TNE30003 Communication Principles: Sampling
TNE30003 Communication Principles: Sampling
TNE30003 Communication Principles: Sampling
WARNING
TNE30003
Communication Principles
Sampling
Updated March 2018
Tony Cricenti
L9
Aims
V
Pulse Digital
Shaping Modulator
Transmitted
RCF: Modify thro' radio
ASK/ PSK/
pulse shape to channel
FSK
reduce ISI.
1
• Sampling Rate fs = Samples/s or Hz.
Ts
Sampling Period
Ts
t
Sampling Pulse
Width
0
Ts
and x s (t ) = x (t ) × p (t )
• We can use this to determine the spectrum of
the sampled signal.
Department of Telecommunications, Electrical and Robotics Engineering TNE30003 11
Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
p(t)
τ
1
0
Ts
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Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
Aτ sin (nπτ / Ts ) τ
cn = 1
A
Ts nπτ / Ts
0
n = 0,±1,±2 ... Ts
0
Ts
One-sided spectrum
f
0 fs 2fs 3fs nfs=1/τ nfs=2/τ nfs=3/τ
|X(f)|
x(t) Message signal in
frequency domain
t
Message signal f
in time -W 0 W
domain
P(f) Sampling signal in
Sampling τ frequency domain
signal , p(t) in 1
time
domain 0
Ts
xs(t)
0 fs 2fs 3fs f
Xs(f)
Sampled signal in
t
frequency domain
Sampled signal in
0 W fs 2fs 3fs f
Called Natural sampling since the top of the sample follows
time domain
the shape of the analogue signal.
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Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
• The spectrum of a naturally sampled signal is
the baseband message spectrum shifted and
centered about each multiple of the sampling
frequency.
• The strength of each copy is determined by the
strength of the corresponding impulse in the
sampling signal spectrum.
• Spectrum is X(f)*P(f)
|X(f)|
x(t) Message signal in
frequency domain
t
f
Message signal -W 0 W
in time
domain P(f)
Sampling signal in
frequency domain
t Sampled signal in
frequency domain
0 W fs 2f s 3f s f
Sampled signal in
time domain Called Impulse sampling since the width of the sample is zero.
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Flat Top Sampling
• Flat top sampling: In practice, the sampling is
done by a “sample and hold (S/H)” circuit.
• This circuit produces samples that have “flat
tops”.
Sampling
Ts Period
t
Sampling Pulse
Width
xs (t ) = p (t ) * ∑ x(kTs )δ (t − kTs ) = p (t ) * xδ (t )
k
Convolution Impulse samples
f 0 f
0 W 1/τ
|Xs(f)|
Sinc Envelope
1/τ
0 f
W fs 2fs
fs-W fs+W 2fs-W 2fs+W
Spectrum of
Baseband Signal
0 W f s 2f s 3f s f
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Recovery of Sampled Signals: LPF
• We see that the original message can be obtained by
removing all the spectral components centered about
fs, 2fs, 3fs etc.
• Use a reconstruction filter (an LPF) with fcutoff = fs/2.
Xs(f)
0 W f s 2f s 3f s f
Use an LPF to
remove components
t
|Xs(f)|
1/τ
0 f
W fs-W fs fs+W 2fs-W 2fs 2fs+W
Distortion
t
|Xs(f)|
1/τ
Distortion 0 f
W fs-W fs fs+W 2fs-W 2fs 2fs+W
0 W fs -W fs fs +W f
• As fs is made smaller eventually the
component centered about fs will join with the
spectrum about 0 Hz.
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Recovery of Sampled Signals
f
0 fs -W fs fs +W
W
• fs-W=W
• Or fsmin=2W (Nyquist Rate)
0 W fs -W fs fs +W f
• fsmin = 2W
• (Called Nyquist sampling rate)
W fs/2 fs -W fs fs +W f
0
0 W fs -W fs fs +W f
10 µ s
Ts = 1µs 1 1
∴ fs = = −6
= 1 MHz
Ts 1× 10
f f
kHz 100 900 1100 1900 2100 kHz
100 500
Baseband Sampled Message
Message Signal Signal