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    Communication Systems - II Spring 2017: Instructor: Engr. Furqan Haider

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    yawar coc
    The document discusses formatting and transmission of baseband signals in communication systems. It covers character coding using ASCII and EBCDIC, analog to digital conversion through sampling, and different sampling techniques like ideal sampling, natural sampling, and sample-and-hold operation. The key steps in sampling a baseband analog signal involve multiplying it with a train of impulses or pulses to obtain discrete-time samples, and then using techniques like sample-and-hold to produce flat-topped samples compatible with digital systems.

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    Communication Systems - II Spring 2017: Instructor: Engr. Furqan Haider

    Uploaded by

    yawar coc
    30 views24 pages
    The document discusses formatting and transmission of baseband signals in communication systems. It covers character coding using ASCII and EBCDIC, analog to digital conversion through sampling, and different sampling techniques like ideal sampling, natural sampling, and sample-and-hold operation. The key steps in sampling a baseband analog signal involve multiplying it with a train of impulses or pulses to obtain discrete-time samples, and then using techniques like sample-and-hold to produce flat-topped samples compatible with digital systems.

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    The document discusses formatting and transmission of baseband signals in communication systems. It covers character coding using ASCII and EBCDIC, analog to digital conversion through sampling, and different sampling techniques like ideal sampling, natural sampling, and sample-and-hold operation. The key steps in sampling a baseband analog signal involve multiplying it with a train of impulses or pulses to obtain discrete-time samples, and then using techniques like sample-and-hold to produce flat-topped samples compatible with digital systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views24 pages

    Communication Systems - II Spring 2017: Instructor: Engr. Furqan Haider

    Uploaded by

    yawar coc
    The document discusses formatting and transmission of baseband signals in communication systems. It covers character coding using ASCII and EBCDIC, analog to digital conversion through sampling, and different sampling techniques like ideal sampling, natural sampling, and sample-and-hold operation. The key steps in sampling a baseband analog signal involve multiplying it with a train of impulses or pulses to obtain discrete-time samples, and then using techniques like sample-and-hold to produce flat-topped samples compatible with digital systems.

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    Communication Systems - II

    Spring 2017

    Lecture – 03

    Instructor: Engr. Furqan Haider

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Chapter 2: Formatting & Baseband
    Modulation

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Formatting & BaseBand Modulation

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Formatting and Transmission of
    Baseband Signals

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Formatting
    • Character Coding (Textual Information)
    – A textual information is a sequence of alphanumeric characters
    – Alphanumeric and symbolic information are encoded into digital bits using one
    of several standard formats, e.g, ASCII, EBCDIC

    k is the number of bits


    ASCII, EBCDIC,
    in one symbol and M is
    Baudot, Hollerith the number of levels.

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    ASCII Code

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    EDBCDIC

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    ASCII Code [F-U-R-Q-A-N]

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Messages, Characters & Symbols

    Total Waveforms available: {S0(t), S1(t), S2(t), S3(t), S4(t), S5(t), S6(t), S7(t), S8(t), S9(t),
    S10(t), S11(t), S12(t), S13(t), S14(t), S15(t)}

    Required: {S6(t), S2(t), S10(t), S4(t), S10(t), S2(t), S8(t), S1(t), S12(t)}

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Formatting and Transmission of
    Baseband Signals

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Transmission of Analog Signals

    • Structure of Digital Communication Transmitter

    Speech, Audio, Video, Biological


    Signals (ECG, EEG), Seismic Signals,
    Radar Signals, etc.

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    A/D Conversion
    • Analog-to-digital conversion is (basically) a 2 step process:
    – Sampling
    • Convert from continuous-time analog signal xa(t) to discrete-time
    continuous value signal x(n)
    – Is obtained by taking the “samples” of xa(t) at discrete-time intervals,
    Ts
    • Quantization
    – Convert from discrete-time continuous valued signal to discrete time
    discrete valued signal

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Sampling

    • How closely PAM signal approximates


    original analog signal?
    • For this we see Sampling Theorem, which states
    that:
    • “If a bandlimited signal has no spectral components
    above ‘fm’ Hz, it can be determined uniquely if
    sampled at ‘fs’, where:

    fs  2 fm
    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II
    Sampling
    • Sampling is the processes of converting continuous-time analog signal, xa(t),
    into a discrete-time signal by taking the “samples” at discrete-time intervals
    – Sampling analog signals makes them discrete in time but still continuous
    valued
    – If done properly (Nyquist theorem is satisfied), sampling does not
    introduce distortion
    • Sampled values:
    – The value of the function at the sampling points
    • Sampling interval:
    – The time that separates sampling points (interval b/w samples), Ts
    – If the signal is slowly varying, then fewer samples per second will be
    required than if the waveform is rapidly varying
    – So, the optimum sampling rate depends on the maximum frequency fm
    component present in the signal

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Sampling
    • Sampling Rate (or sampling frequency fs):
    – The rate at which the signal is sampled, expressed as the number of
    samples per second (reciprocal of the sampling interval), 1/Ts = fs

    Types of sampling
    – Impulse Sampling
    – Natural Sampling
    – Sample & Hold

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Ideal Sampling (Impulse Sampling)
    • Is accomplished by the multiplication of the signal x(t) by the uniform train
    of impulses (comb function)
    • Consider the instantaneous sampling of the analog signal x(t)

     Train of impulse functions select sample values at regular intervals


    x (t )    (t  nT )
    n 
    s


    xs (t)   x(nT ) (t  nT )
    n
    s s

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Ideal Sampling (Impulse Sampling)

     Frequency domain representation of Ideal Sampling

    1 
    X ( f ) 
    Ts
      ( f  nf )
    n 
    s

    1 
    X s( f )  X ( f )*
    Ts

    n  
     ( f  nfs )

    1 
    Xs( f ) 
    Ts
     X ( f  nf )
    n 
    s

    fs  2 fm
    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II
    Impulse Sampling
    fs  2 fm

    fs  2 fm

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Natural Sampling
    • In practice we cannot perform ideal sampling
    – It is practically difficult to create a train of impulses
    • So instead of Impulse train, we go for Pulse Train.


    x p (t )  
    n  
    cne j 2 nfst

    xs (t )  x(t ) x p (t )

    xs (t )  x(t )  n
    c e
    n 
    j 2 nf s t

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Natural Sampling
    • In Frequency Domain
    1  nT 
    cn  sin c  
    Ts  Ts 

    X s ( f )  [ x ( t ) x p ( t )]

    Xs( f )  
    n 
    cn [ x (t )e j 2 nf s t ]

    X s( f )  
    n  
    cn X [ f  nf s ]

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Natural Sampling

    • Each pulse in xp(t) has width T and amplitude 1/T.


    • The top of each pulse follows the variation of the signal being
    sampled
    • Similar to Ideal Sampling, Xs (f) is the replication of X(f)
    periodically every fs Hz.
    • The problem with a natural sampled waveform is that the tops of
    the sample pulses are not flat
    • It is not compatible with a digital system since the amplitude of
    each sample has infinite number of possible values
    • Another technique known as Sample and Hold Operation is used
    to alleviate this problem

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    Sample and Hold Operation
    (Flat – top Sampling)
    • Here, the pulse is held to a constant height for the whole sample
    period
    • Flat top sampling is obtained by the convolution of the signal
    obtained after ideal sampling with a unity amplitude rectangular
    pulse, p(t), of width Ts.
    • This technique is used to realize Sample-and-Hold (S/H)
    operation.
    • In S/H, value of the input signal is held for as long as it takes the
    A/D to acquire its value.

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II


    x '(t )  x(t ) (t )

    xs (t )  x '(t )* p(t )


     
     p ( t ) * x ( t ) ( t )  p ( t ) *  x ( t )   ( t  nT s ) 
    DEE, NUST College of E & ME  n   
    Communication Systems II
    Sample and Hold Operation

    • Taking the Fourier Transform will result to

    X s ( f )  [ x s ( t )]
     

     P ( f )   x (t )   ( t  nTs ) 
     n   
     1 

     P( f )  X ( f ) *
    Ts
      ( f  nf s ) 
     n   
    1 
     P( f )
    Ts

    n  
    X ( f  nf s )

    where P(f) is a sinc function

    DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

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