International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)

ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-1, Issue-2, June 2015 Pages 09-12

A Review Paper on Water Resource Management

 naturally inadequate access to safe water, yet they are also the
Abstract— Water is a key driver of economic and social population groups whose livelihoods and immediate dietary
development while it also has a basic function in maintaining the
needs are most dependent on these resources.[3] Water is not
integrity of the natural environment. The paper argues for the
need to rethink content and strategy of these initiatives so that only a basic human right in itself, but it is also critical in
the aspirations of the local community and its member fulfilled farming and other livelihood activities. Irrigated agriculture
in a way that buffers the interests and efforts. In this paper we accounts for 69 percent of all water withdrawals in the world,
review the concepts of experts for water resource, recently
monitored traditional methods and water resource funding and the proportion exceeds 90 percent in some situations such
allocations. We also concerned about the women’s who are as in arid countries.
disproportionality affected due to lack of water and guidelines Now in 2015 the pressures on water resources that more and
regarding natural water resources policy.
more countries are experiencing will continue to increase over
Index Terms— Water Resource, Initiation, women’s,
monitoring, sanitation. the coming years. Feeding a world of 8 billion people will
require a much more efficient use of water for agriculture. The
demands onwater for energy, for cooling, extraction and
I. INTRODUCTION production, will more than double. Higher rates of
Water management activities generally involve constructing urbanization will increases demand for drinking water and
water control structures (dams, polders, drainage ditches etc) industrial use with consequent higher waste disposal and
to increase water access and reduce the risk of water-related treatment, also requiring greater energy use.These challenges
natural hazards such as floods.[1] However, these structures are compounded by the additional level of complexity
often change water regimes, with consequences for the considering more than half of global freshwater, 276
distribution and allocation of water resources among different international watercourses, crosses.[4]
stakeholders. International political boundaries where often no treaty exists
to manage these transboundary waters.
ese basins account for 40% of the global population and 60%
of global freshwater.

II. THEORY
There are differences in water availability from region to
region, from the extremes of deserts to tropical forests. In
addition there is variability of supply through time as a result
both of seasonal variation and inter-annual variation.
Water resource management has been sectorally divided,
especially between irrigation agencies and those involved in
water supply and sanitation. Industrial uses have received less
attention, governed (when governed at all) by a patchwork of
permits from irrigation or municipal systems, and varying
Fig 1- Conceptual diagram of water management degrees of regulation of water quality. Water needs of aquatic
habitats or other types of environmental flows have generally
Although the intention of water resource development
been under yet another set of environmental agencies. But
projects is to provide economic benefits to society.Water is a with rising human populations and changing production and
source of life for the planet. Access to water for life is a basic consumption patterns, water withdrawals have increased
human need, a fact that is complicated by 1.6 billion people rapidly, bringing different uses into contact and competition
living in areas of physical water scarcity (UNEP, 2011).[2] with each other.[5]
Yet in our increasingly prosperous world, 783 million people These are some of the concept shared by the experts which are
have no access to clean water and if the current trend helpful in water management- Torkil jonch clause, Anders
continues there will be 2.4 billion people who lack adequate Jagerskog Torgny Holmgeren and Karin- The theme for
sanitation (WHO and UNICEF, 2014). Some regions are Stockholm World Water Week 2014, (Water) – is a logical
next step from the previous themes “Water and Food
Security” (2012) and “Water Cooperation” (2013): water is a
Mamta Parwal, Ph.D Research Scholar, Singhania University, Jhunjhunu, critical resource for development, and the watercommunity
Rajasthan . needs to connect with make the connection to vital

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 A Review Paper on Water Resource Management

water-dependent societal sectors of society in order to participation also ensures the legitimacy of the process, so
properly manage this resource .The flow of the Weeks will that plans,programs, policies and projects can proceed with
continue towards the theme “water for development” in 2015, the endorsement of those potentiallyaffected.
the year when the global community will adopt a set of Consultation processes must include (awareness raising and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the Post-2015 sensitisation)so that communities understand and are well
development .[6] aware of the detail and impact of any planned interventions
and have the confidence to express their position. With
Giulio Boccaletti (McKinsey) - presented on-going work
respect to sanitation and hygiene, the taboos and
that pilots a methodology for estimating financial needs in the
misinformation that often surround these topics must be
water sector. The analysis estimates the upcoming water gap
understood and overcome.
(comparing future water needs with existing water resources),
identifies and costs measures that would contribute to close B. Gender
the water gap, and estimates the cost of closing the water gap There is not enough in the paper around gender and WASH. It
using the most cost-effective measures. is included in the MDG section.
Yann Laurans – His analyses about the cost of
implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in the From Beyond (2015) paper: Womenare in many ways
Seine-Normandy basin as well as the likely impact on disproportionately affected by the lack of water and
household water tariffs. He discussed the French financial sanitation, and have to literally carry the burden when water
model (water pays for water), the cost of governance, extent resources are scarce, as they are most often responsible for
of cross-subsidies from households to farmers in addressing water collection. Lack of access to safe and private sanitation
wastewater treatment, the potential for French municipalities facilities increases women’s and girl’s problems. Waiting
of using market-based finance to pay for infrastructure needs long hours to relieve themselves also means that women risk
over longer timeframes, and the upcoming financial demands severe long-term health impacts, such as urinal tract
of renewing drinking water infrastructure for which no infections, which can lead to more serious infections, and
provisions have been made over the last decades. Robert have been associated with low birth weight babies.
Martín-Hurtado (OECD)- He introduced the OECD and the
C. Targeting of aid and sector budgets
OECD’s Water Programme, stressing that the OECD wanted
learn how to provide added value in this policy area. There doesn’t seem to be anything in the paper around the
Alan Hall (GWP)- He highlighting that guidance on strategic targeting of aid and sector budgets. This is one of Beyond
financial planning for water resource management at the 2015’s key recommendations under ‘Governance and Human
national level is badly needed, and that work in this area could Rights’.
use a similar approach as OECD’s work on strategic financial
planning of water services. [7].
IV. A SOLID FOUNDATION
From the Beyond (2015) drafting team leaders - End Water Although the final formulation of a potential water goal is not
Poverty, WASH United and Freshwater Action Network. known a starting point for developing the mechanism is the
UN-Water recommendations and the draft goal and targets
proposed by the OWG (open working group).
Critically, the framework must be grounded on what is
III. AREAS THAT COULD BE ADDRESSED measurable, affordable and applicable across a wide range of
FURTHER countries with differing capacities. The framework should be
country-led as far as possible and avoid placing an
A. Governance and accountability unnecessary burden on Member States. The initiative will
develop protocols to guide countries in their quest for useful
The section on accountability in WASH should include more
water knowledge that enables them to better target action to
information around participation and access to information.
where it is most needed.
Participation is mentioned in the Youth and Civil Society
voices section but not in the actual recommendations.
V. A PARTNERSHIP TO KICK START NEW MONITORING
Beyond(2015) paper:
UN-HABITAT, UNEP and WHO have developed this
The current framework lacks accountability andcoordination initiative, with UN-Water, and it is expected that others will
mechanismsto ensure that agreed aims are fulfilled. join. A collaborative approach is anticipated that will involve
Accountability of governments towards their citizens is also several UN entities and international actors – many of them
vital and civil society must be empowered with the legal tools part of UN-Water. The Swiss Agency for Development and
that ensure access to justice when their rights are violated or Cooperation has committed a significant investment over the
not effectively taken into account. Participation and access to coming nine years. The interest of other donor partners is
information oblige governments to engage in genuine being explored.
consultationwith all societal groups and at all stages of
decision-making, from prioritysetting to planning, A. Harmonize monitoring mechanisms:
implementation and monitoring.. Thereis growing consensus By guiding the development of post-2015 monitoring
and evidence that development interventions are most reports and harmonizing intended data collection methods
effectivewhen people are empowered to engage and their for each report. Approaches will optimize use of
needs are at the centre of governmentplanning. Public traditional methods (e.g. national data, household surveys,

10 www.ijntr.org
 International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-1, Issue-2, June 2015 Pages 09-12

utility and regulator-provided data) and new and novel decision-making with hard investments in both civil works
approaches (e.g. earth observations and derived data). and ‘natural infrastructure’ that stores, conveys, cools and
filters water.
B. Establish and maintain a post-2015 global monitoring
mechanism to establish baselines and track progress: C. Pollution of our rivers place billions of thirsty, hungry
urban families that live downstream in danger. The
By developing monitoring protocols in partnership with dialogue on wastewater management and water quality
Member States for wastewater, water quality and water confirmedthat dilution of pollution was no longer a
resources management and supporting capacity solution. Parties discussed how prevention, reduction, or
development for data collection, quality assurance and removal of pollution to be both possible and profitable.
analysis to inform baseline reports early in the post-2015 They reconsidered the use, reuse, value and even
period as well as regular progress reports. An operational meaning of “waste” water. As more than half of
framework for inter-agency monitoring body/ies will also humanity lives in cities, contaminated discharge and
be established. surface runoff spread water-borne disease among
billions. While real solutions yield high returns, the
C. Extend monitoring to cover analysis of inputs and urban poor who need them most generate almost no
enabling environmental factors: taxes or influence; meanwhile politicians rarely invest if
By additional analysis of findings and from 2018, produce direct costs are immediate and indirect benefits appear
regular reports covering inputs and enabling environment only after they leave office or help those at a
factors (drivers and bottlenecks) that influence progress in distance.[9].
wastewater, water quality and water resources management
(building on UN-Water GLAAS and on the UN-Water Status
Report on the Application of Integrated Approaches to Water
VI. CONCLUSION
Resources Management).
Based on the preliminary results of the analysis, the cost of
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)—the
implementing cost-effectiveness programmes would seem
systematic process of sustainably developing, allocating and
large but not unachievable .
monitoring the use of water resources in the context of social,
Peter Borkey (OECD) presented the conclusions of recent
economic and environmental objectives is key to
work on financing water supply and sanitation (i.e. strategic
development in SIDS. Successful IWRM approaches for
financial planning), as the starting point for OECD’s thinking
SIDS must take into account these special characteristics, as
in the area of financing water resources management.
well as local cultural and social contexts.[8].
One tool to improve accountability towards future aims is the
The Berlin 2013 Nexus Policy Forum made clear that
targeting and prioritisation of aid and sector budgets with
‘investing in natural infrastructure is a cost-effective way of
regard to those regions, people and issues most often left
improving water, energy and food security’.
behind. Progress in sanitation, for example, will not be
Three vital and interdependent dimensions that, taken
achieved unless the budgetary gap is closed and legal and
together, can secure universal access to water, for all, forever.
policy frameworks are created to ensure that narrowing gaps
A. The primacy of ensuring WASH accesswas explicitly and is given priority.
strongly voiced. Despite enhancing watersources for 2 The countries in the United Nations system have agreed to
billion people since 1990, 783 million still lack access, 1.8 development goals and targetswhich require that people be
billion drink ‘improved’ but unsafe water, 2.5 billion lack allowed to participate in planning, designing, selecting
improved sanitation and 1.1 billion defecate in the open. andimplementing activities, projects, programmes which
The absence of WASH spreads preventable disease and could contribute to their social andeconomic development.
death to millions. It costs 1.5% to 4.3% from GDP, stunts
National water resources and general guidelines:
childhood growth, drains women’s time and energy, empties
a) Strenghening environmental (SISNAMA) and
school chairs, forces needless risks, and denies human
water resources management (SINGREH) national
dignity. But the converse is also true. Investing $1 in WASH
syatems
yields at least $4.30 in revenue, a conservative estimate that
b) Water as a cross-cutting theme
rises as one includes tourism, natural asset protection, and
c) Participation and social accountability
productivity from combining WASH with classroomsand
d) Gender enquiry
health facilities.
e) Decentralization
B. Largely ignored in the MDGs, the crosscutting nature of
water resource management was exploredin depth.
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 A Review Paper on Water Resource Management

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