Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72

Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalysed degradation of phenoxyacetic

acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, in aqueous suspensions
Hemant K. Singh a , Mohd Saquib a , Malik M. Haque a ,
Mohammad Muneer a,∗,1 , Detlef W. Bahnemann b
a Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.), India
b Institut fur Technische Chemie, Universitat Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Received 19 July 2006; received in revised form 28 August 2006; accepted 29 August 2006
Available online 5 September 2006

Abstract
The photocatalysed degradation of phenoxyacetic acid (PAA, 1) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T, 2), has been investigated in
aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide under a variety of conditions. The degradation was studied by depletion in total organic carbon (TOC)
content as a function of irradiation time. The influence of various parameters such as, different types of TiO2 powders, pH, catalyst and substrate
concentrations, and in the presence of electron acceptors such as hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and potassium bromate (KBrO3 ) besides molecular
oxygen have been investigated. The effects of these parameters on the degradation rates were found to be significant. TiO2 , Degussa P25 was
found to be more efficient for the degradation of both the compounds under investigation as compared with other TiO2 powders. The degradation
products were analyzed by GC–MS analysis technique and probable pathways for the formation of different products have been proposed.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Photocatalysed degradation; Phenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Titanium dioxide

1. Introduction erogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as an alternative for the

detoxification of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water.
Recent decades have witnessed increased contamination of Recently considerable attention has been focused on the use
the Earth’s drinking water. A wide variety of organics are intro- of semiconductor as a means to oxidize toxic organic chemicals.
duced into the water system from various sources such as indus- The photocatalysed degradation of various organics systems
trial effluents, agricultural runoffs and chemical spills [1,2]. A employing irradiated TiO2 is well documented in the literature
large number of herbicides are applied on the agricultural fields, [5]. When a semiconductor such as TiO2 absorbs a photon of
which apart from killing their respective weed, due to their energy equal to or greater than its band gap width, an elec-
chemical stability, resistance to biodegradation and sufficient tron may be promoted from the valence band to the conduction
water solubility can either penetrates deep into the ground water band (ecb − ) leaving behind an electron vacancy or “hole” in the
aquifers or can be washed away to the surface water bodies valence band (hvb + ), as shown in Eq. (1). If charge separation
[3]. These compounds due to their toxicity, stability to natural is maintained, the electron and hole may migrate to the catalyst
decomposition and persistence in the environment, have been the surface where they participate in redox reactions with sorbed
cause of much concern to the societies and regulation authori- species. Specially, hvb + may react with surface-bound H2 O or
ties around the world [4]. The control of organic pollutants in OH− to produce the hydroxyl radical and ecb − is picked up by
water is an important measure in environmental protection. Het- oxygen to generate superoxide radical anion (O2 •− ), as indi-
cated in the following Eqs. (1)–(3):
∗ Corresponding author. Present address: Marie Curie Fellow Centre for Mate- TiO2 + hv → ecb − + hvb + (1)
rial Science, Faculty of Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1
2HE, UK. Tel.: +44 1772 893578. O2 + ecb → O2 •− (2)
E-mail address: mmuneer@uclan.ac.uk (M. Muneer).
1 On leave from AMU Aligarh, India. H2 O + hvb + → • OH + H+ (3)

1381-1169/$ – see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2006.08.088
 H.K. Singh et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72 67

used in this study such as NaOH, HNO3 , H2 O2 and KBrO3

were obtained from Merck.

2.2. Procedure

Solutions of the PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (2) of desired concen-

trations were prepared in double distilled water. An immersion
well photochemical reactor made of Pyrex glass equipped with
a magnetic stirring bar, water circulating jacket and an opening
Fig. 1. Chemical structure of phenoxyacetic acid (PAA, 1) and 2,4,5- for supply of molecular oxygen was used. For irradiation exper-
trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T, 2). iment, aqueous solution (250 mL) of the compound was taken
into the photoreactor, the required amount of photocatalyst was
It has been suggested that the hydroxyl radicals (• OH) and super-
added and the solution was stirred and bubbled with molecular
oxide radical anions (O2 •− ) are the primary oxidizing species
oxygen for at least 30 min in the dark to allow equilibration of
in the photocatalytic oxidation processes.
the system so that the loss of compound due to adsorption could
Phenoxyacetic acid (PAA) is used as a fungicide. It is also
be taken into account. pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted
used as intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
by adding a dilute aqueous solution of HNO3 or NaOH. The
It has a water solubility of 12 g L−1 [6]. PAA and 2,4,5-T has
suspensions were continuously purged with molecular oxygen
been detected in water [7,8].
throughout each experiment. Irradiations were carried out using
Photoredox reaction of phenoxyacetic acid and photo-
a 125 W medium pressure mercury lamp (Philips). Samples
catalysed degradation over supported TiO2 in a flow system
(10 mL) were collected before and at regular intervals during
have also been reported [9,10]. The amine salts of 2,4,5-
the irradiation and analyzed after centrifugation.
trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) are extensively used for
the control of dicotyledonous weeds in cereal crops. It has 2.3. Analysis
been used to kill weeds in the fields of wheat, barley, oats,
rye, rice, maize and sorghum. 2,4,5-T has water solubility of The degradation was monitored by measuring the total
4.5 g L−1 [11]. Sunlight photodegradation of 2,4,5-T on tita- organic carbon (TOC) content with a Shimadzu TOC 5000A
nium dioxide has already been reported earlier [12]. Inspite of Analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) by directly injecting
all these studies no major efforts have been made to investigate a centrifuged sample. Samples were acidified and purged to
the detailed degradation kinetics along with the intermediate remove inorganic carbon.
products of these compounds under UV light. With this view
we have undertaken a detailed study on the photodegradation 2.4. Characterization of intermediate photoproducts
of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (2) shown in Fig. 1 sensitized by TiO2
in aqueous solution under UV light source examining various For the characterization of intermediate products, aqueous
reaction parameters, e.g. reaction pH, substrate and catalyst con- solutions (250 mL) of compounds containing TiO2 (P25,
centrations, type of photocatalysts and attempt has also been 1 g L−1 ) were taken in the immersion well photochemical reac-
made to identify the intermediate products formed during the tor. The mixture was irradiated with a 125 W medium pressure
photooxidative process through GC–MS analysis technique. mercury lamp (Philips, India) at different time intervals and
the formation of product was followed using thin layer chro-
2. Experimental methods matography technique. The photocatalyst was removed through
filtration and the filtrate was extracted with chloroform, which
2.1. Reagents and chemicals was subsequently dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The
solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a residual
Reagent grade phenoxyacetic acid (1), and 2,4,5-trichloro- mass, which was analyzed by GC–MS analysis technique. For
phenoxyacetic acid (2) were obtained from Aldrich and were GC–MS analysis a Shimadzu Gas chromatograph and mass
used as such without any further purification. The photocatalyst spectrometer (GCMS-QP 5050) equipped with a 25 m CP SIL
titanium dioxide P25 (Degussa AG), was used in most of the 19 CB (d = 0.25 mm) capillary column, operating temperature
experiments. Other catalyst powders namely Hombikat UV100 programmed (220 ◦ C for 40 min at the rate of 10 ◦ C min−1 )
(Sachtleben Chemie GmbH), PC500 (Millennium Inorganic in splitless mode injection volume (1.0 ␮L) with helium as a
Chemicals) and TTP (Travancore Titanium Products, India) carrier gas was used.
were used for comparative studies. Degussa P25 consists of
80% anatase and 20% rutile with a specific BET-surface area 3. Results and discussion
of 50 m2 g−1 and primary particle size of 20 nm [13]. Hombikat
UV100 consist of 100% anatase with a specific BET-surface area 3.1. Photolysis of phenoxyacetic acid and
>250 m2 g−1 and primary particle size of 5 nm [14]. The photo- 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the presence of TiO2
catalyst PC500 has a BET-surface area of 287 m2 g−1 with 100%
anatase and primary particle size of 5–10 nm [15] whereas; TTP An aqueous suspension of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (2) was irra-
has a BET-surface area of 9.82 m2 g−1 . The other chemicals diated in the presence of TiO2 by the pyrex filtered output of a
68 H.K. Singh et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72

Table 1
Degradation rate for the mineralization of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (3) in the presence
of different photocatalysts
Type of photocatalyst (1 g L−1 ) Degradation rate for the mineralization
(10−3 ×M min−1 )
PAA 2,4,5-T

P25 0.0152 0.0255

UV100 0.0136 0.0057
PC500 0.0088 0.0081
TTP 0.002 0.0013

Experimental conditions: PAA (1.0 mM), 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM) photocatalysts: TiO2
Degussa P25 (1 g L−1 ), Hombikat UV100 (1 g L−1 ), PC500 (1 g L−1 ), irradia-
tion time = 120 min.

PC500 and Travancore Titanium Products, India) were tested on

the degradation kinetics of the pollutants under investigation.
Fig. 2. Depletion in TOC as a function of irradiation time for an aqueous solu- The degradation rates obtained for the TOC depletion of 1 and
tion of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the presence 2, in the presence of different types of TiO2 powders at 1 g L−1
and absence of TiO2 . Experimental conditions: PAA (1 mM), 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM) is shown in Table 1. It has been observed that the degradation
V = 250 mL, immersion well photoreactor, 125 W medium pressure Hg lamp, of the pollutants proceeds much more rapidly in the presence of
photocatalyst: TiO2 (Degussa P25) 1 g L−1 , continuous O2 purging and stirring,
Degussa P25 as compared with other TiO2 samples under UV
irradiation time = 120 min.
light source.
Other researchers have also shown better efficiency in
125 W medium pressure mercury lamp. The depletion in TOC Degussa P25 on a large number of organic compounds [16–18].
content as a function of irradiation time for the compounds 1 On the other hand Lindner et al. [19] showed that Hombikat
and 2 is shown in Fig. 2. Both compounds under investigation UV100 was almost four times more effective than P25 when
underwent decomposition when irradiated in the presence of dichloroacetic acid was used as the model pollutant. Also Hom-
TiO2 , whereas no observable loss of compound was seen in the bikat UV100 was found to be better for the degradation of ben-
absence of TiO2 . The degradation curves of 1 and 2, follow expo- zidine and 1,2-diphenyl hydrazine as reported earlier [20]. The
nential decay kinetics. For each experiment the degradation rate better photocatalytic activity of Degussa P25 could be attributed
for the mineralization (depletion in TOC content) of the model to the existence of small nanocrystallites of rutile TiO2 dispersed
pollutants was calculated from the initial slope obtained by linear within an anatase matrix. The smaller band gap of rutile catches
regression from a plot of natural logarithm of the TOC content the photons generating electron–hole pairs. Electrons are trans-
of the compounds as a function of irradiation time. The result- ferred from the rutile conduction band to electron traps in anatase
ing first order rate constant was used in all subsequent plots to phase. Recombination is thus inhibited allowing the hole to move
calculate the degradation rate using the formula given below: to the surface of the particle and react. In the rest of the exper-
iments, Degussa P25 was used as the photocatalyst, since this
−d[TOC]
= kcn (4) material exhibited highest overall activity for the degradation of
dt the pollutants [21].
where k is the rate constant, c the concentration of the pollutant,
and n is the order of reaction. 3.3. Effect of pH
Control experiments were carried out in all cases, employing
unirradiated blank solutions. There was no observable loss of the An important parameter in the heterogeneous photocataly-
compound due to adsorption on the catalyst in unirradiated blank sis is the reaction pH, since it influences the surface charge
solutions. The zero irradiation time readings were obtained from properties of the photocatalyst and therefore the adsorption
blank solutions kept in the dark, but otherwise treated similarly behavior of the pollutant and the size of aggregates formed.
to the irradiated solutions. The mineralization of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (2) in the aqueous
suspension of TiO2 (Degussa P25) was studied in the pH range
3.2. Comparison of different photocatalysts between 3 and 9. The degradation rate for the TOC depletion
of 1 and 2 as a function of reaction pH are shown in Table 2.
Titanium dioxide is known to be the semiconductor with the It has been found that on increasing the reaction pH of both
highest photocatalytic activity, non-toxic, relatively inexpensive the compounds the degradation rate decreases. These results
and stable in aqueous solution. The aim of this task was to iden- indicate that the model compounds can be photocatalytically
tify the most effective photocatalyst among the different TiO2 degraded considerably faster at lower pH values. Similar kind
brands and to optimize the efficiency of reaction. Photocatalytic of results of the effect of reaction pH on the degradation rate
activity of four different commercially available TiO2 powders of the 2,4-d (phenoxyacetic acid herbicide) was reported earlier
(namely Degussa P25, Hombikat UV100, Millennium Inorganic [22].
 H.K. Singh et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72 69

Table 2 Table 4
Degradation rate for the mineralization of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (3) at different Degradation rate for the mineralization of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (3) at different
pH catalyst concentrations of three different TiO2 powders
pH Degradation rate for the mineralization (10−3 ×M min−1 ) Photocatalyst concentration Degradation rate for the
(g L−1 ) mineralization (10−3 ×M min−1 )
PAA 2,4,5-T
PAA 2,4,5-T
3 0.0152 0.0255
5 0.0136 0.0182 P25
7 0.0079 0.0145 0.25 0.0114
9 0.0047 0.0126 0.5 0.0120 0.0134
1.0 0.0152 0.0255
Experimental conditions: phenoxyacetic acid (1.0 mM), 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM) pho- 2.0 0.0140
tocatalysts: TiO2 Degussa P25 (1 g L−1 ), reaction pH (3, 5, 7 and 9), irradiation 3.0 0.0291
time = 120 min. 5.0 0.024
UV100
3.4. Effect of substrate concentration 0.25 0.0045
0.5 0.005 0.0052
1.0 0.0136 0.0057
It is important both from mechanistic and application point
2.0 0.0064
of view to study the dependence of substrate concentration on 3.0 0.0071
the photocatalytic reaction rate. As oxidation proceeds, less and 5.0 0.0063
less of the surface of the TiO2 particle is covered as the pol- PC500
lutant is decomposed. Effect of substrate concentrations on the 0.25 0.0032
degradation of compounds 1 and 2 was studied at different con- 0.5 0.0038 0.004
centrations. 1.0 0.0088 0.008
TOC depletion rate is shown in Table 3 as a function of 2.0 0.0036
3.0 0.011
substrate concentration employing TiO2 Degussa P25 (1 g L−1 ) 5.0 0.010
as a photocatalyst. As expected, the degradation rate for the
mineralization increases with the increase in substrate concen- Experimental conditions: PAA (1.0 mM), 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM), photocata-
lysts: TiO2 (Degussa P25, UV100 and PC500), catalyst concentrations
trations and the results are in agreement with a number of studies (0.25–5.0 g L−1 ), irradiation time = 120 min.
reported earlier.

3.5. Effect of catalyst concentration

the employed concentrations and the order of efficiency was
P25 > UV100 > PC500. It was observed that the degradation rate
The effect of photocatalyst concentration on the degradation
increased with the increase in catalyst loading up to 1 g L−1 and,
kinetics of the compounds 1 and 2 was studied employing dif-
on further increase in catalyst loading, the degradation rate lead
ferent concentrations of Degussa P25, Hombikat UV100 and
to decreased for all the employed catalyst powders.
PC500. The influence of photocatalyst concentration on the
The influence of photocatalyst concentration on the degrada-
degradation rate for the TOC depletion of 1 and 2 employ-
tion rate for the TOC depletion of 2 was investigated employing
ing three different TiO2 powders is shown in Table 4. In the
three different TiO2 powders varying from 0.5 to 5.0 g L−1 .
case of compound 1, it was found that the Degussa P25 was
Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient than UV100 and
more efficient as compared to the other TiO2 powders at all
PC500 with the following order: P25 > PC500 > UV100. It was
observed that the degradation rate increased with the increase in
Table 3 catalyst concentration up to 3 g L−1 and on subsequent addition
Degradation rate for the mineralization of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (3) at different
substrate concentration
of catalyst leads to the leveling off of the degradation rate.
Whether in static, slurry, or dynamic flow reactors, the initial
Initial substrate Degradation rate for the reaction rates were found to be directly proportional to catalyst
concentration (mM) mineralization (10−3 ×M min−1 )
concentration, indicating a heterogeneous regime. However, in
PAA some cases it was observed that above a certain concentration,
0.50 0.0060 the reaction rate even decreases and becomes independent of
0.75 0.0090
1.00 0.0152
the catalyst concentration. This limit depends on the geometry
1.50 0.0315 and working conditions of the photoreactor and for a definite
amount of TiO2 in which all the particles, i.e., the entire surface
2,4,5-T
0.25 0.0192 exposed, are totally illuminated. When the catalyst concentra-
0.50 0.0250 tion is very high, after traveling a certain distance on an optical
0.75 0.0265 path, turbidity impedes further penetration of light in the reac-
1.00 0.0300 tor. In any given application, this optimum catalyst concentration
Experimental conditions: PAA (1.0 mM), 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM) photocatalysts: TiO2 [(TiO2 )OPT ] has to be found, in order to avoid excess catalyst
Degussa P25 (1 g L−1 ), substrate concentration (0.25–1.5 mM). and ensure total absorption of efficient photons. Our results have
70 H.K. Singh et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72

Table 5 evident from the Table. However the addition of bromate ions
Degradation rate for the mineralization of PAA (1) and 2,4,5-T (3) at different markedly enhanced the degradation, indicating that this com-
electron acceptor concentrations
pound is more effective electron acceptor as compared with other
Additives Degradation rate for the oxidants employed in this study. The respective one electron
mineralization (10−3 ×M min−1 ) reduction potentials (measured against NHE) of different species
PAA 2,4,5-T are E (O2 /O2 •− ) = −155 mV, E (H2 O2 /• OH) = 800 mV and E
P25 0.0152 0.0255 (BrO3 − /BrO2 • ) = 1150 mV [23]. From thermodynamic point of
P25/KBrO3 (mM)
view both the additives should therefore be more efficient elec-
1.0 0.0242 0.0342 tron acceptors than molecular oxygen. Since the addition of
3.0 0.0260 0.0424 bromate ions markedly enhanced the degradation, which can be
5.0 0.0380 0.0490 attributed to the large number of electron involvement as shown
P25/H2 O2 (mM) in Eq. (10). Another possible explanation might be a change
1.0 0.0163 0.0417 in the reaction mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation,
3.0 0.0200 0.0432 since the reduction of bromate ions by electrons does not lead
5.0 0.0220 0.0437
directly to the formation of hydroxyl radicals, but rather to the
Experimental conditions: PAA (1.0 mM), 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM), photocatalysts: formation of other reactive radicals or oxidizing reagents eq.
TiO2 (Degussa P25, 1 g L−1 ), KBrO3 H2 O2 , concentrations (1,3,5 mM), irra- BrO2 − and HOBr. Furthermore, bromate ions by themselves
diation time = 120 min.
can act as oxidizing agents. Lindner has also proposed a mech-
anism for the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in
the presence of bromate ions considering direct oxidation of the
also shown that 1 g L−1 catalyst concentration was better as com- substrate by bromate ions [24]. A similar mechanism might also
pared to very high catalyst concentrations. be operative in the cases of the model compounds studied in
this work.
3.6. Effect of electron acceptors
3.7. Intermediate products
One practical problem in using TiO2 as a photocatalyst is the
undesired electron/hole recombination, which, in the absence An attempt was made to identify the intermediate products
of proper electron acceptor or donor, is extremely efficient and formed in the photocatalytic degradation of the compounds 1 and
thus represent the major energy—wasting step thus limiting the 2 in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide through GC/MS
achievable quantum yield. One strategy to inhibit electron–hole analysis.
pair recombination is to add other (irreversible) electron accep- An aqueous suspension of phenoxyacetic acid (1 mM,
tors to the reaction. They could have several different effects 250 mL) in the presence of Degussa P25 (1 g L−1 ) was irra-
such as, i.e., (1) to increase the number of trapped electrons and, diated for 15, 30 and 60 min in separate runs. The catalyst was
consequently, avoid recombination, (2) to generate more radicals removed by filtration and the solution was extracted with chlo-
and other oxidizing species, (3) to increase the oxidation rate of roform, which was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The
intermediate compounds and (4) to avoid problems caused by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave a residual
low oxygen concentration. In highly toxic waste water where mass, which was analyzed by GC–MS analysis. The GC/MS
the degradation of organic pollutants is the major concern, the analysis of the irradiated samples of phenoxyacetic acid (1)
addition of electron acceptors to enhance the degradation rate showed the formation of two intermediate product phenol and
may often be justified. The effect of electron acceptors such as 1,2-diphenoxyethane appearing at retention time (tR ) 2.92 and
potassium bromate and hydrogen peroxide on the photcatalytic 9.84 min, respectively. These two products were identified by
degradation of 1 and 2 in addition to the molecular oxygen was comparing their molecular ion and mass fragmentation peaks
investigated at varying concentrations. The degradation rate for with those reported in the library. A plausible mechanism for
the mineralization (TOC depletion) of the compounds 1–2 in the the formation of these two products, involving reactions with
presence of different electron acceptors is shown in Table 5. hydroxyl radicals formed in the photocatalytic process could
Hydrogen peroxide, bromate ions are known to generate be understood in terms of the pathways shown in Scheme 1.
hydroxyl radicals by the mechanisms shown in Eqs. (8)–(10); The model compound undergoes addition of a hydroxyl rad-
H2 O2 + eCB − → • OH + OH− (5) ical formed in the photocatalytic process leading to the for-
mation of a radical species 3, which may undergo loss of
BrO3 − + 2H+ + eCB − → BrO2 • + H2 O (6) (• OCH2 COOH) group to give the observed product phenol (4).
Alternatively, the model compound 1 on addition of hydroxyl
radical followed by loss of CO2 may lead to the formation of
BrO3 − + 6H+ + 6eCB − → [BrO2 , HOBr] → Br + 3H2 O the radical species 5. This species can either lose formalde-
hyde molecule followed by addition of hydroxyl radical led
(7)
to the formation of phenol or can combine with another radi-
As expected, both the additives showed beneficial effect on the cal species leading to the formation of the 1,2-diphenoxyethane
photocatalytic degradation of compounds under investigation as (6).
 H.K. Singh et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72 71

Scheme 1.

An aqueous suspension of 2,4,5-T (0.5 mM, 250 mL) in three intermediate products namely, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (8),
the presence of Degussa P25 (1 g L−1 ) was irradiated for 15, 2,4-dichlorophenol (12) and 1,2,4-trichloro-5-methoxy benzene
30 and 60 min in separate runs. The GC/MS analysis of the (10) appearing at retention times 4.11, 6.30 and 12.86 min,
irradiated samples of 2,4,5-T (2) showed the formation of respectively, and were identified by comparing their molecu-

Scheme 2.
72 H.K. Singh et al. / Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 264 (2007) 66–72

lar ion and mass fragmentation peaks with those reported in the References
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Financial support by the Department of Science and Tech- [18] M. Muneer, J. Theurich, D. Bahnemann, Res. Chem. Intermed. 25 (1999)
667.
nology (DST), Govt. Of India, New Delhi, for the award [19] M. Lindner, D. Bahnemann, B. Hirthe, W.D. Griebler, in: W.B. Stine, T.
of Young Scientist to Dr. M. Saquib (Project No. SR/FTP/ Tanaka, D.E. Claridge (Eds.), Solar Water Detoxification; Solar Engineer-
CS-25/2005), Senior Research Fellowship to Hemant Kumar ing, ASME, New York, 1995, p. 339.
Singh from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [20] M. Muneer, H.K. Singh, D. Bahnemann, Chemosphere 49 (2002) 193.
(CSIR) and Post Doctoral Fellowship to Dr. Malik M. [21] D.C. Hurum, A.G. Agrios, K.A. Gray, T. Rajh, M.C. Thurnauer, J. Phys.
Chem. B 107 (2003) 4545.
Haque from The Muslim Association for the Advancement [22] M.C. Lu, G.D. Roam, J.N. Chen, C.P. Huang, Chem. Eng. Commun. 139
of Science (MAAS), India is gratefully acknowledged. Total (1995) 1.
Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyzer used in this study was gift [23] P. Wardman, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18 (1989) 1637.
equipment from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, [24] M. Lindner, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Han-
Bonn, Germany. nover, Hannover, Germany, 1997.