and provide a diagnostic signature of
Alexander's leukodystrophy. These distinctive structures are present in association with longstanding gliosis
as is seen around cavities in the CNS, in low grade, discrete astrocytomas such as pilocytic astrocytomas,
and in patients suffering from Alexander's disease. Hirano bodies are oval to elongated rod-shaped,
eosinophilic inclusions, which are few in normal elderly and high in people with Alzheimer's disease.
The correct answer is: Rosenthal fibres

Not answered The drug 'khat' (Catha edulis) has effects comparable to
Marked out of 1.00

Select one:
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Cannabis
Benzodiazepines
Alcohol
Amphetamine
LSD
Check
Cathinone is an alkaloid present in the leaves of the khat bush that grows in East Africa and southern
Arabia and is often chewed because of its stimulating properties. Cathinone, which is S(-)-alpha-
aminopropiophenone, has a pharmacological profile closely resembling that of amphetamine; indeed, in a
wide variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments it was demonstrated that cathinone shares the action of
amphetamine on CNS as well as its sympathomimetic effects; thus, for example, drug-conditioned animals
will not distinguish between cathinone and amphetamine. It operates through the same mechanism as
amphetamine; i.e. it acts by releasing catecholamines from presynaptic storage sites. Thus, much
experimental evidence indicates that cathinone is the main psychoactive constituent of the khat leaf and
that, in fact, this alkaloid is a natural amphetamine (Excerpt from Cathinone, a natural amphetamine.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1508843).
The correct answer is: Amphetamine

Not answered The Nucleus of Meynert is a prominent site of localization for which neurotransmitter in the brain?
Marked out of 1.00
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GABA
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Check
Acetylcholine is localized to an ascending system of cholinergic neurons originating in the reticular

formation and nucleus basalis of Meynert.
The correct answer is: Acetylcholine

Not answered Which of the following is an aminoacid neurotransmitter?
Marked out of 1.00
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Glycine
Acetylcholine
Neurotensin
Dopamine
Endorphins
Check
The important inhibitory amino acids are GABA and glycine. Excitatory amino acids are glutamic acid,
aspartate and homocysteine. Glycine is synthesized primarily from serine by serine trans-hydroxymethylase
and glycerate dehydrogenase, both of which are rate limiting. Glycine acts as a mandatory adjunctive
neurotransmitter for glutamate activity and an independent inhibitory neurotransmitter at its own receptors.
The correct answer is: Glycine

Not answered Which of the following is a rosette shaped receptor?
Marked out of 1.00

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NMDA receptors
Beta adrenergic receptors
Thyroid hormone receptors
Alpha adrenergic receptors
Serotonin 5HT2 receptors
Check
The GABA-A receptor's structure is typical of most ligand-gated (ionotropic) receptors ['doughnut with a
hole in the centre' or 'rosette' shaped]. It is made up of five protein subunits arranged in a circular fashion.
This channel opens up when GABA binds to the recognition site. Each protein subunit is made of
membrane-spanning aminoacid chains (each traversing the cell membrane four times). A large N-terminal
at the extracellular end mediates GABA-channel interactions. In the middle of the string is a large
intracellular loop of amino acids with four sites where phosphorylation occurs. NMDA is also an ionotropic
receptor with rosette shape.
The correct answer is: NMDA receptors

Not answered
1/29/2019 Which of the following type of glutamate receptors is crucial for the normal function of inhibitory
Neurochemistry
interneurons?
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AMPA
GABA-B
NMDA
Sigma
Kainate
Check
Inhibitory interneurons comprise only about 20% of cortical neurons but have influential roles in cortical
maturation, function, and plasticity. NMDA receptors are predominantly located on these GABA
interneurons.
The correct answer is: NMDA

Not answered Which of the following is an ionotropic receptor?
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5HT2A receptor
Dopamine D2 receptor
GABA-B receptor
GABA-A receptor
Norepinephrine receptor
Check
GABA-A - opens chloride channel; inhibitory - leads to hyperpolarization; made of five subunits and at least
14 subunit subtypes
The correct answer is: GABA-A receptor

Not answered Which one of the following acts as a fast acting excitatory neurotransmitter?
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5-hydroxytryptamine
Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors
Dopamine
Glutamate
Noradrenalin
Check
Receptors for neurotransmitters can be either 1. Directly coupled to an ion channel (ionotropic receptors)
and so concerned with fast transmission Eg GABA-A, Nicotinic type of Ach receptors, N-Methyl-D-aspartate
type of glutamate receptors). Glutamate is an example of a fast acting excitatory neurotransmitter where the
receptors (NMDA) are directly linked to a sodium channel. Activation of the GABA-A receptor, which is
linked to a chloride channel, results in an influx of chloride ion into the neurone causing hyper polarisation.
2. Coupled to an intracellular effector system through G-Protein (Metabotropic receptors) and so
responsible for slow neurotransmission (dopamine, nor adrenaline, most 5-HT and muscarinic Ach
receptors).
The correct answer is: Glutamate

Not answered Which one of the following receptors is a ligand-gated cation channel?
Marked out of 1.00
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Noradrenaline
5-HT 7
5-HT 1 b
5-HT 1a
5-HT 3
Check
There are fourteen 5HT receptors; all are G-protein coupled apart from 5HT-3, which is a ligand-gated
cation channel. 5HT-1 group (5HT-1a, 5HT-1b, 5-HT-1d) are inhibitory and are negatively coupled to cyclic
AMP. 5HT-2 receptors (5HT-2a,2b,2c) are excitatory and act through the phospholipase C/inositol
phosphate pathway. 5HT-4, 5HT-5,5HT-6,5HT-7 receptors are positively coupled to Cyclic AMP and are
thus excitatory.
The correct answer is: 5-HT 3

Not answered Where do phospholipids get produced in a cell?
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Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Check
Throughout the human body, especially in those cells that produce hormones and other secretory products,
a vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER is
present. Smooth ER plays different functions depending on the specific cell type including lipid
(incl.phospholipid) and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and
control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction.
The correct answer is: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Not answered Which one of the following is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine?
Marked out of 1.00

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Dopamine beta Hydroxylase
Choline acetyltransferase
Catechol o methyl transferase
Phenyl ethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
Check
The rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of dopamine is tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into
L-DOPA. The rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin is tryptophan hydroxylase. The enzyme,
dopamine ß-hydroxylase, converts dopamine to noradrenaline. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase
is involved in the conversion of noradrenaline to epinephrine. Choline acetyltransferase is involved in the
biosynthesis of ACh.
The correct answer is: Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Not answered Tryptophan is the precursor of which of the following neurotransmitters?
Marked out of 1.00

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Noradrenalin
Dopamine
Adrenalin
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Check
Tryptophan ? 5 hydroxy l-tryptophan ? serotonin

The correct answer is: Serotonin

Not answered Which of the following best fits GABA-A receptor?
Marked out of 1.00

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G protein coupled
Ligand dependent regulator of nuclear transcription
Metabotropic
Receptor with intrinsic enzyme activity
Ionotropic
Check
GABA A receptors are Ionotropic and can mediate postsynaptic inhibition
The correct answer is: Ionotropic

Not answered Which of the following best describes D2 receptor?
Marked out of 1.00

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Presynaptic inhibitory receptor
Intranuclear receptor
Hetero-receptor
Auto-inducing receptor
Rosette shaped
Check
Most neurotransmitters inhibit their own release through autoreceptors. Dopamine inhibits its own release
through D2 autoreceptors.
The correct answer is: Presynaptic inhibitory receptor

Not answered D1 and D2 receptors are mainly located in which of the following structures?
Marked out of 1.00

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Nucleus accumbens
Amygdala
Caudate-putamen
Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Check
There are two families of DA receptors. D1 and D5 receptors (D1-like), which are positively coupled to
Cyclic AMP, increase cyclic AMP. D2, D3, D4 (D2-like) that inhibit and decreases cyclic AMP. D1 and D2are
predominant in the caudate and putamen, D3-nucleus accumbens, D4-- the prefrontal cortex, D5-
Hippocampus. Both D1 and D 2 have wide distribution (striatal, mesolimbic and hypothalamic) while D3 and
D4 are more localised (mesolimbic, cortical and hippocampal).
The correct answer is: Caudate-putamen

Not answered Which of the following best fits glucocorticoid receptor?
Marked out of 1.00
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Ionotropic
Ligand dependent regulators of nuclear transcription
Receptors with intrinsic enzyme activity

Metabotropic
G protein coupled
Check
Glucocorticoids act via their binding to the intracellular GR (Glucocorticoid Receptor) which translocates to
the nucleus to modulate gene expression. The GR belongs to a nuclear receptor superfamily of
transcription factors.
The correct answer is: Ligand dependent regulators of nuclear transcription

Not answered The predominant CNS metabolite of noradrenaline is
Marked out of 1.00

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5HIAA (Hydroxy Indole Acetic Acid)
COMT (Catechol-O-methyl transferase)
Vanillyl mendalic acid (VMA)
Coenzyme A
MHPG (3-methoxy,4-hydroxy phenyl glycol)
Check
The CNS metabolite of noradrenaline is MHPG (3-methoxy,4-hydroxy phenyl glycol). Outside the brain, the
peripheral metabolite is principally VMA (vanillyl mendelic acid: this is why the levels of VMA increases in
peripheral noradrenaline producing tumours such as phaeochromocytoma). Noradrenaline or its
metabolites usually do not cross the BBB with the exception of MHPG.
The correct answer is: MHPG (3-methoxy,4-hydroxy phenyl glycol)

Not answered Which of the following regions in the brain is predominantly cholinergic?
Marked out of 1.00

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Dorsal raphe
Median raphe
Substantia nigra
Locus coeruleus
Nucleus basalis of Meynert
Check
The ascending system of cholinergic neurons originating in the reticular formation and the cholinergic cells
in the nucleus basalis of Meynert are the major locations of cholinergic neurons in the brain.
The correct answer is: Nucleus basalis of Meynert

Not answered An enzyme involved in synthesis of acetylcholine is
Marked out of 1.00
1/29/2019 Select one: Neurochemistry
Flag question Choline acetyl transferase

Dopa hydroxylase
Acetylcholinesterase
Butyrylcholinesterase
Mono amine oxidase
Check
Cortical choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) is reduced to a greater extent (85%) in patients with
hallucinations in Lewy body dementia than in those without hallucinations (50%). This is more pronounced
in parieto-temporal regions, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. As a consequence, brain acetylcholine
levels are reduced in DLB similar to Alzheimer's. This may partially explain the altered sleep-wake patterns
seen in DLB and also the response of hallucinations to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
The correct answer is: Choline acetyl transferase

Not answered Glycine and d-serine both act as co-agonists at
Marked out of 1.00

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Flag question
Dopamine receptors
NMDA receptors
GABA receptors
Adrenaline receptors
Acetylcholine receptors
Check
Glycine and D-serine both act as co-agonists at NMDA receptors. The excitatory glycine site on the NMDA
receptor is called non-strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor.
The correct answer is: NMDA receptors

Not answered Which of the following receptors is stimulated when tobacco is smoked?
Marked out of 1.00

Select one:
Flag question
Adrenergic (alpha)
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Adenosine
Endocannabinoid
Check
Nicotine acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

1/29/2019 The correct answer is: Nicotinic Neurochemistry
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1/29/2019 Neurochemistry

 Home HiYield Paper Neurosciences

HiYield Paper A(2)

Started on Tuesday, 29 January 2019, 4:41 PM

Question 1 HiY Neurochemistry 010

Flag question Select one:

Question 2 HiY Neurochemistry 023

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Question 3 HiY Neurochemistry 037

The breakdown enzyme involved in GABA metabolism is GABA transaminase.

Question 4 HiY Neurochemistry 012

Flag question Select one:

Question 5 HiY Neurochemistry 018

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Question 6 HiY Neurochemistry 021

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Question 7 HiY Neurochemistry 033

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Question 8 HiY Neurochemistry 005

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Question 9 HiY Neurochemistry 008

Marked out of 1.00

The correct answer is: Decreased levels of acetyl cholinesterase

Question 10 HiY Neurochemistry 030

Flag question Select one:

Question 11 HiY Neurochemistry 015

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Question 12 HiY Neurochemistry 026

Flag question Select one:

Question 13 HiY Neurochemistry 020

Flag question Raphae nucleus

Question 14 HiY Neurochemistry 038

Dopaminergic pathways can be classified as 1. Long: Nigrostriatal (movement), mesocortical and

Question 15 HiY Neurochemistry 011

Marked out of 1.00

Question 16 HiY Neurochemistry 035

Marked out of 1.00

Question 17 HiY Neurochemistry 009

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Question 18 HiY Neurochemistry 032

Flag question Select one:

Question 19 HiY Neurochemistry 004

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Question 20 HiY Neurochemistry 003

Acetylcholine is localized to an ascending system of cholinergic neurons originating in the reticular

Question 21 HiY Neurochemistry 016

Question 22 HiY Neurochemistry 027

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Question 23 HiY Neurochemistry 025

Question 24 HiY Neurochemistry 013

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Question 25 HiY Neurochemistry 014

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Question 26 HiY Neurochemistry 002

Question 27 HiY Neurochemistry 036

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Question 29 HiY Neurochemistry 034

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