11

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL AND HETEROSEXUAL PARENTING IN

RELATION TO THEIR EFFECTIVITY IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Socially Responsible Leaders, Making a Difference

A Research Study Presented to:

THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF THE IMMACULATE

CONCEPTION

Cabanatuan City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research in Daily Life 2

& Research Project: Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

Presented By:

LUIS MIGUEL CHANGCO

MIYARI MURAZEKI

CLARISSA LOPEZ

LEO DIONISIO

GABRIEL CARLOS

LAWRENCE MAEHARA

KEIZAN JOSE

MAHARANISA DIBARATUN
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INTRODUCTION

Love wins. This very short line became a widespread campaign

throughout the world in the acceptance of the lesbian, gay, bisexual

and transgender (LGBT) community. This movement has reached even the

Catholic-dominant countries, such as the Philippines. As a country

with a conservative value system, the Philippines is still in the slow

process of accepting the LGBT community.

Children have been frequently brought into the debate around

legalisation of same-sex marriage. Some individuals have asserted that

same-sex couples should not marry or have children, because they

believe a child has a fundamental right to both a mother and father.

Others suggest that same-sex parenting leads to children who have poor

outcomes, or who are abused. It has also been suggested that the

social validation of one child’s family, by allowing their same-sex

parents to marry, would cause harm to school friends through increased

awareness that homosexuality exists, or becoming gender fluid

themselves as a result ( Hewitt, 2017).

As the social visibility and legal status of lesbian and gay parents

has increased, three major concerns about the influence of lesbian and

gay parents on children have been often voiced. One is that the

children of lesbian and gay parents will experience more difficulties

in the area of sexual identity than children of heterosexual parents.

For instance, one such concern is that children brought up by lesbian

mothers or gay fathers will show disturbances in gender identity

and/or in gender role behavior. A second category of concerns involves

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aspects of children's personal development other than sexual identity.

For example, some observers have expressed fears that children in the

custody of gay or lesbian parents would be more vulnerable to mental

breakdown, would exhibit more adjustment difficulties and behavior

problems, or would be less psychologically healthy than other

children. A third category of concerns is that children of lesbian and

gay parents will experience difficulty in social relationships. For

example, some observers have expressed concern that children living

with lesbian mothers or gay fathers will be stigmatized, teased, or

otherwise victimized by peers. Another common fear is that children

living with gay or lesbian parents will be more likely to be sexually

abused by the parent or by the parent's friends or acquaintances

( APA, 2005).

As homosexual relationship have become more widely common along with

the subsequent building of families, concern with the differences

between homosexual and heterosexual parenting have become of interest

and importance. Studies have taken on the subjects of gender identity,

behavioral development, and the negative impact of social stigma on

children on whose parents identify as homosexual. Positive development

is a result of warmth and positive parenting regardless of familial

structure (Parker, 2016).

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RESEARCH PARADIGM

Social
effects to
children who
raised by
Homosexual/
Heterosexual
parents

Comparative
Study between
Homosexual
Differences Parenting and
Heterosexual Is there
between
evidence of
Conventional Family in gender
parenting and Relationship to stereotyping?
Gay parenting
their
Effectivity in
Child's
Development

Does the
child
experienced
a same
parenting
style?

Figure 1

The figure above is a Research Paradigm where the respondents must

answer the question base on their experience that what is the Social
 15

effect to children who raised by Homosexual/Heterosexual Parents and

Is there evidence of gender stereotyping, or does the child

experienced the same parenting between Conventional parenting and Gay

parenting, and the differences of these type parenting.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

To determine if there’s a difference in upbringing between homosexual

and heterosexual parents. We want to shed some light on different

behavioral patterns and emotional effects and bring awareness to the

general population level of patience.

The LGBTQ+ parents/homosexual parents, in our country, the

Philippines, homosexuals are not fully accepted but rather tolerated

by our society mainly because of our religious beliefs and because of

our ways, traditions and culture. And one of the goals for this study

is to abolish these beliefs of people about gay parenting and give

them a different perception about the people who belong to the LGBTQ+

community. Differing from what they believe or what they were told to

believe.

To our future researchers, this study is essential because it focuses

on breaking the stigma against the LGBTQ+ community and the customary

beliefs that our conservative social construct established and it

raises awareness to our society that not all beliefs and customs are

applicable to our generation. This study is also being conducted to

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continually give emphasis to how efficient homosexuals are as parents

and to discard the line between homosexuals and heterosexuals when it

comes to sustaining a child which we call parenting.

The parents, this paper deals with mainly parenting, and how they can

improve in taking care of their children. Furthermore, we, the

researchers, hope that the parents will apply what they have read in

this study regardless of the gender specification.

The findings of the study will add to the growing body of literature

concerning the LGBT community. This exploratory investigation may lead

to the development of frameworks and theories from the experiences of

Filipino LBGT parents and their children which are sensitive to our

unique social and cultural context. Moreover, this study can be an

essential resource for those who are interested in research

regarding the LGBT and family issues.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The focus of this study is on the experiences of children and

parenting styles of their LGBT parents and their heterosexual

counterparts. The study does not investigate the gender role

identification of the children and the marital relationship of the

LGBT couples.

The participants of this study are children of Filipino LGBT and

heterosexual parents. The children who participated in the study are

either adopted or biological children. The researchers limited the

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study to adolescents in the ages of 16 to 24 years old for the reason

that they are matured and fully understand their situation

The study aims to show how a gay parent raises and disciplines their

child compared to heterosexual parents. The study also wants to show

the effect of a parent's sexual orientation to a child's behavior.

This topic was conducted in the area of Nueva Ecija as the researchers

don't have enough resources to conduct this research anywhere else.

This number limits the generalizability of the findings to that of the

said location only; it is not representative of the whole population

of LGBT parents in the Philippines. Nevertheless, the strength of this

study is that it allows for the understanding of the situation and

experiences of LGBT parents and their children in the specific context

where it takes place. The findings may also provide information that

will open doors for future research with a bigger sample.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Parenting- is the process of promoting and supporting the physical,

emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from

infancy to adulthood.

Adoptive parent- is someone who provides a permanent home to a child

or children through a legal process.

Adopted children- adopted child includes any person legally adopted as

the child of another in a court proceeding.

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Non-biological parents- parents who doesn't have genetic relationship

to a child.

Roles- the behavior that a parent exemplifies which provides means of

identifying him or her in society

Perceptions- a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting

something; a mental impression

Attitudes- a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or

something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.

Heterosexual parents- parents or person who is attracted to people of

the opposite sex.

Prejudice- an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because

of race, sex, religion, etc.

LGBT parents- refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people

raising one or more children as parents or foster care parents.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some of the existing articles that are

associated to the research topic which can provide an assistance to

help enhance the concepts about the study. It is worth to note that

familiarizing with different kinds of related studies that were done

before this research and acknowledging them will aid and benefit the

reader. The information that can be obtained from these articles can

be used as reference through years of learning.

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Parenting is multidimensional. To respond to the varied needs of

their children, parents must develop both depth and breadth of

knowledge, ranging from being aware of developmental milestones and

norms that help in keeping children safe and healthy to understanding

the role of professionals (e.g., educators, child care workers, health

care providers, social workers) and social systems (e.g.,

institutions, laws, policies) that interact with families and support

parenting. This section describes these areas of knowledge, as well as

others, identified by the available empirical evidence as supporting

core parenting practices and child outcomes. It is worth noting that

the research base regarding the association between parental knowledge

and child outcomes is much smaller than that on parenting practices

and child outcomes (Winter et al., 2012). 

When talking about parenting, people think of the conventional

family or parent being solely responsible in a child’s upbringing to

the world. But in recent times, homosexual parenting has come to arise

and define these norms. In the Philippines, families have also changed

in composition and structure due to several factors in the society.

“Non-traditional families” now exist, and psychologists have yet to

explore this new type of Filipino families. Single-parent households,

childless couples, co-habiting couples, same-sex parents, and reversed

role families are considered as non-traditional families (Tarroja,

2010).

Definition of a Family

To understand what composes a Filipino family, it is important first

to define how it defined from the perspective of the state. In the

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Philippine Constitution and the Family Code, the importance of

marriage was emphasized in creating a family. Article II, Section 12

of the 1987 Philippine Constitution asserted that the "State

recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and

strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution".

Further, Article 150 of the Family Code of the Philippines (2010)

identifies family relations "(I) between husband and wife; (2) between

parents and children; and (3) among brothers and sisters, whether of

the full or half-blood" (Tarroja, 2010).

The National Statistics Office also provided definitions of different

types of Filipino families in a 2009 survey questionnaire. The first

type, single family, is defined as a single nuclear family or a father

and a mother with unmarried children. Single family also refers to a

single person household, and unmarried sisters and brothers who live

in the same house. Another type is the extended family, which is a

nuclear family with relatives living under one roof. The third type is

two or more unrelated family members; this is defined as a household

with two or more persons who are not related to each other by blood,

marriage or adoption. This list of different types of families by the

National Statistics Office serves as a recognition of the State that

different types of families exist in the country aside from the

traditional (Tarroja, 2010).

In the study of Garo-Santiago, Resurreccion and Tan-Mansukhani (2009),

the Filipino youth defined family not only in terms of structure (i.e.
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nuclear or extended) but rather in terms of other factors,

particularly living arrangement, emotional and financial support, and

close friendships. Garo-Santiago and colleagues found how Filipino

adolescents valued connection, intimacy, care, and support. Given

their findings, they recommend that perhaps there is a need not to

reconstruct the definition of family.

For Ang (2009), family is no longer a biological concept, but has

evolved into a social construct. The rigidity of the family as a

biological concept sometimes become the root of bigotry and

homophobia, she added.

Issues faced by LGBTQ+ Parents

Despite the rise of gay parenting, it is still subjected by stigma and

prejudice. According to the Medical Journal of Australia (2017), Same-

sex couples are at a higher risk of poorer mental health and suicide

than heterosexual couples, and living in a society that limits their

legal and social rights results in negative psychological outcomes for

same-sex parented families.

There are hundreds of stories about parents who not only disapproved

of gay marriage but also refuse to talk to their children when they

learn that their gay children are planning to have children of their

own. Other stories also show the discrimination children of gay

parents receive in their schools from classmates and their parents.

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Unfortunately, many people in society still believe that gay parents

cannot nurture a child properly without the presence of the opposite

gender in their family dynamics. This can make it very hard for both

the parents and the child to navigate the world without fear of

discrimination in one form or another (Sutton, 2019).

In the case of lesbian families in the Philippines, Ang (2009) states

we do not have a law that legitimizes lesbian partners taking custody

of children in case something happens to the partner. Under the

Philippine Family Code, a child that is born out of wedlock is

considered illegitimate. Thus a lesbian couple’s child is illegitimate

and has to be with the biological mother’s custody. We do not have

same sex unions in the Philippines and so the problem arises when

lesbian couples decide to have their own children. A lot of couples,

who have the capacity to spend money, go to countries where same sex

union and adoption is legal. Even if the Philippines is one of the

most gay friendly countries, legal recognition and protection of LGBT

people at the national level largely remains absent (Mosbergen,2015).

In an article by Buan (2018), with regards to same-sex couples in the

Philippines, Solicitor General Jose Calida argued that when it comes

to marriage, same-sex couples do not enjoy the right to equal

protection of laws because there is a substantial distinction between

same-sex couples and straight couples, and that is the ability to

procreate. Right to equal protection of laws is limited, "substantial

distinction" being a valid ground to limit such a right.

To further add, Associate Justice Marvic Leonen pointed out that some

straight couples are unable to bear a child, and yet they are allowed
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“third-party interventions” to be able to still raise a child. Same-sex

couples can use third-party interventions too, Leonen said.

“Why does the State protect third-party intervention for an offspring

in a heterosexual and not in a homosexual couple?” Leonen asked.

(Buan, 2018). Though the Philippines is a gay friendly country, the

rights and policies that cater to the LGBT community are insufficient.

In a survey conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS), 61% oppose

same sex marriage ( Inquirer, 2018).

LGBTQ+ Families Compared to Heterosexual Families

As LGBTQ+ families arise in society, comparison between them and

heterosexual parents is inevitable. Similarities and differences

between homosexual parents and heterosexual parents were important

aspects to consider in order to point out the parenting styles and the

quality of their relationship with their children.

In order to contest the existing assumptions regarding homosexual

parenting, several studies were conducted to investigate whether the

children in homosexual families achieve normal development. According

to Hewitt (2017), of 79 research studies on this topic, 95% support no

difference between same-sex and heterosexual parents. However, much

attention has been drawn to the results of the outlier 5%, which

suggest poorer outcomes in same-sex parented families.

Goldberg (2010) conducted a study to determine if there was a

difference between the emotional, social and psychological functions

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of the children who were reared by homosexual parents to those who

were raised by heterosexual parents. The results showed that there is

no significant difference between the two groups in relation to their

development. Gender identity, gender role behaviors and sexual

orientation of the children from homosexual families were no different

from heterosexual families.

Pappas (2012) states, gay parents “tend to be more motivated, more

committed than heterosexual parents on average, because they chose to

be parents,” said Abbie Goldberg, a psychologist at Clark University

in Massachusetts who researches gay and lesbian parenting. Gays and

lesbians rarely become parents by accident, compared with an almost 50

percent accidental rate among heterosexuals, Goldberg said. “That

translates to greater commitment on average and more involvement.”

In an evaluation by Averett, ET al.(2009), Gay and lesbian adoptive

parents, as well as heterosexual adoptive parents, face challenges and

issues in their families. Although the emotional and behavioral issues

of their children can provide challenges for adoptive parents, their

parents’ sexual orientation does not impact their ability to face

those challenges.

LGBTQ+ Parents’ Attitudes and Roles

Since the focus of this study is on parenting, it is important to

discuss the LGBTQ+ parents’ attitudes and parental roles that emerge

in establishing a good relationship with their children. On a research

report by Goldberg, Et al.(2014), compared to heterosexual parents, LGB

parents have not been found to differ, on average, in parental warmth,

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emotional involvement, and quality relationships with their children.

Children’s relationships with their biological mothers appear similar

in quality to their relationships with their non-biological mothers,

which researchers attribute in part to the fact that lesbian mothers

tend to share in co-parenting.

However, parent-child closeness and contact may be threatened when

same-sex parents break-up, suggesting that legal parentage may have

implications for parent-child relationships post-same-sex relationship

dissolution. To further add, compared to heterosexual parents, LGB

parents tend to demonstrate less gender-stereotyped attitudes and to

be more accepting of gender-atypical behavior in their children.

Goldberg et al. (2012) aimed to examine the role of gender and sexual

orientation and the role of relative resources (work hours, income and

education) in the division of childcare and housework in new adoptive

parents. The results were consistent with the existing related

literature, showing that lesbian and gay adoptive couples shared tasks

more equally than heterosexual adoptive couples. Lesbian and gay

couples were less likely to “do gender” in family work. Another

finding of the study is that the primary caregiver tends to be the

feminine task manager too. Feminine tasks are the most time consuming

and performed most frequently, such as cleaning and cooking. This

finding is true for lesbian, gay and heterosexual adoptive couples,

but are less pronounced in lesbian couples. Thus, even without

biological factors, there is still a tendency to have specialized

roles in same-sex couples during early parenthood, perhaps due to

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other social condition influences like workplace conditions (Goldberg

et al., 2012).

The work of Biblarz and Savci (2010) states that the gay male couples

(disproportionately White and middle class) in the National Study of

Gay and Lesbian Parents (Johnson & O’Connor, 2002) co-parented more

equally and compatibly than the averages observed in studies of

heterosexual parenting couples. They shared or divided child-care and

housework in ways very similar to the lesbian co-mothers in the same

study. That is not to say labor was shared equally in absolute terms;

as in the lesbian couples (where biological mothers took on more of

the childrearing), in the gay father couples one partner tended to do

more housework and childrearing than the other. Silverstein, Auerbach,

and Levant (2002) used the term ‘‘degendered parenting’’ because

personal choice, aptitude, and fairness rather than gender guided the

division of labor in their sample of gay co-father families. They also

had the highest levels of use of positive discipline techniques and

were much less likely to spank their children relative to percentages

observed in studies of heterosexual couples and, surprisingly, even

than the lesbian co-parents in the same sample (Biblarz and Savci,

2010).

The work of Rawsthorne and Costello (2010) aimed to explore the

understanding and experiences in parenting of lesbian couples with

biological children. The results of the study showed the factors that

facilitate or inhibit balancing work-home responsibilities. The first

factor is workplace culture. In some workplaces, there is an existing

culture where co-workers, who are also parents, are understanding when
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a parent takes a flexible working schedule, which helps in the

balancing of work-home responsibilities. The second factor that helps

in balancing work-home responsibilities is the access to friends and

family for they help in taking care of the children. Finally, having a

strong commitment to sharing household responsibilities also helps in

balancing work-home responsibilities.

Sharing household responsibilities may be done in three ways: division

of labor based on the preference of the couples, division of labor

based on the traditional divisions of labor, and having flexible and

adaptable arrangements. The three ways of sharing household

responsibilities may elicit different levels of conflict and anxiety

patterns, wherein traditional division of labor is the most

conflicted. Sharing household responsibilities may be influenced by

factors such as labor-force status, age of the children, commuting,

and biological relations (Rawsthorne & Costello, 2010)

Lesbian-headed families do not only differ on whether the parents are

adoptive or biological parents. Biblarz and Savci’s (2010) review of

the literature emphasized the variations within lesbian families. The

first variability in lesbian families occur when children arrive.

Lesbian couples without children share household tasks more equally.

Once the couple transitions to parenthood, warmth may decrease while

conflict increases, and the couple may start having differentiation in

childcare and paid work. As their child grows older, the child becomes

closer to one parent. Family dynamics change with the arrival of

children and shift further as they grow older. This kind of research

disrupts the egalitarian perspective among lesbian families (Biblarz &

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Savci, 2010).

The second variation is variability by the gender of children. Some

studies found that lesbian couples prefer to have a daughter and that

they adopt girls more frequently than heterosexual couples. Studies

also show higher relationship quality when lesbian parents have

daughters (Biblarz & Savci, 2010). Next is the variability by race and

social class. Most studies reviewed by Biblarz and Savci had samples

that were from the middle class, white, and highly educated. New

international studies are important because there are different

definitions of egalitarianism across ethnicity. In a study for black

couples, egalitarianism emphasized the importance of financial

independence, labor work participation, and sharing the provider role

over equal share of childcare and housework tasks. Black biological

mothers handled more housework and childcare and had greater

responsibility and power in decision-making involving children. On

the other hand, social class is also important to consider in

conducting future research. In one study with a working class sample,

the results showed that father and mother roles were not shared

equally. The parents were aware of feminine and masculine behaviors

needed in childcare, and each parent fulfills one role

(Biblarz & Savci, 2010). Another variability in lesbian families is

the variability by biological relatedness. As mentioned previously,

lesbian biological mothers provided more of the primary childcare, and

they had closer relationships with the child. The child also feels

closer towards the biological mother which may cause jealousy in the
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other parent. In some cases, the other mother is excluded by the child

because she is not “directly related” (Biblarz & Savci, 2010).

The last variation is the abusive lesbian relationship, which is an

emerging topic in research. Many lesbian parents do not meet the

assumptions and stereotypes of service providers in identifying a

victim, such as embodying a “respectable femininity”. The definitions

of abuser and victim is a challenge to service providers, for they

need criteria that may be applicable to lesbians (Biblarz & Savci,

2010).

Parenting Styles

Pienaar (2014) identified eight parenting styles, namely: warm,

dominant, tolerant democratic, involved, cold, lenient, intolerant

autocratic and reckless (inattentive) parenting styles. Short

descriptions of the eight parenting styles can be seen below to

describe the characteristics and pattern of each style.

Warm parenting style is characterized by a loving, supportive

attitude towards the child. The child is accepted in the way that he

or she is. The parents are sensitive towards the child’s needs,

problems, feelings and emotion.

Cold parenting style is characterized by a defensive, loveless

and rejected manner towards the child. This parenting style is on the

opposite pole of the warmth parenting style.

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Dominant parenting style is characterized by dominance and

control towards the child. It comes down to excessive supervision and

the overcorrection of the child.

Lenient parenting style is the laissez-faire style, where there

is bare minimum of control over the child. The child obtains excessive

freedom. There is no routine, no or few rules and regulations. The

child is also given the freedom of choice over his or her life.

Tolerant, democratic parenting style is characterized by warmth

and lenience, and shows distinctive characteristics of the warmth and

lenient parenting style. These parents are accepting and understanding

and accept the child the way he or she is.

Intolerant, autocratic parenting style is a very cold, dominant

style of parenting. The parents of this style are very rigid,

demanding and place high demands on their children. The parents choose

powerful, punishing rules to raise their child.

Involved parenting style is characterized by warmth and

domination. The parents give attention to the child and show interest

in what the child is doing. There exists an excellent relationship

between the parents and the child.

Reckless parenting is a cold, lenient style of parenting. This

parenting style is characterized by a lack of interest in the child

and his doings.

These identified parenting styles would be the basis of the current

study to investigate whether any one or more of these parenting styles

emerge within the Filipino context of LGBTQ+ parenting.

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