Biloxi-English Dictionary Second Edition PDF

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą
Biloxi-English Dictionary with English-Biloxi Index
Revised and enlarged

Second Edition
© David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. 2015
based on materials collected by:

Albert Gatschet
James O. Dorsey
John R. Swanton
Mary Haas
Morris Swadesh
A revised version of the Biloxi portion of

Dorsey, James & John Swanton. 1912. A dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo languages. Bureau of American
Ethnology, Bulletin 47. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
All drawings and illustrations by Barbara Salvatore, unless otherwise noted.
For information about artwork, usage rights, for classroom and language programs, contact Barbara at
www.bighorsewoman.com.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. ii
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Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. iii
Tanêksąyaa daha akathi dê įkhu na.
Cover photo: Biloxi split cane open twilled basket with dyed cane stripes and double rim,
made by Betsy Joe Johnson (see photo, page ix), ca. 1893.
(Photo from Smithsonian National Anthropological Archives.)
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. iv
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the American Philosophical Society (APS) for providing me with a grant in 2007 to
cover travel expenses to the National Anthropological Archives in Washington, D.C. to peruse the original
handwritten field notes on Biloxi of both Dr. Albert Gatschet and Rev. James Owen Dorsey. I would also
like to thank the late Dr. Robert Rankin of the University of Kansas for generously sharing his knowledge
of the Siouan languages. My thanks also to Dr. John Boyle and his former students at Northeastern
University in Chicago, who were the first to use a draft version of the dictionary and provided me with
valuable feedback. I also want to thank the artist Barbara Salvatore for her permission to use several of her
wonderful drawings to illustrate this Second Edition. Last, but certainly not least, I give my sincere thanks
to the Legendkeepers of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe: Jean-Luc Pierite, Donna Pierite, and Elizabeth Pierite.
Their continued support has been instrumental in bringing this revised dictionary to fruition. I wish them
continued success in keeping their heritage languages and cultures alive!
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. v

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. vi
CONTENTS
Biloxi language consultants viii

Photos ix
Maps xi
Introduction xiii
1.0 About the Biloxis xiv
2.0 About this revised Biloxi dictionary xiv
2.1 About this Second Edition xvi
3.0 About the Biloxi language xvi
4.0 Biloxi alphabet and orthography xvii
4.1 Alphabet xvii
4.2 Orthography xvii
4.3 Comparison of old and new orthographies xvii
5.0 Biloxi pronunciation xviii
6.0 Stress and vowel length xx
6.1 Stress xx
6.2 Vowel length xx
7.0 More on Biloxi grammar xx
7.1 The basics xx
7.2 Pronouns xxi
7.3 Possession xxii
7.4 Verbs xxii
7.4.1 Biloxi motion verbs xxii
7.5 Particles xxiii
7.6 Affixation xxiii
8.0 Pragmatic, or discourse, marking xxiii
8.1 Focus and topic marking xxiii
8.2 Assertive marking xxv
8.3 Realis and irrealis marking xxv
9.0 Gender speech patterns xxvi
10.0 Using this dictionary xxvi
10.1 Entries in the Biloxi-English dictionary xxvi
10.1 Entries in the English-Biloxi Index xxviii
10.3 Appendices xxix
11.0 Abbreviations xxix
12.0 References xxxiii
Biloxi-English Dictionary 2
English-Biloxi Index 151
Appendix A: Affixes 182
Appendix B: Numbers 185
Appendix C: Days of the week 186
Appendix D: Human body 187
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. vii
Appendix E: Flora and fauna 188

Appendix F: Medicinal plants 194
Appendix G: Mythological names 195
Appendix H: Biloxi kinship 196
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. viii
Biloxi language consultants
Gatschet’s consultants in 1886:
Jim Sam (full blood)

Bankston Johnson (½ Biloxi, ½ Alabama)
Juliane Dilsey
Maria Dilsey
Matt Caddy (full blood)
Ben Austin (½) (wife speaks Biloxi)
John Dorsey (no relation to linguist James Dorsey)
Betsey Joe Johnson
William Johnson (½ Biloxi, ½ Tunica)
Dorsey’s consultants in 1892-93 (photographs following):
Betsey Joe Johnson

Maria Johnson
Bankston Johnson
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. ix
Betsy Joe and Maria Johnson, two of Dorsey’s consultants, ca. 1892.
(Photograph from Smithsonian National Anthropological Archives.)
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. x
Bankston Johnson, another of Dorsey’s consultants, ca. 1892.

(Photograph from Smithsonian National Anthropological Archives.)
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xi
Maps
Map drawn by Gatschet showing the location of his Biloxi consultants along the Red River in
Louisiana in 1886 (from his unpublished field notes).
Location of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xii

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xiii
Section One
Introduction
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xiv
1.0 About the Biloxis

Biloxis inhabited the Pascagoula River region of the Gulf coast of Mississippi
when French explorers first encountered them in 1699. Before this time, there is no
definitive written record of Biloxis, at least not under the name “Biloxi.” However,
documents from the Juan Pardo expedition into the Appalachian Highlands from 1566-
1568 mention meeting with 18 indigenous rulers in the town called Xuala by the earlier
de Soto expedition (1539-43) and Joara by the Pardo expedition (Hudson 1990: 88). (It is
unknown what the name “Xuala” or “Joara” actually means or what its source language
is.) One of these rulers was identified by the Pardo expedition as “Atuqui,” which appears
to be the Biloxi word atuki, meaning ‘raccoon’ (id.). It thus appears that the Pardo
expedition encountered a Biloxi ruler, King Atuki, named for that clever animal, among
those indigenous leaders who congregated with Pardo in Joara. This, in fact, means that
the Spanish most likely encountered Biloxis about 130 years before the well documented
French encounter with them along the Gulf coast in 1699. The name of the group that
King Atuki represented was apparently not documented by the Pardo expedition, so we
cannot know by what name this ancestral group of Biloxis may have been called. We also
do not know whether King Atuki may have inhabited Joara or whether he had traveled to
Joara from another settlement2. In either case, King Atuki apparently inhabited the
general southern Appalachian region at the time of Pardo’s entrada.
French documentation of 1699 informs us that modern Biloxis inhabited the
region of the Pascagoula River near the Gulf of Mexico when they first encountered
them. At this point in time, only a small uninhabited Biloxi village site remained that was
abandoned after a disease epidemic (likely smallpox) a couple of years before. Biloxis
later moved many times due to growing European aggression and hostility. They finally
came to inhabit a Spanish landgrant in Louisiana in modern Marksville along with an
unrelated group, the Tunicas. Together they formed the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe, which
became federally recognized in 1981.
Since the Biloxis, like most other Native Americans, verbally passed down stories
and histories through the generations, we have no written history of them. We are left
primarily with what can be gleaned from linguistic and anthropological evidence to try
and discern the Biloxis’ past migration patterns and areas of settlement. Certain linguistic
evidence (like that above) and toponymic evidence (to be covered more thoroughly in a
later publication) strongly suggest that the people who became known as Biloxis were
actually from a much larger group whose homeland was located in the southern
Appalachian region, in what are modern eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and possibly
North Carolina (where Joara was situated).
2.0 About this revised Biloxi dictionary
2
It has been proposed that Joara may have been subordinate to Cofitachequi (a name which appears to be
of Muskogean origin), which was ruled by a woman who was carried in a litter atop the shoulders of some
of her male subjects.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xv
This dictionary serves to partially give back to the Tunica-Biloxi people what was
originally theirs. To this end, it has been prepared to serve as a valuable reference tool for
Tunica-Biloxis wanting to reclaim one of their heritage languages, as well as to serve as a
reference source for Siouanists and other linguists or anyone else interested in learning
about Biloxi and the Siouan family of languages to which it belongs.
In her 1969 article, “Swanton and the Biloxi and Ofo Dictionaries,” Mary Haas
indicated that it was “not easy to make adequate use of the materials at our disposal on
Biloxi . . . .,” the paramount material being the published Dorsey-Swanton (1912)
dictionary (from hereon referred to as DS), which is the focus of her article. Among the
reasons for this inadequacy in using the Biloxi material is the fact that the Reverend
James Owen Dorsey, the first linguist to do extensive fieldwork on Biloxi, died in 1895
just a couple of years after gathering his data on the language. The dictionary containing
his data, however, was not published until seventeen years later in 1912. John Swanton
edited Dorsey’s data for publication and, in so doing, made changes to some of Dorsey’s
original transcription system. For example, two of Dorsey’s symbols, û and ŭ, were
reversed by Swanton. Yet not all of these symbols got reversed before the dictionary’s
publication (Rankin 2005, pers. comm.). This creates an obvious challenge to the DS
dictionary user in determining which symbol was meant in which word, creating
confusion and uncertainty as to the appropriate orthography and pronunciation of these
words. (See Kaufman 2006 for my reanalysis of these symbols and corrections thereof.)
Further, according to popular convention of the time, Swanton placed all words
under what he considered to be the stem. Unlike Dorsey, who had previously done
fieldwork on other Siouan languages, Swanton did not have in-depth knowledge of
Siouan linguistics. Thus, words often ended up under stems where they do not belong
based on mistaken analysis or etymology. For example, the word atuti ‘ripe’ was
erroneously placed under the stem tohi, meaning ‘blue-green.’ It is such inadequacies that
prompted Haas to comment that the Biloxi material had “. . . not yet made the
contribution to Siouan studies that it may yet turn out to be capable of making” (1969:
287). Thus, one of the goals in producing this revised dictionary is to provide a more
user-friendly reference to the language and to contribute more greatly to Siouan studies in
a manner that Haas may have envisioned.
This revised dictionary contains most of the same data that the original
DS dictionary does; however, this dictionary has been augmented with new entries added
from Gatschet’s unpublished handwritten field notes as well as some entries occurring in
Dorsey’s original handwritten notes, both on file at the Smithsonian National
Anthropological Archives, that did not appear in the DS dictionary.
The data have been revised with a new standardized phonetic and orthographic
system partially based on Haas’s 1968 article and Einaudi’s grammar, in accordance with
current Americanist conventions, and further refined through input from the Tunica-
Biloxi Tribe. The material has been organized into a more comprehensive and user-
friendly format. Beyond this, many entries in the new dictionary include relevant cognate
forms from other Siouan languages, particularly from Biloxi’s closest linguistic relatives,
Ofo and Tutelo, as well as possible borrowings, due to contact and/or trade, from or into
Biloxi from neighboring languages of the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) and greater
Southeast. It is hoped that this will foster a greater understanding not only of Biloxi but
of the little-studied Ohio Valley branch of the Siouan language family in general as well
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xvi
as of the LMV Sprachbund, or language area (see Kaufman 2014 for an analysis of the
posited linguistic area). In addition, words are cross-referenced to other forms in the
language with the same or similar meaning to make easier use of all the data. Entries in
the new dictionary include the relevant page number(s) from the original DS dictionary
entry as well as the transcriptions from Gatschet’s unpublished handwritten field notes
and those of Haas and Swadesh, where applicable.
2.1 About this Second Edition

This Second Edition of the revised Biloxi dictionary is newly expanded to include
several verb conjugations, new example sentences demonstrating how certain vocabulary
items were used in the language by native speakers, and new cultural notes and
references based on latest research.
3.0 About the Biloxi language

Biloxi (ISO 639-3: bll) is a dormant Siouan language. Specifically, Biloxi is a
member of the Ohio Valley, or Southeastern,3 branch of the Siouan family, along with its
closest linguistic relatives, Ofo and Tutelo, also dormant. The languages of the Ohio
Valley branch of Siouan are particularly important since they have been less studied and
less documented than their better known linguistic relatives to the west and north. Until
1886, it was largely assumed that Biloxi was a Muskogean language due to its close
geographic proximity to Muskogean peoples, such as the Choctaws and Alabamas.
This idea was dispelled by the first linguist to perform fieldwork on Biloxi, Albert
Gatschet, in 1886, when he discovered several Biloxi forms cognate with other Siouan
languages. Gatschet collected many pages of elicited vocabulary on Biloxi, which are
now housed in the Smithsonian Institution’s National Anthropological Archives. Much,
but not all, of this vocabulary later appeared in the DS A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo
Languages, published in 1912, some seventeen years after Dorsey’s death. John Swanton,
who had done brief fieldwork on the related Ofo language that was included in this
dictionary, edited Dorsey’s notes from his Biloxi fieldwork in 1892-93 before publishing
them. This has so far been the only published dictionary of the Biloxi language along
with texts collected and translated by Dorsey.
Haas and her husband at the time, the linguist Maurice Swadesh, journeyed to
Port Arthur, Texas in 1934 to find the last known semi-speaker of Biloxi, Emma Jackson.
At that time, Mrs. Jackson was 87 years old and had not spoken the language for over
twenty years. Haas stated that she and Swadesh elicited “with great difficulty” 54 Biloxi
words from her (1968: 77). Despite the difficulty, Mrs. Jackson’s responses to most of
the vocabulary they elicited turned out to be amazingly consistent with Dorsey’s
elicitations from some forty years prior, thereby verifying the accuracy of Dorsey’s
transcriptions.
3
Still usually called the Ohio Valley branch, Haas (1968: 84) recommended the term “Southeastern” to
avoid the geographical connotations of the former term. The more recognizable term Ohio Valley is used in
this dictionary.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xvii
4.0 Biloxi alphabet and orthography

4.1 Alphabet
The alphabet used in this dictionary consists of the following 26 letters occurring
in the following order: a, ą, b, č, d, e, ê, h, i, į, k, l, m, n, o, ô, ǫ, p, r, s, š, t, u, w, x, and y.
Of these letters, b, l, r, and š are marginal in that they are not native to the Biloxi language
and only occur in words or names borrowed from other languages. While there is a
phonological distinction between unaspirated p, t, k and aspirated ph, th, kh (see below),
the aspirated variants are not treated as separate letters but are simply treated as a
combination of these stops with h. As for the vowels, however, nasalized vowels are kept
separate from non-nasalized vowels in the alphabet, as are the two variants of e (e, ê) and
the three variants of o (o, ô, ǫ).
4.2 Orthography
The headword for each entry in this dictionary has been retranscribed using
modern Americanist symbols. Each entry also contains a reference to previous
transcriptions, either from Gatschet’s handwritten notes, the DS dictionary, Haas’s 1968
article, or a combination thereof. The transcriptions were revised according to my
understanding of Biloxi phonetics and phonology as well as in accordance with other
Siouan languages.
While I have elsewhere published a more detailed analysis of this proposed
orthographic system for the writing of Biloxi (Kaufman 2006), I will here briefly
summarize the orthography used in this dictionary. As already stated, this orthography
differentiates plain (p, t, k) vs. aspirated (ph, th, kh) stops, recognized by Dorsey in his
original orthographic notation but long ignored by subsequent Biloxi analysts (Rankin
2005). The four nasal vowels (ą, į, ǫ, ų) have been reduced to three (ą, į, ǫ) after Haas
(1968: 81) and Einaudi (1974: 18).
I incorporate Ə (schwa), a sound heard by both Dorsey and Haas, which thereby
implies its existence, apparently either as an unstressed version of stressed [a] or perhaps
a short [a] vs. long [a]. I have introduced ê and ô as distinct from e and o. The /ê/ was
recognized and noted by Dorsey as distinct from /e/ and /ô/ as distinct from /o/. These
distinctions in vowel quality were also noted by Haas (1968: 81), who also noted that /e/
merged into /i/ and /o/ merged into /u/, i.e., /i/ became an allophone of /e/ and /u/ an
allophone of /o/.
4.3 Comparison of old and new orthographies
Orthography used in A Dictionary of the Orthography used in revised dictionary

Biloxi and Ofo Languages (1912)
ă, a a, aa
b b
c š
d d
e e, ee
ê, ĕ ê, êê
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xviii
f f
g k
h h
i, ĭ i, ii
k k, kh
x x
l l
m m
n n
o o, oo
â ô, ôô
p p, ph
r r
s s
t t, th
tc č
u u, uu
ŭ a
w w
y y
n n n
a ,i ,o ą, į, ǫ
un ǫ
5.0 Biloxi pronunciation

Since we have no recordings of native speakers, we can now never know exactly
how Biloxi was pronounced. All we have to rely on is the written data of the nineteenth
and early twentieth century linguists who worked on the language. Fortunately, the few
carefully produced transcriptions of Haas and Swadesh (1968) from consultation with
Mrs. Jackson in the 1930s supports the relative accuracy of the earlier nineteenth century
transcriptions. Yet, the Americanist transcription practices of the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries and their method of dictionary presentation are largely confusing even
to scholars acquainted with such conventions. It is largely for this reason that the present
revised dictionary has been done.
The approximate pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet is as follows:
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xix
a when stressed, as a in English father; when unstressed, as a in about.

ą nasalized a.
b as in English; occurs only in borrowings and foreign names.
c as ch in English church.
d more or less as in English, although the sound was often intermediate
between d and t.
e allophone of i, as ee in English beet.
ê as e in English bet.
f as in English; occurs only in borrowings and in foreign names.
h as in English.
i as ee in English beet. See e above.
į nasalized i.
k as in English, although it sometimes approached g.
kh k followed by h sound.
l as in English; occurs only in borrowings and in foreign names.
m as in English.
n as in English.
o allophone of u, as oo in English boot.
ô as aw in English law.
ǫ nasalized o.
p as in English.
ph p followed by h sound.
r tapped or trilled, as in Spanish; occurs only in borrowings and in foreign
names.
s as in English.
š as sh in English shoe; occurs only in borrowings and foreign names.
t more or less as in English, although the sound was often intermediate
between d and t.
th t followed by h sound.
u as oo in English boot.
w as in English.
x usually as ch in German Bach; may be pronounced as ch in German ich
after i; also was apparently sometimes pronounced f after o or u.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xx
y as y in English yet.
6.0 Stress and vowel length

6.1 Stress
Stress in Biloxi largely remains a mystery. The accent marks written by both
Gatschet and Dorsey often vary even for the same word, making stress placement
uncertain. However, both Gatschet and Dorsey often agree on stress placement in their
transcriptions, both often showing a written stress mark over the final syllable of a word.
Word-final stress, however, is unusual for Siouan languages. Such word-final stress
placement may simply reflect the native speakers’ pattern of trying to clearly enunciate
single elicited words in isolation and not reflecting actual sentence-level or discursive
stress patterns.
6.2 Vowel length

In Biloxi vowel length was phonemic (vowel length potentially being the only
distinguishing factor between two words), contrasting short and long oral and nasal
vowels. Unfortunately, neither Gatschet nor Dorsey consistently transcribed vowel
length; only Haas and Swadesh, in consultation with Mrs. Jackson, both consistently
marked vowel length. In this dictionary, vowels are doubled to reflect vowel length
according to the Haas and Swadesh transcriptions. In addition, vowel length has been
extrapolated from these few transcriptions to compounds and other words in which vowel
length could be ascertained from the transcriptions by Haas and Swadesh. In all other
cases, vowel length cannot be adequately ascertained and is not reflected, remaining in
accordance with the original transcriptions by Gatschet and Dorsey.
7.0 More on Biloxi grammar
The following section will touch on some of the basics of Biloxi grammar as
already discussed in the literature with additional discussion on certain features not
previously adequately addressed.
7.1 The basics

I refer readers to A Grammar of Biloxi by Paula Einaudi (1974) for a fairly
comprehensive overview of Biloxi grammar. Despite the fact that more is now known
about Siouan languages in general, and Biloxi in particular, since the grammar was
published as a dissertation in 1974, it remains a handy introductory grammatical
overview of the language. However, the following points are worth mentioning here.
Biloxi has predominantly subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, although object-
subject-verb (OSV) order is also attested, perhaps due to the influence of Mobilian
Jargon, the pidgin, or trade language, once spoken throughout much of the Southeast. As
in other Siouan languages, the verb is the most complex element while nouns are
relatively uninflected. Many Biloxi words are flexible: the same word can often function
as a verb, noun, adjective (but see below), or adverb. Although each entry is marked with
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxi
a grammatical function label familiar to English speakers, these labels should be

considered only approximate; the Biloxi label is not as rigidly fixed as is the label in
English and other Indo-European languages and is only used here to aid the English-
speaking user of the dictionary. Other lexical elements in Biloxi include adverbs,
pronouns, and postpositions (rather than prepositions). Biloxi really has no part of speech
designated “adjective.” Words commonly translated by English adjectives are usually
considered stative verbs in Biloxi and take the same pronominal prefixation that most
other verbs do.
The Biloxi verbal complex can be formally stated as: (1) negative prefix, which is
actually the first part of the negative circumfix, (2) pronominal or possessive prefix, (3)
instrumental prefix, (4) dative prefix, (5) reflexive or reciprocal prefix, (6) locative
prefix, (7) plural motion verb prefix, (8) verb root, (9) causative suffix, (10) plural
pronominal suffix, and (11) negative suffix, which is actually the second part of the
negative circumfix. The following is an example:
Nyi-dǫ(h)-daha-ni
I.you-see-OBJ.PL-NEG
I do not see you (pl.)
(Dorsey and Swanton 1912: 185).
The pluralizing suffix is -tu for both verbs (first ‘I’, second ‘you’, third person
‘he, she, it’ plural forms) and nouns, although -daha is often used for plural objects, as in
the above example. However, pluralization is not mandatory in Biloxi and is often
expressed merely through context or is simply omitted. (Parentheses, like those used in
the above example, are used throughout this revised dictionary when the sound or letter is
only lightly pronounced or not at all. This often occurs in compounds or with word-initial
/h/.)
7.2 Pronouns
Unlike in English, pronominal elements are prefixed directly to the verb in Biloxi:
singular
1. ą(k)-, x- I
2. ay-, i- you
3. 0 (unmarked) he, she, it
plural
1. ą(k)- -tu, x- -tu we
2. ay- -tu, i- -tu you (pl.)
3. 0 (unmarked) -tu they
Examples of first person are: ąkyehǫ, I know; ądǫhi, I see; xkidi, I carry (on my back).
The prefix ąk- is used most often, including before verbs beginning with a vowel, but ą is
used before certain consonant sounds, such as /d/. The prefix x- is used primarily before
verbs beginning with the /k/ sound. Examples of second person are: ayatamini, you work;
idǫhi, you see, with the prefix ay- used before verbs beginning with a vowel sound.
Third person contains 0 marking (it is unmarked) so that yehǫ means ‘he, she, it knows.’
This is also the form used as the base form of verbs that occur in dictionary entries.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxii
Verbs show plural (we, you [pl.], they) simply by adding the suffix -tu to the singular
form.
7.3 Possession
Possessive pronouns (my, your, etc.), the same as subject pronouns, are prefixed
directly to nouns. Biloxi has both alienable and inalienable possession, meaning that
certain nouns, specifically body parts and family members, are considered an integral part
of a person and are thus ‘inalienable’ and cannot be separated from them; thus, they
require a possessive pronoun to be prefixed to them. Separable, or ‘alienable’ nouns,
however, may occur alone without prefixed pronouns. Inalienably possessed nouns (body
parts and kinship terms) occur in this dictionary in their third-person, or unmarked, forms
but are marked with (his/her) to indicate that it is an inalienable noun that requires a
possessive prefix. (Since third-person inalienable nouns are automatically unmarked, by
default they translate to ‘his/her,’ and this is the notation used in the entry.)
7.4 Verbs
Verbs normally come phrase-final in Biloxi: Thi ądǫhi (house I-see), ‘I see the
house.’ The unmarked or base form of a verb as given in this dictionary reflects either
present or past tense without any further marking. That is, thi ądǫhi can mean ‘I saw the
house’ (past) as well as ‘I see the house’ (present). However, there are several particles
that can occur after a verb to more firmly specify past or future tense. For example, thi
ądǫhi ǫǫ (house I-see PAST) specifically means ‘I saw the house’ while thi ądǫhi dąde
(house I-see FUTURE) is ‘I will (surely) see the house.’ Words usually translated by
adjectives in English are actually stative verbs in Biloxi and follow the noun that they
modify: tahôôxka sapi (horse black), ‘black horse’; thi są (house white), ‘white house.’
Note that there are at least two particles indicating past tense: ǫǫ or ǫǫni, and ǫxa. The
latter indicates a more remote time of occurrence than the former and is often used in
narratives and stories, which take place in an indefinite or remote past. Similarly, there
are at least two particles indicating future tense: dąde and hi. The latter expresses less
certainty and more doubt about the possibility of the occurrence on the part of the speaker
than the former, which indicates that the speaker feels it is almost certain to happen.
Thus, the speaker chooses which form s/he prefers based on his or her emotional state or
attitude toward the likelihood of the future occurrence at the time of speaking.
This Second Edition dictionary includes full examples of verb conjugations
whenever possible based on examples provided in the original DS dictionary. Where no
conjugation was given in DS I chose not to extrapolate based on other verb forms,
recognizing that this would be unreasonably presumptuous on my part and may lead to
incorrect forms.
7.4.1 Biloxi motion verbs

Biloxi verbs of motion encode more information than English verbs of motion. In
Figure 1 below, the set of Biloxi motion verbs is presented from the perspective of “home
base,” describing a trip from “home” to the farthest destination, or “apogee,” at which the
traveler chooses to begin a return trip (Kanza Language Project 2010: 125). (A second set
of motion verbs from the perspective of apogee, which still exists in other Siouan
languages such as Kanza (Kaw), has been lost in Biloxi.)
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxiii
dêê
HOME kidêê hi APOGEE
hu
Figure 1: Biloxi motion verbs from the perspective of “home base” to ultimate destination, or “apogee,”
and back. (Based on diagram of Kanza motion verbs appearing in Kanza Language Project 2010: 125).
7.5 Particles
There are many small words that play a large role in Biloxi. These words are
called ‘particles’ and come after the verb. The many particles in Biloxi and other Siouan
languages are only beginning to be seriously studied. What is known is that the use of
these Biloxi particles includes denoting tense, aspect (whether an action is completed or
not), evidentiality (whether an event was directly witnessed or experienced by a speaker
or was indirectly heard about from someone else, i.e., hearsay), and focalization or
topicalization of a particular noun, verb, or clause for greater emphasis. Such particles are
explained in the dictionary with examples of usage where appropriate.
7.6 Affixation
Many affixes (prefixes, suffixes, and circumfixes) are used in Biloxi for various
purposes. We have already seen that personal and possessive pronouns are affixed to
verbs and nouns. Appendix A lists the affixes used in Biloxi and gives their meaning(s)
with examples. Affix forms are also given in the dictionary proper with the notation to
consult Appendix A for definition and clarification.
8.0 Pragmatic, or discourse, marking
Much of the following discussion concerns pragmatic, or discourse, marking,

which is special marking in the form of affixes that convey a speaker’s emotional state or
feelings at the time of speaking. Such marking was minimally discussed in Einaudi
(1974), which is why it is discussed in some detail here.
8.1 Focus and topic marking

Among Indo-European languages like English, heavy focus is placed on grammar
and syntax. However, in Siouan and other Native American languages, a more speaker-
centered discourse usage requires more focus on emotions and feelings. Biloxis, at least
in formal discourse and in their oral histories and stories, coded certain nouns with
certain suffixes (also termed clitics) in an effort to transmit pragmatic information to the
hearer. These suffixes relate to a speaker’s “assumptions about the addressee’s
knowledge and attention state” and serve as processing signals to the hearer (Gundel
1993: 275). In other words, these suffixes are firstly “signposts” to comprehension,
serving to clarify or disambiguate referents in cases where the speaker may fear possible
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxiv
misunderstanding or confusion on the part of the hearer. Secondly, these suffixes serve
the pragmatic function of emphasizing, highlighting, or otherwise bringing some element
of personal feeling or emotion to the speaker’s relating of the narrative.
Focus and topic marking falls into this pragmatic category. The suffix -di is used
in Biloxi as both a focus marker and as a type of intensifier. In the first case, it is
sometimes used for first mention when objects or characters are first introduced into a
story, thus signaling FOCUS, or new information. This suffix also occurs in narratives as a
first mention focus marker, and -yą occurs after first mention as a topicalizer-definite
article, but not necessarily on a consistent basis. These Biloxi suffixes have been
previously identified as case markers (Drechsel 1997). But, unlike in many Indo-
European languages like Russian, Greek, and Latin, these suffixes do not consistently
occur; thus, they are what linguists term differential case markers, used in an emphatic
sense rather than dictated by grammatical rule. It is best to consider -di a type of focus
marker and -yą a type of topic marker or definite article, that is, forms of speaker-
centered pragmatic, or discourse, marking. Nouns and verbs often occur in the DS
dictionary with the suffixes -di or -yą. In the case of nouns, these suffixes have been
analyzed (Kaufman 2008) as placing particular focus on a noun in discourse and
narrative, thus being analyzed as focalizer and topicalizer suffixes accordingly. Since
virtually any noun can bear these suffixes, they have been largely omitted from entries in
this revised dictionary except in rather uncertain cases where these suffixes seem to have
been grammaticized or otherwise appear to be part of the nominal root. In the case of
verbs, -di appears to be a type of assertive, or emphatic, suffix, throwing particular
emphasis or focus on the verb, much like -di with nouns. Again, since it seems that
virtually any verb can take the suffix, the suffix has been largely omitted from entries in
this dictionary.
Einaudi states that “yą is sometimes glossed as ‘the’ and other times has a quasi-
demonstrative force to it meaning ‘yonder’” (1974: 133). She also states that “… yą often
has the value of ‘that’, although it usually has a neutral meaning ‘the’” (id.: 151). Indeed,
“[a] number of researchers … have observed that in various languages expressions
referring to topics are necessarily definite” (Gundel et al. 1988: 213). Therefore, we can
say that -yą is a form of definite article (as suggested by Einaudi) that statistically occurs
most frequently when the noun to which it is suffixed has already been introduced into a
story, thus marking TOPIC, or old information.
However, -yą also sometimes occurs in the first sentence of a story, particularly
with natural objects, such as a pond. This seems to indicate that -yą’s use as a topicalizer
or definite article extends to objects even in the position of first mention when the object
is culturally well known or salient (i.e., known to both speaker and hearer), a specific
geocultural landmark or location known to both speaker and hearer.
The suffix -di appears to correlate fairly well with “type identifiable” or
“referential” positions, while -yą appears to correlate fairly well with “uniquely
identifiable” and “familiar” (Gundel 1993: 275). Further, zero marking seems to occur
with all statuses when the speaker deems the heavier “coding” supplied by -di or -yą as
unnecessary or superfluous. It must be remembered that discourse marking is speaker-
centered, largely based on the speaker’s attitude about the hearer’s knowledge and
attention state.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxv
8.2 Assertive marking

The suffix -di used on nouns as a type of FOCUS marker is also used on verbs as a
type of ASSERTIVE, or emphatic, marker. Both are pragmatic and discourse-related.
Biloxi -di appears to correlate with Tutelo -se and -l, Dakota iyeya, and Hočąk -gere as
types of verbal emphatic markers. Oliverio contends that the Tutelo nominal suffix -se as
a type of definite marker arose from the verbal assertive marker -se (1996: 128). I believe
the same is true for the Biloxi verbal assertive -di then becoming a type of FOCUS, or
definite marker, on nouns.
8.3 Realis and irrealis marking

Realis and irrealis expressions are modal or pragmatic in nature. Realis and
irrealis particles reflect “the grammaticization of speakers’ (subjective) attitudes and
opinions” (Bybee et al. 1994: 176). They reflect a speaker’s attitude or level of certainty
about the likelihood of a particular, usually past or future, action or occurrence.
The term “irrealis” is a modal distinction that refers to speech acts that are
counterfactual, such as in conditional, hortative, and imperative utterances, or in
utterances expressing obligation or future occurrences. That is, irrealis generally includes
events still within the realm of thought or imagination, while realis normally includes
events “actualized, actually occurring or having occurred” (Mithun 1995: 375). In some
languages, irrealis can include past events as well as interrogatives and negatives.
The two Biloxi particles are dąde and hi. Both hi and dąde can express future
possibility, but there appears to be a pragmatic distinction between them: a distinction
reflecting a speaker’s emotional state or attitude at the time of speaking. DS translate
dąde as a future particle meaning “will” or “shall.” Einaudi analyzes it as a type of
“potential mode” marker (1974: 81), as she does hi. They are both correct to some
degree, but neither of them explores the difference in usage between the two particles.
The particle dąde is likely a contraction of dêê ‘go’ (with ablaut to daa, which
happens before positional auxiliaries and other particles) + ąde ‘move,’ a verb +
positional auxiliary construction indicating continuative or progressive aspect, which then
became grammaticized to a future marker. Thus, except when retaining its
ungrammaticized progressive meaning, dąde appears to be a grammaticized potential
mode marker expressing a speaker’s stance of maximum certainty about a future event in
contrast to the particle hi, expressing more doubt or uncertainty about a future event.
DS are rather vague about the true nature and use of hi. Einaudi describes hi as a
“hortatory” marker (1974: 80) and “potential mode” marker (ibid.: 92), as she does dąde.
I agree with her analysis of hi as a marker of potential mode, although she did not clearly
distinguish between the uses of the two markers. I agree with Payne in considering realis-
irrealis to fall along a continuum (1997: 244). Viewing realis-irrealis as a gradual
continuum rather than a duality, it appears that dąde is the “more realis” particle and
indicates more certainty on the part of the speaker, while hi is the “more irrealis” form
that demonstrates a higher level of doubt or uncertainty about the occurrence. The choice
is speaker-centered, or pragmatic, based on the speaker’s attitude and emotional state at
the time of speaking.
Realis and irrealis markers are similar to markers of evidentiality, which reflect a
speaker’s personal evaluation about the perceived truth of a particular piece of
information. It is unclear, however, whether the term “irrealis” should be used to refer to
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxvi
all of the situations in which hi is used. The conceptual distinction between realis and
irrealis marking is quite subjective and is often a matter of pragmatics and discourse that
varies across languages, defying clear and rigid boundaries (Payne 1997).
The particle dąde appears to be a grammaticized form of a an original progressive
construction, which could still occur in a present tense existential manner. Evidentiality is
another aspect of Siouan languages that needs more study. Evidentiality marking clearly
appears, however, through the use of different particles in Biloxi.
In languages like Biloxi that are more heavily modal- or speaker-centered, a trait
shared with many other Native American languages and with many languages of Central
Asia, a speaker must choose a particle that pragmatically best suits his or her feelings
about the probability of a future event. In languages like English, this distinction is not
syntactically required, although it can be expressed periphrastically using modal or
separate verbs, such as “I hear that…” or “They say that….” But the fact that languages
like Biloxi require the speaker to choose a particle falling along different parts of the
realis-irrealis continuum reflects a greater degree of speaker-centered control over how
much of their own feelings or attitude about a situation or occurrence they would like to
convey to their listener.
In any case, all entries bear a page number(s) and/or transcription(s) from the
original source(s) so that any of my reanalyses can be followed or questioned.
9.0 Gender speech patterns

In Biloxi, as in some other Siouan languages, there are sometimes differences
between male and female speech patterns. There are gender-specific words for ‘yes’ and
‘no’, as well as some gender-specific particles, verb forms, and means of giving
commands. Entries are marked according to their primary usage by men or women if the
distinction exists with the particular entry. It should be noted, however, that gender
speech patterns are not always necessarily gender-specific; rather, gender speech patterns
are another speaker-centric form of discourse marking, which men and women may mix
and manipulate for situational or other purposes. (See Trechter 1995 and 2004 for further
discussion on this issue.)
10.0 Using this dictionary

10.1 Entries in the Biloxi-English Dictionary
The dictionary is divided into two primary sections: the first part is the Biloxi-
English Dictionary, and the second is the English-Biloxi Index. As its name suggests, the
Index is not a complete dictionary in itself, but is intended only as a quick reference to
finding a Biloxi word that can then be looked up in the Biloxi-English Dictionary for
further information.
Here is a typical entry from the Biloxi-English Dictionary:

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxvii
adi
1. v. To climb. FIRST DEFINITION + PART OF SPEECH (verb) + DEFINITION
 I ąkadi VERB CONJUGATION

you ayadi
s/he/it adi
we ąkaditu
you pl. ayaditu
they aditu
2. n. Climbing. SECOND DEFINITION + PART OF SPEECH (noun) + DEFINITION
O. atikna. COGNATE FORM IN RELATED LANGUAGE (Ofo)
DS. 170. PAGE NUMBER OF ORIGINAL ENTRY IN DS DICTIONARY
3. n. Father. THIRD DEFINITION + PART OF SPEECH (noun) + DEFINITION
 tata. SEE RELATED ENTRY
O. athi. COGNATE FORM IN RELATED LANGUAGE (Ofo)
DS. 170. PAGE NUMBER OF ORIGINAL ENTRY IN DS DICTIONARY
Each boldfaced entry is followed by one or more definitions, verb (v.) first, noun (n.)
second, and so on. Boldfaced numbers occur only when more than one definition is
indicated; otherwise no numbers are used. Note that although the word class adjective
does not exist in Biloxi, the term is used (abbreviated ‘adj.’) in this dictionary, along with
verb (v.), noun (n.), and adverb (adv.) for the convenience of English speakers. Some
entries are cross-referenced with the symbol  indicating a related entry with the same or
similar meaning. Where possible, cognate forms from related languages, particularly
from the closely related Ofo (O.) and Tutelo (T.), are given. Each entry also includes one
or more references to the original transcriptions of Dorsey-Swanton (DS) in the original
dictionary (page numbers only), to Gatschet’s unpublished notes at the National Archives
of the Smithsonian Institution (transcription and page number from notes), and/or the
transcription(s) provided by Haas and Swadesh in Haas’s 1968 article. Examples of
proper Biloxi usage provided by Gatschet or Dorsey in collaboration with their native-
speaking Biloxi consultants are often provided, especially for particles and other such
words for which proper grammatical usage may prove most difficult for native English
speakers.
Certain entries comprised of compounds are broken down into their component
parts for easier identification. They are placed in brackets:
[tahôôxka + nixuxi + naskê]
The literal translation of certain words is provided:

lit. sugar potato.
Certain entries are compared to words in other southeastern languages (e.g., Tunica),
suggesting possible borrowings:
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxviii
cf. Tn. čómu.
Cultural notes are often provided, relating to uses of medicinal plants, mythology, or
other items of interest:
MED. A tea made from the bark and leaves of this tree was used to promote perspiration
(DS. 175).
Examples of word usage are often provided, with the page number of the original
example in A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages:
Ade kadeni (h)edi. S/he doesn’t speak the language (Biloxi) well (DS. 189).
Variants of words are given separate entries:

adeti, var. of deti, branch, limb.
Variants are sometimes due to metathesis (the switching or juxtaposition of letters in a
word) or to dialectal or speaker differences.
As noted earlier, there are sometimes differences between men’s and women’s
speech patterns. Following is an example of a word designated as female speech:
aduyaxą, v. f. To wrap a cord, etc., several times around an obj.
The f. indicates that this particular verb form is typically used by women. Typical male
speech is marked with m.
Entries related to human body parts and kinship terms occur as follows:
asąhį, n. anat. (His/her) arm.
sǫtkaka, n. (His/her) younger brother (real or potential), including father’s brother’s
son younger than oneself.
Since human body parts and family members are inalienable possessions, they must be
used with a possessive pronoun prefix. Since it happens in Biloxi that the third person
(his, her, its) possessive prefix, like the subject pronoun prefix, is unmarked, not having
its own prefix, it is this unmarked form that is used in entries as the ‘base’ form and is
thus tagged ‘his/her.’ Non-third person possessed nouns must have the appropriate
prefixed pronoun, e.g., ąkasąhį, my arm, ayasąhį, your arm, ąksǫtkaka, my younger
brother, ąksǫtkakatu, our younger brother, etc.
10.2 Entries in the English-Biloxi Index

The English-Biloxi Index in this revised dictionary is intended to show a language
learner or researcher exactly how a word appears in the Biloxi-English portion of the
dictionary, another element of the original DS dictionary that falls frustratingly short,
since only the supposed “roots” of words were presented in the index (as in the dictionary
itself) rather than whole words, leaving the user to thumb through sometimes pages of
data to find the correct form.
Here are examples from the English-Biloxi Index in this revised dictionary:
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxix
alligator, n. ąxo, naxo.
The English word is given in boldface first, followed by part of speech (e.g., n. for noun,
v. for verb) and the Biloxi translation(s). Verbs are given in their English infinitival form
with to. All known Biloxi translations of an English word are provided, but the dictionary
user should consult the Biloxi-English side of the dictionary for more information on a
particular Biloxi word and for any examples of usage or other notes that may be
provided.
10.3 Appendices
At the end of the Dictionary and Index are eight appendices labeled A through H.
The appendices primarily give easy-to-read listings or summaries of common items listed
in the Dictionary for easier reference. Appendix A is a listing of Biloxi affixes (prefixes,
suffixes, and circumfixes), affixes that do not normally form words unto themselves but
must be used in conjunction with a verbal or nominal root. Appendix B gives numbers,
Appendix C days of the week, Appendix D human body parts, Appendix E flora and
fauna, Appendix F medicinal plants (used for various curative and therapeutic purposes),
Appendix G mythological names, and Appendix H Biloxi kinship.
11.0 Abbreviations used in this dictionary

< from (term borrowed from another language).
 see variant or related word.
 example phrase.
 note, from original compilers or current editor, often culturally related.
 verb conjugation
adj. adjective or word acting as an adjective or descriptor.
adv. adverb.
Ala. Alabama, a Muskogean language.
ANAT. anatomical, pertaining to human body parts.
ASTR. astronomical, pertaining to astronomical bodies.
At. Atakapa, an isolate language of modern Louisiana and Texas.
ATTR. attributive, having a descriptive meaning.
AUG. augmentative.
BEN. benefactive.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxx
BOT. botanical, pertaining to plants or trees.
Cad. Caddoan, a language family of the Plains.
CAUS. causative.
cf. compare (with term in another language).
Ch. Choctaw, a Muskogean language.
Chk. Cherokee, an Iroquoian language.
Cht. Chitimacha, an isolate language of modern Louisiana.
conj. conjunction.
Cwb. Catawba, a language once spoken in Virginia and North Carolina.
D. Dorsey, James Owen, from his notes on file in the Smithsonian Archives.
Dak. Dakota, a Siouan language closely related to Lakhota.
DAT. dative.
dem. demonstrative.
DIM. diminutive.
DIR. directional (indicating movement to or from).
DS. Dorsey-Swanton, pertaining to forms in the dictionary published in 1912.
ed. editor (current).
Eng. English.
EVID. evidential.
exclam. exclamation.
f. feminine, pertaining to women.
Fr. French.
G. Gatschet, Albert S.
H. Haas, Mary.
Hi. Hidatsa, a Siouan language.

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxxi
Hit. Hitchiti, a Muskogean language.
IMPER. imperative (command).
INST. instrumental.
intens. intensifier.
inter. interrogative.
irr. irrealis.
irreg. irregular.
Knz. Kanza (Kaw), a Dhegiha Siouan language.
Koa. Koasati (Coushatta), a Muskogean language.
Lak. Lakhota, a Siouan language closely related to Dakota.
lit. literally.
LOC. locative (in or at).
m. masculine, pertaining to men.
MEAS. measure, pertaining to measurement.
MED. medicinal, relating to herbs or materials used for medicinal and curative
purposes.
MTL. Mobilian Trade Language, aka Mobilian Jargon and Mobilian Pidgin.
Msk. Muskogean, a language family of the U.S. Southeast.
MYTH. mythological, pertaining to a mythological character or mythology and narrative

in general.
n. noun.
Nat. Natchez, an isolate language of modern Oklahoma and South Carolina.
np. noun proper.
NUM. numerical, number.
O. Ofo, a Siouan language closely related to Biloxi.
OP. Omaha-Ponca, a Dhegiha Siouan language.
Os. Osage, a Dhegiha Siouan language.

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxxii
PART. particle.
PEA. Proto-Eastern Algonquian.
pl. plural.
POS. (VERB) CL. positional (verb) classifier.
poss. possessive.
PREF. prefix.
pron. pronominal, pronoun.
PS. Proto-Siouan, ancestral to all modern Siouan languages.
PSS. Proto-Southeastern Siouan, ancestral to modern Southeastern Siouan languages

(e.g., Biloxi, Ofo, Tutelo, Saponi).
QUANT. quantifier, quantity.
Sap. Saponi, a Siouan language, related to Tutelo.
sby. somebody.
Sp. Spanish.
SR. Switch Reference.
stg. something.
SUF. suffix.
T. Tutelo, a Siouan language closely related to Biloxi.
Tn. Tunica, an isolate language of modern Louisiana.
trans. bor. translation borrowing, a literal translation into Biloxi from another language,
usually from English.
v. verb.
VAR. variant, variation.
VOC. vocative (direct address).
ZOOL. zoological, pertaining to (non-human) animals, fish, insects, or other beings.

Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. xxxiii
12.0 References
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar:
tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Dorsey, James and John Swanton.1912. A dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo languages.
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 47. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office.
Drechsel, Emanuel. 1997. Mobilian Jargon: linguistic and sociohistorical aspects of a
Native American pidgin. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Einaudi, Paula.1974. A grammar of Biloxi. New York: Garland.
Gatschet, Albert. 1886. Words and sentences of the Biloxi language. Unpublished ms. in
the Smithsonian National Anthropological Archives MS 933-A.
Gundel, Jeanette, Nancy Hedberg, Ron Zacharski. 1993. Cognitive Status and the Form
of Referring Expressions in Discourse. In Language, 69, 2, 274-307.
Gundel, Jeanette. 1988. Universals of Topic-Comment Structure. In Hammond, Michael,
E. Moravcsik and J. Wirth, eds. Studies in syntactic typology. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins Publishing Company.
Haas, Mary. 1968. The Last Words of Biloxi. In Journal of American Linguistics, 35, 77-
84.
Haas, Mary. 1969. Swanton and the Biloxi and Ofo Dictionaries. In Journal of American
Linguistics, 35, 4, 286-90.
Hudson, Charles. 1990. The Juan Pardo expeditions: explorations of the Carolinas and
Tennessee, 1566-1568. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Kanza Language Project. 2010. Kaánze Wéyaje: Kanza Reader. Kaw City: Kaw Nation.
Kaufman, David. 2006. A reanalysis of the Dorsey-Swanton U-circumflex and U-brève
in Biloxi. In Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 28, 1-10.
Kaufman, David. 2008. Focality and Topicality Marking in Biloxi. In Kansas Working
Papers in Linguistics, 30, 150-158.
Kaufman, David. 2014. The Lower Mississippi Valley as a Language Area. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Kansas.
Mithun, Marianne. 1995. On the Relativity of Irreality. In Bybee, Joan and Suzanne
Fleishman eds. Modality in grammar and discourse, 367-388.
Oliverio, Giulia. 1996. A grammar and dictionary of Tutelo. Lawrence: University of
Kansas.
Payne, Thomas. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rankin, Robert. 2005. On Biloxi Aspiration. Unpublished paper. University of Kansas.
Trechter, Sara. 2004. Contradictions of the indigenous Americas. In Language and
Woman’s Place, 269-276.
Trechter, Sara. 1995. Categorical gender myths in Native America: gender deictics in
Lakhota. In Issues in Applied Linguistics, 6, 1, 5-22.
Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D. 34

Section Two
Biloxi-English Dictionary
Aa
aadidǫǫni, n. Table. DS. 176.
G. hadedoné 17. ačįtha, v. To be greasy.
DS. 276.
H. a·didɔ·neˀ 80.
lit. all grease.
Sw. a·didɔ·nƐˀ 80. DS. 264.
aadidǫǫ, var. of aadidôôni, table. ačka, adv. Close, near.
DS. 276. DS. 174.
aadidǫǫ axkidǫǫni, n. Table cover, ački, n. (His/her) father’s real or
tablecloth. potential younger brother.
lit. table belt. DS. 174.
DS. 242, 275. ačohi, n. ZOOL. Trout, Salmonidae.
a-, pref.  Appendix A. G. acohí 6.
DS. 174.
ača, n. Pimple.
ačǫki, var. of čǫki, dog.
DS. 174.
S. 321 (in Ofo-Eng. dictionary).
Ači! interj. Oh, no!
ačtą, n. Basket sieve (with smaller
DS. 174.
holes).
Ačiči! interj. m. Ouch!
 xutuki.
DS. 174.
D. atc-tan´ 90 H 5.
ačįni, n. Grease.
aču
O. ichi. 1. n. Barbecue.
DS. 264. 2. n. Dried or jerked meat.
ačįni pataaskǫǫ, n. Batter cakes. DS. 175.
lit. grease bread. adaxni, v. To be burnt.
DS. 264. DS. 169.
ačįni phihi ayudi, n. Slippery elm tree. adê
1. v. To blaze, burn.
DS. 169.
2. n. Fire, blaze.
 phêti, uxte, wude.
Slippery elm leaf O. atạf.
(drawing by Mary Haas DS. 169.
in unpublished notes)
adêyê
lit. fragrant grease tree.
1. v. To make a fire, set on fire, cause you pl. ayadečkotu

a fire. they adečkotu
 I adêhąkê DS. 189.
you adêhayê 2. n. Crier, herald, preacher.
s/he/it adêyê
we adêhąkêtu DS. 189.
you pl. adêhayêtu adečko thi, n. Church.
they adêyêtu
lit. preach house.
 uxte.
DS. 189.
D. adeýè 90 H 32.
adečuutkayê, v. To scorch.
2. v. To kindle a fire, make a fire
blaze. lit. cause to be purplish (from heat).
D. adeýè 90 H 32.
 I adeč(uu)tkahąkê
ade you adeč(uu)tkahayê
1. v. To speak, talk. s/he/it adeč(uu)tkayê
we adeč(uu)tkahąkêtu
 I ąkade you pl. adeč(uu)tkahayêtu
you ayade they adeč(uu)tkayêtu
s/he/it ade
we ąkadetu DS. 169.
you pl. ayadetu adehaeyê, v. To whisper.
they adetu
lit. talk slow (?).
 Ade kadeni (h)edi. S/he doesn't speak adekadekayi, n. ZOOL. Mockingbird,
the language (Biloxi) well (DS. 189).
Mimus polyglottos.
 ê, hade, kikįno.
lit. mocks speech. (speaks words?)
DS. 189.
 kadekayi.
2. n. Language, speech.
DS. 189.
 kade, ukade.
ade načka, v. To speak slowly,
DS. 189. deliberately, a few words at a time.
ade čamana xti, n. Old form of speech, lit. talk short.
language of ancient times.
ade sąhąni, v. To raise the voice, shout.
 Tanêksąyaa ade čamana xti, ancient or
old Biloxi speech (D. 90 G 100). lit. talk strong.
adeti, var. of deti, branch, limb.
D. 90 G 100.
adi
adečko
1. v. To climb, ascend.
1. v. To preach, proclaim.
 I ąkadi
 I ąkadečko you ayadi
you ayadečko s/he/it adi
s/he/it adečko we ąkaditu
we ąkadečkotu you pl. ayaditu
they aditu DS. 178.

2. n. Climbing. adohi ąpanǫǫni, n. String necklace,
O. atikna. string of beads.
DS. 170. G. ápĕnoni 24.

DS. 178.
3. n. (His/her) father.
adoyê, n. ZOOL. Maggot.
 tata.
DS. 175.
O. athi.
adô, var. of ado, potato.
DS. 170.
DS. 175.
adihi, n. Style of wearing the hair
adǫhį, n. ANAT. (His/her) face.
formerly the rule among Biloxi girls
and women.  ithe, the.
DS. 170. DS. 184.
adixčitu, n. Style of wearing the hair adudu, v. To fly around and around.
formerly common among Biloxi  niye.
men and boys.
DS. 170. DS. 185.
adixstąhą, same as adihi, woman’s aduhi, n. Fence.
hairstyle. G. duhé, duhí 5.
DS. 170. DS. 185.
ado, n. BOT. Potato, Solanum tuberosum. aduhi ayepi, n. Gate.

O. ato. lit. fence door.
DS. 175.  duhiepi.
H. adoˀ 80. DS. 185.
Sw. adɔˀ 80.
aduhi yįki, n. Garden.
ado počka, n. BOT. Irish potato.
 duhįki.
lit. round potato.
DS. 185.
DS. 175.
ado waxčkuuye, n. BOT. Sweet potato, adukaxkê, v. To peel (potatoes,
Ipomoea batatas. vegetables, etc.).
lit. sugar potato.  I akadukaxkê
you ayadukaxkê
DS. 175.
s/he/it adukaxkê
adohi, n. Bead, bead necklace. we akadukaxkêtu
you pl. ayadukaxkêtu
G. atóhi 24.
they adukaxkêtu
DS. 175.
DS. 221.
adohi ąpani, same as adohi apanǫǫni,
string necklace. adukučke ixi, n. Sheriff.
lit. chief who ties people (D. 90 G 86).
D. adûkûtckeʹ iqyiʹ 90 G 86.  duxpê.

aduska, n. ZOOL. Rat, Rattus sp. DS. 184.
H. adušpƐˀ 78.
DS. 186.
Sw. adušpƐˀ 78.
Aduskana, n. MYTH. Ancient of (Wood)
aduxpê hįyehi, n. Cloth.
Rats.
lit. yard of cloth (?).
[aduska + -na]
 hįyehi.
DS. 186.
DS. 184.
adusǫsa, v. To wrap a cord around an
obj. aduxpê naskê, n. Coat.
adustukǫǫni, var. of dustukǫǫni, button. lit. long cloth.
DS. 184. DS. 184.
adu suduye, v. To singe (hair, feathers, aduxpê naskê nithaani, n. Overcoat.
etc.) lit. large long cloth.
D. ádu sŭdu’ye 90 G 103. DS. 184.
aduti, n. Food. aduxpê teduxka, n. Man’s shirt.
 įye. DS. 184.
DS. 192. aduyaxą, v. f. To wrap a cord, etc.,
adutiduphǫǫni, n. Fork (for eating). several times around an obj.
lit. sticks in food.  I aduhąkaxą
DS. 246, 276. you aduhayaxą
s/he/it aduyaxą
aduti načkǫǫni, n. Breakfast. we aduhąkaxątu (?)
lit. make a short meal. you pl. aduhayaxątu (?)
they aduyaxątu (?)
DS. 276.
adutiphǫǫni, var. of adutiduphǫni, fork. JOD does not give plural forms of this
“feminine” verb, so they are uncertain.
DS. 246. I have based the plural paradigm on
aduwaxka, v. To swallow. singular forms. -ed.
 nayê.
DS. 185.
DS. 170. aduyê, v. m. To wrap a cord, etc., several

times around an obj.
aduxčati, n. Rail.
DS. 185.  I aduhąkê
you aduhayê
aduxčati aduhi, n. Rail fence. s/he/it aduyê
DS. 185. we aduhąkêtu
you pl. aduhayêtu
aduxpê, n. Clothing, clothes, cloth. they aduyêtu
 cf. Sap. opokhe, coat. DS. 185.
ahe, var. of he, skin, nail, hoof, etc. ahwihi, n. Gravy, soup.
ahi  hawewihǫǫni.
1. adj. Empty. DS. 286.
 xotka. aka, n. Youngest one.
DS. 170. DS. 170.
2. var. of ahe, skin, nail, etc. akanąki, v. To come forth, emerge.
ahiyê, v. To empty.
 I ąkakanąki
DS. 170.
you yakanąki or hayakanąki
s/he/it akanąki
ahį atsi, v. To sell. we ąkakanąkitu
 I ahį ąkatsi you pl. yakanąkitu or hayakanąkitu
you ahį ayatsi they akanąkitu
s/he/it ahį atsi
we ahį ąkatsitu Note variants in ‘you’ forms.
you pl. ahį ayatsitu T. akakląke.
they ahį atsitu
DS. 193.
DS. 175.
akathi, n. Book.
ahįyehi, meas. Yard.
 akathi akipta, akathi akiptsatsadi.
 hįyehi.
DS. 206.
DS. 170.
akathi adakǫǫni, n. Picture, portrait.
aho, n. ANAT. (His/her) bone.
DS. 206.
 ahu, haho.
akathi akipta, n. Book.
O. aho.
lit. folded paper (doubled).
G. ahotí 4.
DS. 170.  akathi akiptsatsadi.
aho kahudi, n. Bone necklace. DS. 206.

DS. 170. akathi akiptsatsa, n. Book.
ahoye, n. Debt. lit. paper-folded (one on another).
DS. 170.  akathi akipta.
ahoye kadêêxi čayê, v. To cancel a debt. DS. 206.

lit. cause a debt mark to be done. akathi hapode, n. Wrapping paper.
DS. 170. DS. 247.
ahoyeyê, v. To credit. akathihi, n. Paper, letter.
D. ahoyeýĕ 90 G 35. O. aktisi.
ahu, var. of aho, bone. G. hakitĕxí 44.
DS. 170. akathi kikǫǫni, var. of akathi ǫǫni, write.
akathi ǫǫni DS. 205.

1. v. To write. akąči, v. To lick.
lit. make letter.  I ąkakąči
With dat. ki-. you ayakąči
s/he/it akąči
 I akathi ąkǫǫ(ni) we ąkakąčitu
you akathi ayakǫǫ(ni) you pl. ayakąčitu
s/he/it akathi ǫǫ(ni) they akąčitu
we akathi ąkǫǫ(ni)tu DS. 170.
you pl. akathi ayakǫǫ(ni)tu
they akathi ǫǫ(ni)tu akąčike, v. To lick off.
 akathi kikǫǫni.  Ayuyą ąkakącike ąkąde xa na. I am used
DS. 206. to licking the dew off of vegetation (DS.
170).
2. n. Pencil (lead).
DS. 170.
G. akitʹhioné 17.
akde, v. To creep up on (as game).
akathi ǫtuxa, n. Ink.
DS. 206.
DS. 206.
ake, v. To cut with a knife.
akathi ukade thi, n. School,
schoolhouse.  I ąkake
you ayake
lit. book-reading house. s/he/it ake
we ąkaketu
DS. 206.
you pl. ayaketu
akathi ukade tuxa, n. Newspaper. they aketu
akathixka, n. Book.  dakasadi, dakasasadi, sa.
 akathi akiptadi, akathi akiptsatsadi. DS. 170.

G. akĕdixka, hakitĕxká 44. akho, LOC. Out, outside, in the yard.
DS. 195.
DS. 172.
akaxpê, num. Six.
akhu, var. of akho, out, outside.
O. akape.
DS. 172.
T. akaspe.
DS. 172.
akidadi
1. v. To count.
aką
1. v. To suppose.  I ąkakidadi
2. v. To come in contact with an you ayakidadi
s/he/it akidadi
object and stop. we ąkakidatu
3. v. To lean against. you pl. ayakidatu
they akidatu
4. n. Pier, dock.
 nahadaką, nahadphetaką. Note loss of -di in plural forms. -ed.
DS. 170.  A small whitish insect about two

inches long, with nippers (antennae?).
2. DIR. Across. It lives in sandy soil, and when one
 Ayą akida mąk ǫǫ or ayą akida mąk ǫǫni. stoops over its hole and thrusts down a
To make a cross-stick (as for straw, the insect is said to grasp the
suspending a kettle) (DS. 171). straw, by which it is drawn to the
surface. Found from Washington, D.C.
 yįtuk.
to Louisiana (DS. 171).
DS 171. DS. 279.
akida dêê, v. To go straight across. akiduwaxi
 akta. 1. v. To go to one side.
DS 171.  I ąkakiduwaxi
you ayakiduwaxi
akidi, n. ZOOL. Insect, bug (general). s/he/it akiduwaxi
O. akti. we ąkakiduwax(i)tu
DS. 171. you pl. ayakiduwax(i)tu
they akiduwax(i)tu
akidi si, v. To help (m.).
2. adv. Aside.
 I ąkakidisi
you ayakidisi
DS. 171.
s/he/it akidisi
we ąkakidisitu akiduxte, v. To cross stg., as a stream.
you pl. ayakidisitu
 I ąkakiduxte
they akidisitu
you yakiduxte
 Yąkakitsta. Help me (DS. 171). s/he/it akiduxte
 Yąkakitstadaha. Help us (DS. 171). we ąkakiduxtetu
you pl. yakiduxtetu
Note: women use akitsi. they akiduxtetu
 akitsi.  Ayixyą akiduxte. He has crossed the
DS. 171. bayou (DS. 171).
 Ayixyą akta ądêê ąkakiduxte. I went
akidi sipsiwe, n. ZOOL. Bessie bug,
straight across the bayou (DS. 171).
Odontotaenius disjunctus.
 įdukpe.
 A small black insect that lives in
decayed logs (DS. 193). DS. 171.
DS. 193. akini, n. ZOOL. Goose, Anserinae sp.
akidi xapka, n. ZOOL. Bed bug, Cimex
lectularius.
lit. flat insect.
DS 225.
akidisti wata, n. Store clerk.
akidi tąįhį tǫxka, n. ZOOL. Buffalo bug.
akini  Čidike yihi kakitituhayêni? Why don’t

you shut your mouth? (DS. 171).
 kotka.
G. hakene, hak’kené. DS. 171.
DS. 171.
akitsi, v. To help (f.).
akini xohi, n. ZOOL. Same as akini, goose
 I ąkakitsi
(generic). you ayakitsi
lit. ancient goose. s/he/it akitsi
we ąkakits(i)tu
DS. 171. you pl. ayakits(i)tu
akini xoh są, n. ZOOL. Probably snow they akits(i)tu
goose, white brent goose, or Texas Note: men use akidisi. Per JOD, men can
goose, Chen hyperboreus. say to women yąkakitsidaha ‘help us,’
lit. ancient white goose. but men cannot use any other part of
this verb (DS. 171).
DS. 171.
 Nyakitsi. I help you (DS. 171).
akini xoh toxka, n. ZOOL. Gray or
 Yąkakitsi. You helped me (DS. 171).
common wild goose, or Canada
goose, Bernicla canadensis.  akidisi.
lit. ancient gray goose. DS. 171.

DS. 171. akiya, n. Last, the last one, next.
akinini, v. To walk on stg. DS. 171.
 ni. akodi, n. Cup, gourd used for drinking.

akipta  nihǫ.
1. v. To fold. DS. 171.
DS. 246. akohi, n. Yard (outside house).
2. adj. Doubled, layered. G. ákohia, hákohian 11.
DS. 246. DS. 172.
akiptsa, adj. Double, manifold. aksahǫǫni

1. n. Shade, shadow.
DS. 246.
 anahi.
akiptsatsa, n. Book.
DS. 254.
 akathi akiptsatsa.
2. n. Umbrella, parasol.
DS. 206.
 Akiya ąda dąde. I will go last (DS. 171).
akita, v. To attend to, follow.
DS. 254.
DS. 171.
aksapi, v. To watch out for, look out for,
akititu, v. To shut, close. be mindful of.
 Yihi akitituyê! Shut your mouth! (DS.  Aksap ta! Look sharp! Be careful! (male
171). > male ?) (DS. 82).
 Emą! akuwe
DS. 82. 1. loc. Outside.
aksteke, v. To be stingy. DS. 172.

2. adv. Along.
 I ąkaksteke
DS. 172.
you ayaksteke
s/he/it aksteke akyêhê, v. To take a seat, sit down.
we ąkaksteketu
 axêhê, xêhê.
you pl. ayaksteketu
they aksteketu DS. 220.
DS. 171. amaasada, var. of maasada, dish, plate.
akta DS. 230.
1. DIR. In a straight line, by the
amaasa, var. of amaasi, metal.
shortest route, direct.
DS. 229.
DS. 171.
amaasi
2. var. of akida, straight across.
1. n. Iron, metal.
 Ayixyą akta ądêê ąkakiduxte. I went
straight across the bayou (DS. 171).  amaasa, hamaasa, maasi.
DS. 171. T. mąs.
aktadaxka, n. ZOOL. Toad, Anura. G. hámassi, massí 7.

DS. 229.
[akta + dax ? + -ka]
2. n. Chain.
DS. 180.
amaas(i)kthêhayi, n. Blacksmith.
Aktadaxkana, np. MYTH. Ancient of
Toads. [amaasi + k(i)thê + -hayi]
[aktadaxka + -na] lit. hit metal habitually.
DS. 180. DS. 229.
aku, v. To look down on, look into. amaaskthê thi, n. Blacksmith shop.
DS. 172. lit. hit-metal house.
akue G. masktéti 43.

DS. 229.
1. v. To put on a hat.
DS. 172.
amaas(i) si, n. Brass.
2. n. Hat. lit. yellow metal.

DS. 229.
 kitsą (h)ąxti akue.
DS. 172.
amaas(i) sǫhǫǫni, n. Iron kettle.
DS. 229.
akue tapka, n. Cap.
amaasitǫǫni, n. Hammer.
lit. flat hat.
G. amasítauni 43.
DS. 172.
DS. 229. amą phaki, n. Sand, sandy land.

amaastučutka, n. Pitchfork.  phaki.
DS. 229. G. hamĕpxaké 6.
DS. 226.
amaasxahi, n. File (tool).
DS. 229. amą toxmąki, v. To lie on the ground.
amą, var. of mą (1) and (2), earth, dirt, [toho + mąki]

soil. DS. 226.
DS. 226. amąxi, n. Grave.
amą čuuti, n. Red paint, red earth. lit. sacred ground.
lit. red dirt.  kahoyê.
G. amatchtí 30. DS. 226.
Amą Dê, n. Louisiana. amąyuhe, n. Earthquake.
lit. This Land. lit. earth shake.
DS. 226. G. áma yohädi 40.
DS. 295.
amąkadoči, n. Morass, muddy place.
amihča, n. Year.
lit. wet land.
G. hamakatoʹhtchí 7. lit. summer gone.
amąki  amihį.
1. POS. VERB CL. indicating plural G. ámiʹh tchádi 25.
objects, not necessarily reclining.
amihį
 Ayą nǫpa amąki ko thêdi. The two
standing trees are dead (DS. 227). 1. n. Summer.
 Tahôôxk nǫpa nini amąki ko toxka xê. 2. n. Year.
The two walking horses are gray (DS.
227). DS. 229.
 Hapi amąki. Some hanging leaves (on 3. adj. Warm, hot (as weather).
trees) (DS. 227). DS. 224.
 Yaniksǫǫ amąki. Some pipes are still amihįyê, v. To heat stg.
here (DS. 227).
lit. cause to be heated.
 mąki, nąki, ne.
DS. 229.
DS. 227.
amihǫǫ, var. of amihǫǫni, fever.
2. var. of mąki (1.), ANAT. (His/her)
chest. DS. 229.
DS. 229. amihǫǫ tixi, n. BOT. Fever weed,

Ambrosia artemisiifolia or Artemesia
amą maasada, n. Dish made of pottery trefida.
or earthenware.
lit. fever medicine.
DS. 230.
 A weed about four feet high, growing  Related to nąčį ‘sky, cloud,’ -ed.
in pine forests near Lecompte,
O. nąci.
Louisiana. It has white blossoms, and
its leaves resemble those of peach trees DS. 233.
(DS. 230).
anahį, n. ANAT. Hair of the human head.
 MED. A tea was made from this weed
 naxko.
to produce perspiration (DS. 230).
DS. 230. O. ihi, įhi.
DS. 172.
amihǫǫni, n. Fever.
anahį dakačudu, v. To scalp (an enemy).
lit. made (to be) warm.
 dakačutičudu.
O. amihų.
DS. 229. DS. 172.
amix kidi, n. Spring. anahǫǫni, adj. Hairy.
lit. warmth returns. G. anahóni.

DS. 229. anaki, n. BOT. Fruit, berry.
amixkthê  asi, yo.
1. v. To sweat, perspire. DS. 173.

lit. hit (by) heat. anaksi, n. BOT. Orange, Citrus sinensis.
DS. 229. [anaki + si]
2. n. Sweat, perspiration. lit. yellow fruit.
G. hamixktädi 41. DS. 173.
DS. 229.
anaxkukayi, n. BOT. Small cocklebur.
amočihayi, n. BOT. Solidago weed, [anaxkuk + -(h)ayi ?]
Solidago L.
DS. 173.
lit. always grows in fields (?).
anaxkuka xohi, n. BOT. Large cocklebur.
DS. 263.
lit. ancient cocklebur.
amǫǫni, n. Field.
DS. 173.
[amą + ǫǫni]
aną, n. Winter.
lit. land worked/made.
T. waną.
DS. 226.
G. hána 6.
Amǫyixyą, np. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. DS. 173.
[amǫǫni + ayihi + -yą] anąpi, var. of nąpi, day, daylight.
lit. field-bayou. DS. 232.
DS. 226. ane
anači, n. Ghost, spirit, shade. 1. v. To find.
 aksahǫǫni, nąčį.
 Ǫtik (h)ane otu xa. They have found a ani pahį, n. Water barrel.
bear and have shot him (DS. 194).
DS. 173.
 Kawak kaneni etuxa. It is said that he
found nothing (DS. 194). anipha, n. Whiskey.
DS. 194. lit. bitter water.
2. n. ZOOL. Louse, Pediculus humanus. O. alapha.
DS. 173. DS. 173.
ani, n. Water. anipha čkuuye, n. Wine.
 ni. lit. sweet whiskey.

G. haní 5. DS. 173.
DS. 173. aniphaxka, n. Beer.
H. aneˀ, a·neˀ 80.
Sw. ˀane/iˀ 80. lit. sour water.
ani kyahǫǫ, var. of ani kyaǫni, well. DS. 173.
DS. 173. ani pupuxi, n. Foam.

ani kyaǫǫni, n. Well. DS. 173.
lit. dig (to) make water. anisni hudi, n. bot. Prickly ash tree.
DS. 173. DS. 173.
ani naphihi ani thi, n. Cistern.

1. n. Cologne. lit. water house.
lit. good-smelling water. DS. 173.
DS. 173. anixi, v. To play.
2. n. Shell, caracol (?). O. anisi.
G. aninepihí 30. DS. 173.
DS. 173.
ani xoxǫǫni, n. Wave (water).
ani nithąąyą, n. Ocean.
DS. 173.
lit. large water.
ani xyuhi, n. Current (water).
O. ani thą.
DS. 173.
G. áni nitáya 8.
DS. 173. ani xyuhi kidunahi, n. Eddy.
DS. 173.
aniǫǫni
1. n. Juice. anude, v. To lay on (as shoulder).
DS. 173. DS. 238.
2. adj. Watery. aǫ, adv. Long time (?).
lit. made of water.  Ąde aǫ dehą. When he had been gone
a long time (DS. 173).
DS. 173.
DS. 173.
apačkuni, n. Corn dumpling. G. apádi 8.

DS. 174.
DS. 265.
apedehe, n. Wrist guard.
apadênska, n. ZOOL. Butterfly, Lepidoptera
sp. DS. 174.
apenixkahayi, n. ZOOL. Goldfinch,
Carduelis tristis.
[apenix + -ka + -hayi]
DS. 174.
Apenixkahayina, np. MYTH. Ancient of
Goldfinches.
apadênska
(Drawing by ed.)
[apenixka + -hayi + -na]
DS. 173. DS. 174.
apadiyê, v. To pay. apenskihayi, n. ZOOL. Cardinal (bird),

Cardinalis cardinalis.
 I apadhąkê [apenski + -hayi]
you apadhayê
s/he/it apadiyê  kadêêska ačuutka.
we apadhąkêtu DS. 216.
you pl. apadhayêtu
they apadiyêtu apenyikyahayi, var. of apenixkahayi,
goldfinch.
 Ątaska apadi(h)ąke na. I pay for the
basket(s) (man speaking) (DS. 173). DS. 174.
 Apadiyąka! Pay me! (DS. 173). apêska, var. of pêska, type of small frog.
 Kapadituni xya. They have not yet paid aphaa, n. (His/her) head.
him (DS. 173).
 phaa.
DS. 173.
G. apa.
apaną, adj. Entire, whole. DS. 243.
 Daswa apaną, the entire back (DS. 244). aphêhe, var. of phêhe, pound (in a
 ohi, paną, panąxti, tha. mortar).
DS. 244. DS. 244.
apastakǫǫni, v. To patch (as a shoe), put apheni, v. To go around an obj.

on a patch. DS. 174, 185.
DS. 191. aphêtka, n. ZOOL. Fly, housefly.
apaxtǫyê, v. To cause pus to ooze from a O. nǫphetka.
sore by pushing or pressing on it. G. apetka 8.
DS. 243. DS. 174.
apaya, n. Pepper. aphuska, var. of phuska, partridge.
Perhaps apa (?). DS. 174.
aphuhǫǫni  tuce.
[a- + phu + (h)ǫǫni] DS. 250.

1. v. To use a blowgun. asą, adj. White.
 są.
 I aphuhąkǫǫni
you aphuhayǫǫni O. afhą.
s/he/it aphuhǫǫni DS. 251.
we aphuhąkǫǫnitu H. asąˀ 80.
you pl. aphuhayǫǫnitu Sw. asąˀ 80.
they aphuhǫǫnitu
asąhį, n. ANAT. (His/her) arm.
2. n. Blowgun.
G. hassahé, assahia 4.
 Biloxis learned the use of the DS. 251.
blowgun from the Choctaws (DS. 249).
asąna pahe ahį, n. Pillow.
DS. 249.
lit. white feather sack (?).
api
1. n. Leaf. DS. 251.
 awi. asątiki, adj. Whitish, somewhat white.

O. apxi. asi
1. n. Berry (generic).
G. hayápi 5.
DS. 195.  anaki.
2. n. ZOOL. (Bald) eagle. T. hasi.
 ayapi, phaa są. DS. 174.
DS. 243. 2. var. of isi, (His/her) foot.
apinǫǫni, n. Collar. DS. 254.
DS. 174. asine, var. of asne, steal.
Aplusa Tąyą, np. Opelousas, Louisiana. DS. 230.
DS. 174. asinena, var. of asnena, thief.
apsǫ, n. Smallpox. DS. 230.
 Symptoms described as kadêêxi asistu, n. Stairs, steps, stairway.
sipsipi, “spotted and pitted” (DS. 248).
[a- + sisi + -tu]
DS. 248.
lit. place of multiple steps.
apsǫdayudi, n. BOT. Holly, Ilex L.
 įksitu.
DS. 248.
DS. 254.
apuduxka, adj. Industrious, hard-
working. asįto, n. Boy.
DS. 174.  sįto.

G. (as)sintoʹ.
apuxi, v. To touch, feel.
DS. 256.
asne DS. 257.

1. v. To steal. astepax kotka, n. BOT. Strawberry,
DS. 255. fragaria.
2. n. Thief, robber. lit. sour berry (?) (DS. 243.).
 asinena. DS. 243.
DS. 255. astotǫka, n. zool. Black cricket, Gryllus
assimilis.
asnena, n. Thief.
[asne + -na]
 asinena.
DS. 255.
asohi, v. To leap.
 piče.
DS. 174. astotǫka
asǫ, n. BOT. Briar. DS. 174.
 asu. astotǫnixka, n. Species of lizard,
DS. 257. greenish in color.
asǫ poska, n. Briar patch. DS. 174.
DS. 257. astotǫnixka akidi xaxahi, n. Species of

black reptile with rough skin
asǫti, n. ANAT. (His/her) shoulder blade. resembling astotonixka but not as
DS. 174. long.
aspaxka, n. BOT. Dewberry, Rubus. DS. 174.
lit. sour brier. asu, var. of asǫ, brier.
 MED. A decoction made from the DS. 257.
roots of this bush was used by the
asu thohi, n. BOT. Green brier, Smilax
Biloxi for washing cuts and other
wounds (DS. 257). auriculata.
 The large leaves of this brier were
 astepaxka. warmed and laid on sores to draw out
DS. 257. inflammation (DS. 257).
astątka, n. BOT. Mayhaw, Crataegus DS. 257.

aestivales. atamini, v. To work, busy oneself.
 A berry resembling a plum growing
on bushes in central Louisiana. The  I ąkatamini
berries are red and sour, each one you ayatamini
containing three round seeds (DS. 174). s/he/it atamini
we ąkatamitu
DS. 174. you pl. ayatamitu
astepaxka, var. of aspaxka, dewberry. they atamitu
DS. 175.
 Note loss of final syllable -ni in plural
forms. JOD notes that -ni is a type of athêye, n. Murderer.
causative ending (?) that is “[d]ropped D. ateyeʹ 90 E 7.
when followed by another verb” (236),
which may or may not be the case here. athi, var. of thi, house.
athi atukse, n. Roof.
 JOD says, for ‘we’ form, that ąkauti is
a better form. However, this is lit. house cover.
apparently in error, since his following DS. 175.
example shows ąkauti meaning ‘I am
sick’ (DS. 269) ( auti). Thus it is not athoke, n. Meal made of parched corn.
part of the verb form ‘to work.’ -ed. O. atakofe.
 Ąk(h)auti kike, ąkatamini. Although I S. athoʹke 322 (in Ofo-Eng. dictionary).
am sick, I work (DS. 208).
Atix Čidǫna, np. former name of
 Atamini ixyǫni xyê. He works rapidly
Rapides, Rapides Parish, Louisiana,
(DS. 199).
later called Rapidyą.
DS. 199, 208, 269.
DS. 175.
athada, n. Stain or spot (dirt).
atoho
DS. 175. 1. v. To lie down, recline.
athadahayi, n. ZOOL. Grasshopper,
Caelifera.  I axtoho
you itoho
lit. makes a spot/stain (on land) (?). s/he/it atoho
we ąkcitu (?)
you pl. icitu (?)
they citu (?)
Note: JOD was apparently uncertain

about plural forms; question marks are
as he wrote them on DS. 277.
athadahayi
 Mikǫǫni toho ktaani. The (reclining) ax
is not hers (DS. 277).
DS. 175.
athadahayi naphaxi, n. Grasshopper  Yatoho pihedi dį. You ought to lie on it
(DS. 278). (Note use of ya- for ‘you’
meal.
instead of i- as given in conjugation
G. hatĕdaxáyi nĕpxí 52. form.)
athe
 Ąkatoho hedetu. We have finished
1. n. Ice. lying on it (DS. 278).
 wahu.  toho.
DS. 175. DS. 277.
2. adj. Frozen. 2. n. Bed.
O. athahi.  atokatoho, ayaahi, yaahi.
DS. 277. they ats(i)tu

3. n. Mattress.  Waaxi ąkatsi. I bought shoes (DS. 175).
DS. 277.  Tha ahi ayatsiyą ąnaxê naǫkihi. I hope
to hear that you have bought deerskins
atoho axkion, n. Bedspread. (DS. 175).
 atoh axkion.  towê.
 Perhaps atoho axkiǫǫni ? -ed. O. tufi.
D. átoh(o) aqkion´ 90 G 35. DS. 175.
atokatoho, n. Bed. atspąhi, v. To stick or adhere to an obj.
 ayaahi, yaahi. DS. 280.
DS. 277. atspąyê, v. To glue, paste, cause one obj.
atopi, var. of topi, new, single, to stick to another.
unmarried.
 I atspąhąke
DS. 279. you atspąhaye
atopi yuke yąka s/he/it atspąye
1. n. Several half-grown turkeys. we atspąhąketu
you pl. atspąhayetu
2. n. Boys and girls of about 17 or 18 they atspąyetu
years of age.
DS. 281.
DS. 279.
Atuka, np. MYTH. Ancient of Raccoons.
atopxohi, n. Person of about 20 years of
 atuki.
age.
DS. 175.
lit. young-old.
atukčukǫǫni, n. Lock, bolt.
DS. 279.
DS. 175.
atowe, v. To lodge in stg.
atukčukǫǫyê, v. To lock, bolt.
 I ąkatowe DS. 175.
you iyatowe
s/he/it atowe atuki, n. ZOOL. Raccoon, Procyon lotor.
we ąkatowetu
you pl. iyatowetu  One of the oratas (chiefs) who met
they atowetu with Pardo’s 1566-1568 expedition in
the town of Joara (Xuala) in the
DS. 175. Appalachian Highlands was named
Atuki, who was likely a Biloxi king
atsi, v. To buy, sell, trade. named after this clever animal. This
provides more linguistic evidence of
 I ąkatsi ancestral Biloxi origins in the southern
you ayatsi Appalachian region before migration to
s/he/it atsi the Gulf Coast. It also likely indicates a
we ąkats(i)tu Biloxi encounter with Europeans about
you pl. ayats(i)tu 130 years sooner than previously
thought. (The usual date cited has been
1699 upon the Biloxis’ first meeting you ayauti

with the French on the Gulf Coast.) -ed. s/he/it auti
we ąkautitu
 Atuka.
you pl. ayautitu
DS. 175. they autitu
atukse DS. 195.
1. v. To cover, spread over. 2. adj. Sick.
 conjugation under atuksǫǫni.  hauti, hauti čuuti.
DS. 175. DS. 195.
2. n. Lid cover, roof (of building). awahi
1. v. To get cooked.
 čį.
DS. 283.
DS. 175.
2. adj. Cooked.
atuksǫǫni, v. To cover completely.
 ue, wahi.
[atukse + ǫǫni]
DS. 283.
 I atuksąkǫǫni awaxi, var. of waxi, shoe.
you atuksayǫǫni
s/he/it atuksǫǫni DS. 286.
we atuksąkǫǫnitu awi, var. of api, leaf.
you pl. atuksayǫǫnitu
they atuksǫǫnitu DS. 195.
DS. 175; D. adŭk’sonni 90 G 62. awisktudi, n. BOT. Turnip, Brassica rapa.
atuti [awisk(a) + t? + udi]
1. n. Large root of a thorny vine with lit. turnip root.
a white interior, from which a meal
or powder was made for food.  prob. bor. < Nat. iwišk, pumpkin (Nat.
iwi, gourd). -ed.
 atuti napaxi, tudi.
G. awiʹsktuti 32.
DS. 238. DS. 195.
2. adj. Ripe, done, finished. awiska tudǫǫni, same as awisktudi,
O. atuti, ripe, done, cooked. turnip.
PSS *atuti [H]. DS. 195.
DS. 277. awius počka, n. BOT. Cabbage, Brassica
atuti napaxi, n. Meal (powder) ground oleracea.
from the atuti root and used as food.  ‘awius’ likely related to awisk(a)
 atuti, tudi. above. Reason for added -u- is unclear;
perhaps misprint? -ed.
DS. 281.
G. awiʹus potchka 32.
auti DS. 195.
1. v. To be sick.
awo, same as kiyowo, another.
 I ąkauti
D. ăwoʹ 90 G 16. DS. 172.

awode axi, v. To swarm on.
1. n. Skirt. DS. 172.
2. n. Sunshine. axihi, adj. Boiling.
 hoode. DS. 172.
DS. 195. axikiyê, v. To make one into a spiritual
awuxuxkudi, n. BOT. Sweet bay. mediator, priest, or priestess.
 MED. A tea made from the bark and  This is done through a ritualistic
leaves of this tree was used by Biloxis process of the potential priest(ess)
to promote perspiration (DS. 175). being sequestered in a house or cabin
for a period of time, undergoing a diet
DS. 175.
regimen, and being administered
axati, v. To slide, slip, as on ice. medicines ( The Ancient of Tiny Frogs
[Pêskana] and His Grandmother, DS.
DS. 219. 46).
axaya, var. of axahaya, headdress.  ąyaa xi, xidi.
DS. 172. DS. 221.
axahaya, n. Feather headdress. axisah akathi, n. Bank note, paper
DS. 172. money.
axakǫǫni, v. To be poor. DS. 206.
DS. 219. axisah čuuti, n. Copper.
axakǫǫyê, v. To treat one badly. lit. red money.
lit. cause to be poor. DS. 172.
DS. 219. axisahi, n. Money.
axe, n. ANAT. (His/her) shoulder. DS. 172.
DS. 172. axisah są, n. Silver.
axêhê lit. white money.
1. v. To sit on stg. DS. 172.
DS. 220.
axisah si, n. Gold.
2. n. Seat.
lit. yellow money.
 akyêhê, uxkini, xêhê, yaxoxǫni.
DS. 172.
DS. 220.
axiye, n. Flower, blossom.
axehį, n. Wing feather.
 xayehi.
DS. 198.
DS. 221.
axeya, n. Wing.
axiye są pąhį, n. BOT. Cherokee Rose,
DS. 172. Rosa laevigata.
axeyahį, var. of axehį, wing feather.
lit. white blossom (?). ayaahi

DS. 244. 1. n. Bed.
axį, v. To pierce with a tined instrument  atokatoho.

(as a fork). DS. 217, 287.
H. aya·heˀ 78.
 duphǫǫni ?
Sw. aya·heˀ 78.
DS. 221.
2. var. of ayą ahi, tree bark.
axka, n. BOT. Persimmon, Diospyros DS. 175.
virginiana.
ayaįde, n. Ladder.
DS. 175.
ayanixi, n. Ballgame, ballplay.
[(a)yani + xi]
axka lit. sacred tobacco ?
(drawing by ed.)  Perhaps due to the smoking of
tobacco at sacred or ritual events, of
DS. 172.
which the ballgame was one. -ed.
axkidǫǫni, n. Belt. G. ayanixí.
 adidǫ axkidǫǫni. ayapi, n. ZOOL. Eagle, Accipitridae.
DS. 185.
 api, phaa są.
axkion, n. Cover, covering.
ayą, n. Tree, wood, stick.
 Perhaps a variant of axkǫǫni ? -ed.
 četka (2.), hame.
 atoh(o) axkion, čį, tahoxkaxkion, thi
O. icą, icǫ.
axkion.
G. hayaʹ, aʹyan 4.
D. aqkion’ 90 G 35. DS. 293.
axkǫǫni, n. Lining, seam (of clothing). ayą ahi, n. Tree bark.
G. axkóni 24.
lit. tree skin.
axohi, var. of xohi, old, ancient. DS. 175.
DS. 222.
ayą akida mąkǫǫ(ni), v. To make a
axok duca, n. Split cane. cross-stick for suspending a kettle.
DS. 262. [ayą + akida + mąki + ǫǫni]
axoki, n. BOT. Cane, Arundinaria  Ayą akida mąkǫǫ sǫhǫni ačake. He
macrosperma, of the southern United makes a cross-stick on which to hang a
States forming canebrakes. kettle (DS. 171).
DS. 172. DS. 171.
axpadaka, adj. Smart, clever, intelligent. ayąčati, n. Splinter.
DS. 180. DS. 175.
ayą čąxka, n. Post.  So named because Biloxis used its

bark to make blue dye (DS. 176).
 ičąxka.
DS. 176.
DS. 175.
ayą xayehi, n. Tree blossom or bud.
ayą četkasą, n. Tree with bark peeled
off. DS. 176.
DS. 175. ayąxihayudi, n. bot. Thorn tree or

garofier, possible species of Cratagus
ayąčuka, n. Firewood. (of central Louisiana).
DS. 175.
DS. 176.
ayądakhapka aya įde, n. Bridge. ayą xotka, n. Hollow tree.
DS. 175.
DS. 175.
ayądeti, n. Tree branch. ayąya, n. BOT. Acorn, Quercus.
DS. 175.
 uti.
ayąkheyê, n. Sawmill. DS. 175.
DS. 175.
ayąya napaxi, n. Acorn meal.
ayą kode, n. Cord of wood.
lit. ground-up acorns.
 kode < Eng. cord. -ed.
DS. 175.
 kode.
ayąyįkudi, n. BOT. Wild China tree or
DS. 175. soapberry tree, Sapindus marginatus.
ayąmasada, n. Wooden bowl, dish. [ayą + yįkį + udi]
DS. 175. lit. pet tree (?).
ayą miska, n. Brush, undergrowth. DS. 175.
lit. small wood. ayêêkahi, n. Corn husk.
DS. 175. [ayêêki + ahi]
ayąnąhi, n. BOT. Tree moss, Usnea. lit. corn skin.
lit. tree hair. DS. 291.
DS. 175. ayêêkathi, n. Corn crib, storage for corn.
ayąpetuxte, n. Firewood. [ayêêki + (a)thi]
DS. 175. lit. corn house.
ayąsąhąudi, n. BOT. Sycamore tree, DS. 291.
Platanus occidentalis.
ayêêki, n. BOT. Maize, corn, Zea mays.
lit. strong wood tree.
 < Cad. areeksu.
DS. 175.
 cf. At. nešo'um. -ed.
ayąthohayudi, n. BOT. Maple, Acer.
O. aceki.
lit. blue wood tree.
DS. 291. ayepi, n. Door.

H. yƐ·keˀ, ayƐ·keˀ 78.
Sw. (a)yƐ·keˀ 78. O. icepi.
DS. 285.
ayêênapaxi, n. Cornmeal.
ayepi yįki, n. Window.
[ayêêki + napaxi]
lit. little door.
lit. ground-up corn.
 thiawįki.
H. ayƐ·np(Ə)xeˀ 78.
Sw. ayƐn(a) p(a)xeˀ, ayƐn(a)maxeˀ 78. DS. 285.
DS. 238. ayewi, var. of ayepi, door.
ayêêksą, n. BOT. Dry white corn. DS. 285.
[ayêêki + są] ayewiyą, n. Doorway.
lit. white corn. DS. 285.
DS. 251. ayeyįki, var. of ayepi yįki, window.
ayêêktotosi, n. BOT. Blue corn. DS. 285.
[ayêêki + totosi] ayi
1. v. To bleed.
lit. hard corn.
 hayi.
DS. 291.
DS. 193.
ayêêkudi, n. Corn cob.
2. n. ANAT. (His/her) blood.
[ayêêki + udi]
 hai, hayi.
lit. corn root.
O. ahihi.
T. wáyi.
G. há-idi.
DS. 193.
ayihį, n. ZOOL. Wolf.
lit. blood-smeller.
ayêêkudi
(drawing by ed.)
DS. 291.
ayêêkwaxka, n. BOT. Green corn.
[ayêêki + wax + -ka]
lit. soft corn.
DS. 291.
ayêênipataaskǫǫni, n. Cornbread. ayihį
[ayêêki + ǫǫni ? + pataasi(k) + ǫǫni]  “In various languages of the

Southeast the true names of certain
DS. 291. wild animals are normally avoided”
(Haas 1953: 211). Thus, “blood-smeller”  hayįkčadinaki.

may be a circumlocution, a means of
identifying the animal without naming G. hayinkcadinakí 46.
it. -ed. DS. 259.
DS. 176. ayįki, n. Cattle, horses, stock.
Ayihįna, np. MYTH. Ancient of Wolves.  hayįki.
[ayihį + -na] DS. 294.
DS. 176. ayįsihį, v. To be a coward.
ayiki, v. To be related (by blood). lit. afraid of blood (?).

DS. 193. DS. 255.
ayithi, n. ANAT. (His/her) vein(s). ayįtanini, v. To use.
lit. blood house.  I ąkayįtanini

 iką. you ayayįtanini
s/he/it ayįtanini
DS. 193. we akayįtutanini (?)
ayithudi, n. Stump (of tree). you pl. ayayįtutanini (?)
they ayįtutanini (?)
 tudi.
Note: plural forms not given by JOD and
DS. 281.
are uncertain. -ed.
ayixi, var. of yixi, creek, bayou.  Ąsewi ayayįtanini (h)edą? Have you
DS. 293. finished using the axe? (DS. 176).
Ayixi Mąkudoč Ǫyą, np. Mooreland,  Ąsewi ąkayįtanini (h)edą. I have
Rapides Parish, Louisiana. finished using the axe (DS. 176).
lit. Muddy Place Creek (DS. 293.) DS. 176.
DS. 293. ayįxtu, pron. Independent personal

pronoun, second person plural, you
Ayixi Xuheyą, np. Roaring Creek, (all).
Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
ayohi, var. of yohi, lake, pond.
DS. 293.
DS. 295.
ayįdi, pron. Independent personal pron.,
second person singular, you. ayooka, n. Swamp, bog.
DS. 175. G. ayoká 7.
DS. 295.
ayįdipa, pron. You yourself, you alone.
ayǫpǫǫni, n. Gimlet, borer, tool for
DS. 175. boring holes.
ayįkča G. áyonpóni 34.
1. v. To clear.
Ayoxkeči, np. Bayou Larteau, Louisiana.
 Ayįkčahąke ąkąde na. I am clearing the
woods (man speaking) (G. 46). [ayohi + keči]
2. n. Clearing. lit. crooked lake.
DS. 295. G. ayuskatkí, yuskĕtki.

ayu, n. Dew. ayuxka, n. Fog.
DS. 176. [ayusi + -ka]
ayukǫǫni lit. ash-like.
1. v. To roast.
DS. 176.
2. adj. Roasted. ayuxkǫǫni, adj. Foggy.
DS. 296.
[ayuxka + ǫǫni]
ayusi, n. Ash(es), dust.
DS. 176.
 hayusi, yusi.
ayuxotko, var. of ayą xotka, hollow tree.
G. ayussí 40.
DS. 176.
DS. 296.
ayuskatiki, adj. Dark-colored, yellowish-
brown.
[ayuska + -t(i)ki]
lit. ash-colored.
Ąą
ą, interj. f. Yes. lit. stinking duck.
 ąhą, yama. DS. 178.
DS. 177. ąčički, n. Gravel.
ąąsana, n. ZOOL. Duck, Anatidae. DS. 264.
 kąčayi. ąčka, n. ZOOL. Crow, Corvus
brachyrhynchos.
O. ǫfana.
 ąčkahǫǫ.
G. hasná.
O. ǫcka.
DS. 178.
DS. 178.
ąąsana mahe, n. ZOOL. Diving duck,
ąčkahǫǫ, var. of ąčka, crow.
Anatidae aythyinae.
DS. 178.
lit. whooping duck.
Ąčkahǫǫna, np. MYTH. Ancient of Crows.
DS. 178.
[ąčkahǫǫ + -na]
ąąsana xuuhi, n. ZOOL. Muscovy duck,
Cairina moschata. DS. 178.
ąčka natawayi, n. Mistletoe, 3. v. To be, dwell, live, move, reside.

Phoradendron serotinum. DS. 242, 262, 274.
DS. 178.
ądêêsi, n. Snake (generic), serpent.
ąčkanǫxe, n. ZOOL. Kingbird or bee lit. ? + spotted/striped.
martin, Tyrannus tyrannus.
 cf. kadêêska, bird.
lit. crow-chaser.
O. ǫktefi.
DS. 178.
G. ntéssi 8.
ąčodǫ, n. Widower. DS. 234.
 ąxti ąčodǫ. H. nDƐ·seˀ 80.
Sw. ndƐ·seˀ 80.
G. atchotón.
DS. 265. ądêêskadêêxi, n. ZOOL. Garter snake,
Thamnophis sirtalis.
ądaaska, n. Basket.
[ądêêsi + kadêêxi]
O. atuphǫtuska.
lit. spotted (or striped) snake.
DS. 178.
HSw. nda·skaˀ. DS. 234.
ądao, DIR. This way, hither. ądêêsnithaani, n. ZOOL. Rattlesnake,
DS. 234. Crotalus cerastes.
ądaok, DIR. This way, in this direction. lit. big snake.

DS. 234.  ądêêssįdsahe, ądêêsxidi.
ądatka, n. Child. G. ntessʹ nitáni 8.

DS. 234.
G. hatitká 1. H. nDƐ·sneta·neˀ 80.
DS. 178. Sw. ndƐ·sneta·neˀ 80.
H. ądtkaˀ 78.
Sw. ąd(Ə)tkaˀ 78. ądêêssįdsahe, n. ZOOL. Rattlesnake.
ąde [ądêêsi + sįdi + sahe]
1. POS. VERB CL. indicating an ongoing lit. snake (with) rattling tail.
action or state, generally indicating
 ądêêsnithaani, ądêêsxidi.
movement.
DS. 255.
 Unoxe (h)ąde ǫǫxa. He was dwelling
with her (DS. 193). ądêêsxi, n. ZOOL. Rattlesnake.
 Mąxįdiyą paspahǫ (h)ąde. She is frying [ądêêsi + xi(di)]
eggs (DS. 193).
lit. king snake, chief snake, sacred
2. Used in sentences denoting snake.
possession.
 cf. MTL. sęte holo, sacred or holy
 Čǫki įkthak ąde. My dog moves (i.e., I snake; Ch. sįthollo, sacred snake (?); Tn.
have a dog) (DS. 194). náraté, great snake; At. otse hiweu,
 hąde, yuke. powerful snake; Nat. úla tchuhna, chief
snake. -ed.
DS. 193, 194.
 Rattlesnake imagery is common in DS. 238.

Southeastern art and iconography,
especially during the Mississippian
ąksaamaasi, n. Gun barrel.
period (ca. 800-1700 CE) due to its lit. iron (part of) gun.
apparent association with rulership
and nobility. -ed. DS. 229.
 ądêêsnithaani, ądêêssįdsahe.
ąksaapatsdǫǫni, n. Ramrod.
G. ntésʹ xidi 8. G. ánksap atsdóni 43.

DS. 221. ąksaapi, n. Gun.
ądoku, DIR. Back here.  This was the original term for ‘bow’
in ancient times. -ed.
ądowa, DIR. This way.
 Ąksaa hǫ naxê. He heard a gun fired
ąhą, INTERJ. m. Yes. (DS. 236).
 ą, yama.
 ąksaawi, taduxka.
DS. 177. O. ǫfhapi.
ąhį, v. To cry. DS. 177.
 Ątatka ąhį yihi. He thought he heard a ąksaapixti, n. Bow.
child cry (DS. 177).
lit. real bow.
DS. 177.
ąkada
1. n. String, rope, sling, thread.
 ąkadaka, ąkadaki, įką.
DS. 202.
2. n. Spider web. ąksaapixti ąksi he
DS. 202.  So named because the original word
for ‘bow,’ ąksaapi, came to mean ‘gun’
ąkadaka, var. of ąkada, string, thread. in modern times. -ed.
DS. 202. DS. 177.
ąkadaki, var. of ąkada, string, thread. ąksaawi, var. of ąksaapi, gun.
G. ankadakí (34). DS. 177.
DS. 202.
ąksi, n. Arrow.
ąkįdi, pron. Independent personal pron.,
first person singular, I. O. ǫfhi
T. mąksi.
O. mįti.
DS. 177.
DS. 238.
ąksi adaki, n. Arrow feather.
ąkįdipa, pron. I myself, I alone.
DS. 177.
DS. 238.
ąksi nithaani, n. Cannon ball.
ąkįxtu, pron. Independent personal
pron., first person plural, we. lit. large arrow.
DS. 177. ąsepi, n. Axe.

ąksi paxki, n. Bullet pouch.  ąsewi.
DS. 177. O. ąfhepi.
T. hisepi, nisepi.
ąkstahǫǫni, n. Scissors.
G. ansepí 7.
G. ankstahóni 43.
DS. 253.
DS. 258.
ąseppoxka, n. Sledge hammer.
ąpanahǫǫni, n. Spear.
DS. 177. lit. round axe.
DS. 253.
ąpani, var. of ąpanǫǫni, napani, necklace.
DS. 178. ąsepsudi, n. Axe head.
DS. 253.
ąpanǫǫni, n. Necklace.
G. anpĕnóni 30. ąsepyįki, n. Hatchet.
DS. 175. lit. small axe.
ąpstukǫǫni, n. Stick used as a spit for G. ansäwenkí 7.
roasting meat. DS. 253.
ąsa, same as yanasa, yinisa, bison, ąsewi, var. of ąsepi, axe.
buffalo.
DS. 253.
DS. 290, 293.
ąsidixti hao, n. Nail (of metal).
ąsaduki, n. Needle.
 hao.
DS. 178.
DS. 195.
ąsaki
1. n. ZOOL. Bivalve shellfish (oysters, Ąsnihixyą, np. Spring Bayou, Louisiana.
mussels), Ostreidae. [ani + snihi + ayihi + -yą]
 The shells were probably used as lit. the cold water bayou.
utensils, as among the Kanzas (Kaws)
and Osages (DS. 178). DS. 173.
DS. 178. ąsu, n. BOT. Pine.

2. var. of nasaki, squirrel. DS. 178.
DS. 238. ąsu ǫyą, n. Pine forest.

ąsakmąiyoka, n. ZOOL. Salamander. DS. 178.
lit. underground squirrel (?). ąsudita, var. of ąsu, pine.
DS. 238. DS. 178.
ąsąki, n. BOT. Mulberry (fruit), Morus. ąsukahi nisko, n. Oyster-shell spoon.
D. ansankxí 90 H 30.  ąsuki.
ąsąkudi, n. ZOOL. Mulberry tree, Morus. D. anʹsukaʹhi niskoʹ 90 G 35.
D. ansankxudí 90 H 30. ątaaska, n. Basket.

DS. 178. ąxti dusi, v. To have a live-in girlfriend

ątačko, adj. Crosswise. (i.e., to cohabit with a woman
informally without being married).
DS. 266.
lit. take a woman.
ątačkoyê, v. To place crosswise.
DS. 177.
lit. cause to be crosswise.
ąxti topi
DS. 266. 1. n. Girl of 16 years of age.
ąthaani, var. of tąthaani, pumpkin, 2. n. Unmarried woman, virgin.
squash.
DS. 279.
DS. 271.
ąxti topi yįki, n. A girl of 14 years of age.
ątudayudi, n. BOT. Black gum tree, Nyssa
sylvatica. DS. 279.
DS. 178. ąxu, n. Rock, stone.

ąxayǫǫni, n. Spur(s). DS. 178.
G. nxayoní 42. Ąxuthaana, np. Biloxi name for Boyce,

DS. 219. Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
ąxo, n. ZOOL. Alligator, Alligator [ąxu + nithaani]
mississippiensis. lit. big rock.
perhaps [ani + xo] ‘water king’ (i.e., DS. 270.
‘king of the water’) ?
ąyaa, n. Person, man, someone.
 ąyaado.
O. ąkwa.
G. hintó.
ąxo DS. 178.
(Drawing by ed.) ąyaato, n. Man.
 naxo.  ąyaa.
O. akshoti. O. ito.
G. nxotí 4. DS. 178.
DS. 237.
ąyaato dusi, v. To have a live-in
ąxti, n. Woman. boyfriend (i.e., to cohabit with a
G. haxté, haxtí. man informally without being
DS. 177. married).
H. ąhteˀ 80. lit. take a man.
Sw. ąhte/Iˀ 80.
ąyaa dukǫǫni, n. Doll.
ąxti ąčodǫ, n. Widow.
lit. handmade person.
 ąčodǫ.
 ąyaa dukǫǫ.
DS. 177.
DS. 180.  ąyaa thohi.

ąyaa dukǫǫ, same as ąyaa dukǫǫni, doll. G. áya sûpí.
DS. 178.
DS. 180.
ąyaa thohi, n. African-American.
ąyaa ksiha, n. Devil, foolish person.
G. áyaksihaʹ 41. lit. blue person/man.
ąyaa sahąxti, n. Native American  ąyaa sapi.

woman, indigenous woman. ąyaaxi
lit. long-time woman. lit. sacred/mysterious/holy person.
 tek. 1. n. King, queen, chief, lord, priest,
G. hía sahaxté. doctor, lawyer (i.e., one having
DS. 178. specialized training or access to
specialized knowledge).
ąyaa sahi, n. Native American,
indigenous person.  xi, xidi, yaaxi, yaaxitąąyą.
lit. long-time person. DS. 221.
 tek. 2. n. Law.
DS. 178.  ąyaaxiǫǫni.
ąyaa sahįto, n. Native American man, DS. 221.

indigenous man. ąyaaxiǫǫni, n. Lawmaker.
lit. long-time man. [ąyaa + xi + ǫǫni]
G. hía sahintó. lit. made a sacred person.
DS. 178.
DS. 221.
ąyaa sapi, n. African-American.
lit. black person/man.
Bb
This sound and letter is not native to the Biloxi language and occurs only in borrowings.
bašú, exclam. Hello, howdy. Bayuoos, np. Bunkie, Avoyelles Parish,

Louisiana.
 < Fr. bon jour. Greeting when shaking
hands. This is per H. and is not in the DS. 179.
DS dictionary.
 he ha.
Čč
čaakamihį, n. ANAT. (His/her) index
ča finger, forefinger.
1. v. To be expended, used up, worn DS. 260.
down or out.
čaakayįka, n. ANAT. (His/her) fourth
 conjugation under čayê. (pinky) finger.
 Putsa čadi. The sharp edge is worn DS. 260.
down or off (DS. 250).
čaakayįka įkčąhi, n. ANAT. (His/her)
 čayê, kehede, thê, thêyê.
third (ring) finger.
DS. 191.
DS. 260.
2. v. To kill, die, finish, end, čaakhǫǫyê, v. To snap the fingers.
complete.
[čaaki + ho + ǫǫ + -yê]
 čayê, kthê, thê, thêyê.
lit. cause hand to make sound.
3. v. To split.
DS. 260.
 dakača, duča.
 cf. Tn. čal, split; Cht. čap, split; At. čal, čaaki
split lengthwise. -ed. 1. n. ANAT. (His/her) hand.
4. n. End.
2. n. ASTR. May also refer to the Hand
 (e)hedą. constellation recognized by many
5. adj. Finished, done, complete, Siouan and other indigenous
dead. groups, which includes the familiar
Orion’s Belt (forming the wrist) and
 Ątatka xoxtetuyą čadi. A child both of Sword (forming the thumb).
whose parents are dead (DS. 178).
 atuti.
DS. 178.
čaakahi, n. ANAT. (His/her) fingernail(s).
G. tchagahí 4.
DS. 260.
čaakahudi, n. ANAT. (His/her) space Čaaki, The Hand constellation

between the knuckles. (Goodman 1992)i.
DS. 260. O. icaki.

T. haki. DS. 260.

G. tchágia 9. čaakponi, n. ANAT. (His/her) wrist.
DS. 260.
DS. 260.
čaakiyądi, n. ANAT. (His/her) middle of
čaaktapi, n. ANAT. (His/her) back of the
the palm.
hand.
lit. heart (of the) hand.
DS. 260.
DS. 260, 288.
čaakuduxpê, n. ANAT. (His/her) ring
čaakkidusi, v. To shake hands. finger.
[čaaki + ki- + dusi] G. tchák odóxpä 30.
DS. 260.
lit. take the hand of another.
čaakwaheyǫǫni, n. Glove.
 kidusi.
[čaaki + wahe + ǫǫni]
DS. 253.
lit. make the hand enter.
čaaknątene, n. ANAT. (His/her) second
finger. DS. 260.
DS. 260. čaakxohi, n. ANAT. (His/her) thumb.
čaakowusi, n. ANAT. All the fingers of lit. old hand.
one person. DS. 260.
[čaaki + owusi] čade
DS. 260. 1. v. To make a sound as in tearing
calico.
čaakptaxe, n. ANAT. (His/her) palm of
the hand. 2. adj. Splintered, split.
[čaaki + ptaxe] DS. 260.
lit. wide (open) hand. Čafalaya, np. Atchafalaya River,
Louisiana.
 < Msk. hača falaya, river long.
DS. 260.
čahamą, n. River.
DS. 260.
Čahamą Sapi, np. Black River, Louisiana.
DS. 260.
Čahamą Yįkiyą, np. Little River,
caakptaaxe
Louisiana.
DS. 260.
DS. 260.
čaakpočka, n. ANAT. (His/her) fist.
čak, var. of čaką, where?
[caaki + pocka]
 Ayą nǫpa ko čak hamaki? Where are the
lit. round hand. two trees? (DS. 175).
 Thi nǫpa ko čak hamaki? Where are the G. tcĕmuk(i).

two (standing) houses? (DS. 210). DS. 267.
H. čmɔkeɁ 79.
 čaką, čokaną, čuwa, xą.
Sw. cƏmĕkeɁ 79.
DS. 175, 210, 261.
čana, adv. Again.
čaką, inter. Where?
 čamana, kečana, kiya.
 Yaduxtą ko čaką nêdi? Where is the
wagon? (DS. 210). DS. 259.
 Ąsewiyą xą ko čaką mąki? Where is the čaǫxê, n. Claw.

(reclining) ax? (DS. 219). DS. 260.
 čak, čokaną, čuwa, xą. čapi, v. To slip, miss (not catch or grab).
DS. 210, 219.  Usually used with instr. prefixes
daka-, du-, na-. -ed.
čake, v. To hang up.
 Conjugation under respective instr.
 I čakhąkê prefix.
you čakhayê
 dakačapi, dučapi, načapi.
s/he/it čake
we čakhąkêtu DS. 267.
you pl. čakhayêtu
they čakêtu čawaxe, same as čaǫxê, claw.
 cf. Cht. čaki, hang. -ed. DS. 260.
 xêheyê.
čaxku, n. BOT. Oak, Quercus robur.
DS. 261.  cf. Tn. čúhki. -ed.

DS. 261.
Čale, np. Charlie.
< Eng. Charlie. čaxku miska, n. BOT. Probably blue-jack
oak, Quercus cinerea.
DS. 262.
lit. small oak.
Čamą, np. possible var. of cahamą,
although DS. gives this the specific  A small tree found on the coasts of
the southern United States.
meaning of Red River, Louisiana.
DS. 261.
čamana
1. adv. Again. čaxkudi, n. BOT. Red oak, post oak, or
turkey oak, Quercus catesbi.
 čana, kečana, kiya.
 Also may be water white oak or
DS. 259. swamp post oak. (G. notes chine rouge,
2. adv. Long ago. red China?).
DS. 259.  cf. Tn. čúhki.
čamoki, var. of čamuki, mouse. G. tchaxgudí.
DS. 261.
DS. 267.
Čaxta, np. adj. Choctaw people and
čamuki, n. ZOOL. Mouse, Mus musculus. language.
 čamoki.
< Msk. Čahta. čądê, ARCH. var. of čą(h)ǫde, breechcloth.

DS. 262.  Given by Betsey Joe and Maria as the
“old word” (DS. 262).
Čaxta Ayixi, np. Choctaw Creek,
Lamourie Bridge, Rapides Parish, DS. 262.
Louisiana. čąǫdê, n. Breechcloth.
DS. 262.  Given by Bankston as the “modern
Čaxta Yixyą, np. Bayou Choctaw, word” (DS. 262).
Rapides Parish, Louisiana.  čąde.
DS. 262. DS. 262.
čayê čąxkǫǫni, adj. Forked.
1. v. To use up, expend, wear out.
DS. 262.
2. v. To kill, finish, end.
čehedą, inter. How much (tall, high,
 O ačaxti. Many fish were killed (DS. long, etc.).
259).
 Sįto ko čehedą? How tall is the boy?
 O ačaxtįke. I killed many fish (DS. 259). (DS. 196).
 I čahąkê  Ti neyą kowohi čehedą? How high is
you čahayê that house? (DS. 196).
s/he/it čayê  Skuti čehedą ąkyehǫni. I do not know
we čahąkêtu how deep it is (DS. 196).
you pl. čahayêtu
they čayêtu DS. 196.
čê, v. To drip, ooze.
Conjugation for both (1) and (2).
 uye.
 ča.
DS. 262.
DS. 259.
čêčê, v. To drip repeatedly or often.
čayexaya, n. ANAT. (His/her) interdigital
membrane.  Redup. of čê, drip.
G. tchayĕxayá. DS. 262.

DS. 260. čêhi, v. To ooze out.
čą, n. ANAT. (His) penis.  uye.
 cf. Cwb. -čaaʔ, extremity. -ed. DS. 262.
 čąditi. čêhiyê, v. To make too much noise, be
čąčąhayi, n. ZOOL. Sapsucker or spotted noisy.
woodpecker, Sphyropicus sp. lit. cause (noise) to ooze out ?
[čą + čą + -hayi] DS. 262.
lit. makes like a penis (?). čêtka
 pukhayi, pukpukhayi. 1. n. ZOOL. Hare, rabbit, Lepus
curpaeums.
DS. 262.
O. achetka.  Ąkiyąkiyą xkiči. I am willing to

surrender my daughter (DS. 263;
HSw. čƐtkaˀ.
translated by JOD as ‘unwilling’, but no
DS. 262.
negative is apparent here. -ed.)
2. n. Dead tree. DS. 263.
 ayą, hame.
2. v. To lie.
čêtkahi, n. Rabbit skin. 3. Dual and pl. of toho, two or more
DS. 262. reclining objects.
čêtkahi uduxpe, n. Rabbit skin robe. 4. var. of ču, put, place, plant.
DS. 262. čičaki, adj. Hard.
Cêtkana, np. MYTH. The Rabbit.  čički, sąhąni, totosi.
[cêtka + -na] DS 264.
DS. 262. čičeki, n. ZOOL. Turtle, terrapin,
čêtkohi, n. ZOOL. Sheep, Ovis aries. testudines.
[perhaps čêtka + xohi ? (DS)]
lit. old rabbit (?).
O. citkashi.
DS. 262.
čêtkohį duxpê, n. Woolen cloth. čičeki
lit. sheep hair cloth. G. tchtchekí, tchatchéki 8.
DS. 262. DS 264.
čêtkoxahi, n. Sheepskin. čiček nithaani, n. ZOOL. Loggerhead,

snapping, or alligator turtle,
[čêtkohi + ahi] Chelydra serpentina or Macrochelys
DS. 262. temminckii.
čêtkoxoihį, n. Wool. lit. large turtle.
DS. 262. DS 264.
či čičekwaxka, n. ZOOL. Soft-shelled turtle.
1. v. To surrender, give up. lit. soft turtle.
With dat. ki-. DS 264.
 I xkiči čičekxuuhi, n. ZOOL. Species of turtle.
you ikiči (?)
lit. stinking turtle.
s/he/it kiči
we xkičitu DS 264.
you pl. ikičitu (?)
čičkahe, n. ZOOL. Catfish, Siluriformes.
they kičitu
 kučkahedi.
 Kiči, give it up (DS. 263).
DS. 259.
čičkahe są, n. ZOOL. White catfish, DS 263.

Ameiurus catus. čidohiyê, v. To make smooth by planing
DS. 259. or rubbing.
čičkahe si, n. ZOOL. Yellow catfish.
 I č(i)dohąkê
DS. 259. you č(i)dohayê
s/he/it č(i)dohiyê
čičkahe thohi, n. ZOOL. Blue catfish,
we č(i)dohąkêtu
Ictalurus furcatus. you pl. č(i)dohayêtu
DS. 259. they č(i)dohiyêtu
čički, var. of čičaki, hard. DS. 262.
DS. 264. čidopi, adj. Smooth.
čičutka G. tchitopí, tchĕdopí 4.
1. adj. Bristled up, standing on end DS. 262.
(e.g., hair). čika, n. ZOOL. Flying squirrel, probably
 Ąkanahį čičutka. My hair stands on Glaucomys volans.
end (DS 264).  cf. Tn. čahki. -ed.
DS. 264. DS. 264.
2. adj. Spread out (as fingers). čimana, var. of čamana, again.
 Ąkčaaki čičutka. My fingers are spread činahayi, n. ZOOL. Wren, Troglodytidae.
out (while playing the piano) (DS. 264).
DS. 264.
DS. 264.
Činahayina, np. MYTH. Ancient of Wrens.
čida, n. Scar.
[čina + -hayi + -na]
 čisčida.
DS. 264.
DS. 263.
činahiyê, v. To swing another.
čidakhayi, n. ZOOL. Kingfisher, Alcedines.
 xoxo.
[čida(k) + -hayi]
DS. 264.
DS. 263.
činani, quant. How many, how much,
čidike, inter. What, why, how, which?
some, a few.
 Čidike ayąde? How are you? (DS. 263).
G. tcináni.
 Čidike iwahedi? Why did you cry out? DS. 264.
(DS. 285).
 kawa.
činasedi, v. To make a rattling sound as
when a chain is dragged.
DS. 263.
 I činashąkêdi
čidikuna, n. ZOOL. Species of bird. you činashayêdi
 Said to be smallest bird in Louisiana, s/he/it činasedi
smaller than the hummingbird. Also we činashąkêtu
used as a personal name signifying “old you pl. činashayêtu
but small” (DS 263). they činasetu
DS. 264. DS. 264.

činaxka, n. ZOOL. Otter, possibly Lontra čisedi
canadensis. 1. n. The sound heard when one
strikes a tree in warm weather
 xanaxka, xinixka.
when the sap is flowing.
DS. 219.
činaxkahi, n. Otter skin. DS. 264.
[činaxka + ahi] 2. v. To make such a sound, as when

hitting a tree in warm weather.
DS. 219.
 I čishąkêdi
činąki, n. ANAT. (His/her) knee. you čishayêdi
 cf. Tn. činak; At. timak. -ed. s/he/it čisedi
we čishąkêtu
DS. 264. you pl. čishayêtu
čipanakono, n. ZOOL. Whippoorwill, they čisetu
Caprimulgus vociferus. DS. 264.
G. tchepaknoʹ 12. čitatka, adj. Glittering, shining, shiny.
DS. 264.
G. tchĕtĕtká 6.
čipi, n. ANAT. (His/her) intestines. DS. 264.
 čiwi. čitatkayê, v. To make glitter, shiny by
O. chipi. rubbing.
DS. 264. DS. 264.
čipuxi, n. Blanket. čiwa

1. n. Difficulty, trouble.
O. ǫciphaska.
DS. 264.
DS. 266.
2. adj. Difficult, troublesome.
čisčida, v. To be scarred, probably from
burning. DS. 264.
čiwaxtiyê, v. To exert, do one’s best, put
 I ąčisčida forth much effort.
you ičisčida
s/he/it čisčida  Čiwaxtiya ta. Do your best (male >
we ąčisčidatu male) (DS. 47).
you pl. ičisčidatu  čiwa.
they čisčidatu
DS. 47.
 čida, čisčise.
čiwi, var. of čipi, (His/her) intestines.
DS. 263.
DS. 264.
čisčise, n. Hissing or sizzling sound,
such as of escaping steam or the čiya, adj. Rancid, spoiled.
sizzling of frying meat. DS. 264.
 Redup. of čise. čį
1. n. Cover.
 atukse, nąčį. you ičkoki

s/he/it čkoki
DS. 265. we ąkačkokitu
2. var. of ačįni, grease. you pl. ičkokitu
they čkokitu
DS. 264.
DS. 265.
čįčičǫǫni, n. Soap.
2. adj. Lame.
DS. 264.
DS. 265.
čįčǫǫni, var. of čįčičǫǫni, soap.
čkuuye, adj. Sweet.
DS. 264.
DS. 265.
čįdi, n. (His/her) hip.
čodǫ, v. To mourn.
DS. 264.
DS. 265.
čįpǫ, n. ANAT. (His/her) navel.
čoha, n. Prostitute.
O. chempu.
 cf. Tn čoha ‘chief,’ although this is
DS. 265. probably a humorous coincidence
čkanê, NUM. Nine. rather than a borrowing. -ed.
 < Msk. cháakàali. G. tchoʹha.
DS. 265.
DS. 265.
čohi, n. Cold (illness).
čkąni, n. (His/her) sister-in-law,
including his real or potential  sni.
brother’s wife, his wife’s real or DS. 265.
potential sister; her husband’s real
or potential sister. čokaną, same as čak, where?
DS. 265.
DS. 265.
čkąti, adj. Mashed, crushed (as fruit). čoǫ, v. To take up, pick up.
DS. 265.  I ąkcoǫǫni

čke, n. Ribbon. you icoǫǫni
s/he/it ucoǫǫni
DS. 265. we ąkcoǫǫnitu
čke nikǫǫni, n. Type of ornament. you pl. icoǫǫnitu
they ucoǫǫ(ni)tu
lit. ribbon- (?).
Sudden appearance of u- prefix in third
 Made of beads and yarn and formerly
person forms is unexplained. -ed.
worn by Biloxi men. This ornament was
tied to the scalp lock (DS. 265). DS. 265.
DS. 265. čôka
čkoki 1. n. Piece broken out at top.
1. v. To limp, be lame. 2. adj. Notched.
DS. 265.
 I ąkačkoki
čôkčôka, adj. Notched in many places.  Ptato ą(k)ču nǫpa. I put the cotton in
two places (DS. 266).
 Redup. of čôka (2.).
 Ayêêki ąkčudi. I planted corn (DS. 266).
DS. 265.
 Sǫpxǫǫni ču dêêdi. I sowed wheat (DS.
čôki, adj. Thick. 266).
DS. 261.  Ado učutu. They planted potatoes (DS.
čǫkčo, n. ZOOL. Osprey, fish hawk, sea 266).
hawk, Pandion haliaetus.
 I ąču
 xądayi. you iču
Cǫkčona, np. MYTH. Ancient of Ospreys s/he/it ču
we ąčutu
or Fish Hawks.
you pl. ičutu
[čǫkčo + -na] they čutu
DS. 265. Conjugation for both (1) and (2).
čǫki, n. ZOOL. Dog. G. tchudí 13.
 ačǫki. DS. 266.
O. achųki. 3. n. Plant (of any kind), stg. planted.

T. chǫki. G. tchudí 13.
G. tchûnkí. DS. 266.
DS. 267. čučapi, adj. Slippery.
S. 321 (in Ofo-Eng. dictionary).
 Čučapixti ką ądučapi. It was very
čǫki yįki, n. ZOOL. Puppy. slippery and I missed it (i.e., I could not
lit. little dog. grasp or hold it) (DS. 267).
DS. 267.  dučapi.
čǫwe, v. To whistle (as the wind). DS. 267.
DS. 226. čude(di), v. To spill a liquid.

čti, var. of čuuti, red.  I ąčude
DS. 266. you ičude
s/he/it čude(di)
ču we ąčudetu
1. v. To put, lay, place, put multiple you pl. ičudetu
things in or on stg. they čudetu
 Ayą čudi. She puts wood on the fire DS. 266.
(DS. 266).
 či, čude, įpi, stuki, xaheyê, xǫhe.
 Daniyą čudi, to lay the third book on a
pile (DS. 266). čue, v. To lend.
DS. 266. DS. 266.
2. v. To plant, sow, scatter, čuhi, n. Strong odor from meat.

broadcast. DS. 259.
čukadêêxi, n. Handkerchief, cap. čuutkasą, adj. Pink.

DS. 267. lit. purplish-white.
čukadêêxi nithaani, n. Shawl. DS. 266.
lit. big handkerchief. čuutkutki, same as čutka, lilac, purple.
DS. 267. čuutadasą, same as čuutkasą, pink.
čukǫǫni, n. ANAT. (His/her) diaphragm. DS. 266.
DS 267. čuutsapka, adj. Dark red, blood red.
čupą, adj. Old, decayed. lit. reddish black.
 įčičya, xohi. DS. 266.
DS 267. čuutsi, adj. Red yellow, light red.
čuti, var. of čuuti, red. DS. 266.
DS. 266. čuwa, inter. Where? In what place?
čuuti, adj. Red.  Tąyą xą ko čuwa? Where is the village?
(DS. 267).
 čuti, čti.
 čak, čaką, čokaną.
O. acuti, cuti.
T. acuti. DS. 267.
G. tchtí, tchûti. čuwahana, n. BOT. Cedar, probably
DS. 266. Juniperus virginiana.
čuutitka, n. Silk cloth.  Possibly < Ch. čuwahla. -ed.
DS. 264. DS. 267.
čuutiyê, v. To redden, paint red, cause
to be red.
DS. 266.
čuutka, adj. Lilac, purple.
 adačuutkayê.
DS. 266.
Dd
you ida(di)
da(di), v. To gather, collect, pick s/he/it da(di)
(flowers, cotton, etc.). we ądatu
you pl. idatu
 I ąda(di) they datu
DS. 180. we ądakac(a)pitu

you pl. idakač(a)pitu
da-, pref.  Appendix A. they dakač(a)pitu
dačapi, v. To slip or miss with the DS. 267.
mouth, teeth, lips, etc.
dakačkąti, v. To mash (fruit, etc.) by
 I ądač(a)pi sitting on it or hitting.
you idač(a)pi  čkąti.
s/he/it dač(a)pi
we ądač(a)pitu DS. 265.
you pl. idač(a)pitu dakačutičudu, v. To clip hair with
they dač(a)pitu
scissors, get a haircut.
 Dačapi ką taho. He missed it (because
 anahį dakačudu.
he let it slip from his mouth) (DS. 267).
 čapi, dakačapi, dučapi, načapi.
D. dûkûtcutĭtcudu′ 90 G 104.
DS. 267. dakahopi, v. To cut off.
dadada, v. To chew gum, eat taffy.  kutsi, puski.
D. dad¢ad¢aʹ 90 G 38. DS. 180.
dadê, v. To chew. dakakudapi, v. To cut a trench with an

axe or hoe.
 I ądade dakaputwi, v. To make an obj. crumble
you idade to pieces by hitting it.
s/he/it dade
we ądadetu dakapuutsudu, v. To clip or prune trees.
you pl. idadetu D. dûkûpūt-sŭdu′ 90 G 104.
they dadetu
dakasa
DS. 183.
1. v. To cut (once) with a knife.
daha, PART. indicating pl. obj.  (P)sadêêhi ąkǫǫ ądak(a)sadi. I cut with a
 Tahôôxk amąki įkta daha. Those are my knife (DS. 247).
horses (DS. 226).  Yądak(a)sadi na (p)sadêêhi. The knife
DS. 180. cut me (DS. 247).
daka-, pref.  Appendix A.  ake.
dakača, v. To split, chop (wood). T. lakasase, cut repeatedly or in several

places by force or striking.
 Dakača sǫsa dučti. To split at one blow
(DS. 257). DS. 247.
DS. 257. 2. v. To break (as a stick).
dakačapi, v. To slip, miss (while hitting, G. dáksadi 41.
punching, pushing, or cutting). 3. n. Cut.
 I ądakač(a)pi dakasasa, v. To cut often, repeatedly, or
you idakač(a)pi in several places with a knife.
s/he/it dakač(a)pi
 Redup. of dakasa, cut (once) with a daksuki, v. To bite a stick in two.

knife.
DS. 213.
 pupe.
daksupi, v. To get juice from sugar cane
DS. 247. by chewing.
dakatahi, v. To shake out, as a blanket, DS. 213.
to remove dust.
dani, NUM. Three.
 I ądak(a)tahi O. tani.
you idak(a)tahi T. lani.
s/he/it dak(a)tahi DS. 180.
we ądak(a)tahitu
you pl. idak(a)tahitu daptaweyê, v. To applaud, clap hands
they dak(a)tahitu together.
DS. 269.  duseyê.
dakatohi, v. To drive (cattle, horses, DS 249.
poultry, etc.).
dase
dakaxohi 1. v. To bite.
1. v. To scrape, make smooth.
 I ądase
2. v. To shave.
you yidase
 Pąhį kidak(a)xohi. He shaves another’s s/he/it dase
beard (DS. 244). we ądasetu
you pl. yidasetu
 čidohiyê.
they dasetu
DS. 244.
DS. 169, 252.
dakaxǫǫni, n. Razor. 2. v. To hold between the teeth or in
DS. 244. the mouth.
dakaxuki, v. To crush by hitting or DS. 252.
punching. daskipi, var. of daksupi, chew sugarcane.
DS. 225.
DS. 252.
dakaxuxuki, v. To knock to pieces. daswa, n. Back, rear of anything.
 Redup. of xuki.
 tąįhį.
DS. 222.
G. tásswayan 47.
daki DS. 180.
1. v. To stick, glue. datuphê, v. To bite a hole through.
DS. 180.
DS. 252.
2. adj. Stuck, glued. dawo, var. of dowa, this way.
DS. 180.
DS. 183.
dako, v. To whip, use a whip. daxka, adj. Rough.
DS. 252.
 xaxahe. dede, var. of ade (2.) and (4.).

DS. 180. DS. 189.
daxuki, v. To crush by biting. deti, n. Branch, limb (of tree).
DS. 225. DS. 183.
dayuko, v. To make bare by biting. dextê, adj. Numb.
 yuko.  Ąkčaaki dextê. My hand is numb (DS.
224).
DS. 296.
DS. 224.
dą, v. To hold, take in hand (stg. dry).
dê
 dąxku, dusi.
1. loc. Here.
DS. 181.
 denani.
dąde, PART. Future marker indicating
2. dem. This.
that action is imminent or on the
verge of occurring (more certain O. te.
than hi). T. le.
 Thêya dąde. He will kill it (as a hog) at DS. 273.

the proper time (DS. 180). dêê, v. To go there, depart, leave (from
 Witedi ko imahį dąde, nahadiyą. He will home).
paddle (row) the boat tomorrow (DS.
O. tekna.
180).
DS. 181.
 Aduti ta dąde. He will be hungry (DS.
H. dƐ·deɁ (in xkidêêdi) (1968: 79).
180.)
Sw. id. (1968: 79).
 Ąda dąde. I will go (DS. 180).
dêêkiyê, v. To send stg. off or to another
 Tohana ąku dąde. I was about to come (as a letter).
yesterday (DS. 180).
DS. 182.
 Note ablaut of e to a before this
particle. -ed. dêêyê, v. To send off.
 hi, xo. lit. cause to go.
DS 180.
 I dêêhąke
dąhudi, NUM. Eight. you dêêhayê
s/he/it dêêyê
DS. 180. we dêêhąketu
dąxku, v. To bring. you pl. dêêhayêtu
they dêêyêtu
 I ądąxku DS. 182.
you idąxku
s/he/it dąxku dêk, var. of dê (2.), here.
we ądąxkutu
you pl. idąxkutu DS. 273.
they dąxkutu dêki, var. of dê (2.), here.
DS. 181. DS. 273.
dênani, quant. This many, so many. s/he/it dixi

we ąkadixitu
 dê. you pl. idixitu
dênaska, adv. This large. they dixitu
 Trans. bor. < Eng. ? -ed. DS. 183.
DS. 273. 2. v. To catch up with sby.
dêwa, DIR. This way, in this direction. DS. 183.
dêxtowê, adj. Full. dixkuhi, v. To shell corn.

 Thiyą ąyaa dêxtowê nê. House full of  dixdo.
people (D. 90 H 53). DS. 221.
 Aniyą o dêxtowê nąki. The water is full dixtihayi, n. ZOOL. Ivory bird, probably a
of fish (D. 90 H 53).
species of Campophilus principalis.
D. dĕhx′towĕ 90 H 53.
 It inhabits the Louisiana swamps
-di, suf.  Appendix A. near Red River. It has a black body and
white wings (DS. 183).
diči, v. To dance.
DS. 183.
 I ądiči dį, conj. And, so, then.
you idiči
s/he/it diči  Dêêdi dį amą tuphê piče…. (He) went
we ądičitu and jumped over the hole in the
you pl. idičitu ground…. (DS. 93).
they dičitu  Ądusix xkhudi dį aniyehi xkidi. When I
 Ądiči te. I wish to dance (DS. 183). was bringing her back I came again to
the edge of the water (DS. 155).
 Ądiči te niki. I do not wish to dance
(DS. 183).  cf. Knz. dan. -ed.
 Ądičini dąde. I will not dance (DS. 183). DS. 93, 155.
O. lichi. dočaxka, n. ANAT. (His/her) tonsils.

T. kichi. DS. 183.
DS. 183. dodaniye, n. ANAT. (His/her) throat,
dixdo, v. To hull or husk beans, nuts, esophagus, gullet.
corn.  dodi.
 Probably a var. of duxdo. -ed. DS. 183.
 dixkuhi.
dodaye, var. of dodaniye, throat.
O. tusto. DS. 183.
DS. 291.
dodaye puni, n. Necktie.
dixi
lit. hangs (from) neck.
1. v. To urinate.
DS. 183.
 I ąkadixi dohi
you idixi
1. n. Anything rubbed or smeared, as  Yidǫxtu. They see you (sg.) (DS. 184).
butter or molasses.  Yidǫdaha. S/he saw you (pl.) (DS. 185).
DS. 183.  Yądǫdaha. They saw us (DS. 185).
2. n. Seam (of clothing).  Kayądǫni. S/he/you did not see me
 axkǫǫni. (DS. 185).
G. dóhi 24.  Nyidǫdahani. I do not see you (pl.) (DS.

185).
dokoxe, n. ANAT. (His/her) hard palate.
 Nyidǫdahatuni. We do not see you (pl.)
DS. 183. (DS. 185).
doti, n. ANAT. (His/her) throat, neck,  Dusasa dǫhi. Tear it here and there
windpipe?. and look at it (DS. 184).
 dodaniye, dodi uxwi, pêsdoti.  Ąyaadi nǫpa dani ha ądǫx ǫǫ daha. I saw
two or three men (DS. 184).
O. icoti.
T. loti.  Ądǫhi te niki. I do not wish to see him
(DS. 184).
DS. 183.
 Nyidǫhi te. I wish to see you (DS. 184).
dotihį, n. Neck feathers.
 Witedi ewa ko yądǫx hu. Come see me
DS. 183. the day after tomorrow (DS. 184).
doti uxwi, v. To be thirsty.  Ąyaato ąxtiyą ądǫx ǫǫ. I saw a man and
lit. dry throat. a woman (DS. 184).
DS. 183.  Kidǫhiyąka. Show it to me (DS. 184).

 kidǫhi.
dowa, DIR. In this direction, this way, to
this place. O. atǫhi.
DS. 183. DS. 184.
doxtątka, n. ANAT. (His) adam’s apple. dǫxêhê, n. Sights of a gun.
DS. 184. lit. sits to see.
dǫhi, v. To see, look at. DS. 185.
du-, pref.  Appendix A.
 I ądǫhi
you idǫhi duča, v. To wash.
s/he/it dǫhi
we ądǫxtu  I ąduča
you pl. idǫxtu you iduča
they dǫxtu s/he/it duča
we ądučatu
Note change of -hi- > -x- in plural forms. you pl. idučatu
 Nyidǫhi. I see you (DS. 184). they dučatu
 Nyidǫdaha. I saw you (pl.) (DS. 185).  kixkiduča.
 Iyądǫhi. You see me (DS. 184). O. tuca.

 Yądǫhi. S/he sees me (DS. 184). DS. 260.
dučapi, v. To miss an obj. in trying to DS. 261.

grasp or catch it. dučôčôka, v. To cut several notches
 Čučapixti ką ądučapi. It was very (with a knife).
slippery and I missed it (could not
 Redup. of ducôka, cut a notch.
grasp or hold it) (DS. 267).
DS. 261.
 čapi, čučapi, dakačapi, načapi.
dučupą, v. To dip up with the hand
DS. 267.
(mush, mud, wet sugar, etc.).
dučapi taho, v. To let fall or drop (as
D. dutcŭpan 90 G 184.
meat or bread).
dudayi, n. Weed.
DS 267.
(Possibly [t]udi + -hayi ?)
dučički
1. v. To squeeze, wring out (as wet G. dudáyi 27.
clothing). DS. 186.
O. tuškiki. duhiepi, n., abbreviated form of aduhi
T. luckįk (wrench). ayepi, gate.
DS 264. DS. 185.
2. v. To knead dough (sǫphi). duhįki, var. of aduhi yįki, garden.
DS. 185.
 I ądučički
you idučički dukǫǫ, adj. Handmade.
s/he/it dučički
 ąyaa dukǫǫni, ąyaa dukǫǫyą.
we ądučičkitu
you pl. idučičkitu DS. 179 “doll.”
they dučičkitu
dukse, v. To sweep.
 I ądukse
DS. 264. you idukse
dučičku, v. To fetch, get. s/he/it dukse
we ąduksetu
 Tahôôxka dučičku. Fetch the horse (DS. you pl. iduksetu
278). they duksetu
DS 198, 278.  Dukseką! Sweep it! (woman to woman)
dučkąti, v. To mash (as fruit) by hand. (DS. 205).
 čkąti.  mądukse ǫǫni.
DS. 265. DS. 205, 213.
dučkhê, v. To dig up. duksuki, v. To break (as string) by

pulling.
 khê.
DS 213.
DS. 207.
dukuče, v. To get lazy.
dučôka, v. To cut a notch (with a knife).
D. dûkûtcĕ 90 H 48.
 čôka.
dukučke, v. To tie any obj. DS. 243.

DS 265. dupaxką, v. f. To open (door).
dukuya, v. To pick to pieces, shred. DS. 243.
duphǫǫni, v. To thrust a tined
 I ądukuya
instrument (as fork) into an obj.
you idukuya
s/he/it dukuya dupsi, v. To take up a handful.
we ądukuyatu
DS. 247.
you pl. idukuyatu
they dukuyatu dupudê, v. To open, uncover by
DS 217. opening.
dunahi, v. To turn.  I ądupudê
DS. 238. you idupudê
s/he/it dupudê
dunanayêyê, v. To shake sby. we ądupudêtu
 nayê, nanayêyê. you pl. idupudêtu
they dupudêtu
DS. 231.
DS. 249.
duni
duputwi, v. To make an obj. crumble by
1. v. To twist.
rubbing or pressing between the
O. atubanici. hands.
DS. 236. DS. 250.
2. adj. Twisted, drunk. dusa, v. To tear or separate in two by
T. luni. hand.
DS. 236.
 I ądusa
dunini you idusa
1. v. To twist. s/he/it dusa
we ądusatu
DS. 236. you pl. idusatu
2. v. To roll up or fold an obj. (as they dusatu
blanket) several times.  dusasa, sa.
 Redup. of duni, twist. O. tufefha, tear.
DS. 236. T. sase.
duniyê DS. 250.

1. v. To be drunk, intoxicated. dusahuthupê, n. To tear a hole through
lit. cause to be twisted/drunk. stg.
DS 201. DS. 250.
2. v. Cause (sby. else) to get drunk. dusasa

1. v. To tear often or in many places.
DS. 201.
2. v. To scratch and tear the skin.
dupaxi, v. m. To open (door).
 I ądusasa we ądustukitu
you idusasa you pl. idustukitu
s/he/it dusasa they dustukitu
we ądusasatu
you pl. idusasatu
they dusasatu DS. 258.
Conjugation for both (1) and (2). dustukǫǫni, n. Button (of clothing).
 Redup. of dusa, tear. lit. stuck together by pinching (?).

DS. 250.  dustuki (2).
duseyê, v. To clap, make clapping or G. (dóxpa) dĕstĕgoní (24).

slapping sound. DS. 184.
lit. cause hands to move (?). dustukǫǫni tuphê, n. Buttonhole.

DS. 184.
 daptaweyê.
DS. 252. duta, v. To pull the trigger (of a gun).
dusi  I ąduta
1. v. To grasp, hold. you iduta
s/he/it duta
 I ądusi we ądutatu
you idusi or itsi you pl. idutatu
s/he/it dusi they dutatu
we ądustu DS. 268.
you pl. itstu
they dutstu duti, v. To eat.
DS. 253.
 I ąduti
2. v. To take, receive. you iduti
s/he/it duti
 dą.
we ąduxtu
DS. 253. you pl. iduxtu
they duxtu
T. luse, take, steal.
 cf. Knz. luzé. -ed. Note change of -ti- > -x- in plural forms.
3. v. To arrest.  Often accompanied by the prefix a-
‘something’ (e.g., aduti, to eat stg.). -ed.
 Often with dat ki-.
O. atuti.
DS. 253.
T. lute.
dustuki  oxpa.
1. v. To scratch (without tearing
flesh). DS. 275.
2. v. To pinch. dutidi, v. m. To stretch arms straight

out horizontally.
 I ądustuki DS. 281.
you idustuki
s/he/it dustuki
dutidixą, v. f. To stretch arms straight DS. 184.

out horizontally. duxtą, v. To pull.
DS. 281.
 I ąduxtą
duwê, v. To untie, unwrap. you iduxtą
s/he/it duxtą
 I ąduwê we ąduxtątu
you iduwê you pl. iduxtątu
s/he/it duwê they duxtątu
we ąduwêtu
you pl. iduwêtu  yaduxtą.
they duwêtu DS. 223.
DS. 185.
duxtą dupude, v. To open a box, trunk,
duxapi, v. To pull off an obj. adhering to etc.
another (as scab from wound, hat
lit. pull (open) by hand.
from head).
DS. 221.
DS. 223.
duxuki, v. To crack, as an eggshell.
duxayaxą, var. of duxayê, scratch.
DS. 225.
DS. 219.
duyahį, v. To sift, sieve.
duxayê, v. To scratch (to relieve
itching). O. pananahi.
DS. 219. DS. 287.
duxke duyuhe, v. To shake a tree (to get fruit

1. v. To peel off bark. off), shake small objects onto the
ground.
DS. 221.
lit. shake by hand.
2. v. To skin or flay an animal.
 yuhe.
DS. 221.
DS. 295.
duxpê, var. of aduxpê, clothing, cloth.
Ee
e  i.
1. The aforementioned (referring to DS. 186.
some antecedent expressed, not
implied). edą, PART. Sign of completed action, not
used with verbs of motion.
 ko, -yą.
 Ąsewi ayayįtanini (h)edą? Have you
DS. 186. finished using the axe? (DS. 176).
2. pron. He, she, it.
 Ąsewi ąkayįtanini (h)edą. I have DS. 238.

finished using the axe (DS. 176).
eǫǫnidi, conj. For that reason, thus,
 Waxi apastak ǫǫ (h)edą. The shoe has therefore.
been patched (DS. 191).
DS. 242.
 Yaduxtą kiko (h)edą. He has finished
repairing the wagon (DS. 191). etukǫǫ
1. v. To do that.
 ehedą, hedą, ǫǫ, ǫǫni.
DS. 240.
DS. 176, 191.
2. v. To do that to another, to treat
edąyê, v. To finish, complete, end. one in that manner.
 I edąhąkê DS. 240.
you edąhayê
s/he/it edąyê etukǫǫni, var. of etukǫǫ, to do that.
we edąhąkêtu DS. 240.
you pl. edąhayêtu
they edąyêtu etuxkike, conj. At any rate, nevertheless,
notwithstanding.
 ča.
DS. 192.
DS. 191.
eusąhį, LOC. On the other side of.
edidį, word of uncertain meaning, but 
dį. [ewa + sąhį]
DS. 191. DS. 275.
eha, v. To know (a fact). ewa
1. LOC. There, yonder, that.
 spe.
 witedi ewa.
ehedą, var. of edą, finish, end.
DS. 189.
DS. 191.
2. DIR. To that place, in that
eke, dem. This, that (?).
direction.
OP. egi.
DS. 189.
ekedi, conj. Thus, therefore.
ewaxti, adv. Further.
ekedxį, adv. Afterward.
DS. 189.
ekeǫǫni, conj. Thus, therefore.
ewite, n. Morning.
OP. egą, egi ǫ.
 Ewitexti, very early in the morning
ekeǫxa, same as ekeǫǫni, thus, therefore. (DS. 197).
DS. 205.  witena.
Emą! imper. Watch out! Beware! DS. 197, 286.
DS. 250. exyaxyê, v. To stop.
enǫpa, adv. Both.  xyaxyê.
 Ąktačǫǫčǫǫ enǫpa pahi. Both my eyes DS. 214, 218.
are sore (DS. 238).
eyaxa, adj. Unique, only one. DS. 187, 188.

eyą, LOC. There.
Êê
 nixki, ǫǫnidi.
ê, v. To say. DS. 192, 211, 216.
 I ąkê 2. That kind, sort.
you hayê
DS. 192.
s/he/it ê
we ąkêtu êtuxa, EVID. It was said, they say, thus it
you pl. hayêtu is said.
they êtu
 Used in myths and in quoting what
 hǫyê. was said by others long ago, but of the
O. ehe, lehe. truth of which the speaker is not
T. hahe, he. positive. -ed.
DS. 189.  êtu.
Êdi! imper. Behold! êxkha, n. ZOOL. Turkey vulture, turkey

buzzard, black-headed buzzard,
êkthąąni, n. Mountain, sharp peak. Cathartes aura.
lit. large hill.
 putsa.
O. ektǫ.
DS. 191.
êti, LOC. Here, this is it.
DS. 192.
êtikê, conj. So, thus, as.
DS. 192.
êtu, It was said, they say (used in êxkha
stories). O. eskha.
 êtuxa. T. hika.
êtukê G. he’hka, he’hkĕ.

DS. 191.
1. Because, since.
êxkha naskê, n. ZOOL. Red-headed
buzzard, carrion crow.
lit. long êxkha.
DS. 191. DS. 178, 192.

êxti, adj. adv. Far, distant.
Hh
Some words beginning with vowels have variants with initial aspiration, and this is thought to be a reflex
of the Proto-Siouan glottal stop. Thus, some words may occur both with or without initial h on-glides, and
every effort has been made in this dictionary to include variants both under the letter H as well as under
the respective initial vowel.
s/he/it hadhi
ha we ąkhadhitu
1. conj. Or (placed after the second you pl. hayadhitu
of two nouns). they hadhitu
 Tahôôxk waaka ha hanǫ? Is that a horse
or a cow? (DS. 195). Note loss of h in ‘you’ forms.
DS. 195. DS. 192.
2. DIR. Here, hither (toward the hadixi, n. Urine.

speaker). DS. 189.
 hą. hadixthi, n. ANAT. (His/her) bladder.
DS. 195. lit. urine house.
haatą thaani, n. BOT. Banana, Musa. DS. 189.
DS. 192. hae, adj. adv. Slow, slowly?
haatą thaani udi, n. BOT. Banana stalk. ade haeyê ?
DS. 192. haho, same as aho, bone.
hačidopi, n. Anything smooth. DS. 170.
DS. 262. hahǫ, v. To stub the toe (against stg.).
ha uču, v. To plant. DS. 193.
DS. 266. haikine, n. ANAT. (His/her) spleen.
hade, var. of ade, speech, language. DS. 193.
DS. 190. haitani, n. Mortar, grindstone.
hadečko, var. of adečko, church,  If a child steps over a grindstone, its
preacher. growth will be stopped (Dorsey 1894:
DS. 190. 284)ii.
 itani.
hadhi, v. To beg.
 I ąkhadhi DS. 170.
you hayadhi haithapka, n. Board, plank.
 ithapxkį, ithapxkįni. DS. 224.

DS. 200. hamixkthê, var. of amixkthê, sweat,
perspire.
haitoho, n. Log.
DS. 224.
 itoho.
hane, var. of ane, find.
DS. 261, 277.
DS. 194.
hakąhi, v. To tell or relate what one has
been told or heard (not from direct hanǫ, PART. Perhaps, maybe.
experience).  Amihǫtu hanǫ. Perhaps they have a
 Naxê hakąhi. To tell what one has fever (DS. 230).
heard (DS. 206).  Ayįdi ko yaxkičadi hanǫ. Perhaps you
 kutiki. have forgotten me (DS. 209).
DS. 206. DS. 209, 230.
hakanąki, var. of akanąki, emerge. hao, v. To nail.

 conjugation under akanąki.  I ąkao
you hayao
hakhi, v. To be or get angry. s/he/it hao
DS. 209. we ąkaotu
you pl. hayaotu
hakhiyê, v. To make sby. angry. they haotu
D. hakqĭ’yē 90 G 84.  ąsidixti hao.
hakini, var. of akini, goose. DS. 195.
DS. 171. haowudi, n. BOT. Beech, Fagus grandifolia.
hakipata, var. of akipata, doubled, DS. 195.
layered.
haǫ, v. To cook.
DS. 246.
 ue, wahi.
hamaasa, var. of amaasi, metal.
DS. 195.
hamaasa apstuki, n. Sewing machine.
hapenixkaxyąhayi, n. ZOOL. Meadowlark,
G. (h)amás apstĕgí 24. Sturnella.
hamaki, COLL. CL., A few, collection of. DS. 195.
DS. 261. hapetkahayi, n. BOT. Huckleberry,
hamą, var. of mą, land, earth, soil. whortleberry, Ericaceae.
DS. 226. DS. 195.
hame, n. Bent tree. hapodê, v. To wrap up an obj.

 ayą, četka (2.).  podê, popodê.
DS. 193. DS. 206, 247.
hamihi, var. of amihi, heat. hapsuki, v. To surround.

DS. 248.
hasne, var. of asne, steal, thief. DS. 176.

DS. 255. hayi, var. of ayi, blood.
hathi, var. of athi, thi, house. DS. 193.
DS. 274. -hayi, suf.  Appendix A.
haude, n. Woman’s long skirt. hayį naxê, v. To question, ask a
DS. 195. question.
hauni  I ąkayį naxê

you ayayį naxê
1. v. To hang, suspend, dangle.
s/he/it hayį naxê
 nixuxi hauni, nupuni, pičǫ hauni, we ąkayįtu naxê
puni. you pl. ayayįtu naxê
they hayįtu naxê
DS. 195.
2. n. Hominy. Only hayį conjugates, not naxê.
DS. 284.  Nyayį naxê. I ask you a question (DS.
hauni čitutka, n. Silver earrings. 195).
 Nyayį naxa dąde. I will question you
lit. dangle (and) shine. (DS. 195).
DS. 195.  Ayįdi yąkayį naxê. You will question
me (DS. 195).
hauti  Yąkayį naxêdaha. S/he questioned us
1. v. To be sick. (DS. 195).
 conjugation under auti. DS. 195.
DS. 195. hayįhį, n. Container or stg. to drink out
2. adj. Sick. of.
 akodi.
 hauti čuuti.
DS. 195. D. hayinhin 90 G 40.
hawewihǫǫni, n. Gravy. hayįkčadinaki, n. Clearing.
 ahwihi, wihi.
[(h)ayįki + čadi + nąki ?]
DS. 286. lit. cattle (land) cleared sits ?
haxahe, v. To laugh. G. hayinktchadinakí 46.
 įkhihi. hayįki, var. of ayįki, cattle, stock.

DS. 218. DS. 294.
haxeye, n. Crest of hair (on the human hayusi, var. of yusi, ash, dust.
head). DS. 296.
 anahį, naxko, pkanaxexe. hą
DS. 193. 1. conj. And.
hayayįkǫǫni, n. Thick bushes of any  he.

sort.  cf. OP. gą; Os. hąą, so, now.
2. PART. same subj. SR marker. G. hahiá 4.

 Pasi hą įką ko (p)sadêêhi ko uksaki DS. 170.
Čêtkana. The Rabbit stooped and cut the
2. n. Horn or hoof (of animal), fish
cord with the knife (DS. 243).
scale.
 Kiya kipanahi dê hą įknê. When he had
turned and gone back again, he 3. n. Tree bark.
vomited (DS. 243). O. ahe, alahi.
 Pxi hą apadiyê. He deceived him and T. he.
(thus) repaid him (for the injury) (DS. 4. conj. Too, also, and.
243).
 Ąyaadi ąxtiyą he. A man and a woman
 Kiyê hą pąhįyą duwe. She said it (to (DS. 196).
him) and untied the bag (DS. 28).
 Ąxti ąyaadiyą he. A woman and a man
 ką. (DS. 196).
DS. 243.  Ąyaadi yihi ąxtiyą yihi he. Men and
Hą ą! exclam. Oh no! women (DS. 196).
DS. 196.  ha, hą, henani.
hąąsana, var. of ąąsana, duck. DS. 196.
DS. 178. 5. var. of e, this, that.
hąča hedą
1. When. 1. adj. Tall, high, long.
 Ǫtiyądi hedi hąča thêye tê Čêtkana ką.  kohi.
When the Bear said that, he wished to T. heną, far, long.
kill the Rabbit.
DS. 196.
DS. 196.
2. var. of edą, finished, done.
 kąča, ko.
hedikąča, v. To wait.
2. part. expressing uncertainty.
 yihi.
 Dêê ąde hąča. He was here (but I don’t
know where he is now). DS. 196.
DS. 196. he ha, exclam., Hello.
hąxti, var. of ąxti, woman.  bašú.
DS. 177. DS. 196.

hąyaa, var. of ąyaa, man, person. Hee! exclam. O yes!
DS. 178. henani
he 1. Every, every time.
1. n. ANAT. (His/her) skin (of human DS 197.
and animal), nail (of hands and 2. dem. Those.
toes).
hewa, DIR. To that place, that way.
 ahe.
heyą, LOC. There, in that place. DS. 236.

hêxkha, var. of êxkha, turkey vulture. hį
1. n. Hair, feather(s).
DS. 191.
DS. 198.
hêxkha naskê, var. of êxkha naskê, red-
headed buzzard or carrion crow. 2. var. of hi (1.) and įhį, arrive or
reach a place (not home).
DS. 191.
 ihi, pkanaxexe.
hi
1. v. To arrive, come to a O. ihi, ihį.
destination, reach a place (not T. hi.
home). hįkahi, v. To hook on or in stg.
 cf. Knz. hi ‘arrive there.’ -ed. DS. 198.
 hį, hu. hįkinephi, v. To like sby. or stg.
2. v. To smell, emit an odor.  kiyasi.
DS. 197. hįni, var. of įni, drink.

3. n. Time, season. DS. 201.
4. PART. irrealis or future marker hįto, n. Man (perhaps only Native

indicating less certainty or more American or indigenous man).
doubt about the probability of  ąyaato, ąyaa sahįto.
occurrence from the speaker’s
O. ito.
perspective than dąde.
G. hintó.
 Yąda hi. You shall be so (DS. 180).
hįyehi, MEAS. Yard.
 Note ablaut of e to a with this
particle. -ed.  ahįyehi.
 dąde, xo. DS. 170.
DS. 180. hįyoki, n. Room, chamber.
hide, var. of ide, fall (of its own accord). DS. 274.
DS. 199. hohe, v. To bellow (as a bull does).
himki, POS. VERB CL., applied to animals O. hohe.
(not human beings) and inanimate DS. 198.
objects in a horizontal or lying
position. hoitê, n. Arrowhead.
 Nǫpa či himki. One (book) is lying on DS. 198.
another. Two animals are reclining hoode, v. To shine (sun, moon).
together.
DS. 200.
hine, n. A walking obj.
hôye, n. Broken heart.
 Tahôôxk ni hine ko toxka xê. The
walking horse is gray (woman hǫǫ
speaking) (DS. 236). 1. v. To cry, give forth a sound.
 conjugation under hǫoyê.  cf. Knz. hu ‘come here (toward

home)’ -ed.
 hǫoyê, ohǫoyê.
 cf. At. hux, come in, enter. -ed.
DS. 177, 198.
 hi, įhį.
2. v. To play an instrument.
O. kiukna.
 Yohǫye ohǫyê, to play a fiddle (DS. T. hu.
198).
DS. 198.
 Pêsdot(i) ohǫyê, to play a flute (DS.
244). 2. v. To come (here) for the first
DS. 198, 244. time (not home).
3. n. Voice, sound, noise. 3. var. of udi, root, stalk, handle.

 sadêêhudi.
 ohǫni.
DS. 177, 198. hue, var. of ue, wahi, cook, stew.
hǫna, dem. ARCH. for eke, this. DS. 283.
hǫǫna, n. Maker, one who makes stg. hukiyê, v. To send an object (here) for
the first time.
DS. 240.
DS. 198.
hǫǫyê, v. To say.
hutphê, var. of tuphê, hole.
[hǫ + ǫǫ + -yê]
hutuphê, n. Hole.
lit. cause to sound (out).
 hutphê, tuphê.
 I hǫǫhąkê
you hǫǫhayê O. tuphohi, bore a hole.
s/he/it hǫǫyê DS. 212, 239, 280.
we hǫǫhąkêtu
you pl. hǫǫhayêtu huyê
they hǫǫyêtu 1. v. To cause to come, send for.
 ê, ho. DS. 198.
DS. 198. 2. v. Send or pass an obj. (toward

speaker).
hu
1. v. To come (back here, home). DS. 198.
 I ąkudi
you yudi
s/he/it hu
we ąkuditu
you pl. yuditu
they hutu
Ii
G. íkaya, íkan 27.

DS. 193.
i-, pref.  Appendix A.
ikǫhį, v. To dip up water in hand.
ičąxka, n. Post.
D. ikun’hin 90 G 184.
 ayą čąxka.
ikǫhį dąni, v. To dip up with hand
DS. 261. (ashes, dust, snow, etc.).
ičičoki, n. Comforter (for bed). D. ikun’hin dan’ni 90 G 184.
DS. 200. imahį, v. To paddle, use an oar.
ide, v. To fall (of its own accord). O. mahi.
 Wahu xohi ide. It hailed (hail fell) (DS. DS. 199.
199).
ina, n. ASTR. Sun.
 Įkowa putwi (h)ide. It crumbled (fell on
its own, as plaster) (DS. 199).  Ina hudi. The sun is up (G. 17) (lit. the
sun arrives).
 Ani (h)ide. Water falls (DS. 199).
 MYTH. The sun is female in Biloxi
 hide, hįde, toho. tradition ( The Otter and the Sun, DS.
DS. 199. 107). As in other Southeastern
indigenous cultures, the sun also
ihayê, v. To grunt, groan. correlates with fire and may be Kohi or
 ihê. Kuti Mąkde, the Great Spirit or God.
D. ihayĕ 90 H 24.  į, nahįte.
ihê O. ila, luminary.

1. v. To grunt, groan. T. mį.
G. hináya 5, 17.
 ihayê.
DS. 200.
DS. 199.
ina dǫhi, n. Clock.
2. n. Grunt, groan.
lit. watches (the) sun.
DS. 199.
 ina dǫhǫni.
ihi, n. Mouth.
DS. 200.
 cf. Nat. ihi. This may have been
borrowed into Natchez < Biloxi but also ina dǫhi yįki, n. Watch.
possibly < Ofo. -ed. lit. little (one) watches (the) sun.
O. ihi.  ina dǫhǫyįki.
T. ihi.
DS. 200.
DS. 199.
ina hakanaki, n. Sunrise.
iką, n. ANAT. Vein, artery.
lit. sun comes out.
DS. 200.
ina huyą, DIR. East.
 ayithi. lit. sun arrives there.
 ina uyą. isi ayįka įkcąhi, n. ANAT. (His/her) fourth

G. inahuyá, ina-uyá. toe.
DS. 254.
ina taho
isi įkčąhi axohi, n. ANAT. (His/her)
lit. sun falls.
second toe.
1. n. Sunset.
DS. 254.
DS. 200.
isi mayįni, n. ANAT. (His/her) sole (of the
2. dir. West. foot).
ina uyą, same as ina huyą, East. DS. 254.
ini, v. To get well, recuperate, recover. isi nątene, n. ANAT. (His/her) third toe.
DS. 200. DS. 254.
inixi, v. To play roughly with stg. isi wusi, n. ANAT. (His/her) toes.
DS. 200. lit. all (the) foot.
isa, n. Thicket. DS. 254.
DS. 200. iskixpa, n. ZOOL. Weasel, perhaps Mustela
isąhį, adv. At one side or end. frenata.
DS. 252. DS. 200.
isi, n. ANAT. (His/her) foot, feet. itani, n. Mortar, grindstone.

 If a child steps over a grindstone, its
growth will be stopped (JOD 1894: 284).
 haitani.
DS. 200.
itapka, n. Pestle.
 nethopka.
DS. 200.
itha, v. To have.
isi
 I ąkitha or įktha
O. ifhi. you yitha or ayitha or itha
T. isi. s/he/it yatha or ktha
DS. 254. we ąkithatu or įkthatu
you pl. yithatu or ayithatu or ithatu
isi axohi, n. ANAT. (His/her) big toe. they yathatu or kthatu
DS. 254.
There appears to be dialectal or
isi ayįka, n. ANAT. (His/her) fifth (little) speaker variance in this conjugation.
toe. -ed.
DS. 254.  Ąkitha daha. I have them (DS. 268).
 Yitha daha. You have them (DS. 268).
 Tahôôxk dani ayita. You have three the fourth deer spirit was killed it
horses (DS. 268). never revived (D. 1894: 284).
 Ąkįdi įktha. It is mine (DS. 268).  cf. Nat. caa; Cad. taa. -ed.
 Ąsepsudi nąki ko itha. That ax head is O. iya.
yours (DS. 268). DS. 268.
 Tahôôxk čidike ąde itha? Which is your Ithaa Ąyaadi, np. Deer Clan, one of the
horse? (DS. 268). (JOD [268] was
Biloxi clans.
apparently unable to explain why itha
is used here instead of the expected ithaa xuuhi, n. ZOOL. Goat, Capra aegagrus
(a)yitha. -ed.) hircus.
 Ąsep sįhį nê ko ktha. That standing ax lit. stinking deer.
is his (DS. 268).
 tahôôxka.
 Akue nąkiyą ktha. That is his hat
(hanging up) (DS. 268). (Hanging obj. DS. 198.
takes the SIT positional. -ed.) ithapxkį, var. of ithapxkįni, floor.
 Mikǫǫni toho kthani. The (lying) hoe is DS. 200.
not hers (DS. 268).
ithapxkįni, n. Floor.
 Tuwi įktha uyê. My pail (bucket) leaks
(DS. 139). DS. 200.
 Tuwi itha uyê. Your pail (bucket) leaks ithê, n. ANAT. (His/her) face, forehead.
(DS. 139)
 cf. At. it, face, chin, iti, before, in
(These last two sentences also have a front. -ed.
vulgar meaning per JOD, though he
 adǫhi.
does not elaborate further; perhaps
having to do with incontinence?). -ed. O. įthe.
O. itxa. DS. 184.
T. wita.
itka, LOC./DIR. In, into, inside, within.
DS. 268.
 Often suffixed to nouns as -itka or
ithaa, n. ZOOL. Deer, Cervidae. -tka, e.g., thitka, [thi + itka] in the house.
-ed.
 ką, k(i)nedi.
DS. 200.
itkapxka, n. Plane.
itoduye, DIR. West, toward sunset.
itoho, n. Log.
 haitoho.
ithaa
DS. 278.
 MYTH. The spirit of a deer revived and
went into another deer body. This ixi, n. Chief’s assistant, subchief.
could be repeated three times but when
 adukučke ixyi, ixyi.
D. adûkûtckeʹ iqyiʹ 90 G 86. DS. 199.

ixkinači, v. To scratch itself (dog, hog, iyą
etc.). 1. v. To love, like.
D. ĭqkinatcĭ’ 90 G 76.  Iyąhįxti. I love you (DS. 201).
ixǫxti, v. To feel full after eating.  Ixkiyąhį, to love oneself (DS. 201).
DS. 199.  kiyąni, kiyąnitepi.
ixyi, var. of ixi, chief’s assistant, DS. 201.
subchief. 2. var. of eyą.
D. adûkûtckeʹ iqyiʹ 90 G 86. DS. 201.
ixyǫǫni, adj. adv. Fast, rapidly, quickly.
 įxyǫ.
Įį
į, var. of ina, sun and nahįte, moon. įdoke, n. adj. Male animal.
DS. 200.  ąsa įdoke.
į mąki, v. To bathe in blood. DS. 200.
lit. lie in blood. įčya, var. of įčičya, old, ancient.
 The Goldfinch and the Red Bird (DS. Įda! exclam. Well!
112).
įdahi, v. To hunt, seek.
DS. 112, D. in mañki 90 H 56.
 nǫxe.
įče, v. To creak (as shoes).
DS. 201.
DS. 203.
įdê
įčičya, adj. Old, ancient. 1. v. To defecate, have a bowel
 čupą, xohi. movement.
įčįpǫ, n. Gall.  Ąkįda te na. I want to defecate (G. 37).
DS. 239. DS. 202.
įčke, ZOOL. same as ąsaki, nasaki, squirrel. 2. n. Dung, manure, excrement,

feces, shit.
H. inckeˀ 80.
Sw. Int.skeˀ 80.  Forms several compounds esp. with
animal terms, such as wakįdê ‘cow
įdêêsi, var. of ądêêsi, snake. manure’ and tahoxkįdê ‘horse manure.’
DS. 234. -ed.
O. ąkįde. DS. 193.

DS. 202. įką
įdo, adj. Brave, proud. 1. n. Cord, line, rope.
 cf. Tn. yúnka.
 įdokįye.
 ąkada, ąkadaka, ąkadaki.
DS. 203.
DS. 202.
įdokįye, adj. Proud.
DS. 203. 2. n. ANAT. Muscle, sinew.
DS. 202.
įdoxti, v. To be brave, proud.
DS. 203. įkąhi, v. To dip up water.
įdukpe, v. To cross (a stream) on stg.  kąhi.
DS. 293. DS. 206.
įhį, v. To reach a place (not home) for įkapxkini, n. Floor (of a white person’s
the first time. house).
 I ąkįhį DS. 202.
you ayįhį įkčąhi, adj. Next to, next one.
s/he/it įhį
we ąkįhįtu T. įktei, near.
you pl. ayįhįtu DS. 202.
they įhįtu
įkhapka, n. Shingle.
 hi, hį, kwįhi.
DS. 202.
DS. 186.
įkhihi, v. To laugh, giggle.
įįtahi, n. Egg shell.
 haxahe, įkhyihi.
[įįti + ahi]
T. įksehe.
lit. egg skin.
DS. 218.
DS. 203.
įki
įįti, n. Egg. 1. v. To abandon or leave a person or
 nahįte. place.
O. įtu. DS. 202.
DS. 203. 2. v. To release.

įįtisą, n. Egg white.  I ąkįki
you ayįki
DS. 203. s/he/it įki
įįtisidi, n. Egg yolk. we ąkįkitu
you pl. ayįkitu
lit. yellow (part of) egg. they įkitu
DS. 203. Conjugation for both (1) and (2).
įkanakuwade, dir. East, toward sunrise. DS. 202.
įkidudi, v. To mix together. we ąkįnitu

you pl. ayįnitu
 I įkiduhąke they įnitu
you įkiduhaye
s/he/it įkidudi DS. 201.
we įkiduhąketu
2. v. (ksoni, yaniksoni) To smoke a
you pl. įkiduhayetu
they įkiduditu
pipe, tobacco.
DS. 202. įpi, v. To put or lay down a large

horizontal obj. on stg.
įkiyohǫǫ, v. To signal.
 I ąkįpi
 Čaakik įkiyohǫǫ, signal with the hand you ayįpi
(D. 90 H 1). s/he/it įpi
D. tcákǐk inkiyo’hon´ 90 H 1. we ąkįpitu
you pl. ayįpitu
įkne, v. To vomit. they įpitu
 I ąkįkne  ču, stuki, xaheyê, xǫhedi.
you ayįkne
s/he/it įkne įpǫnuhǫǫni, var. of ąpanahǫni, spear.
we ąkįknetu DS. 176.
you pl. ayįknetu
they įknetu įpudahi, v. To protect.
DS. 210. O. ǫphi, sharp.
Sap. įpo.
įkowa, adv. By itself, of its own accord.
DS. 202.
DS. 202.
įsihi, v. To be frightened, afraid, scared.
įksitu, v. To step.
 įske (2.).
 asis(i)tu.
DS. 203.
įksiyo, n. Meat.
įska, n. ZOOL. Skunk, Mephitis mephitis.
 yo, yoya.
DS. 294.
įkthêǫǫni, v. To hit with.
[į- + k(i)thê + ǫǫni]
 nitapi įkthêǫǫni. įska
DS. 214.  niska.
įkxwi, adv. Always. G. niska 7.
DS. 210. DS. 203.
įni įskê
1. v. To drink. 1. v. To be scared, frightened, afraid.
 I ąkįni  I ąkįskê
you ayįni you ayįskê
s/he/it įni s/he/it įskê
we ąkįskêtu įtiti, n. ANAT. (His/her) anus.

you pl. ayįskêtu
they įskêtu DS. 202.
 įsihi.
įtka, n. ASTR. Star.
T. tapunįteka.
DS. 203.
G. itka 5.
2. adj. Greedy.
DS. 203.
DS. 203.
Įtka Ktayą, np. ASTR. Morning Star.
įskeyê, v. To cause to be scared,
 The Morning Star has been
frightened. correlated with Venus, Mercury, and
 I įskêhąkê Sirius. It is sometimes correlated with
you įskêhayê the Bird God or Falcon Dancer in
s/he/it įskêyê Mississippian culture iconography.
we įskêhąkêtu G. itk(a)ʹ ktayan 40.
you pl. įskêhayêtu DS. 203.
they įskêyêtu
įtka phaa paną, np. ASTR. Three large
DS. 203.
stars in a row, near the Pleiades.
įspewa, LOC. On the right side.
lit. stars-heads-all (?).
 spewa.
DS. 203.
DS. 257.
Įtka Počka, np. ASTR. The Pleiades.
įsti, v. To be or get angry, mad.
lit. stars (in) circle.
DS. 258.
DS. 203.
įsto, n. ANAT. (His/her) elbow.
Įtka Sįdǫyą, np. ASTR. Aurora Borealis.
G. stóya 4.
DS. 200. lit. star tail(s).
įsu, n. ANAT. (His/her) tooth, teeth. DS. 203.
 įsu nê ǫǫni, įsu psǫti, įsu ptaxka.

įtka thąhį, n. ASTR. Meteor, comet.
O. ifha. lit. star runs.

DS. 203. DS. 203.
įsu kaki, v. To gnash the teeth. įtoduye

1. n. Sunset.
DS. 203.
2. DIR. West.
Įsukečǫna, np. MYTH. Ancient One with
Crooked Teeth. DS. 199.
DS. 203. įtpa, pron. refl., Oneself (suus).

įtha, v. To be alone.  Ąkįtpa ądêêdi. I went myself (DS. 243).
DS. 238. DS. 243.
įti, n. ANAT. (His/her) calf. įx, v. To leave sby. or stg. alone.

DS. 203. įxki, same as įtpa, oneself (suus).
 Thê(h)įxkiyê. to kill oneself (DS. 273). lit. cause to warm oneself.

O. hįsa. DS. 229.
DS. 273. įxyǫ, var. of ixyǫni, fast, rapidly, quickly.
įxkimiyê, v. To warm oneself (as at a DS. 199.
fire).
įye, n. Food.
[įxki- + amihi + -yê]
 aduti.
Kk
ka kadadeni nayê, v. To bolt down food,
1. var. of kawa, what, something, swallow without chewing.
thing ?. lit. swallow (while) not chewing.
 ni.
 aduwaxka, nayê.
2. exclam. Oh! (said in ridicule). DS. 233.
ka-, suf.  Appendix A. kadakathi, n. Dictionary.
kačidiktê, n. ZOOL. Ant, Formicidae. [kade + akathi]
DS. 204. lit. word-book.
kačidiktê čuuti, n. ZOOL. Fire ant, red ant,  This is a neologism not found in G. or
Solenopsis. DS. data. -ed.
DS. 204.  akathi.
Kačidiktêna, np. MYTH. Ancient of Ants. kade, n. Language, speech, word, mark,
[kačidiktê + -na] sign, symbol.
DS. 204.  ade, kde.
kačidiktê sapi, n. ZOOL. Black ant, kadêêska

Monomorium minimum. 1. n. ZOOL. Bird, Aves sp.
trans. bor. < Eng. ? [kadêêxi + -ka]
DS. 204. lit. spotted/striped + like.
kačidiktê thi, n. Ant hill.  cf. adêêsi, snake. -ed.
lit. ant house. O. teska.
DS. 204. G. kĕdeská, kĕdéska.
DS. 216.
kačǫhi, n. Paddle.
H. kdƐ·skaˀ 78.
 imahį. Sw. kƏdƐ·skaˀ 78.
DS. 205. 2. n. ZOOL. Flea.
O. tefka.
 kadêêski, kutska (rare). kadêêsk phaa čuuti, n. ZOOL. Red-headed

DS. 217. woodpecker, Melanerpes
erythrocephalus.
kadêêska ačuutka, n. ZOOL. Cardinal,
Cardinalidae.  pukhayi, pukpukhayi.
DS. 216.
lit. reddish bird.
 apenskihayi.
kadêêsk sapi, n. ZOOL. Blackbird, Turdus
merula.
DS. 216.
 Trans. bor. < Eng. ? -ed.
Kadêêska Ačuutkana, np. MYTH. Ancient
DS. 216.
of Cardinals.
kadêêsk si, n. Bird tracks.
DS. 216.
kadêêska ačuutxohi, n. ZOOL. Probably [kadêêska + si]
the cardinal grosbeak, Cardinalis DS. 216.
virginianus. kadêêsk thohi, n. ZOOL. Bluebird, Sialia
DS. 216. sialis.
kadêêska dahayi, n. ZOOL. Blue darter,  Trans. bor. < Eng. ? -ed.
water turkey (?), Anhinga anhinga. DS. 216.
DS. 216. kadekayi
Kadêêska Dahayina, np. MYTH. Ancient 1. n. ZOOL. Mockingbird, Mimus
of Blue Darters. polyglottos.
DS. 216. DS. 206.
kadêêska si, n. ZOOL. Yellow warbler, 2. v. To parrot, imitate or mock the
Dendroica petechia. words of another.
lit. yellow bird. G. kĕdagayí 2.
DS. 216.
DS. 216.
kadekê, v. To cackle (as a hen).
kadêêska sįdpasǫti, n. ZOOL. Swallow,
Hirundinidae. DS. 207.
lit. bird (with) sharp tail. kadeni, n. Mute.

DS. 216. [kade + -ni]
kadêêska xohi, n. ZOOL. Parrot, lit. no word/speech.
Psittaciformes. DS. 232.
lit. ancient bird. kadêêxi
DS. 216. [kadêêxi + xi]
kadêêski, ZOOL. rare var. of kadêêska, 1. n. Stripe, spot, mark, sign, symbol.
bird, flea.
2. adj. Striped, spotted, marked.
DS. 216.
 Note change of -x- to -s- in
compounds. -ed.
O. kadesi. kaki  įsu kaki.

DS. 206. Kakshu Yihiyą, np. Calcasieu River,
kadêêxyê, v. To draw a mark. Louisiana (per G.).
[kadêêxi + -yê]  Note that JOD has a different name
for this: Ǫtiyixyą. -ed.
lit. cause a mark.
 The name is < At. katkošyok, “name of
DS. 206. a chief from whom Calcasieu River
received its name, sig. ‘Crying-eagle’”
kadoči, adj. Wet, muddy.
(Gatschet and Swanton 1932: 60).
 mąkadoxči, xwitka.
 Ǫtiyixyą.
O. uckǫti.
G. Kákshu yihhiá 51.
G. katoʹhtchí 7, kadoxtchí 40. DS. 242.
kadoxčitki, adj. Damp, moist. Kamanči, np. adj. Comanche people and
[kadoxči + -t(i)ki] language.
DS. 204.
lit. somewhat wet, wettish.
kanački, n. ZOOL. Tick, Ixodoidea.
kafi, n. Coffee.
DS. 204.
 < Fr. or Sp. café, perhaps via Msk. kafe.
-ed. kanaxêni
 kaxwi. [ka- + naxê + -ni]
DS. 216. lit. not hearing.
HSw. kafeˀ.
1. v. To be deaf.
kaha, v. To mean, signify.
2. n. Deaf person.
 Kawak ikaha etik ayedi? What do you
mean when you say that? (DS. 204). DS. 231.
 “Fire” ąkeyą ko “phêti” xkaha. When I kanaxka, adj. Circular.

say “fire” I mean “phêti” (DS. 204).  nahįte kanaxka, počka.
 Iyąkiąkaha daha wo? Do you mean us? DS. 216.
(DS. 204).
kane
DS. 204. 1. v. To leave (stg. behind).
kahoyê, n. Grave (underground). 2. PART. INDIR. EVID., Used when the
 amąxi. act was unseen or was not
DS. 204.
experienced by the speaker and is
only being reported.
kahu, n. Necklace.
 Utoho kane. He fell (act not seen by
 aho kahu, ąpanǫǫni, napani. speaker).
DS. 204.  Čidike iduxtuni kane? Why didn’t you
(pl.) eat? (The act of not eating was not
kaka, inter. What sort, kind? witnessed by speaker but is reported or
DS. 203. assumed through food remnants, etc.).
 naxo. katataxti, adj. Level (said for land as

DS. 204. well as other objects).
kaneki, n. Hoop. lit. very straight.

G. kanekí. DS. 214.
kanikexi, n. ZOOL. Horsefly, Tabanus katiki, v. To tell what one has learned
americanus. from direct experience (not from
hearsay).
 konixkahayi.
 hakąhi.
DS. 212.
DS. 217.
kapahani, v. To disappear.
kato, n. ZOOL. Cat (domestic).
DS. 243.
 Probably < Sp. gato. -ed.
kapahaniyê, v. To lose (anything).
 kto, ktu, tamocka.
lit. cause to disappear.
DS. 215.
DS. 243. H. katoˀ, kƏtoˀ 78.
kapinixtiyê, v. To cause to be very bad, Sw. katoˀ 78.
do wrong. kato yįki, n. ZOOL. Kitten.
 kapiniyê. lit. little cat.
DS. 245. DS. 215.
kapiniyê, var. of kapinixtiyê, do wrong. katxaha, n. Noon.
kasdiktê, var. of kačidiktê, ant. G. katxĕhä′, katxahä 6.
DS. 290.
DS. 204.
kaskani, DIR./LOC. Left. kawa
1. pron. Something, thing.
 cf. Cr. kaskaná. -ed.
2. INTER. What?
 spewa.
 ka, kawakê.
DS. 204.
O. kiawe.
kaskaniwa, LOC. On the left. T. kaką.
DS. 204. DS. 203.
kata, var. of kawa tupeta, whose. kawadį, pron. Whoever, whichever.
 (P)sadêêhi nê kata? Whose (standing)  “Kawadį tanikixti eyą hį….” “Whichever
knife is that? (DS. 131). one is the first to reach there….” (DS.
DS. 131, 203. 54).
katata, adj. Straight, erect, upright. DS. 54.
DS. 214. kawa henani, pron. Everything.

katata sįhįyê, v. To set stg. up straight. DS. 203.
DS. 214. kawakê, var. of kawa, something, what.

DS. 203. 1. f. imper. ending of verbs ending in

kawakêhi, INTER. How, in what manner, -di, -ye, -uni.
in what way? 2. SR different subj. marker,
[kawake + hi] generally used when the subjects of
two clauses are different.
DS. 203.
 Duwê ką sǫsak dusi. She untied (the
kawa tupeta, inter. Whose? bag) and held one (DS. 28).
DS. 203.  Kiyê ką uedi. He told her, and she
kawaxohi, n. ZOOL. Elephant. cooked it (DS. 28).
 Ekehą ani ksepixti nąx ką hanetu. And
lit. something old. (Possibly due to
then they found very clear (sitting)
wrinkled hide? -ed.) water (DS. 31).
DS. 222.  Įdahiyetu ką įhį. They sent for him,
Kawaxti xyê! EXCLAM. Poor fellow! and he arrived (DS. 34).
DS. 203. kąča, adv. When (for some time).
kawayą, pron. Something or other.  hąča, ko.
DS. 203. DS. 196.

kaxwi, var. of kafi, coffee. kąčayi, n. ZOOL. Mallard duck, Anas
platyrhynchos.
DS. 216.
 ąąsana.
kaya
1. v. To rip. DS. 206.
DS. 205. kąhi, v. To dip a vessel into liquid.
2. adj. Last, final. DS. 206.
 akiya. kąkǫǫ, n. Trapping.
G. káya 27, 48. DS. 202.
kayąni, v. To hate. kąkǫǫni, n. Trap, noose.
lit. not like/love. DS. 202.
 Nyądahani. I hate them (DS. 201). kąx ačįni, n. Honey.
 Ewe yuke ko kayąyąxtudahani, they lit. bee grease.
hate us (DS. 201).
DS. 206.
 Akįyąnixti. I don’t like it at all (DS.
201).
kąxi, n. ZOOL. Bee, Anthophila.
O. akǫsi.
DS. 201.
DS. 206.
kaye, v. To give away.
DS. 205.
kąx konixka
1. n. ZOOL. Hornet, perhaps
ką Dolichovespula maculata or Vespa
crabro.
lit. bottle bee. kčihį mąte dêêyê, v. To throw aside the

 So called because of the shape of its bedcover.
nests on the boughs of trees (DS. 206). lit. send cover aside.
2. n. Hornet’s nest. DS. 229.
DS. 206. kčixka, n. ZOOL. Hog.
kąx the asą, n. ZOOL. Species of  skaa.
bumblebee.
DS. 213, 256, 264, 283.
lit. white-faced bee.
kčixka mąyįtka, n. ZOOL. Ground hog.
 Small and stingless, it bores holes in
logs and ceilings (D. 90 G 131). [kčixka mą + itka]
D. 90 G 131. lit. hog in the ground.
kąx usi naskê, n. ZOOL. Wasp, Vespidae.  Trans. bor. < Eng. -ed.
lit. long bee stinger. DS. 226.
DS. 206. kčixkayo, n. Pork, bacon.
kąxo, n. (His/her) grandfather, lit. hog meat.

including father’s father, mother’s DS. 213.
father, husband’s father’s father,
kčixkayooka, n. ZOOL. Opossum, possum,
husband’s mother’s father, wife’s
Didelphis virginiana.
father and wife’s mother’s father.
[kčixka + ayooka]
DS. 206.
lit. swamp hog.
kąxo akitkoxi, n. (His/her) great
grandfather, including father’s  skaayooka.
father’s father, father’s mother’s DS. 214.
father, mother’s father’s father, and H. ska·yo·ka.
mother’s mother’s father.
Kčixkayookana, n. MYTH. Ancient of
DS. 206. Opossums.
kąxo kitko akitkoxi, n. (His/her) great- DS. 214.
great-grandfather (paternal and
maternal). kčaxtiki, adj. Rose-colored.
DS. 206. kdedye, v. To creep up on (as game).
kča, v. To chop. DS. 206.
DS. 214. kdopka, n. Deep dish, soup plate.

kčička, var. of kčixka, hog.  maasada.
DS. 213. DS. 207.
kčihį, n. Bedcover, bedspread. Ke! exclam. Nonsense!

DS. 265. DS. 207.
kečana, adv. Again.
 kiya. O. khu.
T. ku.
keči, adj. Crooked, bent.
DS. 215.
O. keci.
khukhu, v. To give to more than one.
DS. 207.
 Redup. of khu, give.
kehe, adj. Same, identical.
 Tahôôxk nǫpa ko xkhukhu ǫdaha dąde. I
DS. 207. will give two horses to each (man) (DS.
kehede, v. To finish. 210).
 ča. DS. 215.
keyê, v. To saw. ki, v. To carry.

DS. 207.  I xki
you yaki
khê, v. To dig, scrape, paw the ground. s/he/it ki
 dučkhê.
we xkitu
you pl. yakitu
O. akxe, to plant, khewe, to plow. they kitu
DS. 207. DS. 207.
PSS *әkhe (H).
ki-, pref.  Appendix A.
khipa, v. To meet.
kiadedaha, n. Interpreter.
DS. 209.
[ki- + ade + daha]
khu, v. To give.
lit. talk for them.
 I xkhu
you yikhu DS. 189.
s/he/it khu kiča, v. To forget.
we xkhutu
you pl. yikhutu  I axkiča
they khutu you yakiča
s/he/it kiča
Note x- conjugation for ‘I’ forms. we axkičatu
you pl. yakičatu
 Xkhudaha. I give to them (DS. 215). they kičatu
 Ikhudi? Did he give it to you? (DS.
215). Note x- conjugation and added a- in ‘I’
forms.
 Ikhudahatu. You give to them (DS.
215).  Įk(i)čani. I have not forgotten you (DS.
209).
 Nyikhu dąde. I will give it to you (DS.
215).  Įk(i)čatuni. We have not forgotten you
(DS. 209).
 Yaxkhudi! Give it to me! (DS. 215).
 Ewe yukê yaxkičatudaha. They forgot
 Ąsepi nê yaxkhu. Give me that us (DS. 209).
(standing) axe (DS. 215).
 Ayįdi ko yaxkičadi hanǫ. Perhaps you
 Tahôôxk xkhudaha. I gave a horse to have forgotten me (DS. 209).
them (DS. 215).
DS. 209. kidi, v. To carry stg. on the back.

kidačapi, v. To drop another’s property  I xkidi
from the hand. you yakidi
s/he/it kidi
[ki- + da- + čapi] we xkiditu
 I axkidač(a)pi you pl. yakiditu
you yakidač(a)pi they kiditu
s/he/it kidač(a)pi
we axkidac(a)pitu Note x- conjugation for ‘I’ forms.
you pl. yakidač(a)pitu  O ačaxti kidi, o huwedi. He killed many
they kidač(a)pitu fish, carrying them on his back, and
 Ikidač(a)pi. He dropped your property cooked the fish (DS. 23).
from his hand (DS. 267). DS. 207.
 Įkidač(a)pi te niki. I don’t want to drop 2. adv. Forcibly.
your property from my hand (DS. 267).
DS. 208.
 Yąxkidač(a)pi. He dropped my
property (DS. 267). 3. adv. Until.
 Hiyąxkidač(a)pi. You dropped my  Ukade k(i)de pasi. He talked to him
property (DS. 267). until night (DS. 247).
DS. 267. DS. 206, 247.
kidakiya, n. The edge of an obj. kidikhi, adj. Coiled up (as a snake).
DS. 212. D. kĭdĭkqí 90 H 17.
kidêê kidikhiyê, v. To coil an obj.
1. v. To return home. D. kĭdĭkqíyĕ 90 H 17.
 I xkidêê
kidǫhiyê, v. To show stg. to sby.
you yakidêê
s/he/it kidêê  I kidǫhihąke
we xkidêêtu you kidǫhihaye
you pl. yakidêêtu s/he/it kidǫhiyê
they kidêêtu we kidǫhihąketu
you pl. kidǫhihayetu
 Kidaa ǫǫni. He was returning there
they kidǫhiyêtu
(home) (DS. 181).
 Kidǫhiyąke. Show it to me! (DS. 184).
 Xkidaa ǫǫni. I was going home (in the
past) (DS. 181).  Tohanak yakidǫhiyąke. You showed it
to me yesterday (DS. 184).
 Tohanak kidêêdi (h)etu. They say that
he went home yesterday (DS. 181). DS. 184.
 (H)įhį hą kidêêdi. To have come and kidukta, adj. Limber, supple, pliant.
gone (DS. 181).
DS. 214.
 kipanahi.
kiduktayê
DS. 181. 1. v. To bend down.
H. xkIdƐ·deʔ (1968: 79).
Sw. id. DS. 214.
2. v. To fold an obj. s/he/it kihiyehǫǫyê

we kihiyehǫǫhąketu
DS. 214. you pl. kihiyehǫǫhayetu
kidunahi they kihiyehǫǫyêtu
1. v. To turn around, move around  speyê.
(like hands of a clock), revolve.
DS. 291.
 mixi.
kiiskiishayi, n. ZOOL. Sparrowhawk,
2. v. To roll over. perhaps Accipiter, or American
DS. 231. Kestrel, Falco sparverius.
kidunanahi, v. To turn around and DS. 209.
around. kika, PART. expression of uncertainty,
 Redup. of kidunahi, turn around. like Eng. “I wonder ....”
DS. 230.  Kawak êhi yače kika. I wonder what his
name is (DS. 288).
kiduni, n. BOT. Young growth of the
plant Arundinaria macrosperma,  Kčixka nêdi ko čanaska ukikįke ko skaa nê
young canes. ênaska kika. He wonders whether this
hog is half as large as that one (DS. 208).
DS 240.
DS. 208, 288.
kidupi
kike
1. n. Wrinkle.
1. Although, even though.
 kikuhi, si ?
 Ąkauti kike, ąkatamini. Although I’m
2. n. Canal, ditch. sick, I work (DS. 208).
G. kidupí 26.  Kudoči kike, ade. Even though it’s wet,
DS. 216. it burns (DS. 208).
kidusi, v. To take stg. from another. DS. 208.
2. As in Eng. -ever, as in whatever,
 I axkidusi whoever, etc.
you yakidusi
s/he/it kidusi  Kawa kike kasini… Whatever, whoever
we axkidusitu doesn’t step (in it)…
you pl. yakidusitu  Ąyaadi kike usi. Whoever steps (in it).
they kidusitu
kikįno, v. To speak, talk to sby.
 čakkidusi.
 ade, dedi, e.
DS. 254.
kiknani, PART. Perhaps, may (future
kiduspe, v. To sink in water.
possibility).
DS. 208.
 Thêdi kiknani. S/he may die (DS. 273).
kihiyehǫǫyê, v. To teach. DS. 208, 273.
lit. cause sby. to know. kiko, v. To repair, fix, mend.
 I kihiyehǫǫhąke  I axkiko
you kihiyehǫǫhaye you yakiko
s/he/it kiko 1. v. To roll downward.

we axkikotu
you pl. yakikotu 2. v. To paint (as with war paint).
they kikotu DS. 231.
Note x- conjugation and added a- in ‘I’ 3. n. Black paint.

forms. DS. 231.
 Yaduxtą kiko (h)edą. The wagon has kinawiyê, v. To stick out the tongue.
been repaired (DS. 208).
D. kĭnaẃiyĕ (sic) 90 H 34.
 Yaduxtą kikodi xyą. The wagon must
be repaired (DS. 208). kinaxa, v. To scatter.
 Doxpê naskê kiko pihedi dį. The coat DS. 208.
must be mended (DS. 208). kinaxadi, adj. Scattered.
DS. 208. DS. 175, 208.
kikthê, n. Battle, fight, war. kine, v. To get up, arise from bed or
G. kíktä 41. from a reclining position.
DS. 214.
DS. 234.
kikthê ǫǫni, v. To battle, fight, wage kinedi, var. of knedi, in.
war.
kinephi
DS. 214.
1. v. To be glad.
kikuhi
DS. 245.
1. v. To be wrinkled.
2. adj. Happy, glad.
 I ąkikuhi
you ikikuhi DS. 245.
s/he/it kuhi
kinǫpa, v. To be two together.
we ąkikuhitu
you pl. ikikuhitu  nǫpa.
they kuhitu
DS. 238.
 sisi.
kinǫusa, n. ZOOL. Bat.
DS 216.
DS. 208.
2. n. Wrinkle.
kiǫsna, var. of kinǫusa, bat.
 kidupi.
DS. 208.
DS 216.
kipade, n. ANAT. (His/her) knuckle, joint.
kimahi, v. To paddle. DS. 250.
 imahį.
kipadeyê, v. Join.
G. kimáhi, gimahé 5.
DS. 250.
kinaapsa, var. of kinǫusa, bat. kipanahi, v. To turn back, return an obj.
G. kinā’psa.
 kidê.
kinahi DS. 243.
kipanahi khu, v. To give back, return DS. 277.

stg. to its owner. 2. adj. Hiding, hidden.
 Conjugation under khu. DS. 277.
DS. 243. kitowêyê, v. To trade, swap, exchange,
kipstuki, v. To sew together (a seam). barter.
kipstukiyê, same as kipstuki, sew  towê.
together. DS. 279.
kisine, v. To steal stg. from sby. kitsą (h)ąxti akue, n. Bonnet.
 asine. lit. white woman’s hat.
DS. 255. DS. 209.
kitąni, v. To be the first to do stg. Kitsąyaa, np. adj. American, white
 tąni. person.
DS. 272. DS. 209.
kitaphe kixkiduča, v. To wash oneself.
1. v. To carry on the shoulder.  I ąkixkiduča
DS. 209. you yixkiduča
s/he/it kixkiduča
2. n. ANAT. (His/her) shoulder. we ąkixkidučatu
O. taphohi. you pl. yixkidučatu
they kixkidučatu
DS. 209.
 duča.
kithê, var. of kthê, hit, strike, hammer.
DS. 260.
kitista
1. n. Cross. kiya, adv. Again.
DS. 209.  čemana, kečana.
2. np. Member of the Roman DS. 209.

Catholic Church. kiyahoye, v. To owe (a debt).
DS. 209.  ahoye.
kititiki, adv. In a row or line. DS 170.
DS. 209. kiyamą, v. To have none, be destitute of,
kitohe lack.
1. v. To hide (from someone).  niki, yama, yamą.
 I axkitohe DS. 288.
you yakitohe
s/he/it kitohe kiyasi, v. To like.
we axkitohetu  I ąkakiyasi
you pl. yakitohetu you yakiyasi
they kitohetu s/he/it kiyasi
 toheyê. we ąkakiyasitu
you pl. yakiyasitu  Thi k(i)nedi, in the house (DS. 205).

they kiyasitu
 itka.
 iyą, kiyąnitepi.
T. akinese.
DS. 209.
DS. 205.
kiyąhį, v. To love, like. ko
 tahôôxk kiyąhį, to love another’s horse 1. PART. Used as a type of topicalizer
(DS. 201). to refer to some person or obj.
 iyą, kiyąnitepi, kiyasi. mentioned in a previous utterance
or sentence, often with the meaning
DS. 201. of ‘that one already known or
kiyąnitepi, v. To love, like. referred to.’
 Yąxkiyąnitepi. He likes me or You like  Asǫ ayįsihixti ko asǫ įnǫda hi na. The
me (DS. 201). brier you fear greatly as I throw you
into the brier (man speaking) (DS. 13).
 iyą, kiyąhį, kiyasi.
 Čêtkana ko sǫsa duti. That Rabbit ate
DS. 201. alone (DS. 15).
kiyąska, same as kotapka, Marsh hawk.  Aduti êtikê ko ąduxni xa na. I have
DS. 209. never eaten that kind of food (m.) (DS.
16).
kiyohi, v. To call to, call out to sby.
 Pasi hą įką ko psadêêhi ko uksaki
DS. 252. Čêtkana(di). The Rabbit stooped and cut
kiyowo, (modifying a noun) Another, that cord with that knife (DS. 20).
other.  Ąxti ąde ko ku te niki êdi na. That
 Ąyaa kiyowo, another man (DS. 178). woman does not wish to come back, she
said (m.) (DS. 75).
DS. 178.
 Tąkiyą ko ąhį ąde. (It was) his sister
kįčê, v. To throw, throw away. (that) went crying (DS. 88).
 I ąkįčê  Xa(m) naskê ko unǫde. They laid him in
you įkįčê that long box (DS. 91).
s/he/it kįčê
 Ąsepsudi nąki ko itha. That ax head is
we ąkįčêtu
yours (DS. 268).
you pl. įkįčêtu
they kįčêtu  Ąsep sįhį nê ko ktha. That standing ax
is his (DS. 268).
DS. 209.
 Thi nǫpa xaxa mąki ko č(uu)ti xê (f.).
kįhį, v. To reach home ?
The two standing houses are red (DS.
kįkįke, MEAS. Half. 219).
DS. 232, 234, 283.  Tahôôxk xaxaxa amąki ko są xê (f.). All
the standing horses are white (DS. 219).
kįno, n. To speak, talk.
 Ayįdi ko yaxkičadi hanǫ. Perhaps you
 ade, dedi, ê. have forgotten me (DS. 209).
knedi, LOC. In.  yą.
2. CONJ. When, if.  Hąča kodeyê daha dêêdi. After some

time he took them (together) all along
 ekąhą ko počka nąki, ‘then when he was (DS. 86).
sitting in a round ball’ (DS. 13).
DS. 211.
 Čuwak ade nêdi ko utohoyê yukêdi. ‘They
went somewhere when they were Kodehą! EXCLAM. Alas! (used when
following the trail’ (DS. 50). anything happens).
 Ąčkadi kįhį ko, ‘when they came close’ DS. 211.
(DS. 55).
kohi, var. of kowohi, upward.
 Ekeko nyikhu daha ko yąyįkaxtu hi hidą?
Well, if I give it back to you, will you  hedą, kowo, kowohi, kuhi.
marry me? (DS. 81). Kohi, np. Great Spirit, Supreme Being,
3. PART. Often used after wite(di) Great Mystery, God.
‘tomorrow.’ lit. High (One) Above.
 Witedi ko xohi dąde. It will rain  This may refer to the Sun (Swanton
tomorrow (DS. 286). 1928: 209)iii. Much of the indigenous
 Witedi ko įmahį dąde nahadiyą. He will Southeast practiced sun worship. -ed.
paddle (row) the boat tomorrow (DS.  Kuti Mąkde.
286) (Note unusual word order here.
-ed.) kokayudi, n. BOT. Magnolia, Magnolia
virginiana.
 cf. Lak. k’un, Knz. go. -ed.
DS. 212.
DS. 210.
kokohe
koče, v. To make a gulping sound, as in 1. v. To make rattling sounds.
drinking.
DS. 212.
 I ąkoče 2. v. To make the sound heard in
you įkoče coming in contact with a door,
s/he/it koče plank, or stiff hide.
we ąkočetu
you pl. įkočetu DS. 212.
they kočetu kokose, v. To give forth a cracking
DS. 212. sound, as when biting a hazelnut.
Occurs with instr. pref. da-, by
kode
mouth.
1. n. Cord (of wood).
 I ądakokose
 < Eng. cord. -ed. you idakokose
DS. 204. s/he/it kokose
we ądakokosetu
2. adv. Now. you pl. idakokosetu
 Kode yąxkiyoxpa te yayukedi hanǫ. Now they dakokosetu
you wish to drink it up for me perhaps DS. 212.
(DS. 69).
kokta, v. To run away.
DS. 211.
 I ąkokta
3. adv. Together.
you ikokta Kosate, np. adj. Koasati (Coushatta)

s/he/it kokta people and language.
we ąkoktatu
you pl. ikoktatu DS. 212.
they koktatu kosayi, n. ZOOL. Minnow.
 koxta. DS. 212.
DS. 212. kotapka, n. ZOOL. Hen harrier or marsh
komomohe hawk, Circus cyaneus.
1. v. To give the war whoop.  kiyąska.
DS. 212. DS. 212.
2. n. War whoop. Kotapkana, np. MYTH. Ancient of Hen
O. mǫhe. Harriers or Marsh Hawks.
DS. 212. [kotapka + -na]
konička, var. of konixka, bottle. DS. 212.
DS. 212. kotka, n. ZOOL. Greylag or wild goose,
Anser anser.
konixka, n. Bottle.
 akini.
DS. 212.
DS. 212.
konixkahayi, n. ZOOL. Horsefly, Tabanus
americanus. kowa, DIR. In that direction, to that
place, a little farther.
[konixka + hayi]
DS. 210.
lit. bottle-shaped (?).
kowo, var. of kowohi, upward.
 kanikexi.
DS. 211.
DS. 212.
kowohi, adv. Upward, upstairs.
konixka kwudati, n. Glass bottle.
 “Kuhik ądǫxtu ta” kiyê daha. “Let’s look
lit. bottle one can look through (DS. upward” he said (to them) (male >
212). males) (DS. 52).
DS. 212.  kohi, kowo, kuhi, tawi.
konixka pstukǫǫni, n. Cork. DS. 211.
lit. bottle stopper. kowohiką, adv. Up above, up there.
DS. 212.  kohi, kowo, kuhi, tawi.
konixka sǫhǫǫni, n. Jug, jar. DS. 211.
DS. 212. koxodenika, n. ZOOL. Spider, Arachnida.
konixka yįki, n. Vial. G. koxĕdentkaʹ.
lit. little bottle. DS. 212.
DS. 212. koxpe

1. v. To have diarrhea.
 I ąkoxpe O. ikoni.
you ikoxpe T. kǫ.
s/he/it koxpe
DS. 217.
we ąkoxpetu
you pl. ikoxpetu kǫkǫ akitkoxi, n. (His/her) great-
they koxpetu grandmother.
2. n. Diarrhea. DS. 217.
G. koʹxpä 41. kǫkǫ kitko akitkoxi, n. (His/her) great-
DS. 212. great-grandmother.
koxta, same as kokta, run away. DS. 217.
 conjugation under kokta. kǫni, same as ǫni, (his/her) mother.
koxtįpka, n. BOT. Pokeweed or DS. 284.
pokeberry, Phytolacca americana.
ksani, NUM. Five.
DS. 212.
O. kifą.
kôô, n. BOT. Gourd, Cucurbitaceae. T. kisąha.
DS. 211. DS. 213.
kôôčkuuyê, n. BOT. Watermelon, ksapi
Citrullus lanatus. 1. v. To grow (said of human beings).
lit. sweet gourd. DS. 213.
DS. 211. 2. adj. Wild.
H. kɔ·čkuyƐˀ 80.
 sahi.
Sw. kɔ·čku·yeˀ 80.
DS. 213.
kǫ, v. To use, perform an action by
means of an instrument (preceded ksapiyê, v. To raise (said of human
by noun of instrument). beings).
kǫhaya, n. Bell. lit. cause to grow.
DS. 198.  ksawiyê, ksowǫ.
kǫninuhi, n. ZOOL. Bullfrog, Rana DS. 213.

catesbeiana. ksawi, var. of ksapi, grow.
 cf. MTL. hanono; At. anenui; Nat. DS. 213.
hánanai; Koa. hanono; Chk. kanuna. -ed.
ksą, var. of ksani, five.
 ktǫhi, pêska.
DS. 213.
DS. 217.
ksąha, n. Sibling (brother or sister).
kǫkǫ, n. (His/her) grandmother,
including the following: wife’s DS. 213.
mother, wife’s father’s mother, ksepi, adj. Clear.
wife’s mother’s mother, husband’s
 nąpixti.
mother, husband’s father’s mother,
husband’s mother’s mother. DS. 213.
ksiha, adj. Foolish, stupid. ksô, adj. Broken.

 ąyaaksiha. DS. 213.
G. ksihaʹ. ksuhe, v. Spurt liquid from the mouth.
ksi´hį, var. of kusihį, evening. DS. 258.
 Note that G. and DS. clearly ksuheyê, v. same as ksuhe, spurt liquid.
distinguish this by stress mark from
DS. 258.
ksihį´ ‘crazy’, indicating stress
difference. -ed. kthê, v. To hit, strike, hammer.
 kusihį, pasi.  I xkthê
you yakhtê
G. ksíhi 6. s/he/it kthê
ksihu, adj. Bad. we xkhtêtu
you pl. yakhtêtu
DS. 213. they kthêtu
ksihį´  phuyê.
1. v. To be crazy, insane.
O. kithe.
 I ąkaksįhį T. kite.
you iksįhį
s/he/it ksįhį DS. 214.
we ąkaksįhįtu kthêktaho, v. To make stg. fall from a
you pl. iksįhįtu height by hitting with an obj. such
they ksįhįtu
as a club.
DS. 213.
DS. 214.
2. adj. Crazy, insane.
kthêkthê, v. To hit often.
 Note that G. and DS. clearly
 Redup. of kthê.
distinguish this by stress mark from
k(u)síhį ‘evening’, indicating stress DS. 214.
difference. -ed.
ktǫhi, n. ZOOL. Frog.
G. ksihí 6.
 kǫninuhi, pêska.
DS. 213.
DS. 215.
ksǫni, n. Pipe (for smoking).
ktu, var. of kato, kto, cat.
 yaniksǫni.
DS. 215.
kuči, adj. Bent (like a hook).
 keci.
DS. 207.
kučįčka, n. ZOOL. Red-winged blackbird,
ksǫni, yaniksǫni Agelaius phoeniceus.
DS. 216.
(drawing by ed.)
kučkahe, n. ZOOL. Catfish (generic).
ksowǫ, same as ksapiyê, raise (children).
kuduske, v. m. To shut (a door).

DS. 217.
kuduskeyê, f. var. of kuduske.
DS. 217.
kučkahe kuhi, var. of kowohi, up, upward.

 čičkahe.  kohi, kowohi, tawi.
DS. 259. kunekiyê, v. To cause an inanimate obj.

to bend or be turned.
kučkayooka, n. ZOOL. Opossum, Didelphis
virginiana. DS. 216.
 kčixkayooka, skaayooka. kuneknuki, n. Series of curves or bends.

DS. 213. DS. 216.
Kučkayookana, np. MYTH. Ancient of kuneki

Opossums. 1. v. To bend any inanimate obj.
[kučkayooka + -na]  I ąkukuneki
you ikuneki
 Skokana. s/he/it kuneki
DS. 213. we ąkukunekitu
you pl. ikunekitu
kudapi, n. Ditch, canal. they kunekitu
DS. 216. Note redup. of first syllable ku- in ‘I’
forms. -ed.
kudeni, adj. Ugly, inferior.
DS. 216.
 kudanixti.
2. n. Bend, curve.
DS. 216.
DS. 216.
kudenixti, adj. Superfluous, inferior.
kuni, v. To wade, ford a stream.
 kudeni.
 I ąkukunini
DS. 216.
you ikunini
kudini, var. of kudeni, ugly, inferior. s/he/it kunini
we ąkukuninitu
kudukčukǫǫyê, v. To bolt a door. you pl. ikuninitu
perhaps [kudu(s)ke + čukǫǫni + yê] they kuninitu
lit. cause the diaphragm to be shut Note: conjugation based on redup.

(?). kunini (see below). Also note redup. of
first syllable ku- in ‘I’ forms. -ed.
 čukǫǫni.
DS. 216.
DS. 285.
kuduksa, n. Crack. kuniki, var. of kuneki, bend.
DS. 216.
lit. broken trench.
kunini, redup. var. of kuni.
DS. 216.
DS. 216.  Ąxu kuyą. Under the stone (DS. 217).

kuninuki, var. of kǫninuhi.  okaya, tukamą.
kuniskihayi, n. ZOOL. Gnat. DS. 207, 217.
DS. 216. kwįhi, n. Valley.
kusi, v. To smoke (as a fire). [kuwo + įhį ?]
 uksi. lit. reach an upward place (?).
DS. 254. DS. 217.
kusihį, n. Evening. kwudati
 Note that G. and DS. clearly 1. n. Glass.
distinguish this by stress mark from [kuwo + udati ?]
ksíhi, crazy, indicating stress difference
-ed. lit. light upward (?).
 ksihi, pasi.  ǫtehǫǫni.
G. ksihí 6. DS. 184.

DS. 213. 2. adj. Transparent, translucent.
Kuti Mąkde, np. Great Spirit, Supreme DS. 282.
Being, Great Mystery, God.
kya, var. of khê, dig.
lit. High One Above.
DS. 217.
 This may refer to the Sun (Swanton
1928: 209). Much of the indigenous kyąhe
Southeast practiced sun worship. -ed. 1. v. To take from.
 Kohi, Mąkde. DS. 217.
DS. 211. 2. DIR. From.

kutsi, v. Cut (off).  The concept ‘from’ is often
expressed with the prefix ki-. -ed.
 cf. At. kets/kûts; Tun. kušu.
DS. 217.
 waakčąkutsi.
kyąhi
DS. 265. 1. v. To scold, reprove.
kutska, n. ZOOL. Flea. DS. 217.
 kadêêska. 2. var. of kyąhe, from.
DS. 217. DS. 217.
kutske, var. of kuduske, shut. kyetǫhi, n. ZOOL. Duck hawk or
kutskeyê, var. of kuduskeyê, shut. peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus.
kututukta, adj. Limber, supple, pliant. DS. 218.
DS. 214. kyuki, n. ZOOL. Jackfish, a small fish

resembling the gar.
kuya, LOC. Under.
DS. 218.
 Aduhi kuya. Under the fence (DS. 217).
kyukihį, v. To take an obj. back.
Ll
Lamori, np. Biloxi name for Lamourie

Bridge, Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
DS. 190.
Mm
maani, n. ZOOL. Turkey, Meleagris G. massedáhoni 44.
gallopavo. maasada kdopka, n. Earthenware bowl.
DS. 230.
maasi, var. of amaasi, iron, metal.
DS. 229.
maasįkthê, n. Hammer.
lit. hit metal.
DS. 229.
maani
maaspasǫti, n. Bayonet.
 mą, mąyooka.
lit. sharp-pointed metal.
O. amą.
DS. 229.
DS. 226.
HSw. ma·neˀ. maastučutka, n. Pitchfork.
maasa, var. of amaasi, iron, metal. DS. 229.
DS. 229. maasxahi, n. File (tool).

maasada, n. Dish, bowl. DS. 229.
 ama maasada, ayą maasada, kdopka. mahedi

1. v. To cry out (as from fear).
DS. 230.
 conjugation under waheyê.
maasadahǫǫni, n. Pitcher, tumbler.
2. v. To scream, bellow, whoop, maxǫǫtka, n. BOT. Large species of

halloo, squall (as a child). palmetto, possibly Serenoa repens.
3. n. The cry or squeak of an animal [maxǫǫni + -t? + -ka]
(as a rat, mouse, bird). lit. fan-like.
 I mahąkê
DS. 229.
you mahayê
s/he/it mahedi maxǫǫtkatkuhǫǫni, n. Palmetto fan.
we mahąkêtu
you pl. mahayêtu
they maheditu
 ąąsana mahe, waheyê.
DS. 285.
makčuhi, n. BOT. Grape, Vitis labrusca.
 maxčo. maxǫǫtkatkuhǫǫni
O. ǫthomoftha. (drawing by ed.)
DS. 229. DS. 229.

makčuhi pąhį, n. Grapevine. maxǫǫtkxohi, n. BOT. Species of cactus.
DS. 229.  Found in central Louisiana along the
banks of Bayou Boeuf, Rapides Parish.
mama, n. (His/her) mother. This species is not over two feet high, is
 Per H., recent borrowing < Eng. or destitute of leaves and red buds, is
Fr., not found in DS. -ed. green all over and abounds in thorns
averaging half an inch in length (DS.
 kǫni, ǫni. 229).
H. máma 79. DS. 229.
Sw. mamƏ 79.
maxǫǫtkxohi anaki, n. BOT. Coconut,
Mamo, np. adj. Alibamu (Alabama) Cocos nucifera.
people and language.
lit. ancient palmetto fruit.
DS. 229.
DS. 229.
maxawǫǫni, n. Shovel, spade.
mą
DS. 226. 1. n. Land, earth, world, soil, dirt.
maxčo, same as makcuhi, grape.  (h)amą.
DS. 229. G. hamá, amá 6.
maxčo xohi, n. Raisin. DS. 226.
lit. ancient grape. 2. n. ZOOL. Turkey or other game
bird.
DS. 229.
 mani, mąxi, phuska.
maxǫǫni, n. Fan.
O. amą.
DS. 229.
T. mą.
G. maní.  -hie- uncertain, but compare Knz.

DS. 226. hiyé ‘disappear’ and hiyéye ‘close stg,’
with which the Biloxi may be cognate.
mąąhį, n. Turkey feather(s). This may mean something like ‘land-
DS. 226. disappeared’ or ‘closed-in land.’ -ed.
Mąąįčina, np. MYTH. Ancient of Turkeys. G. mahiehé (-hiá) 7.
DS. 226.
DS. 226.
mąkadoxci, n. Mud.
mąąxi, n. ZOOL. Chicken, Gallus gallus
domesticus. lit. wet earth.
lit. sacred turkey.  kadoci.
G. maxí 7. G. mĕkadoxtchi 40.

DS. 226. DS. 226.
H. ma·xeˀ 78. mąkde, adj. Horizontal.
Sw. ma·xeˀ (parenthetical first syllable
nasalization per Sw.) 78. DS. 226.
mąąxi įdoke, n. ZOOL. Rooster. mąkde ǫǫni, n. Rainbow.
DS. 226. Per Betsey Joe and Maria Johnson (DS.
233).
mąąxi ohǫǫni, v. To crow (as a rooster).
Perhaps Mąkde ~. -ed.
DS. 226.
 nąkde ǫǫni.
mąąxi yąki, n. ZOOL. Hen.
DS. 233.
DS. 226.
Mąkde, np. Great Spirit, God.
mąąxįti, n. Hen egg.
 Kuti Mąkde.
DS. 226.
DS. 233.
mąąyooka, n. ZOOL. Wild turkey,
Meleagris gallopavo. mąki
1. POS. VERB CL. indicating an ongoing
 mani.
action or state while lying or
DS. 226. reclining.
mądukse ǫǫni, v. To sweep.  Thi kinaxadi mąki ko są xê. The
scattered houses are white (woman
 dukse.
speaking) (DS. 208).
T. lakaplek.  Psadêêhi mąki ko ktha. The (reclining)
DS. 213. knife is his/hers (DS. 247).
mądukseǫǫ 2. Used to express location.
1. n. Broom.  Ayixyą mąki wayą, toward the bayou
DS. 213. (DS. 293).
2. var. of mądukse ǫǫni, sweep.  Ąyaadi mąki wayą, toward the
reclining man (DS. 179).
DS. 213.
DS. 179, 293.
mąhieyą, n. Island.
3. Used in sentences denoting mikǫǫni, same as mąyįke, hoe.

possession of male relatives.  mayįke.
 Ąkadiyą e mąki. My father reclines
DS. 226.
(i.e., I have a father) (DS. 227).
misi, v. To sneeze.
 amąki, ąde, nąki, nê.
 I ąmisi
4. v. To be born. you imisi
 Ątatka mąki nowude. A child was born s/he/it misi
today (DS. 232). we ąmisitu
you pl. imisitu
DS 178, 232. they misitu
5. n. ANAT. (His/her) chest. O. amife.
DS. 229. DS. 230.
O. mǫki, lie down; mąki, sleep. miska, adj. Fine (not coarse), small, thin.
T. mąke.
 yįki.
DS. 179, 227, 293.
DS. 230.
mąktididihu ǫǫ tixi, n. MED. Medicine for
darting chest pains. Miskigula, np. adj. Per G., Pascagoula
people and language.
DS. 229.
 Note letters g and l which are not
mąta, LOC. Aside, out of the way. native to Biloxi, thereby indicating
DS. 229. borrowing from another language,
perhaps Msk., although it may also be a
mąte, var. of mąta, aside. dialectal feature. -ed.
DS. 229. G. Miskigula 45.
Mąte da! exclam. Out of the way! Be mixi, v. To move in a circle (as the
gone! hands of a clock), turn, revolve,
DS. 229. rotate.
mąthuhu, n. Vine, leather vine.  I ąmixi
you imixi
DS. 229.
s/he/it mixi
mątka, adv. Elsewhere. we ąmixitu
you pl. imixitu
DS. 229. they mixitu
mąyįke  cf. At. mish, turn, revolve; Cht. tamix,
1. v. To hoe. turn around; Tn. maxsi, turn, circle. -ed.
2. n. Hoe.  kidunanahi.
 mikǫǫni. DS. 230.
DS. 226. mixyi, var. of mixi, move in a circle.

turn, revolve, rotate.
mąyįni, v. To walk on the ground.
DS. 230.
DS. 226.
momoxka, n. ZOOL. Hummingbird,  tamomahayi.

Trochilidae. DS. 230.
 MYTH. Biloxis say that the
mustuse, n. Bridle.
hummingbird always tells the truth.
When the Biloxis see a hummingbird, a DS. 230.
stranger is coming (DS. 230).
mustuseyê, v. To put a bridle on a horse.
Nn
načka, adj. Short, a few.
na, PART. M. DECL. m. sentence final
declarative marker, or “oral  tuduxka.
period.” DS. 233.
 ni for f. -ed. načpičpi, v. For the foot to slip often (as
 Asǫ ayįsihixti ko asǫ įnǫda hi na. The in muddy water).
briar you fear greatly as I throw you into  Redup. of načapi.
the briar (man speaking) (DS. 13).
D. natcpitcpí 90 G 140.
 Hametą ǫǫni ąkathi na. I made a large
bent tree that I dwell in (man speaking) naha, adv. After, afterward.
(DS. 16). DS. 231.
 Thi ne ko są na. The house is white
nahadi, n. Canoe, boat, flatboat.
(man speaking) (DS. 230).
O. iyati.
 Kaniki nąx kąča na. I have nothing at
T. mįkolahapi.
all as I sit (man speaking) (DS. 237).
(Note: kaniki = kawa niki.) G. nehatí, né-adi (Jim Sam) 5.
DS. 231.
 ni.
nahadaką, n. Boat landing, pier.
DS. 230.
G. nʹhátʹakaya 14.
na-, pref.  Appendix A.
nahadphêtaką, n. Steamboat landing,
-na, suf.  Appendix A. pier.
načapi, v. To slip with the foot, miss DS. 231.
(while trying to kick an obj.).
nahadphêti, n. Steamboat.
 I ąnac(a)pi
you inac(a)pi lit. fireboat.
s/he/it nac(a)pi DS. 231.
we ąnac(a)pitu
you pl. inac(a)pitu nahadpixta, n. Raft.
they nac(a)pitu
D. nahatʹpiqtaʹ 90 G 1.
DS. 267.
nahįte
1. n. ASTR. Moon.
[(i)na + (h)įti]  ną, nąčį.
lit. sun-egg. DS. 232.

naǫdeyê, v. To set grass on fire.
DS. 232.
naǫdudati, n. Daylight.
nahįte
[naǫde + udati]
 Nahįte hudi na. The moon rises (man
speaking) (G. 17) (lit. the moon arrives). G. naududatí.
DS. 232.
 Nahįte toho. The moon has set (G. 17),
(lit. the moon falls). napa, pron. refl. Himself, herself, (s)he
alone.
 MYTH. The moon is male in Biloxi
tradition ( The Moon, DS. 111), while  pa.
the sun is female. DS. 243.
n
G. nahinté 17, nahi te 5.
napani
DS. 200.
1. v. To wear stg. around the neck,
2. n. Month. wear a necklace.
DS. 200. DS. 178.
nahįte atoho, n. ASTR. New moon. 2. n. Necklace, stg. worn around the
DS. 200. neck.
nahįte atopi, same as nahįte atoho, new  ąpanǫǫni, ąpani, kahudi.
moon. DS. 178.
DS. 200. naphaxi, n. Dust, powder, meal, flour,
nahįte kanaxka, n. Full moon. any fine or pulverized substance.
lit. round moon. O. anaphasi.
G. nahinte kenĕxká 5. DS. 238.

DS. 216. naphaxixti, adj. Pulverized, finely
nanayê, adj. Loose, loosened. ground.
 xudike. DS. 238.
DS. 231. naphihi

1. v. To smell good, have a good
nanayeyê, v. To shake a tree in order to fragrance.
shake off the fruit.
2. adj. Nice-smelling, having a
DS. 231. pleasant fragrance.
nani, PART. Can, be able, must, might. O. naphihi.
 pihe. DS. 245.
DS. 232. napi, v. To bother.
naǫ, n. Daylight, weather.  Kadunapini. He did not bother him
(DS. 232).
 Ądunapini. I did not bother him (DS. natkhohi nithaani, n. Street.

232).
lit. big road.
DS. 232.
DS. 234.
naputwi, v. To make stg. crumble by
kicking it or treading on it. natkhohi yįki, n. Path, pathway.
DS. 250. lit. little road.
nasaki, n. ZOOL. Squirrel, Sciuridae sp. G. natkohí yinkí 32.

DS. 234.
natuphê, v. To make a hole through
with the foot, kick a hole in stg.
nawiyihi, v. To wish, hope, desire.
 I naǫkihi
you yinawiyihi
s/he/it nawiyihi
nasaki we naǫkihitu
 ąsaki, įčke. you pl. yinawiyihitu
they nawiyihi
O. tostaki.
T. histaxkai, nistaxkai.  Thêhąke naǫkihi. I wished to kill him
(but failed) (DS. 292).
DS. 238.
 Thêhayê yinawiyihi? Did you wish to
naskê, adj. Long, tall. kill him (though you failed)? (DS. 292).
 tude. DS. 292.
DS. 232. naxaxa, adv. Now, just now.
nata, n. Middle, center. DS. 231.
T. yąt. naxê
DS. 233. 1. v. To hear.
natedąyê, v. To fill half full.  I ąnaxê
you inaxê
D. nate’danyĕ 90 G 69. s/he/it naxê
nathǫ, n. ANAT. (His/her) brain. we ąnaxêtu
you pl. inaxêtu
O. nathu. they naxêtu
DS. 233.  Ąksa hǫ naxê. He heard a gun fired (DS.
236).
natix, adj. Stretched.
 Čidike mąkiyą ąnaxê te. I wish to hear
DS. 233.
how he is (DS. 231).
natkhohi, n. Road, street.  Aduhi sąhįyą sįto yaǫni nê inaxê? Did
O. nakhohi. you hear that boy who is (standing)
T. hątkox. singing on the other side of the fence?
(DS. 185).
G. natkohí 32.
DS. 234.  cf. At. nak, hear.
 ǫnaxê. naxotxapi, n. ZOOL. or MYTH. (?) “Box

O. asxe, nashe, listen. alligator,” a species of alligator that
the Biloxis said inhabited the ocean.
DS. 185, 231, 236.
DS. 237.
2. v. To ask a question: ayį naxê.
naxthê, v. To kick.
naxê hakąhi, v. To tell news.
[na- + k(i)thê]
DS. 231.
lit. hit with the foot.
naxko, n. Hair on the side of the head,
sideburns. DS. 169.
 anahį. naxthê dupudê, v. To kick off covers (as

an infant does).
DS. 172.
DS. 249.
naxoti
1. var. of ąxo, alligator. naxuki, v. To crush by stepping on or
kicking.
DS. 225.
nayê, v. To swallow.
 I ąnayê
naxoti you inayê
s/he/it nayê
(drawing by ed.)
we ąnayêtu
 ąxo. you pl. inayêtu
they nayêtu
G. nxotí 4.
DS. 237.  aduwaxka.
2. PART. DIR. EVID., used when the act DS. 233.

was witnessed or experienced by ną, var. of naǫ, daylight, weather.
the speaker (perhaps < naxê, hear).
DS. 232.
 Utoho naxo. He fell (act witnessed by
speaker). nąčį, n. Cloud, sky, heavens.
 kane.
Naxodapayixyą, np. Alligator Bayou,
Bayou Cocodrile, Lake Cocodrile
below Cheneyville, Louisiana.
DS. 237.
Naxotoda Ąyaadi, np. The Alligator Clan
of the Biloxis.
nąčį
DS. 237.
 Related to anači ‘ghost, spirit, shade.’
naxodohe, n. ZOOL. Alligator gar, -ed.
Atractosteus spatula.
 cf. Lak. mahpiya, sky/cloud; Knz.
DS. 237. maxpu; At. itans, sky/cloud. -ed.
DS. 233.  Ąkixêhê nąki. I am sitting with

him/her (DS. 220).
nąčį psohuye, n. Northeast.
 Doxpê naskê nąki ko sadê. The coat
lit. sky-corner. (hanging up) is torn (DS. 250).
DS. 233.  amąki, ąde, mąki, nê.
nąčį thohi, n. Clear (sky). DS. 233.
lit. blue cloud/sky. 2. Used in sentences denoting
DS. 233. possession of female relatives or
animals.
nąčįxti, adj. Cloudy.
 Ąkǫni e nąki. I have a mother (lit., my
lit. many clouds. mother, she sits) (DS. 233).
DS. 233.  Čǫki įktak nąki. I have a dog (lit., my
nąčį xuhi, n. Horizon. dog sits) (DS. 233).
lit. low (part of) sky.  itha.
DS. 225. 3. Used to express location.

nądê, adv. Today.  Ąsudi oyą hą ko caką nąki? Where is
that pine forest? (DS. 178).
[probably < (i)na + dê]
4. adj. Curved, arched.
lit. this sun/day (?).
O. nǫki.
 nąode, nąwode. T. ląke.
DS. 232. DS. 233.
nąkdê, n. Sitting, curving, or hanging nąni
obj. 1. adv. Throughout, each, every.
lit. this sitting (arching) obj. (?). DS. 234.
nąkdê ǫǫni, n. Rainbow. 2. var. of nani, can, be able, must.
lit. makes sitting (arched) obj. (?). nąpi, n. Day, daylight.
 Per Bankston Johnson (DS. 233).  cf. Cwb. yaap. -ed.
 mąkde ǫǫni.  ną, nąwi, nąode, nąwode.
DS. 233. O. nǫpi.
T. nahąpi.
nąki
1. POS. VERB CL. indicating an ongoing G. nápi 47.
action or state if the subj. is sitting DS. 232.
or in a curved or hanging position. nąpidi, n. Week.
 Xêx nąk ta. Sit down (male > male) (DS. DS. 232.
24).
nąpihu, n. Dawn.
 Ąkaduti nąkiyą ką įnihį ąde. While I was
(sitting) eating, he was drinking (DS. lit. day comes.
233). DS. 232.
nąpikhu nąodê, var. of nąde, today.

1. n. Sunrise. DS. 232.
2. DIR. East. nąwode, var. of nąde, today.
Nąpi Nithaani, np. Christmas. [probably < ina + hoode]
lit. Big Day. DS. 232.
DS. 232. nąx, var. of nąki.
nąpixti, n. Clear weather day. DS. 232.
[nąpi + -xti] nê
lit. very nice day. 1. POS. VERB CL. indicating an ongoing
action or state.
 ksepi.
 Ayêêk mąxi yąki duti nê. The hen is
DS. 232. (standing) eating corn (DS. 226).
nąpkapini, n. Bad day (unpleasant  Wahu nêdi. It is snowing now (DS.
weather). 285).
[nąpi + ka- + pi + -ni]  (P)sadêêhi nê kata? Whose (standing)
knife is that? (DS. 131).
lit. day not good.
DS. 131, 226, 285.
DS. 232.
2. Used to express location.
nąpkidǫǫni, n. Rainbow.
 Ayą ko čaką nêdi? Where is that
lit. carries daylight on its back (?). (standing) tree? (DS. 175).
G. napkidóni 39. DS. 175.
nąpsǫsa, n. A whole day, one day. 3. v. To ache, pain, have a cramp.
[nąpi + sǫsa]  Įsu nê ǫǫni, toothache (DS. 234).
G. napsonsá 47.  Phaa nê ǫǫni, headache (DS. 234).
nąteke, adv. Nearly, almost.  Ąkat(a)čǫǫ įspewa nêdi. My right eye
 yąxa. hurts (DS. 234).
DS. 232. DS. 234.
nąwačka, adv. Just before day, dawn.  amąki, ąde, mąki, nąki.
[nąwi + ačka] 3. DEM. This, that.
lit. day near. neheyąx, conj. Though.

DS. 232.  Neheyąx kidinąwe dêêdi. Though almost
sure not to reach there he goes
nąweyê, v. To poke out. (anyway) (DS. 163).
 Probably lit. enter sun/daylight. -ed. DS. 236.
DS. 232. nepiyê, adv. Correctly.
nąwi, var. of nąpi, day. DS. 245.
DS. 232.
nethopka, same as itapka, pestle.  kiyamą.

O. itcathopka. DS. 172, 236, 237.
DS. 200. nini, v. Dual and frequentative form of
nêtkha, LOC. Right here. ni (1.), walk.
O. lekhati.  Redup. of ni, walk.
DS. 236. nipa, PART. f. plural INTER., similar to

Eng. are they? are you?
ni
1. v. To walk.  Ąyaato yukê yįkotu nipa? Are those
men married? (said by woman) (DS.
 I ąni 237).
you yini
s/he/it ni DS. 237.
we ąnitu Ni Sahayą, np. Former name of
you pl. yinitu Alexandria, Rapides Parish. Modern
they nitu name is Tąyą.
O. nįkna. lit. Strong Water.
DS. 236.
 Tąyą.
2. var. of ani, water. DS. 171.
DS. 173.
niska, n. ZOOL. Skunk, Mephitis mephitis.
3. PART. f. sentence final marker or
“oral period.”
 Thi nê ko są ni. The house is white (f.
speaking) (DS. 236).
 na.
niska
DS. 236.
 įska.
nihǫ, n. Cup, drinking vessel.
G. niska 7.
 akodi. DS. 203.
O. anishopi. nisko, n. Spoon.
DS. 201, 279.  wakhe nisko, yinisahe nisko.
niki, v. To be without, have none. DS. 237.
 Akue niki. He has no hat (DS. 172, 237). nistuti, adj. adv. Correct, accurate,
 Hadhi te niki. He does not wish to beg correctly, accurately.
(DS. 236). DS. 237.
 Kuxwi niki. There is no coffee (DS.
nitapi, n. Ball.
237).
 nitawi, nitawį.
 Ąyaa niki. No man (DS. 237).
 Kaniki nąx kąča na. I have nothing at T. tapi.
all as I sit (DS. 237). (Note: kaniki = kawa DS. 237.
niki.)
nitapi įkthêǫǫni, n. Ball club or bat, 2. n. Breath.

used in playing stickball. DS. 237.
DS. 237.
nixta naskê, v. To sigh, draw a long
nitawi, var. of nitapi, ball. breath.
DS. 237. D. niqta’ naskĕ’ 90 H 24.
nithaani, adj. Large, big, great. Often nixuxi, n. ANAT. (His/her) ear.
suffixed to nouns as -thąą, -thaana, O. nashusi.
-thaani. T. naxux.
O. ithǫ. G. níhuhia, níxuxia 7.
T. itą. DS. 237.
DS. 270. nixuxi aho, n. ANAT. Upper part of the
H. neta·neˀ 78.
ear.
Sw. nIta·neˀ 78.
DS. 237.
nithąąxti, adj. Fat, corpulent, heavyset.
nixuxi hauni, n. Earring.
[nithaani + -xti]
lit. dangles (from) ear.
lit. very large.
DS. 237.
nithąąyê, v. To enlarge, make bigger.
nixux oxpe, n. Ear piercing,
[nithaani + -yê] perforations of the ears.
DS. 270. DS. 237.
nitiki, adj. adv. Quiet, quietly, stealthily, nixuxi siopi, n. Earwax.
unawares.
DS. 237.
DS. 237.
nixuxi tpąhį, n. ANAT. (His/her) earlobe.
nixki, conj. Because.
lit. soft (part of) ear.
 Ąkįskê nixki. Because I was scared (DS.
237). DS. 237.
 Ąyaa yąxkthêdi nixki. Because a man nixuxi tuphê, n. ANAT. (His/her) ear
hit me (DS. 237). canal.
 êtukê. lit. hole (of) ear.
DS. 237. DS. 237.
nixta niye, v. To fly.
1. v. To breathe. O. leyi.
 I ąnixta(di) DS. 237.
you inixta(di)
s/he/it nixta(di) nįdayi, n. BOT. Species of plant.
we ąnixtatu
 It stands about two feet high,
you pl. inixtatu
without branches, having many rough
they nixtatu
leaves with sharp points resembling
DS. 237. the leaves of peach trees. There is a
single yellow blossom at the top (DS. 1. v. To throw down to lay on (as a
237). blanket).
 MED. An infusion made from this DS. 238.
plant is used for bathing (not as a
drink) (DS. 237). 2. v. To throw away.
DS. 237.  I ąnǫde(di)
you inǫde(di)
nįdi, n. ANAT. (His/her) buttocks, butt, s/he/it nǫde(di)
arse, rump. we ąnǫdetu
you pl. inǫdetu
G. hitʹti 4.
they nǫdetu
DS. 237.
nįduxpê, n. Pants. Conjugation for both (1) and (2).
[nįdi + duxpê]  kįče, nude.
lit. buttocks cloth. DS. 238.

DS. 237. nǫpa
1. NUM. Two.
nįduxpê tukamąkǫǫni, n. Underpants,
shorts, drawers. 2. comitative, with.
lit. goes under buttocks.  Ąkinǫpa. I am with him (DS. 238).
DS. 237.  Nyinǫpa ądaa dąde. I will go with you
(DS. 238).
nowe, var. of nąpi, day.
O. nųpha.
DS. 232. T. nǫpa.
nowude DS. 238.
1. adj. Burnt bare.
nǫpahudi, NUM. Seven.
DS. 237.
DS. 238.
2. var. of nąpi, day.
nǫxê
DS. 232. 1. v. To chase, pursue.
nowudehiyê, v. To burn a piece of  I ąnǫxe
ground bare. you inǫxe
 Likely related to slash-and-burn s/he/it nǫxe
agriculture. -ed. we ąnǫxetu
you pl. inǫxetu
DS. 237. they nǫxetu
noxti, n. Elder, eldest. DS. 238.
DS. 269. 2. v. To drive off or scare away (as a
nǫ, v. To take care of (sby.), look after. chicken or horse).
With dat. ki-. O. nųse.
DS. 238. DS. 238.
nǫdê Nu! EXCLAM. Help!

DS. 238.  hauni, puni.

nudê, var. of nǫdê, throw down. DS. 238.
DS. 238. nyuhuyewade, DIR. South.
Nupǫdi Ayixtayą, np. Name for lit. toward changing weather.
Nupondi’s Creek, Bayou de Lac,
 So called because rain is brought by
Rapides Parish, Louisiana. the south wind to Lecompte, Louisiana
DS. 238. (DS. 238).
nupuni, v. To swing, dangle (as necklace DS. 238.
or beads), wear around the neck.
Oo
o lit. snake fish.
1. v. To shoot. DS. 239.
 I ąko(di) o ąpanahǫǫni, n. Fish spear.
you (h)ayo(di) DS. 239.
s/he/it o(di)
we ąkotu očipahayi, n. ZOOL. Sucker fish.
you pl. (h)ayotu [o + čipa + -hayi]
they otu
DS. 239.
DS. 239.
odiyohǫǫ, v. To move an obj.
2. v. To break.
 okhahe, se.
 dakasa, ha, xo.
DS. 240.
3. n. ZOOL. Fish.
ohi
O. ho.
1. v. To bark or howl (as a dog or
T. wiho.
wolf).
G. odí 6.
DS. 239.  wuhe.
o ahi, n. Fish scales. DS. 287.
lit. fish skin. 2. NUM. Ten.

DS. 239. DS. 240.
o athi, n. Fish net. ohiya, n. All of a series.
lit. fish house.  ohi.
DS. 239. DS. 240.
o ądêêsi, n. ZOOL. Eel. ohǫǫni

[o- + ho + ǫǫni] o pičê, n. ZOOL. Sturgeon, perhaps either

Acipenser fulvescens (Lake Sturgeon)
1. v. To sound out (in a given space).
or Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi (Gulf
 ho, mahe. Sturgeon).
DS. 198. lit. jumping fish.
2. n. An animal’s characteristic DS. 239.
sound or call.
omayi, n. ZOOL. Yellowhammer bird,
DS. 198. Emberiza citrinella.
ohǫǫyê, v. To play an instrument. DS. 240.
[o- + ho + ǫǫ + -yê] Omayina, np. MYTH. Ancient of
lit. cause to sound out (within a Yellowhammers.
space). [omayi + -na]
 hǫyê. DS. 240.
DS. 198. omduti, n. ZOOL. Ictiobus or buffalo fish,
o ihi, n. ZOOL. Pipe-bill garfish. perhaps Ictiobus cyprinellus.
lit. mouth fish. [o + mą + aduti]
DS. 239. lit. fish (that) eats earth.
o imahį, n. Fin. DS. 239.
lit. fish paddle. Ophaanaskehǫǫna, np. A personal name,

“Very-long-headed-fish.”
DS. 239.
[o + phaa + naskê + hǫǫ + -na (?)]
o įti, n. Fish eggs, roe.
DS. 239.
DS. 239.
o psahe, n. ZOOL. Bass, gaspigou,
okhahe, v. To move. moronidae.
 odiyohǫ, se.
lit. corner fish.
okpe, n. Any artificial opening in the DS. 239.
body, body piercing.
owusi, adv. All.
DS. 280.
 paną, tha, wusi.
oktaho, v. To make fall by shooting.
oxka, n. ZOOL. Crane, Grus americana.
DS. 239.
DS. 240.
okukhi, v. To fish, go fishing.
oxka są, n. ZOOL. White crane.
O. okǫkhi.
DS. 240.
DS. 239.
oxke, v. To have the hand, etc., skinned.
o miska xa uči, n. ZOOL. Sardine.
DS. 221.
lit. fish put in small box.
oxkthohi, n. ZOOL. Great blue heron,
DS. 218.
Ardea herodias.
[oxka + thohi]  aduti, duti.
lit. blue crane. DS. 240.

DS. 240. oxtê, var. of uxtê, to make fire, camp.
oxpa, v. To eat up, drink up, devour. DS. 283.
 Ǫtiyądi oxpa. The bear devoured all oyixi, v. To want, be in need of, lack.
(DS. 240).
 te.
 Yąxkioxpa. They drink (it) up for me
DS. 292.
(DS. 240).
Ôô
DS. 174.
ôče, v. To poke. ôdi
1. n. Gore, hook (of cow).
 I ąkôce DS. 170.
you iyôce
s/he/it ôce 2. var. of o (1.) and (2.), shoot, break.
we ąkôcetu
you pl. iyôcetu
they ôcetu
Ǫǫ
ǫǫ  Nįdoxpê ǫǫ nêdi. He had on underpants

1. v. To do, make. only (DS. 242).
T. aǫ. 4. v. To speak a language (“use” a

language).
DS. 240.
 Tanêks hąyaadi ade ayǫǫ… If you speak [to
2. v. To use (do stg. with stg.). me] in the Biloxi language….
 Psadêêhi ąkǫǫ ądakasadi. I cut it with a 5. PART. Indicates ongoing, continuous
knife (DS. 241).
action (like English participle -ing)
 Psadêêhi ayǫǫ idakasadi? Did you cut it with while action is already in process.
a knife? (DS. 241).
 Kidaa ǫǫ. (S)he was going back, returning
DS. 241. (DS. 242).
3. v. To wear.  Dêê ǫǫ de hą eyąhį. He continued going
until he reached there (said when one did
 Exa ǫǫ nêdi. That is all he had on (DS. 242).
not stop on the way) (DS. 148).
 Ądêê ǫǫ de hą eyą ąkihį. I continued going ǫkokǫǫni, n. Fish hook, hook.

until I reached there (DS. 148).
 sudi.
 Ąkadêê ǫǫ de hą eyą ąkixtu. We continued
going until we got there (DS. 148). G. unkogoní 34.
 Kox xêhê daa ǫǫni. He is sliding (a chair on ǫni, n. Mother.

which he sits) along (DS. 149, 212).  kǫni, mama.
 Ayaduti te (h)ǫǫ. You are hungry (DS. 242). DS. 284.
 Ąkaduti te (h)ǫǫ. I am hungry (DS. 242). ǫǫni
DS. 242.
1. PART. Past occurrence (more recent than
6. Indicates past occurrence, completed that implied by ǫǫxa).
aspect.
 ǫǫ, ǫǫdi, ǫǫxa, xa.
 Čiwaxti ądǫxt ǫǫ. We have seen great
trouble in the past.
2. Indicates ongoing, continuous action
(like English participle -ing) while action is
 ǫǫni, (h)edą. already in process.
DS. 242.  example sentences under ǫǫ (5).
ǫǫdi DS. 240.
1. PART. var. of ǫǫni, ǫǫ, past occurrence
(more recent than that implied by ǫǫxa). ǫǫnidi, conj. Because, as, since.
 ǫǫ, ǫǫni, ǫǫxa, xa. ǫǫxa, PART. Remote past occurrence, (more
DS. 242. remote than that implied by ǫǫ or ǫǫdi).
2. adv. After.  Čêtkana kǫkǫ unaxe hąde ǫǫxa. The Rabbit was
dwelling with his grandmother (DS. 242).
 ǫka.
Ǫsix Tucǫ, np. ASTR. Great Dipper constellation.
DS. 242.
lit. Fish (?) Eye (DS. 282).
ǫdǫhǫǫni, n. Mirror.
DS. 282.
DS 184.
ǫtahi, n. Bear skin.
ǫha, instr. With, by means of.
[ǫti + ahi]
 Čaakik ǫha kthêdi. He hit me with his hand
(or paw) (DS. 242). DS. 184.
DS. 242. ǫtehǫǫni, n. Glass.

ǫka, adv. After.  khwudati.
 ǫǫdi. DS. 184.
DS. 242. ǫti, n. ZOOL. Bear, grizzly bear, Ursidae.

ǫkčįsayi, n. BOT. Onion, Allium cepa.
DS. 284.
ǫkokohiką, n. Fishline.
G. onkogohikaʹn 34.
ǫti ǫtkǫǫ
T. mǫǫti, black bear. 1. n. Whip.
DS. 242. G. wótkoni, hontkoní 42.
DS. 252, 276.
Ǫtiąyaadi, np. Bear Clan members of the
Biloxi nation. 2. n. ZOOL. Bowfin, mudfish, cypress
trout, Amia calva.
DS. 242.
DS. 277.
Ǫtixyą, np. var. of Ǫtiyixyą, Calcasieu River,
Louisiana. ǫtkǫǫni, var. of ǫtkǫ, whip.
DS. 242. DS. 252, 276.
Ǫtiyixyą, np. Calcasieu River, Louisiana. ǫtsapi, n. ZOOL. Black bear, Ursus americanus.
lit. bear bayou. [ǫti + sapi]

DS. 242.
 Kakšu Yihiyą.
DS. 242.
Pp
pa DS. 267.
1. pron. refl. same as napa, himself,
herself, (s)he alone. pačidǫǫni, v. To wipe or swab out (as gun
barrel with ramrod).
DS. 243.
DS. 244.
2. adv. Only, alone.
pačidu
DS. 243.
1. v. To brush (hair).
pačapi, same as dakačapi, to miss in pushing  Įpačidu. I brushed your hair (DS. 244).
or punching.
DS. 244.
 I ąpač(a)pi 2. v. To wipe (as hands, face, feet,
you ipač(a)pi plates).
s/he/it pač(a)pi
we ąpač (a)pitu  I ąkapačidu
you pl. ipač(a)pitu you ipačidu
they pač(a)pitu s/he/it pačidu
 Čǫki dase pačpi. The dog missed (his aim) we ąkapačidutu
in trying to tear with his teeth (DS. 267). you pl. ipačidutu
they pačidutu
 Čǫki kthê pačpi. To miss the dog in trying
to hit him (DS. 267). Conjugation for both (1) and (2).
 Įkowa pačpi toho. It slipped off of its own  Kipačidu. I wipe it for him (DS. 244).
accord (as a belt from a wheel) (DS. 267). O. pache.
DS. 244. s/he/it pani

we ąpątąhetu
pačidu yukǫyê, v. To wipe feet clean. you pl. (h)ipanitu
DS. 244. they panitu
pačinaka, n. ZOOL. Mosquito hawk, Tipulidae. Note strange irregularity in ‘I’ forms.
D. pátcinaka 90 G 4. DS. 244.
pačke, v. To pull off, take off (as clothing). papahe, adj. Sore.
DS. 259.  nê, pahi.
pahi DS. 243.

1. v. To be sore. pasadêêhi, n. Knife.
2. n. Sore.  psadêêhi, sadêêhi.
DS. 243. DS. 247.
pahį, n. Bag, sack. pasaduti, n. Supper, dinner.
 Pahį ahihayê. You empty a sack (DS. 170). [pasi + aduti]
 Pahį ahihąkê. I empty a sack (DS 170.)
lit. evening meal.
DS. 170.
DS. 247.
HSw. paheˀ.
pasi
pahį xaxahi, n. Burlap coffee sack.
1. v. To stoop, lowering the head.
 paxaxahi.
DS. 243.
D. pahin qaqáhi 90 G 27.
2. n. Evening, night.
pahį yįki, n. Pocket, pouch.
O. opufka, upofi.
lit. little sack. T. ohsi.
G. paxiekí, pahienkí 30. G. pasi.
DS. 243. DS. 247.
panahi, v. To set up a stick with one end in pasidê, adv. Tonight, this night.
the ground. [pasi + dê]
paną, var. of apaną, all. DS. 247.
 apaną, ohi, owusi, tha. pasikįkįkê, n. Midnight.
DS. 244. lit. half night.
panąxti, adv. All together. G. pĕskikingä 6.
 Kadêêska panąxti, all the birds together DS. 247.
(DS. 244). paska, n. Bread.
DS. 244.
 < Ch. or MTL paska. -ed.
pani, v. To smell, inhale an odor. O. apaskǫ.
 I ąpątąhe  pataaskǫǫ, pataaskǫǫni.

you (h)ipani paspahǫǫ, v. To cook stg. flat, fry (as eggs).
pataasi, adj. Wide, broad, flat.

 I paspaąkǫǫ
 cf. Msk. patasa, flat; At. pax, paš, pal. -ed.
you paspahayǫǫ
s/he/it paspahǫǫ  pataaxi, tapka, xapka.
we paspaąkǫǫtu
O. pạdafi.
you pl. paspahayǫǫtu
they paspahǫǫtu DS. 246, 269.
 unashǫni. pataasiyê, v. To flatten.
DS. 244. DS. 246.
pasǫti, adj. Sharply-pointed. pataaxi, var. of pataasi, flat, wide.
 įsu pasǫti. DS. 246.
O. ǫphi, sharp, pạfxûnti, point. pataaxi sįhį nê, v. To straddle, stand with
feet apart.
pasǫtpadi, n. Arrowhead point.
lit. stand with feet flat (?).
paspasi, adj. After dark.
DS. 247.
 Redup. of pasi, evening, night.
G. pĕspĕsí 12. paxa
1. v. To stick into, impale, gore.
pastąąni, adj. Dark.
 phuye.
[pasi + -tąąni]
DS. 246.
lit. big night.
2. adv. Stuck in, impaled, gored.
DS. 248.
DS. 246.
p(a)stuki, v. To sew.
paxaxahi
 I ąkap(a)stuki 1. v. To pull or roll up the sleeves.
you ayap(a)stuki DS. 219.
s/he/it ap(a)stuki
we ąkap(a)stukitu 2. n. Burlap coffee sack.
you pl. ayap(a)stukitu  pahį xaxahi.
they ap(a)stukitu
D. páqaqáhi 90 G 27.
Note: apparently used with a- locative paxêxka, n. ZOOL. Chicken hawk.
prefix, i.e., to sew in a place. -ed.
DS. 243.
DS. 169.
Paxêxkana, np. MYTH. Ancient of Chicken
pataaskǫǫ, var. of pataaskǫǫni, bread. Hawks.
DS. 246. [paxêxka + -na]
pataaskǫǫni, n. Bread (general). DS. 243.
 paska, pataaskǫǫ, waaktasi pataaskǫǫ. paxêxk sįt konačǫtka, n. ZOOL. Swallow-
G. bĕdaskoni 13. tailed hawk.
DS. 246.
lit. forked-tail hawk.
H. pƏta·skɔ·neˀ 78.
Sw. pata·skɔ·neˀ 78. DS. 243.
paxka DS. 248.

1. n. ZOOL. Mole, groundhog, Marmota pedekupi, n. Leggings.
monax.
DS. 244.
DS. 243.
pena, DIR. Back (here).
2. adj. Sour, bitter.
 (Related to kipanahi?) -ed.
 phaa (2.).
 Čahamą yįtuk(?) pena, across the river and
DS. 173, 243. back (G. 17).
paxohi, v. To scrape stg. by pushing. G. pená 17.
DS. 242. pês, n. A high-pitched sound.
paya, v. To plow.  pêsdoti, pêska.
 I ąkpaya(di) DS. 244.

you ipaya(di) pêsdoti, n. Flute.
s/he/it paya(di)
we ąkpayatu [pês + doti]
you pl. ipayatu lit. throat or tube that makes a high-
they payatu pitched sound (?).
DS. 244.
payǫǫni, n. Plow.
[paya + ǫǫni]
DS. 244.
pąhį
1. n. Beard, moustache.
 pąhį dukhohi, pąhį dukhohǫǫni.
DS. 244. pêsdoti
2. n. BOT. Any type of vine. DS. 244.
DS. 244. pêska, n. ZOOL. Species of small frog.
pąhį axiyehi naphihi, n. BOT. Honeysuckle, [pês + -ka]
Lonicera.
 Not over an inch long, it lives in streams
lit. fragrant blossom vine. in central Louisiana, has a sharp nose, black
skin, and cries “Pês-pês-pês!” (DS. 244).
DS. 244.
 MYTH. Biloxis say that when a pêska cries
pąhį tawiyą, n. Moustache. out, someone is about to chase a deer (JOD
lit. above beard. 1894: 285).
DS. 244.  kǫninuhi, ktǫ.
pče, var. of piče, jump, leap. DS. 244.

DS. 248. Pêskana, np. MYTH. Ancient of Tiny Frogs.
pčǫ, var. of pičǫ, nose. [pêska + -na]
DS. 244.
pexinyi, var. of pixini, musty odor.
DS. 244.
pexnahi, n. Coal.
G. pexnahí, pexĕnahí.
pexnǫǫni, var. of pexnahi, coal.
DS. 245.
phaa
phaa są
1. n. Head.
 api, ayapi.
O. apha.
T. pha. DS. 243.
DS. 243. phaa tawiyą, n. Crown (top) of head.
2. adj. Bitter. DS. 270.
DS. 173. phaki, n. Sand.
phaa aho, n. ANAT. (His/her) skull. DS. 246.
lit. head bone. phąhį, n. Beard, moustache.
DS. 243. O. atkaphahi.
phaa nê, v. To have a headache. DS. 244.
DS. 243. phêhe, v. To grind, pound (as corn in a
phaa nê ǫǫni, same as phaa nêdi, have a mortar).
headache.
 I ąkaphêhe
DS. 243. you iphêhe
phaa pudisǫǫ, var. of phaa pudisǫǫni, be s/he/it phêhe
we ąkaphêhetu
dizzy.
you pl. iphêhetu
DS. 243. they phêhetu
phaa pudisǫǫni, v. To be dizzy, have O. phe.
vertigo. DS. 244.
DS. 243. phêti, n. Fire.
phaa są, n. ZOOL. Bald eagle, Haliacetus O. apheti.
leucocephalus. T. pheti.
lit. white head. DS. 244.
phêtinoče, n. Poker (for fire).
 oče.
DS. 244.
phêtiǫǫ, n. Match, matches.
lit. make fire. DS. 245.

DS. 244. phêtuxtê amačiha, n. Fireplace.
phêtithi, n. Chimney, fireplace. DS. 245.
lit. fire house. phô, v. To swim.
G. pätĕtí 30.
 I ąphô
DS. 244.
you iphô
phêtithi sapi, n. Soot. s/he/it phô
we ąphôtu
lit. chimney black. you pl. iphôtu
DS. 244. they phôtu
phêtithi uksi, n. Chimney smoke. DS. 246.
DS. 244. phôdade, n. ZOOL. arch. Owl, Strigiformes.
phêtiudakhayi, n. ZOOL. Lightning bug, O. apho.
firefly, Lampyridae.  phôdi, thitumihayi, xohayi.
[phêti + udaki + -hayi] DS. 178, 247.
 udakhayi. phôdi, n. ZOOL. Swamp owl.
DS. 245.  phôdade, thitumihayi, xohayi.
phêti uxtê, v. To make a fire. DS. 247.
 Same as phêtuxtê, to camp. -ed. phôdi ąsudita, n. BOT. Short-leaf pine, Pinus
 adêyê, uxtê. mitis.
DS. 245. lit. owl pine.
phêtixtǫǫ, v. To warm oneself (as in front of DS. 247.
a fire). phu, v. To rub.
DS. 245.
 I ąkphu
phêtǫǫni, n. Fire drill. you iphu
G. pedonni 51. s/he/it phu
we ąkphutu
phêtudati, n. Firelight. you pl. iphutu
DS. 245. they phutu
phêtuxta ačihayi, n. BOT. Ground moss. DS. 246.
lit. it comes where fire has been made. phuhe, v. To blow.

DS. 245.  aphuhǫǫni, blow gun.
phêtuxtê, v. To camp. DS. 249.
[phêti + uxtê] phuhe kiką, v. To blow a horn for sby. to

come.
lit. make fire.
 phêti uxtê.  I phuhe axkiką
you phuhe yaxkiką

s/he/it phuhe kiką pi
we phuhe axkikątu 1. n. ANAT. (His/her) liver.
you pl. phuhe yaxkikątu
they phuhe kikątu DS. 245.
DS. 249. 2. adj. Good, beautiful, nice-looking,

proper, correct.
phuheyê, v. To blow a horn.
 pi tikohê, pixti.
 I phuhehąkê T. pi.
you phuhehayê
s/he/it phuheyê DS. 245.
we phuhehąkêtu piče, v. To jump, leap.
you pl. phuhehayêtu
they phuheyêtu  asohi.
DS. 249. DS. 248.

phuhį, v. To blow (at fire). pičǫ, n. ANAT. (His/her) nose.
O. apincu.
 I ąkaphuhį
you iphuhį DS. 248.
s/he/it phuhį pičǫ ahudi tpąhį, n. ANAT. (His/her) septum
we ąkaphuhįtu of nose.
you pl. iphuhįtu
they phuhįtu lit. soft nose bone.
DS. 249. DS. 248.
phuska, n. ZOOL. Partridge, Perdix perdix. pičǫ hauni, n. Nose ring.
 aphuska, mą. lit. nose dangle.
DS. 174. DS. 248.
phuyê pičǫ putsi, n. ANAT. (His/her) ridge of nose.
1. v. To punch. lit. nose hill.
lit. cause to blow (?). DS. 248.
 kthê. pičǫ tuphê, n. ANAT. (His/her) nostril(s).
DS. 246. lit. nose hole.
2. v. To stab, thrust at, gore, stick into, DS. 248.
impale.
pihe, PART. can, be able, ought, should.
 paxa.
 Yakine pihedi. You can get up (DS. 245).
DS. 246.
 Itax pihedi dį. You ought to run (DS. 245).
phuyê kitaho, v. To make fall by punching.
 nani.
DS. 246.
DS. 245.
phuye tuphê, v. To punch a hole through.
pihi
DS. 246. 1. n. Chip (of wood).
DS. 175. G. pixuhi.

2. n. Fart. piyê, v. To make properly, correctly.
G. pihi. DS. 245.
pisi, v. To suck. pįhudi, n. BOT. Hickory tree, Carya alba.
DS. 246.
 I ąkap(i)si
you ip(i)si pįhu ayą, n. Hickory wood.
s/he/it p(i)si DS. 246.
we ąkap(i)situ
pįhu paxka, n. BOT. Sour hickory, Carya
you pl. ip(i)situ
they p(i)situ tomentosa.
 < Ch. or MTL piši, peše. -ed.  Hardly the Carya sulcata (Hicoria sulcata),
which has a larger nut than the shell-bark
DS. 247. hickory (DS. 246).
pisiyê, v. To nurse a child, cause a child to DS. 246.
suckle.
pįthokǫǫni, n. BOT. Pecan nut, Carya
D. pĭsi’ye 90 G 189. illinoinensis.
pitse, v. To wink (once). DS. 246.
DS. 282. pįthokǫǫ udi, n. BOT. Pecan tree, Carya
pitspitse, v. To wink (often, repeatedly). olivaformis.
 Redup. of pitse. G. pintxagoné, pîʹntxagon’ udí (checked
with Jim Sam).
DS. 282. DS. 246.
pixi, v. To float. pkanaxexe, n. Lock of hair.
 I ąkapixi po, v. To swell.

you ipixi  tupo.
s/he/it pixi
we ąkapixitu O. pophuti.
you pl. ipixitu DS. 246.
they pixitu
počka, adj. Circular, round, curvilinear,
DS. 246. globular.
pixini, n. Musty odor.  kanaxka, poska.
 pexinyi. O. ftotka, plocka, plotka.
DS. 244. T. pus.
pixini xyuuhu, adj. Rancid. DS. 247.
DS. 244. pophoxtyi, n. BOT. Balloon vine,

Cardiospermum.
pixuhi
1. v. To blow. lit. swelling medicine.
DS. 249.  MED. The root of this was used as a
remedy for dropsy (DS. 247).
2. v. To fart, break wind.
O. pophûti. DS. 248.

DS. 247. pstukǫǫni, n. Stopper of any sort (as cork).
poska, var. of počka, round. DS. 248.
DS. 247. pstukǫǫyê, v. To put a stopper in stg. (as
poxhayi, n. ZOOL. Nighthawk, bullbat, cork in bottle).
Chordeiles virginianus.
 I pstukǫǫhąkê
DS. 247. you pstukǫǫhayê
poxono, n. ZOOL. Snail, Helix pomatia (?). s/he/it pstukǫǫyê
we pstukǫǫhąkêtu
DS. 247. you pl. pstukǫǫhayêtu
poxe, n. Splash, splashing sound. they pstukǫǫyêtu
DS. 248.
 xuhe.
psu, v. To be bareheaded.
DS. 247.
DS. 248.
pôde, v. To make up a bundle.
psudahi, n. Comb.
 pôpôde.
psuki
DS. 247.
1. v. To head off, intercept.
pôpôde, v. To wrap up a bundle.
DS. 248.
 I ąkpopodê 2. v. To break.
you yapopodê
DS. 248.
s/he/it popodê
we ąkpopodêtu 3. v. To hiccup, belch.
you pl. yapopodêtu
they popodêtu  I ąkapsuki
 Redup. of pôde. you ipsuki or yapsuki
s/he/it psuki
 pôde. we ąkapsuk(i)tu
DS. 247. you pl. ipsuk(i)tu or yapsuk(i)tu
they psuk(i)tu
psadêêhi, var. of sadêêhi, knife.
Conjugation for both (1) and (3); (2) is
DS. 247. unattested but may be the same. -ed.
psi, var. of pisi, suck.  cf. Hid. psuki. -ed.
DS. 247. DS. 248.
psohê ptaasi, var. of ptaaxe, flat.
1. n. Corner. DS. 246.
DS. 248. ptaaxe, adj. Flat.
2. adj. Having corners or angles.  ptaasi.
DS. 248.
DS. 246.
psohê pupe, v. To have corners rounded off. ptato, n. BOT. Cotton.
 cf. At. patiteu. 2. n. Thud sound, as in hitting the earth,

O. oftati. human flesh, or garments.
DS. 249. DS. 250.
ptato akidi, n. ZOOL. Caterpillar. pukeyê, v. To make the sound described

under puke.
lit. cotton insect.
DS. 249.  I pukehąkê
you pukehayê
ptato są, n. Tunic, man’s shirt. s/he/it pukeyê
lit. white cotton. we pukehąkêtu
you pl. pukehayêtu
DS. 249. they pukeyêtu
ptato udi, n. BOT. Cotton plant, Gossypium.
DS. 250.
DS. 249.
pukhi, n. Loop.
pude, v. To open.
DS. 250.
DS. 249.
pukiyǫ, n. Nickel (coin).
pudi
 < Fr. picaillon, either direct borrowing or
1. v. To step over.
via Eng. picayune or MTL pekayo. -ed.
DS. 250.
 cf. Tn. píhkayu, píhkayun(i), penny. -ed.
2. n. End of an obj., point, tip. DS. 250.
DS. 250.
pukpukayi, n. ZOOL. Large black
pukayi, n. ZOOL. Red-headed woodpecker, woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus.
 čąčąhayi, pukayi.
DS. 250.
Pukpukayina, np. MYTH. Ancient of
Woodpeckers.
[pukpukayi + -na]
DS. 250.
punetkohi, n. Parting of the hair.
pukayi
(drawing by ed.)
DS. 243.
 čąčąhayi, kadêêsk phaa čuuti, pukpukayi. puni, v. To hang, dangle, be suspended.

DS. 249.  hauni, nupuni.
puke DS. 250.

1. n. Sound heard in drawing a cork pupe, v. To cut through often.
from a bottle.
 dakasasadi.
DS. 250.
DS. 250.
puski, v. To cut off.
 dakahopi, kutsi.  ektąąni.

DS. 250. DS. 250.
putitu kayudi, n. BOT. Cottonwood tree, 2. var. of putsa, sharp.
Populus deltoides or Populus heterophylla. DS. 250.
DS. 249.
putstahixe, n. Mountain range, many
putsa, adj. Sharp, sharp-edged. round-topped hills or ridges.
DS. 250. [putsi + tahi + xe]
putsa čayê, v. To wear off the edge of a  putsi.
sharp instrument (ax, knife, etc.),
DS. 250.
become dull.
putstawi, n. Summit, peak, top of a round-
DS. 250.
topped hill or ridge.
putsayê, v. To sharpen (tool, etc.), make
DS. 250.
sharp edge.
putwi, v. To crumble off.
 I putsahąkê DS. 250.
you putsahayê
s/he/it putsayê pxêdi, n. Frost.
we putsahąkêtu  xêdi.
you pl. putsahayêtu
they putsayêtu G. pxäʹdi 40.
DS. 220.
DS. 250.
putsi
1. n. Round-topped hill or mountain.
Rr
Rapidyą, np. Biloxi name for the town of

Rapides, Rapides Parish, Louisiana. The
Biloxis formerly called it Atix Cidǫna.
Ss
sa, v. To tear, cut, separate (into two parts). Sawą, np. adj. Shawnee (Shawano) people
and language.
 ake, dusadi.
DS. 251.
DS. 250.
sadêêhačapi, n. Sword. sahi

DS. 259. 1. adj. Raw, uncooked.
DS. 251.
sadêêhi, var. of psadêêhi, knife.
DS. 247. 2. adj. Wild, uncivilized.
sadêêhi naskê, n. Butcher knife.  ksapi.

DS. 251.
lit. long knife.
DS. 247. 3. adv. Long time.
sadêêhi nithaani, same as sadêêhi naskê,  ąyaa sahi.

butcher knife. DS. 251.
DS. 247. sahiyê, adv. Awhile, for a while.
sadêêhi put kanaxka, n. Table knife. DS. 251.
lit. round-pointed knife. sapi, adj. Black.
DS. 247. O. ifthepi.
T. asepi.
sadêêhi yįki, n. Pocketknife.
G. sapí, sûpí, supí, s’pi.
lit. little knife. DS. 258.
DS. 247. sapixti, v. To become extinguished (fire,
sadêêhudi, n. Knife handle. light), to go out.
DS. 247.  Phêti sapixti na. The fire goes out.
sadêêpasǫti, n. Knife tip or point. G. sapíxti.
DS. 247. sapka, adj. Blackish, dark brown.
sadêêputsa, n. Knife blade. DS. 195, 258.
DS. 247. satuti, n. bot. Cocoa grass.
sahe  Type of grass found in central Louisiana
1. v. To make a rattling sound. that grows about 3 inches high and has
black roots, which have a pleasant smell
DS. 251. and are eaten by hogs (DS. 251).
2. n. Rattle, rattling sound. DS. 251.
DS. 251. są, var. of asą, white.
saheyê, v. To rattle stg. (as a gourd rattle, DS. 251.
etc.).
sąhą, var. of sąhąni, strong.
 I sahehąkê
you sahehayê DS. 251.
s/he/it saheyê sąhąni
we sahehąkêtu 1. v. To be strong, hard, stout.
you pl. sahehayêtu
they saheyêtu  I ąksąhą
DS. 251. you isąhą
s/he/it sąhą Sêhiyê! exclam. Oh pshaw! Oh hell!

we ąksąhątu
you pl. isąhątu DS. 253.
they sąhątu si
G. sahani, săhani, sʹhani 6. 1. n. MEAS. Foot, twelve inches.
DS. 251.  Trans. bor. < Eng. -ed.
2. adj. Strong, hard, stout. 2. n. Wrinkle ?  sisi.
 čičaki, sąhą, totosi. 3. n. Track (of animal).
G. sahani, săhani, sʹhani 6.  utohoye.
DS. 251.
DS. 216.
sąhąyê, v. To make an effort, exert force,
cause to be strong. 4. n. Step, stair.
DS. 251.  asisitu, usi.
sąhį, adv. On the other side. 5. adj. Yellow.

DS. 252. O. fhi.
T. si.
sąhį xa, adv. On one side (used in speaking
of one of a pair). DS. 254.
DS. 252. sidipi, v. To bear marks or indentations, as

from being tightly bound.
sąki, n. Girl.
 sipi.
G. sankí 1.
DS. 252. DS. 255.
sąsąsąsą sidipiyê, v. To cause to have marks or

1. adj. White here and there. indentations from being tightly bound.
 Redup. of są.  I sidipihąkê
you sidipihayê
DS. 251. s/he/it sidipiyê
2. adj. Gray (as human hair), iron gray. we sidipihąkêtu
you pl. sidipihayêtu
DS. 251. they sidipiyêtu
sčuki, adj. Tough (as meat). DS. 255.
DS. 257. siditki, adj. Yellowish, brown.
sditka, adj. Elliptical, round. DS. 254.
 kanaxka, počka. siduhi, adj. Worn smooth by rubbing, as
DS. 252. clothing.
sdutka, var. of sditka, elliptical, round. DS. 262.
DS. 252. siduhiyê, v. To wear smooth by rubbing, as

clothing.
se, v. To move ?
DS. 262.
 dakase, mądakase ǫǫni, odiyohǫǫ.
sihiyê
1. v. To make stg. yellow, paint yellow. sipsiwedi, n. Noise made by the akidi
DS. 254. sipsiwedi, bessie bug, when caught.
DS. 256.
2. v. To smoke (as meat, hide, etc.).
DS. 254. sisi, v. To be wrinkled, have wrinkles.
 I ąksisi
sihu, adj. Barefoot, shoeless.
you isisi
 su. s/he/it sisi
we ąksisitu
DS. 254.
you pl. isisitu
sika, n. same as sikahi, deerskin, buckskin. they sisitu
 thaahi.  kikuhi.
DS. 255. DS. 256.
sikahi, n. Buckskin. sisoti, n. ZOOL. Green, long-legged cricket.
 thahi.  Perhaps same as sosoti? -ed.
DS. 254. DS. 251.
sikį poxǫǫni, n. Instrument used in dressing sisǫǫni, n. Hose, stockings.
a hide, used for the purpose of scraping cf. Sap. honis.
off the hair.
DS. 256.
DS. 254.
sitsidedi, v. To whistle.
sine
 I sitsid(h)ąkê
1. v. To melt, thaw (as snow).
you sitsid(h)ayê
DS. 256. s/he/it sitsidedi
we sitsid(h)ąkêtu
2. adj. Melted, thawed.
you pl. sitsid(h)ayêtu
DS. 256. they siyêtu
sineyê, v. To melt (stg.), cause to melt.  sode.
 I sinehąkê DS. 256.
you sinehayê
s/he/it sineyê
sixnê, v. To stand.
we sinehąkêtu  nê, xa.
you pl. sinehayêtu
they sineyêtu siyê, v. To lie, tell a lie.
DS. 256.  I sihąkê
you sihayê
sipi, n. Pit or pustule, as in smallpox. s/he/it siyê
DS. 256. we sihąkêtu
you pl. sihayêtu
sipsipi, adj. Covered in pits or pustules. they siyêtu
 Redup. of sipi, pit, pustule.  Siyê xê! What a lie! (DS. 255).
DS. 256.  Siyê wayê! How untrue! (DS. 255).
DS. 255.
sįdi, n. Tail. skaayooka, n. ZOOL. Opossum, Didelphis

O. fxįte. virginiana.
T. sǫt. lit. swamp hog.
DS. 255.  kčixkayooka.
sįdudoxpê, n. Crupper. DS. 213.
[sįdi + udoxpê] H. ska·yo·ka 80.
lit. tail dress. Skoki, np. adj. Muskogee, Muskogean

peoples and languages.
DS. 255.
DS. 256.
sįhį, v. To stand.
skuti, adj. Deep.
 nê, xaxa.
DS. 256.
DS. 254.
sni, n. Cold (illness).
sįhį sąhąni, v. To stand firm, stand one’s
ground.  cohi.
DS. 254. DS. 256.
sįhįyê, v. To stand up a perpendicular obj. sni dusi, v. To catch cold.

DS. 254.  Trans. bor. < Eng. ? -ed.
DS. 256.
sįkuki, n. ZOOL. Robin, Turdus migratorius.
 cf. Tn. wiškʔohku; Ch. biskoko; Koa. čiskoko; snihi, adj. Cold.
Chk. ci:skwokwo. -ed. T. sani.
DS. 256. DS. 256.
sįto, n. Boy. snisnihi, n. Autumn, fall.
 asįto.  Redup. of snihi.
G. (as)sintoʹ 1.  G. notes “commencement of cold.” DS.
DS. 256. notes “when the leaves begin to fall” (DS.
257.)
sįtǫǫni, n. Gum or rosin of any kind.
G. snisnihí 6.
DS. 256.
DS. 257.
skaa, n. ZOOL. Pig, hog. snixthe, v. To be or feel cold (said of
 Perhaps short form of kcixkaa per Haas. humans and animals).
 cf. MTL. sok(h)a; Chk. sihkwa, hog, [sni + k(i)the ?]
opossum. -ed.
lit. hit by cold (?).
 skaayooka.
DS. 256.
H. ska· (in skaayooka) 80.
snohi, adj. Slim, slender, thin.
Skaakana, np. MYTH. Ancient of Opossums.
 supi.
 Kuckayookana.
DS. 256.
DS. 213.
snotka DS. 257.

1. n. Rectangle, square. H. sɔ·neɁ 80.
Sw. sa·neɁ 80.
DS. 257.
sǫphi, n. Wheat flour, dough.
2. adj. Rectangular, rectilinear (not
necessarily square). DS. 257.
DS. 257. sǫphi pataaskǫǫni, n. Wheat bread.
sode, v. To whistle. DS. 257.
 sitside, sosode. sǫphǫǫni, n. Wheat.
DS. 250. [sǫphi + ǫǫni]
sokudi nithaani, n. Large species of cypress, DS. 257.
Taxodium sp., found in Louisiana, sǫsa, NUM. One, once.
distinct from the sokuno.
 Dakača sǫsa dučti. To split at one blow (DS.
lit. large cypress. 257).
DS. 257.  Čêtkana ko sǫsa duti. The Rabbit ate one
(DS. 257).
sokuno, n. BOT. Cypress tree, Taxodium
distichum.  Waak sǫsa įkta. I have a cow (DS. 257).
< Ch. šankolo or MTL. šãkolo.  Ąkǫǫ sǫsa. I did it once (DS. 257).
DS. 257. O. nųfha.
T. nǫsa.
sosode, v. To whistle often, whistle a tune.
DS. 257.
 Redup. of sode.
sǫsǫti, adj. Sharp at the ends.
 sode.
sǫtkaka, n. (His/her) younger brother (real
DS. 250.
or potential), including father’s
sosoti, n. ZOOL. Katydid, Tettigoniidae. brother’s son younger than oneself.
DS. 250. T. sǫtka.
sǫ, var. of sǫhǫǫni, kettle, pot. DS. 257.
DS. 257. sǫtǫxayi, n. ZOOL. Cooper’s hawk, hen hawk,
sǫhǫǫni, n. Kettle, pot, any vessel used for Accipiter cooperii.
cooking. DS. 257.
G. son potchka (little kettle) 7. sǫwa, adv. On one side.
DS. 257.
DS. 257.
sǫnihǫǫni, n. Mush.
sǫyiti, n. BOT. Rice, Oryza sativa.
DS. 256.
DS. 257.
sǫnitǫǫni, n. Tar.
spadêêhi, var. of psadêêhi, knife.
DS. 259.
DS. 247.
sǫǫni, var. of sǫhǫǫni, kettle, pot.
Spani, np. adj. Spaniard, Spanish people and DS. 258.

language. 2. n. ANAT. (His/her) pupil of eye.
DS. 257.
 tačǫǫ su sapi.
spê, v. To know (how to do stg.). DS. 258.
 Yaǫ spê. He knows how to sing (DS. 288).
3. adj. Blown out, extinguished (as a
 ewa, yehǫni. flame).
O. afpe, įfpe. DS. 258.
T. ǫspe.
4. adj. Barefooted.
DS. 257, 288.
 sihudi.
spewa, LOC., Right, on the right.
DS. 256.
DS. 257.
sudi, n. Fish hook.
sponi, n. ANAT. (His/her) ankle.
 ǫkokǫǫni.
G. tchák ponyá 4.
DS. 254. DS. 258.
sponi ahudi, n. ANAT. (His or her) ankle supi

bone. 1. v. To be lean, thin.
G. sponiá 4.  I ąksupi
DS. 254. you isupi
s/he/it supi
spudaxi, n. Instep. we ąksupitu
DS. 254. you pl. isupitu
they supitu
stiįki, n. BOT. Plum, Prunus sp.
DS. 258.
DS. 254.
2. adj. Lean, thin.
stuki, v. To stand stg. up, put an obj. (as a
 snahi.
bottle or lantern) in perpendicular or
vertical position. DS. 258.
 ču, įpi, ustuki, xaheyê, xǫhe. susuki, adj. Stiff.
DS. 258. DS. 259.
stuti, n. ANAT. (His/her) heel. suyê, v. To blow out, extinguish.
DS. 258.  I suhąkê
you suhayê
su s/he/it suyê
1. n. Seed. we suhąkêtu
 cf. Tn. tósu (H.), uxsū (S.), seed, grain; At. you pl. suhayêtu
šo, seed, kernel. -ed. they suyêtu
O. ifhu. DS. 258.
T. su.
Tt
ta, PART. imper. m. [tačoone + ahe]
 “Hį ta,” Čêtkana kiyê. “Reach there,” the lit. eye skin.
Rabbit said to him (male > male) (DS. 12).
DS. 282.
 Xêx nąk ta. Sit down (male > male) (DS.
23). tačǫǫ, var. of tačôône, (his/her) eye(s).
 Čiwaxtiya ta. Do your best (male > male) DS. 282.
(DS. 47). tačǫǫ pitspitse, v. To wink.
 “Kuhik ądǫxtu ta” kiyê daha. “Let’s look DS. 282.
upward” he said (to them) (male > males)
(DS. 52). tačǫǫ sapka, n. ANAT. (His/her) iris.
 “Ąkįką dus ta.” “Take my sinews” (male > lit. blackish (part of) eye.
male, first time) (DS. 87). DS. 282.
 “Ekehą ąsąkudik duka yaxkunǫda ta.” “Then tačǫǫ są, n. ANAT. (His/her) white of the eye,
peel the bark off the mulberry tree and put
cornea.
it in for me” (male > male) (DS. 87).
DS. 282.
 “Naǫdeyê daa ta.” “Set the grass afire”
(male > male) (DS. 88). tačǫǫ sąye, v. For eyes to roll back in the
 “Ąkthidik iyą ta.” “Sleep in my house” head, showing only the whites.
(male > male) (DS. 89). D. tŭtcon’ san’yĕ 90 G 166.
 Note that male addressee(s) can be either tačǫǫ su sapi, n. ANAT. (His/her) pupil of the
singular or plural. -ed. eye.
tačke, n. Saliva. lit. black seed (of) eye.
DS. 282.
 su.
tačoone, n. ANAT. (His/her) eye(s). DS. 282.
 Ąkat(a)čǫǫčǫǫ kuside towê. My eyes are full
taduxka, n. Pistol.
of smoke (DS. 282).
 ąksaapi.
 Ąkat(a)čǫǫčǫǫ kaskani wa pahi. My left eye
is sore (DS. 282). G. tĕduxka 43.
 Ąkat(a)čǫǫčǫǫ įspe wa nêdi. My right eye DS. 177.
pains (DS. 282). tahąkona, n. ZOOL. Summer duck, squealer
 Tačǫǫ widwide ǫǫni. His eyes twitch often duck, yellow-eyed duck.
(DS. 282). DS. 268.
 tačǫǫ. tahąni, n. (His/her) real or potential sister’s
DS. 282. husband; spouse’s real or potential
H. tƏčɔ·nƐɁ 79. brother.
Sw. tƏčɔ·nƐɁ 79. T. -tahąni.
tačoonahe, n. ANAT. (His/her) eyelids.
DS. 268. tahôôxkwaxi, n. Horseshoe.

tahi [tahôôxka + waxi]
1. v. To reach death.
DS. 279.
 Ąktahiyą įhį ko. When my time to die
comes (DS. 273).
tahôôxkyąki, n. ZOOL. Mare.
 Tahi yąxa. He has almost reached death [tahôôxka + yąki]

(DS. 273). DS. 290.
 thê. tahôôxkati, n. BOT. Devil’s Shoestrings vine,
DS. 273. Viburnum alnifolium.
2. adv. Many, several. lit. horse medicine.
 yihi.  ukąkayi.
DS. 269. D. toho’qkatqyi 90 H 57.
taho, var. of toho, recline, fall. taini, n. Gizzard, chicken gizzard.

DS. 269. DS. 269.
tahôôxka, n. ZOOL. Horse. Takapa, np. adj. Atakapa people and

language.
[prob. < (i)thaa + xuuhi + -ka]
DS. 281.
lit. goat-like (goat = stinking deer)
taki, n. anat. (His/her) thigh, leg above the
G. tohoxká 8. knee.
DS. 278.
H. tƏhɔ·hkaɁ 79. DS. 269.
Sw. tɔ / tƏhɔ·hkaɁ 79. takoči toho, v. To turn somersaults.
tahôôxka axêhe, v. To ride a horse. DS. 269.
lit. sit on a horse. takohǫ, n. Prairie, plain.
DS. 278. O. akhohi.
tahôôxkathi, n. Stable. T. latahkoi.
DS. 269.
lit. horse house.
Takohǫ Yįkiyą, np. Avoyelles Prairie,
DS. 278.
Louisiana.
tahôôxknixuxnaskê, n. ZOOL. Mule, donkey.
lit. Small Prairie.
[tahôôxka + nixuxi + naskê]
DS. 269.
lit. long-eared horse.
tama, n. ZOOL. Beaver, Castor canadensis.
 This is a Pan-SE calque: cf. O. ačų·kas
 Perhaps < PEA *temaaxkweewa. -ed.
nashúsitą, “long-eared horse”; Os. nąątąhtąą,
“big ears”; MTL. haksobeš falaya, “long DS. 269.
ears”; At. an mąmą, “long ears”; Nat. wápkup tamahi, n. Beaver skin.
ibuk wadá, “animal with long ears.” -ed.
[tama + ahi]
DS. 279.
DS. 269.
taminǫǫni, v. To dress oneself, get dressed. DS. 230.

Tanêks, np. adj. Biloxi people and language.
 I ąkataminǫǫni
you (h)itaminǫǫni DS. 270.
s/he/it taminǫǫni Tanêksąyaa Tąyą, np. Biloxi (people’s)
we ąkataminǫǫnitu
country.
you pl. (h)itaminǫǫnitu
they taminǫǫnitu G. Táneks háy atayá 45.
DS. 269. taniyooka, n. ZOOL. Water moccasin, water
tamočka, n. ZOOL. Wildcat, probably bobcat snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus.
or lynx, Lynx rufus. [tani + yooka]
 tamočkadêêxi. lit. stays in the swamp (DS. 270).
cf. Tn. čómu. G. tanioka.
G. tamótchka. DS. 270.
DS. 277.
taokadêêxi, n. Tattoo, tattooing, tattoo
tamočkadêêxi, n. ZOOL. Mountain lion, marks.
puma, panther, cougar, Puma concolor.
G. taokedéxi, taokedexí 30.
lit. spotted (or striped) wildcat.
taǫ, n. Cry of the tahąkona, squealer duck.
DS. 270.
taǫni, n. Flood, overflow, inundation.
DS. 270.
tapka, adj. Flat.
 akue tapka, pataasi, xyapka.
T. tati.
tamočkadêêxi
(drawing by ed.)
DS. 270.
 thąta, thąiǫ. tasi, n. ANAT. (Her) female breast.

DS. 277. DS. 270.
tamočkahi, n. Wildcat skin. tasi pudi, n. ANAT. (Her) nipple, tip of female
breast.
[tamočka + ahi]
DS. 270.
DS. 277.
tata, voc. Papa, daddy.
tamočkahi uduxpê, n. Robe of wildcat skins.
 adi.
DS. 277.
T. tati.
tamoki, n. ZOOL. Worm.
tatikǫǫni, n. Knife used for fleshing a hide,
DS. 269. used by pulling toward the one holding
tamomahayi, same as momoxka, it.
hummingbird. DS. 270.
tawi, adj. On top of, above, upper.  Tąhį nê kde pasi. He was running until
night (DS. 271).
 kuwo, kuwohi, pąhį tawiyą.
 įtka tąhį.
DS. 270.
O. athǫhi.
taxoxka, n. ANAT. (His/her) rib.
DS. 271, 291, 295.
DS. 269.
tąįhe, adj. Tight.
taxpa ptaasi, n. ZOOL. Wood duck or summer
duck, Aix sponsa. DS. 272.
 It has white and black stripes on its crest tąįhį, n. ANAT. Back (of human or animal).
and white and gray feathers on its body,  daswa.
which is small (DS. 269).
DS. 272.
DS. 269.
tąįhudi, n. ANAT. (His/her) spine.
taxpha, n. ANAT. (His/her) temple(s).
DS. 272.
DS. 269.
tąni, v. To be first, be ahead.
tayo, n. ANAT. (His/her) cheek.
 kitąni.
DS. 270.
DS. 272.
tą
1. n. City, town, village, country. tąniki, var. of tąni, first.
DS. 271. DS. 272.
2. n. BOT. Melon. Tą Nithąąyą, np. New Orleans, Louisiana.
 ko. lit. The Big Town.
DS. 271. DS. 271.
tąhį, v. To run. tąsahi, n. BOT. Muskmelon, Cucumis melo.
DS. 272.
 I ąktąhį
you itąhį tąsa thohi, n. BOT. Cucumber, Cucumis
s/he/it tąhį sativus.
we ąktaxtu
lit. green muskmelon.
you pl. itaxtu
they taxtu DS. 272.
tąsi, n. BOT. Grass, weed.
Note difference in singular and plural
forms. G. tansí 7.
DS. 272.
 Tąhį yukêdi. They are running (DS. 295).
 Ąyaa atąhį amąki ayehǫni? Do you know tąsi mąksǫ, n. BOT. Short variety of broom
the running men? (DS. 291). grass, Andropogon macrourus Michaux.
 Tahôôxk (h)atąhį amąki ko k(a)dêêxi xê. DS. 281.
Those running horses are (all) spotted tąsičayê, n. Scythe.
(female speaking) (DS. 271).
[tąsi + ča + -yê]
lit. cause grass to be gone. lit. town-skin-white.

DS. 272. DS 272.
tąspasǫtanaki, n. BOT. Yellow berries of the te, v. To want, desire, wish.
tąspasǫti, nightshade.  Hadhi te niki. He does not want to beg (DS.
DS. 272. 272).
tąspasǫti, n. BOT. Nightshade, Solanum  Hayadhi te niki. You do not want to beg
nigrum. (DS. 272).
lit. sharp-pointed grass.  Ąkadhi te niki. I don’t want to beg (DS.

272).
 Species of grass bearing yellow berries.
 Thêhąke te. I want to kill him, her, it (DS.
DS. 272. 272).
tąsuxwi, n. Hay.  Aduti ta dąde. S/he’ll want to eat (DS. 272).
lit. dry grass.  Ani į te. S/he wants to drink water (DS.
n 272).
G. tá sʹuhuí 7.
DS. 272.  Akathi ǫǫ te. S/he wants to write (DS. 273).
tąthaani, n. BOT. Pumpkin, squash, Cucurbita  Kąkǫǫni dǫhi te dêêdi êtuxa. As he wished to
pepo. see the trap, he departed, they say (DS.
273).
O. ǫthǫ.
 oyixi.
DS. 272.
DS. 272.
tątka, n. BOT. Pea, Pisum sativum.
tečayudi, n. BOT. White bay.
DS. 272.
 MED. A tea was made from the bark and
tątka yįki, n. BOT. Bean, Fabaceae. leaves of this plant to promote perspiration
lit. small pea. (DS. 274).
DS. 272. DS. 274.
Tąyą, np. Modern name of Alexandria, teįkhayi, n. ZOOL. Ivory-billed woodpecker,

Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Campephilus principalis.
lit. The Town.  It has a white bill, stays in swamps, and
its note is teįk, teįk, teįk (DS. 274).
 Was formerly called Ni Sahayą ‘Strong
Water’ (DS. 173). DS. 274.
DS. 173, 271. tek, n. American Indian, indigenous person.
Tą Yįkiyą, np. Lecompte, Rapides Parish, or  < Msk. or MTL. te(y)ak. -ed.
Cheneyville, Avoyelles Parish,  This may refer only to a woman as it does
Louisiana. in Msk. -ed.
lit. The Little Town.  ąyaa sahi.
DS 271. Têksi, np. Texas.
Tąyosą, np. adj. English people and DS. 274.
language.
tênaxi, n. Friend.
 Ǫti kitênaxtu xa. They had been friends to

each other (DS. 15).
T. xe.
G. tĕnaxé 41.
DS. 274.
tha
1. adv. Alone, only, all.
 owusi, paną.
 Sąki tha. There were only girls (no boys)
(DS. 277). thaahuwaxi
 Ksąxa tha. All the brothers and sisters. G. táhuaxí 7.
(DS. 277). DS. 268.
G. txa 1. thaa įdoke, n. ZOOL. Buck, male deer.
DS. 277.
lit. male deer.
2. adj. Full, covered.
DS. 268.
 Hamą ani tha. The earth is full of water
(DS. 277). Thaa Tačǫǫ, np. ASTR. Deer Eyes, two stars
(no data).
 towê.
 May perhaps be related to the Nat.
DS. 277. Waskupu'ktuL, “Dog Eyes” or Inoko'lu'ktuL,
thaa, n. ZOOL. Deer, Cervidae. “Coon Eyes” (these terms from Haas 1934)iv
-ed.
 cf. Nat. caa; Cad. taa. -ed.
DS. 282.
DS. 268.
thaayo, n. Venison, deer meat.
thaačįdahayi, n. ZOOL. Snipe, Gallinago
gallinago. lit. deer meat.
[thaa + čį + da + -hayi] DS. 282.
lit. deer fat gatherer. thaxti, adv. Alone.

 MYTH. No Biloxi will kill or eat a snipe  tha.
because this bird is the sister of Tuhe, the DS. 277.
Thunder Being.
thąiǫ, n. ARCH. ZOOL. Panther, cougar, Puma
DS. 268. concolor.
thaahi, n. Deerskin.  thąta, tamočkadêêxi.
[thaa + ahi] DS. 277.
 sika, sikahi. thąta, n. ZOOL. Mountain lion, puma,
DS. 268. panther, cougar, Puma concolor.
thaahuwaxi, n. Moccasin, shoe.  thąiǫ, tamočkadêêxi.
lit. deer shoe. O. atxanta.

DS. 277.
thątahi, n. Panther skin. DS. 273.

DS. 277. 4. n. ANAT. (His/her) face.
Thątona, np. MYTH. Ancient of Panthers.  adǫhi, ithê.
[thątǫ + -na] DS. 200.
 Per Haas, the Koasati (Msk.) woman’s thêyê, v. To kill.
name tantoná seems to be borrowed from
the name of this Biloxi mythological being
lit. cause to die.
(Kimball 1991: 54)v.
 I thêhąkê
DS. 277. you thêhayê
s/he/it thêyê
the uso, n. (His/her) eyebrow(s). we thêhąkêtu
DS. 200. you pl. thêhayêtu
they thêyêtu
thê
 Thêya xo. He will kill it (if....) (DS. 273).
1. v. To die.
 Thêya dąde. He will kill it (as a certainty,
 I ąthê such as a hog in a pen at the proper time)
you ithê (DS. 273).
s/he/it thê  ča, čayê.
we ąthêtu
you pl. ithêtu DS. 273.
they thêtu thi
 Thêhąke te. I want to kill him, her, it (DS. 1. v. To dwell, live in, inhabit.
272).
 Kathêni (h)ąde. S/he is not dead yet (DS.  I ąkathi
273). you ayathi
s/he/it thi
 Witedi ko tha dąde. S/he will die tomorrow we ąkathitu
(DS. 273). you pl. ayathitu
 Thêtu xyą. They must die (DS. 273). they thitu
 Ayą sįhį nê ko thêdi xê. The standing tree is  athi, unoxe.

dead (DS. 273). DS. 274.
 Thêdi kiknani. S/he may die (DS. 273). 2. n. House.
O. the. O. athi.
T. te. T. athi, ti.
DS. 273. DS. 274.
2. n. Dead body, corpse. thiatukse, n. Roof (of house or building).
 Ąyaa thêdi. The corpse of a man (DS. 273).
lit. house cover.
 Sąki thêdi. The corpse of a girl (DS. 273).
DS. 274.
DS. 273.
thiawįki, n. Window.
3. adj. Dead, deceased.
 ayepi yįki.
G. tedi 6.
G. tiawingiá 46.
DS. 285. lit. low house.

thiaxêhê, n. Doorknob. DS. 274.
[thi + a- + xêhê] thohi
1. adj. Blue, green, purple, of the blue-
lit. sits on house.
green color spectrum.
DS. 274.
DS. 277.
thikohi, same as thitksąhį, ceiling.
2. adj. Unripe.
[thi + kohi]
O. ichohi, green, ithohi, blue.
lit. high (part of) house. T. oto.
G. ti kohia.  nącį thohi.
DS. 276.
DS. 277.
thipsohê, n. Wall of house or room.
thoki, n. BOT. Toadstool, fungus, mushroom,
lit. house corner. Agaricus bisporus, among others.
DS. 274. DS. 277.
thisąhą, n. Jail, prison. thoxka
lit. strong/hard house. 1. n. ZOOL. Fox.
 This is a Pan-SE calque: cf. MTL. čoka DS. 277.

kamasa, strong house; At. an lak, strong 2. adj. Gray.
house; Ch. abooha kallo, hard house; Cr.
cu·ko-yēk·cv, strong house. -ed. lit. kind of blue, bluish.
DS. 274. DS. 277.
thitahi, n. Plantation (sugar or cotton thya, var. of tha, alone, only, all.
plantation as was common in thyą, ARCH. var. of tha, alone, only, all.
Louisiana).
ti, n. Medicine.
lit. many houses.
 tixi, tyi.
DS. 274.
DS. 221.
thitksąhį, n. Ceiling.
tiamhį, n. ANAT. (His or her) eyelash(es).
DS. 276.
DS. 276.
thitumihayi, n. ZOOL. Great horned owl, Bubo
virginianus. tididihu, v. To have darting pains (as in
chest).
 phôdade, phôdi, xohayi.
DS. 281.
DS. 277.
tidupi, v. To alight.
thiwo, DIR./LOC. Abroad.
DS. 276.
lit. another house.
tiduwi, var. of tidupi, alight.
DS. 274.
DS. 276.
thixyapka, n. Lodge, tent, tipi.
tike
1. n. MEAS. Pound. 2. n. Heartbeat.

DS. 276. DS. 282.
2. adj. Heavy. tį, n. Note of sapsucker.
DS. 276. DS. 262.
tikeyê, v. To weigh. tįhį, adj. Stiff.
DS. 276. D. tinhin 90 G 24.
tikohê tįka, n. ZOOL. Sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius.
1. adj. Real (?). DS. 276.
 -sti, -xti. Tįkana, np. MYTH. Ancient of Sapsuckers.
2. Altogether, entirely, sure enough. DS. 276.
 Xyepixti tikohê, completely dry, bone dry tįska
(DS. 225).
1. n. ANAT. (His/her) nape, back of the
DS. 225. neck.
3. Used for comparative and DS. 276.
superlative. 2. n. ANAT. (His/her) windpipe.
 Phi tikohê, better (DS. 245).
tįskana, n. ZOOL. Jay.
DS. 245.
DS. 276.
tix, n. Beat, heartbeat (?).
tįtkačkayudi, n. BOT. Elm, Ulmus.
 tixtixyê.
DS. 276.
DS. 276.
tįwe, n. Whirring sound.
tixi, n. Medicine.
DS. 276.
lit. sacred medicine.
tkąčayudi, n. BOT. Ash tree, Fraxinus.
 ti, tyi.
DS. 276.
O. atisi.
tohana, adv. Yesterday.
DS. 282.
 Often occurs with suf. -k, which appears
tixi kafi, n. Tea. to be abbreviated form of direct object
marker -ką (tohanak or tohanaką) (DS. 277).
lit. medicine coffee.
 Tohana ądêêdi. I went yesterday (DS. 277).
DS. 282.
 Tohanak kidêêdi hêtu. They say that he
tixi naphihi, n. BOT. Tall variety of clover went home yesterday (DS. 277).
found in Louisiana.
 Tohanak wahu. It snowed yesterday (DS.
DS. 282. 277).
tixtixyê  Tohanaką ąyaa hauti ądǫhi. I saw a sick
1. v. To beat (heart). man yesterday (DS. 277).
 Redup. of tix, heartbeat. G. tóʹhnak 12.
DS. 277.
DS. 282.
tohana(k) ewayą, adv. Day before yesterday. DS. 279.

DS. 277. tohu sapka, n. BOT. Black rattan vine.
toheyê, v. To hide, conceal. DS. 258.
 kitohe. toke, adj. Calm (weather), no breeze
stirring.
DS. 277.
DS. 279.
toho
1. v. To lie down, recline. tokono, n. BOT. Peach, Prunus persica.
 < Ch. takkon. -ed.
 I axtoho
you itoho DS. 276.
s/he/it toho tokono udi, n. BOT. Peach tree.
we ąkcitu
you pl. icitu DS. 276.
they citu tokono xohi, n. BOT. Apple, Malus domestica.
Note stem change in plural forms. lit. ancient peach.
 atoho. DS. 276.
 cf. Tn. tōhō, throw down. -ed. topa, num. Four.
DS. 277.
O. and T. topa.
2. v. To fall (by force or coercion). DS. 279.
 taho, ide, utoho. topi
O. atonahi. 1. adj. New.
DS. 277. DS. 279.
tohǫk, n. Cry of the tahąkona, yellow-eyed 2. adj. Single, unmarried.
duck.  atopi.
 taǫ. DS. 279.
DS. 279. totosi, adj. Hard.
tohǫni  čičaki, sąhąni.
1. n. (His/her) real or potential son’s
wife, including the wives of his or her DS. 279.
son’s son, of his or her daughter’s son, Towê, np. adj. French people and language.
of any other male descendant, of his
real or potential brother’s or sister’s lit. trader.
son, grandson, etc. DS. 279.
DS. 279. towê hutpê, v. To shoot a hole through (as
2. n. BOT. Bamboo, Pleioblastus sp. with an arrow).
DS. 279.  I ątowê ąkutpê

tohudi, n. BOT. Rattan vine, Alabama you itowê yutpê
supplejack, Berchemia scandens. s/he/it towê hutpê
we ątowêtu ąkutpêtu
you pl. itowêtu yutpêtu 1. n. Any soft part of the body.

they towêtu hutpêtu
DS. 280.
DS. 279.
2. adj. Soft.
Towê Nąpiyą, np. New Year’s Day.
 waxka.
lit. Frenchman’s Sunday.
DS. 280.
DS. 279.
tsipa, NUM. One hundred.
towêyê
 < Ch. tałipa or MTL tałepa. -ed.
1. v. Trade, barter, exchange, swap.
DS. 280.
 kitowêyê.
tsipįčya, NUM. One thousand.
DS. 279.
[tsipi + įčya]
2. v. To fill.
DS. 279.
lit. old man hundred (DS. 280).
DS. 280.
3. adj. Full.
DS. 279.
tu, LOC. Here.
DS. 281.
tox, var. of thoxka, fox.
DS. 277.
tuče, v. To touch.
 apuxi.
toxki, var. of tahôôxka, horse.
DS. 282.
 tahôôxka.
tučku, v. To spit, expectorate.
toxmąki, v. To lie down, recline.
[toho + mąki]  I ąkatučku
you itučku
 Ąyaa toxmąki ayehǫni? Do you know the
s/he/it tučku
reclining man? (DS. 277).
we ąkatučkutu
DS. 277. you pl. itučkutu
they tučkutu
tǫ, n. Pus, watery liquid in a sore.
 cf. Tn. čuhu, spit; Cht. tûx, spit; At. kitūš,
DS. 279.
spittle. -ed.
tǫni, n. (His/her) father’s real or potential DS. 282.
elder sister.
tudaxpe, n. zool. Perch (fish), Perca
DS. 279.
flavescens.
tǫxka DS. 281.
1. n. Hump.
tudê, adj. Long, tall (as a person).
DS. 279.
 kohi, naskê.
2. adj. Humped, broken (back).
DS. 281.
 akidi tąįhį tǫxka.
tudi, n. Root, stump, base of an obj.
DS. 279.
 udi.
tpąhį
DS. 281. DS. 281.

tudu, n. Shiver. tukixe, v. To rest the face on the palm of
DS. 281. the hand.
tududuhe, v. To shiver.  I ąkutukixe

you itukixe
 I ątududuhe s/he/it tukixe
you itududuhe we ąkutukixetu
s/he/it tududuhe you pl. itukixetu
we ątududuhetu they tukixetu
you pl. itududuhetu
DS. 281.
they tududuhetu
 Redup. of tudu, shiver. tuksiki, n. (His/her) real or potential sister’s
son, applicable to father’s brother’s
DS. 281. daughter’s son, if the mother is older
tuduxka, adj. Short. than himself.
 načka. T. toska.
DS. 282. DS. 281.
tuhe tuksį, n. ANAT. (His or her) armpit.

1. v. To thunder. DS. 281.
2. n. Thunder. tunači, n. Shadow.
T. tuhi.  anači.
G. tuhä, tuhädi 5. DS. 233.
DS. 281.
Tunixka, np. adj. Tunica people and
Tuhe, np. MYTH. Thunder Being. language.
 MYTH. The Biloxis do not talk about the DS. 282.
Thunder Being in cloudy weather. Thunder
stories cannot be told except on a clear day Tunixka Tąyą, np. Marksville, Louisiana.
(DS. 281).
lit. The Tunica Town.
DS. 281.
DS. 282.
tuka, DIR. That way, that direction. tuphê
DS. 281. 1. n. Any natural orifice of the human
tukamą, LOC. Under, below, beneath. body.
DS. 280.
Perhaps [tuka + mą]
O. tcoka. 2. n. Hole.
T. tiyaok.  cf. At. tu, hole (?). -ed.
DS. 281.  hutuphê.
tukamąkǫǫni, v. To go underneath. O. tuphohi, bore a hole.
DS. 281. DS. 274.
tukąni, n. (His/her) mother’s brother. tupeta, inter. Whose?
DS. 282. T. tosįk.

tupi, n. Bucket, pail. DS. 282.
 tuwi. tuwa, adv. Yonder, over there.
DS. 282.  -yą.
tupi nithaani, n. Tub. D. tu’wa 90 G 59.
lit. large bucket. tuwi, var. of tupi, bucket.
DS. 282. DS. 282.
tupo, v. To burst. txaxti, adv. Alone.
DS. 282.  pa.
tusiyê, v. To pull sby. backward. DS. 277.
tusǫki, n. (His/her) real or potential elder tyi, same as tixi, medicine.
sister’s daughter, including the DS. 282.
daughter of father’s brother’s daughter
older than himself.
Uu
O. utacipi.
U! EXCLAM. Pshaw!
DS. 284.
 Sehiye!
učinê, v. To miss the target, mark (as in
DS. 283.
shooting).
u-, pref.  Appendix A.
ua, var. of ue, wahi, cook.  I ąkučinê
you yučinê
DS. 283. s/he/it učinê
učičpi we ąkučinêtu
you pl. yučinêtu
1. v. To kiss. they učinêtu
DS. 284.
DS. 284.
2. v. To suck. učuwi, v. To borrow.
 I ąkučičpi DS. 284.
you yučičpi udakhayi, n. zool. Firefly, lightning bug,
s/he/it učičpi
Lampyridae.
we ąkučičpitu
you pl. yučičpitu [udaki + -hayi]
they učičpitu
 phêtiudakhayi.
DS. 244. they udu kthêtu

udaki, n. Firelight. DS. 283.
 udati. uduxtą, v. To pull through (as thread
through needle).
DS. 283.
DS. 223.
udakstukǫǫni, n. Candle, lamp.
ue
[udaki + stuki + ǫǫni]
1. v. To boil, stew, cook.
lit. make light stand up.  I ąkue
DS. 283. you iue
s/he/it ue
udakstukǫǫ thiǫǫni, n. Lantern. we ąkuetu
lit. house makes light stand up. you pl. iuetu
they uetu
DS. 283.
 O iuedi? Did you boil the fish? (DS. 283).
udati, n. Light, daylight, light of sun or
moon.  O ąkuedi. I boiled the fish (DS. 283).
Var. of udaki?  O iua dąde? Will you boil the fish? (DS.
283).
 nąpi, udaki.
 haǫ, ua.
G. udatí 30.
DS. 283. DS. 283.
udi, n. Stalk, trunk, root (of plant), tree. 2. adj. Stewed, cooked.
 tudi.
DS. 283.
G. húdi, udí. ukade, v. To read.

DS. 283. lit. words gathered in a place.
udi miskudi, n. Pin or water oak, Quercus DS. 257.
palustris.
ukąkayi, n. BOT. Devil’s Shoestring,
lit. small wood tree. Viburnum alnifolium.
DS. 283.  Type of vine related to the species
udǫ nahǫǫni, v. To fly around and around. Viburnum opulus or Viburnum prunifolium.
Used to poison fish in shallow bodies of
 niye. water (D. 90 H 57).
DS. 231.  MED. Roots used as anti-spasmodics,
especially for menstrual cramps (D. 90 H
udu, n. Drum. 57).
DS. 283.
 tahôôkatyi.
udukthê, v. To beat on a drum. D. ukañkxáyi 90 H 57.
 I udu xkthê
uke, v. To resemble sby.
you udu yaktê
s/he/it udu kthê DS. 283.
we udu xkhtêtu
you pl. udu yaktêtu
ukikįke, MEAS. One half.
DS. 283. uni, n. BOT. Plant (generic).

uksani, adv. Soon. DS. 284.
 yatana. unoxê, v. To live with sby., reside with.
DS. 283.  I ąkunoxê
you yunoxê
uksi, n. Smoke. s/he/it unoxê
 kusi. we ąkunoxêtu
you pl. yunoxêtu
G. uksidí 30, uksídi 31. they unoxêtu
uksi nê, v. To smoke (as fire).  athi, thi.
lit. smoke stands. DS. 284.
 įni. upanahi, v. To knock down a hanging obj.
G. uksinedi 31. DS. 231.
umą, v. To bathe. upi, adj. Tired, fatigued, weary.
 į mąki.  I ąkupi
DS. 283. you ayupi
s/he/it upi
unakčikči, v. To dodge about, evade (as a we ąkupitu
punch). you pl. ayupitu
DS. 284. they upitu
DS. 284.
unashǫǫni, To fry (as meat).
[unasi + ǫǫni] usi
1. v. To step in.
 I unasąkǫǫni
you unasayǫǫni  si.
s/he/it unashǫǫni DS. 254.
we unasąkǫǫnitu
you pl. unasayǫǫnitu 2. v. To put on overshoes (wax-).
they unashǫǫnitu  I waxąkusi
DS. 284. you waxyusi
s/he/it waxusi
unasi, v. To parch (as corn). we waxąkusitu
 I ąkunasi you pl. waxyusitu
you yunasi they waxusitu
s/he/it unasi 3. n. Sting of an insect (as a bee).
we ąkunasitu
you pl. yunasitu DS. 284.
they unasitu 4. n. Stinger (of insect).
 paspahǫǫ. DS. 284.
DS. 284. usįhį, v. To plunge (hot iron) into water.
unaxtą, v. To go backward. DS. 284.
D. unaqtan’ 90 G 13. usįhįyê, v. To stick stg. into stg.
D. usinhinye 90 H 40.  Masa utsąxti kthêdi. To hammer hot iron,

like a blacksmith (DS. 284).
uste, var. of usi, put on overshoes.
DS. 284.
 I ąkuste
you yuste Uu! exclam. Oh!
s/he/it uste
 uux.
we ąkustetu
you pl. yustetu Uux! same as uu, oh!
they ustetu
uwusêyê, v. To make a crunching sound, as
DS. 284. by walking on ice or hard snow.
ustiki, v. Stand stg. up.  I uwushąkê
 I ąkustiki you uwusêyê
you yustiki s/he/it uwusêyê
s/he/it ustiki we uwushąkêtu
we ąkustikitu you pl. uwusêyêtu
you pl. yustikitu they uwusêyêtu
they ustikitu
Note: 2nd pers. conjugation the same as 3rd
DS. 284. pers. is unexplained by JOD and may be in
ustuki, var. of ustiki, stand stg. up. error. -ed.
DS. 284.
 stuki, ustiki.
DS. 284. uxêhê, v. To sit within an obj. or in a certain
place.
uti
 conjugation under xêhê.
1. n. BOT. Acorn, mast.
 xêhê.
 ayąya, yąyo.
DS. 283. uxi, adj. Dry.
2. n. ZOOL. Pigeon, Columbidae, perhaps  dodi uxi, uxwi, xyepi.

Ectopistes migratorius, passenger pigeon. O. osi.
DS. 284. DS. 283.
utoho, v. To lie in stg. uxkini
 I ąkutoho 1. v. To spread stg. out, as a mat or
you yutoho carpet to sit on.
s/he/it utoho DS. 220.
we ąkutohotu
you pl. yutohotu 2. n. Seat.
they utohotu  axêhê, xêhê.
DS. 277. DS. 220.
utohoyê, v. To track, follow a trail or tracks. uxtaki, v. To push.
 si (3.). DS. 224.
utsą, adj. Hot. uxtê, v. To camp, make fire.
DS. 244.
uxtiwi, adj. Upside down.  xtiwiyê.
 xtiwi. DS. 287.

DS. 287. uyê, v. To leak.
uxtiwiyê, v. To turn upside down.  če, čehi.
lit. cause to be upside down in place (?). DS. 284.
Ww
waaka, n. ZOOL. Cow, steer, cattle. waak čǫki, var. of waakčąkutsi, steer.
lit. cow-dog (?).
DS. 286.
waakhe, n. Cow hide, bull horn.
DS. 286.
waakhe nisko, n. Bull horn spoon.
waaka
DS. 286.
 < Sp. vaca, either directly or via Msk.
waaka, waka. -ed. waakįdoke, n. ZOOL. Bull.
DS. 286. [waaka + įdoke]
HSw. wa·kaˀ. DS. 286.
waakahi, n. Cowhide, leather. waakįde, n. Cow manure.
[waaka + ahi] [waaka + įde]
DS. 286. DS. 286.
waakčąkutsi, n. ZOOL. Castrated bull, steer, waaktasačįni, n. Butter.
bullock.
[waaka + tasi + ačįni]
[waaka + čą + kutsi]
lit. cow breast grease.
lit. bull with penis cut-off (?) / castrated
cattle (?) (DS. 286).  cf. O. nafiči, cow grease; MTL. wak (em)peš
neha, cow breast grease. -ed.
DS. 286.
DS. 286.
waakčąyaadi, n. Name of a dark-skinned
people who used to dwell on Red River, waaktasi, n. Milk.
Louisiana, above Lecompte. [waaka + tasi]
 This may be a phallic reference if its lit. cow breast juice.
constituent parts be waaka + čą + ąyaadi (DS.
286). DS. 286.
DS. 286. waaktasǫǫni, v. To milk a cow.

[waaka + tasi + ǫǫni] DS. 265.

lit. make cow juice. waaxčkuuyê udi, n. BOT. Sugar cane,
Saccharum L.
DS. 286.
DS. 265.
waaktaspataaskǫǫni, n. Cheese.
waaxčkuuyê wihi, n. Molasses, syrup.
lit. cow juice bread.
lit. sugar liquid.
 cf. Nat. waštanšu pehelu, milk-bread. -ed.
DS. 265.
DS. 286.
wade, adv. Toward, until.
waakyo, n. Beef.
 wayą.
[waaka + yo]
DS. 285.
lit. cow meat.
wadi, adv. Always.
DS. 286.
DS. 285.
waakyįki, n. ZOOL. Calf.
wahe
[waaka + yįki]
1. v. To enter, go into.
lit. little cow.
 we.
DS. 286.
DS. 285.
waasi, n. Salt.
2. var. of mahe, cry, scream.
 Becomes waax- in compounds. -ed.
 I ąkwahe
G. wassí 8. you iwahe
DS. 286. s/he/it wahe
H. wa·seˀ, wa·siˀ 80. we ąkwahetu
Sw. wa·sIˀ 80. you pl. iwahetu
they wahetu
waaxčkuuyê, n. Sugar.
 Čidike iwahedi? Why did you cry out? (DS.
[waasi + čkuuyê] 285).
lit. sweet salt.  mahe.
 cf. MTL. hape cãbole, sweet salt; At. neck-  cf. Tn. wáha. -ed.
ol, sweet salt; Nat. wai tsakalokúpin, sweet
salt. -ed. DS. 285.
O. skuwe. wahi, adj. Cooked.
T. čikǫyǫ.
 awahi, ua, ue.
DS. 265.
DS. 285.
H. wa·hckuýƐˀ 80.
Sw. waxkšku·yƐˀ 80. wahu
waaxčkuuyê amǫǫ, n. Sugar cane field. 1. v. To snow.
DS. 265. DS. 285.
waaxčkuuyê athi, n. Sugar refinery. 2. n. Snow, ice.

G. wahú 5, wáhudi 40.
lit. sugar house.
DS. 285.
wahu kadêêska, n. ZOOL. Snowbird, perhaps waxi, n. Moccasin, shoe.

a species of woodpecker.  thaahuwaxi.
DS. 286.
DS. 286.
wahu nê, same as wahu, snow. H. (a)waxeˀ 80.
Sw. waxeˀ 80.
lit. snow stands.
waxi pačiču, v. To take shoes off.
DS. 285.
DS. 286.
wahu xohi, n. Hail.
waxįpstekǫǫni, n. Awl.
lit. old snow.
G. waximpstĕgoní 42.
DS. 285. DS. 286.
wahu xoxohi, n. Hailstone. waxka, adj. Soft.
lit. very old snow.  tpąhį.
DS. 285. DS. 286.
wata, v. To watch, watch over, guard. waxni, same as waxdêê, hunt.
 I ąkuwata DS. 286.
you iwata
s/he/it wata wax ustê, v. To put shoes on.
we ąkuwatatu DS. 286.
you pl. iwatatu
they watatu wayą, DIR. Toward.
 Watatu. They watched it (DS. 286).  Ąxu nąkiwayą, toward the stone (DS. 234).
 Watayê. They made her watch it (DS. 286).  wade.
 akidisti wata. DS. 234.
DS. 286. we, same as wahe, enter, go into.
watkina, v. To run out. DS. 285.
 Haidi watkina. The blood runs out. wedêê, n. Entrance to, or anteroom of, an
waxa xyapka, n. Slipper. earth lodge.
DS. 285.
lit. flat shoe.
weyê, v. To have sexual intercourse.
DS. 286.
 I wehąkê
waxdêê, v. To hunt, go hunting. you wehayê
[waxni + dêê] s/he/it weyê
we wehąkêtu
 waxni. you pl. wehayêtu
DS. 286. they weyêtu
waxê, n. Sound of hard rain, as opposed to DS. 286.
the pattering of gentle rain. Wičina, np. adj. Wichita people and
DS. 286. language.
DS. 286.
wide, v. To twitch, as the eye.  Ąkwoxaki. I am ashamed (DS. 287).

DS. 286.  Woxakiyê. He made her ashamed (DS. 287).
widwide DS. 287.
1. v. To twitch repeatedly. woxakiyê, v. To shame sby.
 Redup. of wide, twitch. DS. 287.
DS. 286. wuda, v. To be whoozy, weak, hardly able to
2. v. To lighten (lightning). sit erect due to weakness or fatigue.
DS. 287.  I ąkuwuda
you iwuda
3. n. Lightning. s/he/it wuda
G. witwitédi (wutwutedi crossed out -ed.) we ąkuwudatu
DS. 287. you pl. iwudatu
they wudatu
wihi, n. Liquid, juice, fluid.
DS. 287.
DS. 286.
wuhe, n. Bark (of dog), howl.
wite, adv. Tomorrow.
 cf. Ch. woha, Tn. wóhu, Cht. wāx. -ed.
 Usually occurs with suffix -di and
followed by particle ko (witedi ko). -ed.  ohi.
 ko. DS. 287.

 cf. Tn. wita, day, morning. -ed. wuki, adj. Worthless.
DS. 286. DS. 287.
witena, adv. This morning. wuse, n. Crackling sound of breaking twig
or stick.
 ewite(di).
DS. 287.
DS. 286.
wusi, var. of owusi, all.
wixka, adj. Light (not heavy).
wustahudi, n. BOT. Live oak, Quercus virens.
DS. 286.
DS. 287.
wo, PART. m. INTER. Interrogative or question
marker used by males. wuxe, n. Roaring sound of falling water (as
waterfall).
 hanǫ.
 xuhe.
DS. 287.
DS. 287.
woxaki
1. v. To become ashamed. wuxwe, var. of wuxe, sound of falling water.
2. adj. Ashamed. DS. 287.
 Woxakitu. They became ashamed (DS.
287).
Xx
xa
1. v. To be able to, can. DS. 218.
 Tąhį xa (f.). He can run (but he will not at
4. adv. Still, yet, always, never, in
present) (DS. 218).
general, as a rule.
 Akathi ąkǫǫ xa (f.). I can write (if I wish)
(DS. 218).  Kadeni xa. It does not burn yet (DS. 218).
 Tąhį xa na (m.). He can run (but he will  Kanaxtetuni xa (f.). They never did kick
not at present) (DS. 218). (DS. 218).
 Aduti te xa. He is still hungry (DS. 218).
 Akathi ąkukade xa na (m.). I can read (DS.
218).  Aduti êtuke ko ąduxni xa na (m.). I have
 Ąktąhį xa na (m.). I can run (if I wish) (DS. never eaten that sort of food (DS. 218).
218).  Yoxa xa nêdi. He is still naked (DS. 294).
 Eyą ąde xa na (m.). I can go there (DS. 218).  Ekeǫǫni kasątuni xa. Therefore they are not
Note: JOD mistakenly analyzes xana as a white as a rule (DS. 31).
“masculine sign of ability” (DS. 218), DS. 13, 218, 294.
although it appears to be only the male
sentence declarative marker na added on 5. PART. Sign of past time.
and is not actually a word in itself. -ed.  Ǫti kitenaxtu xa. They had been friends to
DS. 218. each other (DS. 15).
2. v. To stand. xaheyê, v. To put a curvilinear obj. in or on

stg.
 Ąyaa nǫpa xaxa hamaki ąkyehǫni. I know
the two standing men (DS. 219).  ču, įpi, stuki, xǫhedi.
 Ąyaa xaxaxa hamaki ąkyehǫni. I know all DS. 220.

the standing men (DS. 219). xahi, adj. Rough (texture).
 Thi nǫpa xaxa mąki ko c(uu)ti xê (f.). The  daxka, xaxahi.
two standing houses are red (DS. 219).
DS. 219.
 Tahôôxk xaxaxa amąki ko są xê (f.). All the
standing horses are white (DS. 219). xanami
 Ąyaa xaxaxa mąktu. They are all standing 1. n. North wind.
(said of many) (DS. 219). 2. DIR. North.
 Ąsep xaxaxa amąki ko pana įkta. All the  < Ch. falammi or MTL. falame, north. -ed.
standing axes are mine (DS. 219).
DS. 225.
DS. 219.
xanaxka, var. of xinixka, otter.
 nê, sixnê.
DS. 219.
3. n. Box, trunk.
xanaxpê, n. ZOOL. Muskrat, Ondatra
 xapi. zibethicus.
DS. 219. xêhê, v. To sit, set.

xapi, var. of xa (3.), box, trunk.  I ąkixêhê
you ixêhê
DS. 218.
s/he/it xêhê
xapka we ąkixêhêtu or ątątu
1. n. Lid of kettle. you pl. ixêhêtu or itątu
they xêhêtu or tątu
2. adj. Broad (in body).
 Xêx nąk ta. Sit down (male > male) (DS. 24).
D. qap’ka 90 G 26.
 axêhê.
xaxahi, adj. Rough to the touch here and
there. O. ashe.
 Redup. of xahi. DS. 220.
 daxka, xahi. xêhêyê

1. v. To hang up (clothing, etc.).
DS. 219.
lit. cause to sit.
xaye, var. of xayehi, flower.
 Akue doxpê xêhêką. Pull off your hat and
DS. 221. hang it up (female speaking) (DS. 220).
xayehi, n. Flower, blossom.  Akue doxpê xêhêya. Pull off your hat and
O. kčé·hi, rose. hang it up (male speaking) (DS. 220).
DS. 221.  čake.
xą, INTER. Where? DS. 220.

 Tahôôxk kadêêčk adêdê (thatu?) dani yukêyą 2. v. To put inside, insert (as in pocket,
xą? Where are those three striped horses? coat, etc.).
(DS. 206).  I xêhêhąkê
 čak, čaką. you xêhêhayê
s/he/it xêhêyê
DS. 206, 219. we xêhêhąkêtu
xądayi, n. ZOOL. Osprey, fish hawk, Pandion you pl. xêhêhayêtu
haliaetus. they xêhêyêtu
 čǫkčo. Conjugation for both (1) and (2).

DS. 219.  ču, įpi, stuki, xaheyê, xǫhe.
xê DS. 220.
1. PART. f. sentence final declarative
xeni, conj. But, though.
marker or “oral period” similar to ni.
 Ąkthiyą ąkǫǫni phixti xyeni yąxkihataxni. I
 na, ni.
made a very good house for myself but it
DS. 219. was burnt (DS. 225).
2. Contracted var. of xêhê, sit, set.  neheyąx, xyeni.
xêdi, var. of pxêdi, frost. DS. 220, 225.

DS. 220. xêpi, v. To descend, go down, lower.
DS. 221.  dakaxoxoki, ha, kse, o, xoxoki.

xi, adj. Mysterious, magical, sacred, holy, DS. 222.
supernatural. 2. n. King, queen, monarch, chief, ruler.
 xixti, amąxi, ąyaaxi, mąąxi, tixi.
 for example, xo yįki.
DS. 221.
 ąxo, ąyaa xi, xohayi, xo yįki, yąąxi.
xidi, n. King, queen, chief, ruler, lord, DS. 221.
governor, doctor, lawyer.
3. IRR. Irrealis, or future contingency,
 ąyaaxi, ixi, xo, yaaxi. implying an action or result if stg. else
DS. 221. does not happen first.
xididihe, n. Quicksand.  Thêya xo. He will kill it (as a trespassing
horse if not removed soon) (DS. 221).
DS. 221.
 Ewa ąda xo. I will go farther (if…) (DS. 221).
xihayudi, n. Thorn.
Note ablaut of -e to -a before this particle.
DS. 221.
 dąde, hi.
xihê, v. To growl.
DS. 221.
DS. 226.
4. PART. INTER. Interrogative or question
xinixka, n. ZOOL. Otter, possibly Lontra marker.
canadensis.
 Kawak hǫyê xo? What is (s)he saying? (DS.
 činaxka, xanaxka. 222).
T. munaxka.  Unclear if this is gender-specific like wo.
DS. 219. -ed.
Xinixkana, np. MYTH. Ancient of Otters.  wo.
[xinixka + -na] DS. 222.
DS. 219. 5. EXCLAM. Oh!

xinixkahi, n. Otter skin. xohatheǫǫni, n. Icicle.
[xinixka + ahi] [xohi + athe + ǫǫni]
DS. 219. lit. rain made frozen.
xiwahê, v. To make leaves rustle (by coming G. xohatxe-oní 40.
in contact with them). DS. 222.
DS. 226. xohayi, n. ZOOL. Screech owl, perhaps

Megascops asio.
xixika, v. To ruffle feathers, as birds do.
perhaps [xo + -hayi]
DS. 221.
 phôdade, phôdi, thitumihayi, xowahayi.
xiya, adj. Cunning.
DS. 221.
DS. 221.
Xohąxtiyą, np. “Old Woman’s House.”
xo
1. v. To break.
 Mrs. Martin’s place at Lamourie, Rapides s/he/it xohǫǫyê

Parish, Louisiana; also Hirschmann’s store we xohǫǫhąkêtu
at the same place. So called after old Mrs. you pl. xohǫǫhayêtu
Martin, an owner of the plantation, who they xohǫǫyêtu
died in January, 1892 (DS. 222).
DS. 222.
DS. 222.
xohpiska, n. Drizzle, drizzling rain,
xohi sprinkling.
1. v. To rain.
 xohi.
DS. 222.
G. xotpiská 40.
2. n. Rain. DS. 222.
O. ashohi. xotka
T. hohi, snow. 1. n. Hollow tree.
DS. 221.  ayą, hame.
3. adj. Old, ancient. DS. 222.
 įčičyą. 2. adj. Hollow, empty.
O. kfahi, shohi.  ahi.
G. xohé, xóhi 5. DS. 222.
DS. 222.
xowahayi, var. of xohayi, screech owl.
xohi nê, same as xohi (1.), rain.
G. xowaháyi 38.
lit. rain stands.
xoxo
DS. 222. 1. v. To swing.
xohǫǫ, n. var. of xohǫǫni, saddle.  I ąkaxoxo
DS. 222. you ixoxo
s/he/it xoxo
xohǫǫna, n. Saddlemaker. we ąkaxoxotu
DS. 222. you pl. ixoxotu
they xoxotu
xohǫǫ ǫǫni, v. To make a saddle.
DS. 173, 220, 222.
 I xohǫǫ ąkǫǫni
you xohǫǫ ayǫǫni 2. v. To cough.
s/he/it xohǫǫ ǫǫni  I ąkxoxo
we xohǫǫ ąkǫǫnitu you ixoxo
you pl. xohǫǫ ayǫǫnitu s/he/it xoxo
they xohǫǫ ǫǫnitu we ąkxoxotu
DS. 222. you pl. ixoxotu
they xoxotu
xohǫǫni, n. Saddle.
Note only difference between conjugations
DS. 222. (1) and (2) is in the ‘I’ forms.
xohǫǫyê, v. To saddle (a horse). DS. 222.
 I xohǫǫhąkê 3. n. Swing, hammock.
you xohǫǫhayê
G. xóxodi 42.
DS. 220.
4. same as xo (5.), Oh!
xoxohi, n. Both parents.
lit. the old ones.
 xohi (3.).
DS. 222. xǫniyohi
DS. 223.
xoxoki, adj. Broken here and there.
xǫniyohi dudayi xohi, n. ZOOL. Pelican,
 dakaxoxoki.
probably Pelecanus occidentalis, brown
DS. 222. pelican.
Xoxoxoxo! exclam. Oh oh! lit. ancient crawfish eater.
xo yįki, n. BOT. Type of weed in Louisiana,
“little king” or “switch king” (DS. 221).
 xo.
DS. 221.
xǫ, v. To have enough, to be plenty, to be
satiated, full, satisfied.
 I ąkexǫ
you iyixǫ
xǫniyohi dudayi xohi
s/he/it ixǫ
we ąkexǫtu (drawing by ed.)
you pl. iyixǫtu DS. 223.
they ixǫtu
xtiwi, same as uxtuwi, upside down.
Note odd 3rd pers. conjugation with i- DS. 224.
prefix.
xtiwiyê, same as uxtuwiyê, to turn upside
DS. 222.
down.
xǫdayi, n. ZOOL. Wingless grasshopper when DS. 224.
young, probably the lubber
grasshopper, Brachystola magna. xudike, adj. adv. Loose, loosely.
DS. 222.  nanaye.
xǫhe, v. To put (as knife) inside a coat. DS. 225.

 ču, įpi, stuki, xaheyê. xuhe, n. Roar of water, waterfall.
DS. 222.  wuxe.
xǫniyohi, n. ZOOL. Crawfish, crayfish, DS. 224.

crawdad, Cambaridae. xuhi, adj. Low.
 xyapka.
DS. 225.
xuke, v. To mock the crying or weeping of  kudoči.

another. DS. 225.
 I ąkuke
xya, PART. Let.
you ikuhe
s/he/it xuke  Tudiyą ką ąduti xya. Let me eat the roots
we ąkuketu (DS. 225).
you pl. ikuhetu DS. 225.
they xuketu
xyapka, adj. Flat, low, near the ground.
DS. 225.
 ptaasi, tapka.
xutuki, n. Basket sieve (larger holes).
T. sap.
 ačtą.
DS. 225.
D. qûtûkí 90 H 5.
xyaxyê, v. To stop.
xuuhi, adj. Bad-smelling, stinking.
 exyaxyê.
 xyuhu, yąxi.
DS. 218.
O. ishuhi.
DS. 197. xyą, PART. Must, must be.
 Yaduxtą kikodi xyą. The wagon must be
xuxe
repaired (DS. 208).
1. n. Wind.
 Tahôôxkwaxi ǫǫdi xyą. The horseshoes
G. xuxä 6. must be made (DS. 225).
DS. 225.
 Ądêêdi xyą. I must go (DS. 225).
2. v. For the wind to blow.
 Thêtu xyą. They must die (DS. 273).
O. ashuse.
DS. 208, 225, 273.
DS. 225.
xyeni, same as xeni, but, though.
xuxe počka, n. Whirlwind, tornado.
DS. 225.
lit. round wind.
xyepi, adj. Shallow, dry (emptied of water).
DS. 225.
 usi.
xuxethąąni nąčį, n. Storm cloud.
DS. 276.
lit. large wind cloud.
xyexyo, inter. Why?
 nącį.
DS. 234.
DS. 225.
xyuhi, n. Current (of water).
xuxwe, var. of xuxe, wind.
DS. 226.
DS. 225.
xyuhu, n. Bad smell or odor (as from a
Xwi! exclam., Ouch! closed cellar or room).
DS. 225.  xuuhi, yąxi.
xwitka, adj. Muddy.
DS. 226.
Yy
DS. 288.
yaahi, var. of ayaahi, bed.
yaduxtą, n. Wagon.
DS. 287.
DS. 223.
yaaxaxǫǫni, n. Chair.
yaduxtą tąhį, n. Rail car.
 axêhê.
lit. running wagon.
O. yǫshe.
DS. 223.
DS. 287.
H. ya·xahɔ·ne 78. yaduxtą tąhį natkohi, n. Railroad.
Sw. yaxahɔńeˀ 78. lit. running-wagon road.
yaaxi, var. of ąyaaxi, king, queen, chief, lord, G. yatuxstáta natkohí 32.
medicine person.
DS. 223.
G. yáxiya, yáxidi 40.
yahe, dem. This.
Yaaxiditąąyą, np. King, queen, Big Chief.
 Ąkakiyasi xa na yahe ko. This is what I
[(ą)yaa + xi + -di + -tąą + -yą] always (or usually) like (DS. 287).
lit. The Great Sacred One.  Skuti yahedi. It is this deep (DS. 287).
 ąyaaxi, ixi, yaaxi.  dê.
G. yáxidi táya 40. DS. 287.

yače yahede, adv. Now.
1. v. To be named, called. DS. 287.
 I ąyače yahetu, adv. This way, in this manner.
you (h)iyače
s/he/it yače  yaheya.
we ąyačetu DS. 287.
you pl. (h)iyačetu
they yačetu yaheya, same as yahetu.
DS. 288. DS. 287.
2. n. Name. yakhu
 cf. Cwb. yáači. -ed.
1. n. ANAT. (His/her) lung.
DS. 287.
DS. 288.
yačǫǫni, v. To name sby. or stg. 2. n. Light.
DS. 287.
[yače + ǫǫni]
yakidamąkayi, n. ZOOL. Mutch-hotch.
lit. make a name.
 A small woodpecker-like bird with a yanása; Tn. yániši (bovine), yániškáši; Nat.
white back and a striped black and white yanasah; Chk. yahnsą; Cwb. yanahá·s, yaná·s
body, which runs around the trunk of a tree (originating language unknown). -ed.
with its head down (DS. 287).
 ąsa, yinisa.
 MYTH. A mutch-hotch pecking on a house
is a sign of coming death (DS. 287). DS. 293.
DS. 287. yani, n. BOT. Tobacco.
yaku, v. To feed sby. DS. 288.
 I ąkaku yani įni, v. To smoke tobacco.

you iyaku lit. drink tobacco.
s/he/it yaku
we ąkakutu yaniksoni, same as ksoni, pipe (for
you pl. iyakutu smoking).
they yakutu G. yani ksoní 34.
DS. 288. DS. 288.
yama, INTERJ. m. No. yaniksonudi, n. (Tobacco) pipestem.
 cf. MTL. yam(m)a, yes. -ed. G. yani kson udi 34.
DS. 288.
 ą, ąhą, yamą.
yaǫkode thi, n. Church.
DS. 288.
lit. sing-together house.
yamaki, n. ZOOL. Mosquito.
 adečko thi.
O. camaki.
DS. 288.
G. yamakí 8.
DS. 288. yaǫni, v. To sing.
yamą, INTERJ. f. No.  I ąkiǫni or ąkiyaǫni
you iyaǫni
 cf. MTL. yam(m)a, yes. -ed.
s/he/it yaǫni
 ą, ąhą, yama. we ąkiǫnitu or akiyaǫnitu
you pl. iyaǫnitu
DS. 288.
they yaǫnitu
yanasa, n. ZOOL. Bison, buffalo, Bison bison. DS. 288.
yaǫ, var. of yaǫni, sing.
DS. 288.
yapi, n. ANAT. (His/her) lip(s).
O. icapi.
DS. 199.
yasahi xidi, n. Indigenous doctor, medicine
yanasa, yinisa
person.
(drawing by ed.)
 Sometimes as chief (G. 40). Gatschet
 A pan-SE borrowed term: cf. Ch. or MTL seems here to confirm that Biloxi (as with
yanaš; Ala. and Koa. yanasa; Hit. yanasi; Crk. other Mississippian culture) rulers could be
priest-kings or shaman-kings, combining  Įhį yąka, ayǫǫ (h)edą nê. I had already done
political and religious leadership. The two it when he came (DS. 290).
were often intimately associated, as was
 ką.
the case in Mesoamerica (Mexico). -ed.
DS. 290.
 ąyaaxi, yaaxi.
yąką, adv. While, during.
G. yassáhixídi 40.
DS. 290.
yaskiya, LOC. Under.
yąkeǫǫni, n. Saw.
 kuya, tukamą.
DS. 207.
DS. 288.
yąki
yatana, adv. Soon. 1. n. (His/her) daughter.
 Yatana xti. Very soon, in great haste (DS.
DS. 290.
289).
2. n. Female animal.
 uksani.
 ąsa yąki, mąxi yąki, įdoke, tahôôxk yąki.
DS. 289.
DS. 290.
yate, adv. Everywhere, all about.
DS. 289.
yąni, v. To sleep.
 I ąkyąni
yatito, n. Vest.
you iyąni
DS. 287. s/he/it yąni
we ąkyąnitu
yatka, n. ANAT. (His/her) jaw. you pl. iyąnitu
O. catka. they yąnitu
DS. 287. DS. 290.
yatka pasǫti, n. ANAT. (His/her) chin. yąni te, v. To be sleepy, want to sleep.
lit. sharp jaw. lit. want sleep.
DS. 289. DS. 290.
yatkįsudi, n. ANAT. Molars. yąsi, var. of yąxi, smell, stink.
lit. jaw teeth. DS. 290.
DS. 289. yąska, n. ANAT. (His/her) kidney(s).
yaxdoke, v. To snore. DS. 290.
DS. 289. yąti
1. n. ANAT. (His/her) heart.
yaxudi, n. BOT. Sweet gum tree, Liquidambar
styraciflua. O. icąti.
T. yąti.
-yą, suf.  Appendix A.
DS. 288.
yąka, inter. When?
2. n. Sense, reason.
 Eyą ąkihį yąka, thê ǫǫ mąki. He was already
dead when I arrived there (DS. 290). DS. 288.
yątǫǫye, v. To be sad. yêêki, var. of ayêêki, maize, corn.

DS. 288.  Becomes yêêk- or yêê- in compounds. -ed.
yąxa, adv. Almost. DS. 291.
 Tahi yąxa. He has almost reached death yehi, adv. Near, close to, on the edge of.
(DS. 273).
 Ądusix xkhudi dį aniyehi xkidi. When I was
 Nąpi yąxa, almost day (DS. 290). bringing her back I came again to the edge
of the water (DS. 155).
DS. 273, 290.
DS. 291.
yąxči, n. ANAT. (His/her) diaphragm, midriff.
yehǫǫni, v. To know sby., recognize.
DS. 290.
 I ąkyehǫǫni
yąxi you iyehǫǫni
1. v. To stink, smell strongly. s/he/it yehǫǫni
 xuuhi. we ąkyehǫǫnitu
you pl. iyehǫǫnitu
DS. 290. they yehǫǫnitu
2. n. Strong odor, as from fish or animal.  eha, spe.
DS. 290. DS. 291.
yąxą, inter. Where? yeke, PART. Must, must have.
 Spadêêhi yąxą ko čakąmąki? Where is that DS. 292.
knife? (DS. 290).
yêskasą, n. Tin.
 Tahôôxka yąxą ko čakąnedi? Where is that
horse? (DS. 290). DS. 292.
DS. 290. yihi
1. v. To await, wait, wait for.
yąyo, n. BOT. Acorn.
 Anąką yihi. Wait for winter to come (DS.
 ayąya, uti.
292).
yêči, n. ANAT. (His/her) tongue.  hedikąča.
O. ileci. DS. 292.
T. leci, neci.
2. v. To think.
DS. 292.
DS. 292.
yêčpi
1. v. To tell a story, myth, tale. 3. QUANT. Many, several.
DS. 292.  Often used as plural sign (instead of -tu).
-ed.
2. n. Story, myth, tale.
 Ąyaadi yihi ąxtiyą yihi he. Men and women
 yêčpi načka. (DS. 196).
DS. 292.  Thi są yihi. White houses (DS. 293).
yečumna, n. One who lies, habitual liar.  Čǫki yihi. Many dogs (DS. 293).
DS. 292.  tahi.
DS. 196, 293. 1. n. ANAT. (His/her) body.

yinisa, same as ąsa, yanasa, bison, buffalo. DS. 294.
DS. 293. 2. n. Flesh, meat.
yinisahe, n. Bison skin or horn.  įksiyo, yoya.
DS. 293. O. įco.
T. yu.
yinisahe nisko, n. Bison horn spoon.
DS. 294.
3. n. BOT. Fruit of any plant.
 anaki.
yinisahe nisko DS. 294.
(drawing by ed.) yohi, n. Lake, pond.
DS. 293. DS. 295.
yįtuk, DIR. Across. yohoyǫǫni, v. To dream.
 įtukpe.  I ąkyohoyǫǫni
you iyohoyǫǫni
G. yíntuk 17. s/he/it yohoyǫǫni
DS. 293. we ąkyohoyǫǫnitu
yisiki, n. ANAT. (Her) vagina, vulva, cunnus. you pl. iyohoyǫǫnitu
they yohoyǫǫnitu
G. híssikia, yĕssikí 19.
DS. 293. G. yahoyoní 41.
DS. 295.
yixi
1. n. Bayou, creek. yohǫǫyê, n. Fiddle.
DS. 293. DS. 198.
2. n. ANAT. (His/her) stomach, belly, yokčona, n. ZOOL. Gar fish.

abdomen. DS. 295.
DS. 293. yokhi, n. Nest.
yįkati, v. Marry, get married. G. yoʹkhi 10.
DS. 293. DS. 295.
yįki yoki, adj. Different.
1. n. Young of any animal. DS. 295.
O. čįki. yonixta, n. Pulse.

T. yįki. lit. body breath.
DS. 294. DS. 237.
2. adj. Small, little. yooka, var. of ayooka, swamp, bog.
DS. 294. DS. 295.
yo yosahayi, same as yosahe, locust.
DS. 294. DS. 295.

yosahe, n. ZOOL. Locust. yukê
1. v. To move around, float, swim, as
lit. body-rattler.
fish.
DS. 294.
 Odi yihixti pixyi yukê. Many fish are
yoteka, n. ZOOL. Dove. swimming around (DS. 295).
DS. 295. DS. 295.
yoxa, adj. Naked, nude, stripped to the 2. POS. VERB CL. indicating moving people
waist, shirtless. or objects (plural form of ąde).
 Yoxa xa nêdi. He is still naked (DS. 294).  Kčixka ko činani yukêdi? How many hogs
G. yoxá 24. are there? (DS. 295).
DS. 294.  Yamaki yukêdi? Are there mosquitoes

(here)? (DS. 295).
yoxaxti, adj. Nude, naked.
 Sąki yukê akathi ukade yįspêxtitu. All those
DS. 294. girls read very well (DS. 295).
yǫki, n. (His/her) daughter, husband’s  Tohanak dê yukêdi. They were here
brother’s daughter, brother’s daughter, yesterday (DS. 295).
father’s brother’s son’s daughter,  Eǫnidi čǫki čêtkak nǫxê yukêdi ǫtik (h)ane otu
sister’s daughter. xa. For that reason, whenever dogs chase
DS. 296. rabbits they have found a bear and (men)
have shot him (DS. 295).
yǫwe, v. To make a humming sound.
 ąde.
DS. 295.
DS. 295.
yudahǫǫni, v. To gape.
yuko
 I ąkyudahǫǫni 1. v. To be clean.
you iyudahǫǫni DS. 296.
s/he/it yudahǫǫni
we ąkyudahǫǫnitu 2. adj. Clean, bare.
you pl. iyudahǫǫnitu DS. 296.
they yudahǫǫnitu
3. adj. (uphaa) Bald (head).
DS. 295.
DS. 296.
yuhi
1. v. To shake. yukoyê, v. To clean, make clean.
DS. 295. DS. 296.
2. var. of yihi (2.), think. yukpê, n. ANAT. (His/her) leg(s).

DS. 292. DS. 296.
yukawe, v. To be wounded, injured, hurt. yukpê įti, n. ANAT. Calf, lower part of leg.
DS. 295. DS. 296.
yukaweyê, v. To wound or injure another. yukpê putsi, n. ANAT. (His/her) tibia.

G. yuskĕtké, ayuskatkí 16. yuskatiki, same as ayuskatiki, dark-colored,

DS. 296. yellowish-brown.
yusatha DS. 296.
1. v. To be dusty.
DS. 296.
2. adj. Dusty.
DS. 296.
yusi, var. of ayusi, ash(es), dust.
DS. 296.
Section Three
English-Biloxi Index
A
abandon, to, v. įki. ancient, adj. axohi, čupą, įčičya, įčya,
able to, to be, v. xa, xana. xohi.
above, adj. kohi, kowohik, tawiyą. and, conj. dį, he.
abroad, dir./loc. thiwo. angry, to be, v. hakhi, įsti.
accompany, to, v. iya. ankle, n. sponi.
accurate, adj. nistuti. another, adj. awo, kiyowo.
ache, to, v. nê. ant, black, n. kačidiktê sapi.
acorn, n. ayąya, uti. ant, n. kačidiktê.
across, adv. loc. akida, yįtuk. ant, red, n. kačidiktê čuuti.
Adam’s apple, n. doxtątka. anus, n. įtiti.
adhere, to (to stg.), v. atspąhi. applaud, to, v. daptaweyê, duseyê.
adjacent to, adj. įkčąhi. apple, n. tokono xohi.
afraid, to be, v. įsihixti, įske. arise, to, v. kine.
African-American, n. ąyaa sapi, ąyaa arm, n. asąhį.
thohi. armpit, n. tuksį.
after, adv. naha, ǫde, ǫka. arrest, to, v. dusi.
afterward, adv. ekêdxį, naha. arrive, to, v. hi.
again, adv. čamana, čana, kiya. arrow, n. ąksi.
ahead, to be, v. kitąni, tąni, tąniki. arrowhead point, n. psǫtpa.
Alabama, np. adj. Mamo. arrowhead, n. hoitê.
Alexandria, Louisiana, np. Tąyą. artery, n. ayithi, iką.
alight, to, v. tidupi, tiduwi. as, êtikê.
all (of a series), ohiya. ash(es), n. (h)ayusi, yusi.
all together, adv. panąxti. ash tree, n. tkąčayu.
all, ohi, owusi, paną, tha, wusi. ash tree, prickly, n. anisni hu.
Alligator Bayou, Louisiana, np. aside, adv. akiduwaxi.
Naxodapayixyą. aside, loc. mąta, mąte.
Alligator Clan (of the Biloxi tribe), np. ask, to, v. hayį naxê.
Naxotoda Ąyaadi. assertive PART. -di (verbs).
alligator gar, n. naxodohe. Atakapa, np. adj., Takapa.
alligator turtle, n. čiček nithaani. Atchafalaya River, np. Čafalaya.
alligator, n. ąxo, naxo. attend to, to, v. akita.
alligator, box, n. naxodxapi. aunt, n. tǫni.
almost, adv. nąteke, yąxa. Aurora Borealis, np. Įtka Sįdǫyą.
alone, to be, v. įtha. autumn, n. snisnihi.
alone, adv. tha, thaxti. Avoyelles Prairie, Louisiana, np. Takohǫ
along, adv. akuwe. Yįkiyą.
also, he. await, to, v. yihi.
although, kikê. awhile, adv. sahiyê.
always, adv. įkxwi. awl, n. waxįpstekǫǫni.
American, np. adj. Kitsąyaa. axe head, n. ąsepsudi.
axe, n. ąsepi, ąsewi. bear skin, n. ǫtahi.

bear, n. ǫti.
B beard, n. phąhį.
beat, to (heart), v. tixtixyê.
bachelor, n. atopi, topi. beat, to (on drum), v. udukthê.
back, n. daswa, tąįhį. beaver, n. tama.
back here, dir. ądoku, pena. because, conj. êtukê, nixki, ǫǫnidi.
backbone, n. tąįhudi. bed, n. atoho, atokatoho, ayaahi, yaahi.
backward, to go, v. unaxtą. bedbug, n. akidi x(y)apka.
backward, to pull sby., v. tusiyê. bedspread, n. atoho axkion, kčihį.
bacon, n. kčičkayo. bee martin, n. ąčkanǫxe.
bad, adj. kapini, ksihu. bee, n. kąxi.
bad-smelling, adj. xuuhi. beech tree, n. haowudi.
bag, n. pahe, pahį. beef, n. waakyo.
bald eagle, n. phaa są. beer, n. aniphaxka.
bald, adj. yuko. beg, to, v. hadhi.
bald, to be, v. yuko. belch, to, v. psuki.
ball, n. nitapi, nitawi. bellow, to (as a bull), v. hohe.
balloon vine, n. pophoxtyi. bellow, to, v. mahe, wahe.
banana, n. haatą thaani. belly button, n. čįpǫ.
bank note, n. axisah akathi. belt, n. axkidǫǫni.
be bare, to, v. yuko. bend, to (inanimate obj.), v. kuneki,
bare, to make (by biting), v. dayuko. kuniki.
barefoot, adj. sihu. bend down, to, v. kidukta, kiduktayê.
be bareheaded, to, v. psu. bend, n. kuneki, kuniki.
bark (tree), n. ahe, ayąahi, he. bends (series of), n. kuneknuki.
bark, to, v. ohi, wuhe, wuhedi. bent, adj. kuči.
barter, to, v. kitoweyê, towê. be bent, to cause to, v. kunekiyê.
base (of an object), n. tudi. berry, n. anaki, asi.
basket, n. ątaaska. bessie bug, n. akidi sipsiwe.
bat (ballgame), n. nitapi įkitheǫǫni. between, adv. nata.
bat (zool.), n. kinapsa, kinǫusa. Beware! imper. Emą!
bathe, to, v. umą. big, adj. nithaani, -thaana, -thaani,
bathe (in blood), to, v. į mąki. -thąą.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, np. Amoyixyą. bigger, to make, v. nithąąyê.
battle, n. kikthê. Biloxi, np. adj. Tanêks, Tanêksąyaa.
battle, to, v. kikthê ǫǫni. bird (game), n. mą.
bayonet, n. maaspsǫti. bird, n. kadêêska. See also type of bird.
Bald eagle.
Bayou Choctaw, Louisiana, np. Caxta Blackbird.
Yixyą. Black-headed buzzard.
Bayou Larteau, Louisiana, np. Ayoxkeci. Blue darter.
bayou, n. yixi. Bluebird.
bead, n. adohi. Canada goose.
Cardinal grosbeak.
bean, n. tątka yįki. Cardinal.
Bear Clan (of the Biloxi tribe), np. Chicken hawk.
Ǫtiąyaadi. Chicken.
Crane. bitter, adj. paxka, pha.

Crow. bivalve shellfish (oysters, mussels), n.
Diving duck.
Dove.
ąsaki.
Duck. black bear, n. ǫtsapi.
Eagle. black gum tree, n. ątudayudi.
Fish hawk. black man, n. ąyaa sapi, ąyaa thohi.
Goldfinch. Black River, Čahamą Sapi.
Goose.
Great blue heron.
black, adj. sapi.
Hen hawk. blackbird, n. kadêêsk sapi.
Horned owl. blackish, adj. sapka.
Hummingbird. blacksmith, n. amasikithêhayi.
Ivory bird. blacksmith shop, n. amasikithê thi.
Ivory-billed woodpecker.
Jay.
blade (of knife), n. psadeputsa,
Kingbird. sadeputsa.
Kingfisher. blanket, n. čipuxi.
Mallard duck. blaze, to, v. adê.
Marsh hawk. blaze, n. adê.
Meadowlark.
Mockingbird.
bleed, to, v. ayi, hayi.
Muscovy duck. blood, n. ayi, hayi.
Mutch-hotch. blood, to bathe in, v. į mąki.
Nighthawk. blossom, n. axiye, xayehi, ayą xayehi.
Owl. blow, to (a horn), v. puhekiką, puheyê.
Parrot.
Partridge.
blow, to (at a fire), v. phuhį.
Pelican. blow out, to, v. suyê.
Peregrine falcon. blow, to, v. puhe, pixuhi.
Pigeon. blowgun, to use a, v. apuxhǫǫni.
Red-headed buzzard. blown out (extinguished), adj. su.
Red-headed woodpecker.
Red-winged blackbird.
blue, adj. thohi.
Robin. bluebird, n. kadêêsk thohi.
Sapsucker. boat, n. nahadi.
Screach owl. body piercing, n. okpe.
Snipe. body, n. yo.
Snowbird.
Sparrow hawk.
bog, n. ayooka, yooka.
Summer duck. boil, to, v. ue.
Swallow. boiling, adj. axihi.
Turkey. bolt, to (a door), v. kuduk čukǫyê.
Whippoorwill. bone, n. aho, ahu.
White crane.
Wild goose.
bonnet, n. kitsą (h)ąxti akue.
Wild turkey. book, n. akathi, akathi akipta, akathi
Wood duck. akiptsatsa, akiptsatsa.
Wren. borer, n. ayǫpǫǫni.
Yellow hammer. borrow, to, v. učuwi.
Yellow warbler.
both, enǫpa.
bison, n. ąsa, yanasa, yinisa.
bother, to, v. napi.
bite a hole through, to, v. datuphe.
bottle (glass, transparent), n. konička
bite a stick in two, to, v. daksuki.
khwudati.
bite, to, v. dase.
bottle, n. konička, konixka. brush (woods), n. ayą miska.

bow and arrows, n. ąksapixti. buck, n. tha įdoke.
bowel movement, to have a, v. įde. bucket, n. tupi.
bowl (wooden), n. ayąmaasada. buckskin, n. sikahi.
bowl, n. maasada. bud (tree, flower), n. ayą xayehi.
box, n. xa, xapi. buffalo bug, n. akidi tąįhį tǫxka.
boy, n. sįto. buffalo fish, n. omduti.
Boyce, Louisiana, np. Ąxuthana. buffalo horn, n. yinisahe.
boyfriend, to have a live-in, v. ąyaado buffalo, n. ąsa, yanasa, yinisa.
dusi. bug, n. akidi. See also type of bug.
brain, n. natǫ. Ant (general).
branch (tree), n. adeti, ayądeti, deti. Bed bug.
brass, n. amaasi si. Bee.
brave, adj. įdo. Bessie bug.
brave, to be, v. įdoxti. Black ant.
Black cricket.
bread (wheat), n. sǫphi pataaskǫǫni.
Buffalo bug.
bread, n. paska, pataaskǫǫ, pataaskǫǫni. Butterfly.
break, to (by hand), v. dukse. Caterpillar.
break, to (by pulling), v. duksuki. Firefly.
break, to, v. ha, o, psuki, xo. Flea.
breast, n. tasi. Gnat.
breath, n. nixta. Grasshopper.
breathe, to, v. nixta. Hornet.
breechcloth, n. čątê. Horsefly.
briar, n. asǫ, asu. Housefly.
briar patch, n. asǫ poska. Katydid.
Locust.
briar, green, n. asu thohi. Louse.
bridge, n. ayądakhapka aya įde. Lubber grasshopper.
bridle on a horse, to put a, v. Maggot.
mustuseyê. Mosquito hawk.
bridle, n. mustuse. Mosquito.
briefs (underpants), n. nįdoxpê Red ant.
tukamakǫǫni. Tick.
bring, to, v. dąxku. Wasp.
broad, adj. pataasi, pataaxe, pataaxi. bull bat, n. poxhayi.
broad (of body), adj. xapka. bull frog, n. kǫninuhi.
broadcast, to, v. čude. bull, n. waakįdoke.
broken (here and there), adj. bumblebee, n. kąx the asą.
dakaxoxoki, xoxoki. bundle, to make up a, v. pode.
broom grass, n. tąsi mąksǫ. bundle, to wrap up a, v. popode.
broom, n. mądakaseǫǫni. Bunkie, Louisiana, np. Bayus.
brother (younger), n. sǫtkaka. burglar, n. asne, asnena.
brother-in-law, n. tahąni. burn, to, v. adê.
brown (dark), adj. sapka. burnt severely, be, v. ataxniti.
brown, adj. sidit(i)ki. burnt, to be, v. ataxni.
brush, to (hair), v. pačidu. burst, to, v. tupho.
bush(es), n. hayayįkǫǫni. cattle, n. ayįki, hayįki.

busy, to be, v. atamini. causative SUF. -yê.
butcher knife, n. (p)sadêêhi naskê, cause, to, v. -yê.
(p)sadêêhi nithaani. cedar, n. čuwahana.
butt, n. nįdi. ceiling, n. thikohi, thitksąhį.
butter, n. waaktasačįni. center, n. nata.
butterfly, n. apadênska. chain, n. amaasi, maasi.
buttocks, n. nįdi. chair, n. yaaxaxǫǫni.
button, n. (a)dustukǫǫni. chamber, n. hįyoki.
buttonhole, n. (a)dustukǫǫni tuphê. chase, to, v. nǫxê.
buy, to, v. atsi. cheat, to, v. phi.
buzzard, black-headed, n. êxkha. cheek, n. tayo.
buzzard, red-headed, n. êxkha naskê. cheese, n. waaktaspataaskǫǫni.
by means of, adv. ǫha. Cherokee rosebush, n. axiye są pąhį.
chest (anatom.), n. amąki.
chew, to, v. dadê.
C chew (gum or taffy), to, v. dadada.
chicken hawk, n. paxêxka.
cabbage, n. awiusk počka.
chicken, n. mąąxi.
cackle (as a hen), v. kadekê.
chief, n. yaaxitąąyą, ąyaaxi, xidi, xo.
cactus, n. maxǫtk xohi.
child, n. ątatka, yįki.
Calcasieu River, Louisiana, np. Kakshu
chimney, n. phêtithi.
Yihiyą, Ǫtiyixyą, Ǫtixyą.
chin, n. yatka psǫti.
calf (anat.), n. įti, yukpê įti.
chip (of wood), n. pihi.
calf (cow), n. waakyįki.
Choctaw Creek, Louisiana, np. Čaxta
call out, to, v. kiyohi.
Ayixi.
called, to be, v. yačê.
Choctaw, np. adj. Čaxta.
calm (weather), adj. toke.
chop, to, v. kča.
camp, to, v. oxtê, phêtuxtê, uxtê.
chop, to (wood), v. dakača.
can (be able), v. nani, pihe. xa.
Christmas, np. Nąpi Nithaani.
Canada goose, n. akini xoh toxka.
church, n. adečko thi, yaǫkode thi.
canal, n. kidupi.
circle, move in a, v. mixi.
candle, n. udakstukǫǫni.
circular, adj. kanaxka, počka, poska.
cane (plant), n. axoki.
cistern, n. ani thi.
cane, n. kiduni.
city, n. tą.
canine tooth, n. įsu psǫti.
clap, to, v. daptaweyê, duseyê.
cannon ball, n. ąksi nithaani.
clapping sound, to make a, v.
canoe, n. nahadi.
daptaweyê, duseyê.
cap (hat), n. akue tapka, čukadêêxi.
claw, n. čaǫxê.
cardinal (bird), n. kadêêska ačuutxohi.
clean, adj. yuko.
carry, to, v. ki.
clean, to be, v. yuko.
carry, to (on the shoulder), v. kitaphe.
clean, to, v. yukoyê.
cat, n. kto, ktu.
clear (sky), n. nąčį thohi.
catch up with, to, v. dixi.
clear (weather), adj. toke.
caterpillar, n. ptato akidi.
clear, adj. ksepi.
catfish, n. čičkahe, kučkahe.
clearing, n. ayįkča, hayįkčadinaki.
Catholic, np. kitista.
clerk (store), n. akidisti wata. corn (green), n. yêêkwaxka.

cliff, n. êki. corn (white), n. yêêksą.
clock, n. ina dǫǫhi, ina dǫhǫǫni. corn, n. ayêêki, yêêki, yêêksu.
close to, adj. yehi. cornbread, n. yêênipataaskǫǫni.
close, adj. ačka. corncrib, n. ayêêkathi.
cloth (woolen), n. četkohį duxpê. cornea, n. tačǫǫ są.
cloth, n. duxpê, duxpê hįyehi. corner, n. psohê.
clothes, n. duxpê. corners rounded off, to have, v. psohê
clothing, n. duxpê. pupe.
cloud, n. nąčį. cornmeal, n. yêênapaxi, yêêknapaxi.
cloudy, adj. nąčįxti. correct, adj. nephiyê, nistuti.
coat, n. doxpê, doxpê naskê. correctly, to do, v. phiyê.
cob (corn), n. yêêkudi. cotton plant, n. ptato udi.
cocklebur (large), n. anaxkuka xohi. cotton, n. ptato.
cocklebur (small), n. anaxkukayi. cottonwood tree, n. putitu kayudi.
cocoa grass, n. satuti. cough, to, v. xoxo.
coconut, n. maxǫtk xohi anaki. count, to, v. akida.
coffee, n. kafi, kaxwi. country, n. tą(yą).
coil, to, v. kidikhiyê. Coushatta (Koasate), n. adj. Kosate.
coiled, adj. kidikhi. cousin, n. tuksiki.
cold (illness), n. čohi, sni. cover, n. atukse, atuksǫǫni, čį.
cold, adj. čohi, snihi. cow horn, n. waakhe.
cold, to be, v. snixtê. cow manure, n. waakįde.
cold, to catch, v. sni dusi. cow, n. waaka.
collar, n. apinǫni. coward, to be a, v. ayįsihį.
collect, to, v. da. cowhide, n. waakahi.
cologne, n. ani naphihi. crack, to (an eggshell), v. dakaxuki.
Comanche, np. adj. Kamanči. crack, n. kuduksa.
comb, n. psudahi. crackling sound (as a breaking stick), n.
come, to (forth), v. akanaki, hakanaki. wuse.
come, to cause to, v. huyê. cramp, to have a, v. nê.
comet, n. įtka thąhį. crane, n. oxka.
command PART. (m.), ta. crawfish, n. xǫniyohi.
complete, to, v. edąyê. crazy, be, v. ksihį.
complete, adj. atuti, ca, edą. credit, v. ahoyeyê.
completed, adj. edą. creek, n. ayixi, yixi.
conceal, to, v. tohe. creep up on, to (as game), v. akdêê,
continuative PART. ǫǫ, mąki, nąki, nê. kdêêdye.
cook, to, v. awahi, haǫ, paspahǫ, ue, cricket (black), n. astotǫka.
wahi. cricket (green), n. sasati, sisoti.
cooked, adj. awahi, wahi. crier, n. adečko.
copper, n. axisah čuuti. crooked (not straight), adj. keči.
cord (of wood), n. ayą kode, kode. cross, to (a stream, etc.), v. akiduxte.
cord, n. įką. cross, n. kitista.
cork, n. konička pstukǫǫni. crosswise, adv. ątačko.
corn (blue), n. yêêktotosi. crosswise, to place, v. ątačkoyê.
crow, to (as a rooster), v. mąxi ohǫǫni. dance, to, v. diči.

crow, n. ąčka, ąčkahǫ. dangle, to, v. hauni, nupuni, puni.
crown (top of head), n. phaa tawiyą. dark, n. pustąni.
crumble, to (by kicking or stepping), v. daughter, n. yąki.
naputwi. daughter-in-law, n. tohǫni.
crumble, to (by rubbing or pressing dawn, n. nąpihudi, nąwačka.
between the hands), v. duputwi. day before yesterday, adv. tohana(k)
crumble, to (to pieces by hitting), v. ewayą.
dakaputwi. day, n. anąpi, nąpi, naǫ.
crumble, to (to pieces by punching), v. daylight, n. anąpi, naǫ, nąpi.
duputwi. dead (person or animal), n. ča, thê.
crumble off, to, v. putwi. dead, adj. ča, thê.
crunching sound, to make a (as walking deaf person, n. kanaxêni.
on ice or snow), v. uwusêdi. deaf, to be, v. kanaxêni.
crupper, n. sįdudoxpê. debt, n. ahoye.
crush, to (by biting), v. daxuki. decayed, adj. čupą.
crush, to (by hitting or punching), v. deceased, adj. thê.
dakaxuki. deceive, to, v. phi.
crush, to (by stepping on or kicking), v. deep, adj. skuti.
naxuki. deer brisket, n. thaa mąki.
crushed, adj. čkąti. Deer Clan (of the Biloxi tribe), np. Ithaa
cry, to (an animal), v. mahe, wahe. Ąyaadi.
cry out, to, v. hǫ, mahe, wahe. deer, n. ithaa, thaa.
cucumber, n. tąsa thohi. deerskin, n. sika, thaahi.
cunning, adj. xiya. defecate, to, v. įdê.
cunnus, n. yisiki. definite article SUF. -yą.
cup, n. nihǫ. depart, to (leave home), v. dêê.
current (of water), n. ani xyuhi, xyuhi. descend, to, v. xêpi.
curve, n. kuneki, kuniki. desire, to, v. nawiyihi, te.
curves (series of), n. kuneknuki. Devil, np. ąyaaksiha.
curvilinear, adj. počka, poska. Devil’s shoestrings, n. tahôôxkatyi,
cut, n. dakasa. ukąkayi.
cut, to (often with a knife), v. dakasasa. devour, to, v. oxpa.
cut, to (once with a knife), v. ake, dew, n. ayu.
dakasa. dewberry bush, n. aspaxka.
cut a trench, to (with axe or hoe), v. diaphragm, n. čukǫni, yąxči.
dakakudupi. diarrhea, have, v. koxpe.
cut in pieces, to (across or lengthwise), diarrhea, n. koxpe.
v. diksasa. die, to, v. ča, thê.
cut off, to, v. dakahopi, kutsi, puski. different, adj. yoki.
cut through, to (often), v. pupe. difficult, adj. čiwa.
cypress tree, n. sokudi nithaani, sokuno. difficulty, n. čiwa.
cypress trout, n. ǫtkǫ. dig, to, v. dučkhe, khê.
dinner, n. pasaduti.
D dip, to (into liquid), v. kąhi.
dip up, to (liquid), v. įkąhį.
dip up, to (mush, mud, wet sugar, etc.), duck, n. ąąsana.

v. dučupą. dumpling, corn, n. apačkuni.
dip up, to (ashes, dust, snow), v. įkąhį dung, n. įdê.
dąni. dusk, n. paspasi.
direction, in that, dir. kowa. dust (fine powder), n. naphi.
dirt, n. amą, mą. dust, n. (h)ayusi, yusi.
disappear, to, v. kapahani. dwell, to, v. athi.
disappear, to make, v. kapahaniyê. dwelling, n. athi, thi.
dish (deep), n. kdopka.
dish (made of pottery or earthenware),
n. amą maasada. E
dish (wooden), n. ayąmaasada. eagle, n. api.
dish, n. kdopka, maasada. eagle, bald, n. phaa są.
ditch, n. kudapi. ear (upper part), n. nixuxwi aho.
diving duck, n. ąąsana mahe. ear canal, n. nixuxwi tuphê.
dizzy, to be, v. phaa pudisǫǫ, phaa ear piercing, n. nixuxwokpe.
pudisǫǫni. ear, n. nixuxti, nixuxwi.
do, to, v. ǫǫ, ǫǫni. earlobe, n. nixuxwi tpąhį.
do one’s best, to, v. čiwaxtiyê. earring (silver), n. hauni čitutka.
doctor, n. ąyaaxi, xidi. earring, n. nixuxwi hauni.
dodge, to, v. unačikči. earth, n. amą, mą.
dog, n. ačǫki, čǫki. earthquake, n. amąyuhe.
doll, n. ąyaa dukǫǫni, dukǫǫyą. earwax, n. nixuxwi siopi.
done, adj. atuti, ča. east, dir. ina huya, nąpi khu.
door, n. ayepi, ayewi. eat up, to, v. oxpa.
doorknob, n. thiaxêhe. eat, to, v. aduti, duti.
doorway, n. ayewiyą. eddy, n. ani xyuhi kidunahi.
double, to, v. akipta. edge (of an object), n. kidakiya.
doubled, adj. akipta, akiptsa. edge of, on the, adj. yehi.
dove, n. yoteka. eel, n. o ądêêsi.
draw, to (a mark), v. kadêêxyê. effort, to make an, v. sąhąyê.
dream, to, v. yohoyǫǫni. effort, to put forth much, v. čiwaxtiyê.
dress oneself, to, v. taminǫǫni. egg (hen), n. mąxįįti.
dressed, to get, v. taminǫǫni. egg white, n. įįtisą.
dried meat, n. aču. egg yolk, n. įįtisi.
drink, to, v. į, įni. egg, n. įįti.
drip, to, v. čê, čêčê. eight, num. dąhudi.
drive, to (cattle, horses, poultry, etc.), v. elbow, n. įsto.
dakatohi. elder, n. noxti.
drive off, to, v. nǫxe. eldest, n. noxti.
drizzle, n. xohpiska. elephant, n. kawaxohi.
drop (let fall), to, v. dučapi. eleven, num. ohisǫsaxêhê.
drum, n. udu. elliptical, adj. sditka, sdutka.
drunk, adj. duni. elsewhere, adv. mątka.
dry, adj. uxi, uxwi, xye. emerge, to, v. akanaki, hakanaki.
duck hawk, n. kyetǫhi. empty, to, v. ahiyê.
empty, adj. ahi, xotka. fatigued, adj. upi.

end, n. ehedą, pudi. fear, to, v. įsihixti, įske.
end, to, v. čayê. feather (arrow), n. ąksi adaki.
English, np. adj. Tąyosą. feather (turkey), n. mahį.
enlarge, to, v. nithąąyê. feather, n. hį.
enough, to have, v. xǫ. feather headdress, n. axahaya, axaya.
enter, to, v. wahe, we, wehe. feathers (of neck), dodihį.
entire, adj. apaną, owusi, tha. feathers, ruffle, v. xixika.
entrance (to a lodge), n. wedêê. feces, n. įdê.
erect, adj. kutata. feed, to, v. yakudi.
esophagus, n. dodaye, dodaniye. feel full, to (after eating), v. ixǫxti.
evade, to, v. unačikči. feel, to, v. apuxi.
evening, n. ksįhį, pasi. female (animal), n. yąki.
every, adj. henani. fence, n. aduhi.
everything, n. kawa henani. fetch, to, v. dučičku.
everywhere, adv. yate. fever weed, n. amihǫ tixi.
evidential PART. kane, naxo. fever, n. amihǫ, amihǫǫni.
exchange, to, v. kitoweyê, towê. fiddle, n. yohǫye.
excrement, n. įdê. field, n. amǫǫni.
exert, to, v. čiwaxtiyê. fight, n. kikthê.
expectorate, to, v. tučku. fight, to, v. kikthê ǫǫni.
expend, to, v. čayê. file (tool), n. amaasxahi, maasxahi.
expended, to be, v. ča. fill, to, v. towê.
extinguish, to, v. suyê. fin, n. o imahį.
extinguished, adj. su. find, to, v. ane.
eye, n. tačǫǫ, tačôône. fine (not coarse), adj. miska.
eyelash, n. tiamhį. finger (index), n. čaakamihį.
eyelid, n. tačǫǫ ahi. fingernail, n. čaakahi.
fingers (all of one person), n. čaakowusi.
F finish, to, v. ča, čayê, edąyê, kehede.
finished, adj. ča, edą.
face, n. adǫhį, ithê, thê. fire, to make, v. oxte, phêti uxte, uxte.
fall (autumn), n. snisnihi. fire, to set on, v. adeyê.
fall, to make (by punching), v. phuyê fire, n. phêti.
kithaho. fire drill, n. phêtǫǫni.
fall, to make (by shooting), v. okitaho. firefly, n. phêtiudakayi, udakayi.
fall, to, v. hidê, idê, taho, toho. firelight, n. phêtudati, udaki.
falling star, n. įtka tąhį. fireplace, n. phêtuxte amačiha, phêtithi.
fan (palmetto), n. maxǫtk hatkuhǫǫni. firewood, n. ayąčuka, ayąphêtuxte.
fan, n. maxǫni. first, to be, v. kitąni, tąni, tąniki.
far, adj. adv. êxti. fish, n. (h)o. See also type of fish.
Alligator gar.
fart, n. pihi.
Bass.
fart, to, v. pixuhi. Blue catfish.
farther, adv. ewaxti. Buffalo fish.
fast, adv. ixyǫni. Catfish (generic).
father, adi. Eel.
Gar. foot (meas.), n. si.

Jackfish. force, to exert, v. sąhąyê.
Minnow. forcibly, adv. kide.
Perch. ford a stream, to, v. kunini.
Pipe-bill garfish. forefinger, n. čaakamihį.
Sardine.
forehead, n. ithê.
Sturgeon.
Sucker fish. forest, pine, n. ąsu ǫyą.
Trout. forget, to, v. kiča.
White catfish. fork (for eating), n. adutidǫpǫǫni,
Yellow catfish. adutiphǫǫni.
fish, v. okukhe. forked, adj. čąxkǫǫni.
fish eggs, n. o įįti. four, num. topa.
fish hawk, n. xądayi. fox, n. toxka.
fish hook, n. ǫkokǫǫni, sudi. fragrant, to be, v. naphihi.
fishline, n. ǫkokohiką. French, np. adj. Towê.
fish net, n. o athi. friend, n. tênaxi.
fish scales, n. ahe, he. frighten, to, v. įskeyê.
fishing, to go, v. okukhe. frightened, to be, v. įsihixti, įske.
fist, n. čaakpočka. frightened, to cause to be, v. įskeyê.
five, num. ksani, ksą. frog, n. apêska, kǫninuhi, ktǫ, ktǫhi,
fix, to, v. kiko. pêska. See also type of frog.
flat, adj. pataasi, pataaxe, pataaxi, from, kyąhe.
tapka, xyapka. frost, n. (p)xedi.
flatten, to, v. pataasiyê. frozen, adj. athe.
flay, to (an animal), v. duxke. fruit, n. anaki, asi, yo.
flea, n. kadêêska, kutska. fry, to, v. paspahǫǫ, paspahǫǫni,
flesh, n. įksiyo. unashǫǫni.
float, to, v. pixi. full, adj. dêhtowê, towê.
flood, n. taǫǫni. full, to be (after eating), v. xǫ.
floor, n. įkapxkini, itapxkį. full moon, n. nahįte kanaxka.
flour (wheat), n. sǫphi. further, adv. ewaxti.
flour, n. naphi. future PART. dąde, hi.
flower, n. axiye, xaye, xayehi.
flute, n. pêsdoti.
fly, n. aphêtka. G
fly, to, v. niye.
gall, n. įčįpǫ.
fly around and around, to, v. adudu.
gape, to, v. yudahǫǫni.
foam (water), n. ani pupuxi.
gar, n. yokčona.
focus SUF. -di (nouns).
garden, n. aduhi yįki.
fog, n. ayuxka.
garter snake, n. ądêêskadêêxi.
fold up, to (several times), v. dunini.
gate, n. duhiepi.
fold, to, v. akipta, kiduktayê.
gather, to, v. da.
food, n. aduti, įye.
generally, adv. xa.
fool, to, v. phi.
get dressed, to, v. taminǫǫni.
foolish (person), n. ąyaaksiha.
get up, to, v. kine.
foot (anat.), n. isi, si.
get well, to, v. ini.
ghost, n. anači. grass, n. tąsi.

gimlet, n. ayǫpǫǫni. grasshopper (lubber), n. xǫdayi.
girl, n. sąki. grasshopper, n. athadahayi.
girlfriend, to have a live-in, v. ąxti dusi. grasshopper meal, n. athadahayi
give, to (to each of more than one), v. naphaxi.
khukhuǫdaha. grave, n. amąxi, kahoyê.
give away, to, v. kaye. gravel, n. ąčički.
give a name, to, v. yačǫǫni. gray (hair), adj. sąsąsąsą.
give, to, v. khu. gray, adj. thoxka.
gizzard (chicken), n. taini. gray goose, n. akini xoh toxka.
glad, to be, v. kinephi. grease, n. ačįni, čį.
glass, n. khwudati, ǫtehǫǫni. great blue heron, n. oxkthohi.
glitter, to make (by rubbing), v. Great Dipper, np. Ǫsix Tucǫ.
čitutkayê. Great Spirit, np. Kohi, Kuti Mąkde.
glittering, adj. čitutka. great-grandfather, n. kąxo akitkoxi.
globular, adj. počka, poska. great-grandmother, n. kǫkǫ akitkoxi.
glove, n. čaakwaheyǫǫni. great-great-grandfather, n. kąxo kitko
glue, to, v. atspąyê. akitkoxi.
glued, adj. daki. great-great-grandmother, n. kǫkǫ kitko
gnash, to (teeth), v. (įsu) kaki. akitkoxi.
gnat, n. kuniskihayi. greedy, adj. įske.
go, to, v. dêê. green, adj. thohi.
go around an obj., to, v. apheni. grind, to, v. phêhe.
go down, to, v. xepi. grindstone, n. haitani, itani.
go home, to, v. kidêê. groan, to, v. ihaye.
go into, to, v. wahe, we, wehe. ground hog, n. kčička mąyįka.
go straight across, to, v. akta dêê. grow, to, v. ksapi, ksawi.
go to one side, to, v. akiduwaxi. growl, to, v. xihe.
goat, n. ithaa xuuhi. grunt, to, v. ihaye.
God, np. Kohi, Kuti Mąkde. grunting, n. ihê.
gold, n. axisah si. guard, to, v. wata.
goldfinch, n. apenixkahayi, gullet, n. dodaye, dodaniye.
apenyikyahayi. gulping sound, to make a, v. koče.
good, adj. phi. gum, n. sįtǫni.
goose, n. akini, akini xohi. See also type gun barrel, n. ąksaamasi.
of goose. gun, n. ąksaapi, ąksaawi.
goose, wild, n. kotka. guts, n. čipi, čiwi.
gore, to, v. phuye.
gourd (cup), n. akodi.
gourd, n. kôô. H
governor, n. xidi.
hail, n. wahu xohi.
grandfather, n. kąxo.
hailstone, n. wahu xoxohi.
grandmother, n. kǫkǫ.
hair (human head), n. anahe, anahį, hį.
grape, n. makčuhi, maxčo.
hair, crest of (on human head), n.
grapevine, n. makčuhi pąhį.
haxeye.
grasp, to, v. dusi.
hairy, adj. anahǫǫni.
half, kįkįke, ukikįke. hill, n. êkthaani, putsa, putsi.

hammer, n. amaasitǫǫni, maasįkthê. hip, n. čidi.
hammer, to, v. k(i)thê. hit, to (with stg.), v. įkthêǫǫni.
hammock, n. xoxo. hit, to, v. kithê, kthê.
hand (back of the), n. čaaktapi. hither, dir. ądao, ha, hą.
hand, n. čaaki. hoe, n. mayįke, mikǫǫni.
handkerchief, n. čukadêêxi. hoe, to, v. mayįke, mikǫǫni.
handle (of knife), n. (p)sadêêhudi. hog, n. kčička, kčixka, skaa.
hang, to (as necklace or beads), v. hogweed, n. kčička dudayi.
hauni, nupuni, puni. hold, to (between the teeth or in the
hang up, to (as clothing), v. čake, mouth), v. dase.
xêheyê. hold, to, v. dą, dusi.
happy, to be, v. kinephi. hole, to make a (by kicking), v. natuphê.
hard palate, n. dokoxe. hole, n. hutuphê, tuphê.
hard, adj. čičaki, sąhą, totosi. hollow, adj. xotka.
hare, n. čêtka. holly tree, n. apsǫdayudi.
hat, n. akue. holy, adj. xi.
hatchet, n. ąsep yįki. home, to arrive, v. kidêê.
hate, to, v. kayąni. home, to go (toward), v. hu.
have none, to, v. niki. hominy, n. hauni.
have, to, v. itha. honey, n. kąx ačįni.
hay, n. tąsuxi, tąsuxwi. honeysuckle, n. pąhį axiyehi naphihi.
head off, to, v. psuki. hoof, n. ahe, ahi, he.
head, n. phaa. hook, n. ǫkokǫǫni.
headache, to have a, v. phaa nê, phaa nê hook, to, v. hįkahi.
ǫǫni. hope, to, v. nawiyihi.
headache, n. phaa nê ǫǫni. horizon, n. nąčį xwuhi.
headdress (feather), n. axahaya, axaya. horn (of animal), n. ahe, he.
hear, to, v. naxê. hornet nest, n. kąxkonička.
heart, n. yądi. hornet, n. kąx konixka.
heart, broken, n. hôye. horse, n. tahôôxka, toxki.
heartbeat, n. tixtixye. horse, to ride a, v. tahôôxka axêhe.
heavy, adj. tike. horsefly, n. kanikexi.
heel, n. stuti. horseshoe, n. tahôôxkwaxi.
hello (greeting), he ha, bašu. hosiery, n. sisǫǫni.
Help! exclam. Nu! hot, adj. utsą.
hen hawk, n. sǫtǫxayi. house, n. athi, thi.
hen, n. mąxi yąki. housefly, n. aphêtka.
herald, n. adečko. How are you?, Čidike ayąde?
here (in this direction), dir. dewa. how high?, inter. čehedą.
here, dir. ha, hą; loc. dê, êti. how long?, inter. čehedą.
hiccup, to, v. psuki. how tall?, inter. čehedą.
hickory (wood), n. pįhu (ayą). how? inter. čidike, kawakehi.
hickory tree, n. pįhudi. howl, to, v. ohi.
hide, to, v. tohe. huckleberry, n. hapetkahayi.
high, adj. hedą, kohi, tude. hull, to (as corn), v. dixdo.
humming sound, to make, v. yǫwe. Louse.

hummingbird, n. momoxka, Lubber grasshopper.
tamomahayi. Maggot.
hump, n. tǫxka. Mosquito hawk.
humped back, n. tǫxka. Mosquito.
Red ant.
hundred, num. tsipa.
Tick.
hunt, to, v. įdahi, waxdêê, waxni. Wasp.
hurt, to (sby.), v. yukaweyê. insert, to (as in pocket, coat, etc.), v.
hurt, to be, v. yukawe. xêheyê.
husk (corn), n. yekahi. inside, loc. itka, -tka, ką, knedi.
husk, to (as corn), v. dixdo. inside, to put, v. xêhêyê.
instep, n. spudaxi.
I intercept, to, v. psuki.
interpreter, n. kiadedaha.
ice, n. athe. intestines, n. čipi, čiwi.
icicle, n. xohatheǫǫni. into, dir. itka, -tka, -ką, knedi.
identical, adj. keheyą. inundation, n. taǫǫni.
imitate, to, v. kdakayi. iris (eye), n. tačǫǫ sapka.
immediately, adv. naxaxa. Irish potato, n. ado počka.
impaled, adv. paxa. iron, n. amaasa, amaasi, maasa, maasi.
in, LOC./DIR. itka, -tka, -ką, knedi. irrealis PART. dąde, hi.
incisor, n. įsu ptaxka. island, n. mahieyą.
Indian, n. ąyaasahi, sahi. ivory bird, n. dixtihayi.
inferior, adj. kadanixti, kadeni, kudini.
in general, adv. xa.
injure, to (sby.), v. yukaweyê.
J
injured, to be, v. yukawe. jackfish, n. kyuki.
ink, n. akathi ǫtuxa. jail, n. thisąhą.
insect, n. akidi. See also type of insect. jaw, n. yatka.
Ant (general). jay, n. tįskana.
Bed bug. join, to, v. kipade.
Bee. joint, n. kipade.
Bessie bug.
jug, n. konička sǫhǫǫni.
Black ant.
Black cricket. juice from sugar cane, to get (by
Buffalo bug. chewing), v. daksupi, daskipi.
Butterfly. juice, n. ani ǫǫni, wihi.
Caterpillar. jump, to, v. piče.
Firefly.
Flea.
Gnat. K
Grasshopper.
Hornet. katydid, n. sasati.
Horsefly. kettle, n. sǫ, sǫhǫǫni, sǫǫni.
Housefly. kick off, to (as blankets), v. naxthê
Katydid. dupude.
Locust. kick, to, v. naxthê.
kidney, n. yąska. leader, n. ąyaaxi, xidi, xo, yaaxi.

kill, to, v. ča, kthê, thê, thêyê. leaf, n. api, awi.
kind, n. etuke. leak, to, v. uyê.
kindle, to (a fire), v. adeyê. lean, to (against), v. aką.
king, n. yaaxitąąyą, ąyaaxi, xidi, xo. lean, adj. supi.
kingbird, n. ąčkanǫxe. lean, to be, v. supi.
kingfisher, n. čidakayi. leap, to, v. asahi, piče.
kiss, to, v. učičpi. leather vine, n. mąthuhu.
knead, to, v. dučički. leather, n. wakahi.
knee, n. činąki. leave (home), to, v. dêê.
knife, n. (p)sadêêhi. See also type of leave alone, to, v. įx.
knife. leave behind, to, v. įki.
knock to pieces, to, v. dakaxoxoki. left, dir./loc. kaskani.
know, to (sby.), v. yehǫni. left, on the, kaskaniwa.
know, to, v. eha, spê. leg, n. yukpê.
knuckle, n. kipade. leggings, n. pedekupi.
knuckles (space between), n. čaakahudi. let fall, to, v. dučapi.
Koasati (Coushatta), np. adj. Kosate. letter, n. akathi.
level (as land), adj. kutata xti.
liar (habitual), n. yečumna.
L lice, n. ane.
lick off, to, v. akąčike.
lack, to, v. niki, oyixi.
lick, to, v. akąči.
ladder, n. ayaįde.
lid, n. atukse.
lake, n. ayohi, yohi.
lid (of kettle), n. xapka.
lame, adj. čkoki.
lie, to (tell falsehood), v. siye.
lame, to be, v. čkoki.
lie down, to, v. taho.
Lamourie Bridge, Louisiana, np. Lamori.
light (not heavy), adj. wixka.
lamp, n. udakstukǫǫni.
light, n. udati, yakhu.
land, n. amą, mą.
lightning bug, n. phêtiudakayi.
landing (boat), n. nahadphêtaką.
lightning, to have, v. widwide.
language, n. ade, hade.
lightning, n. widwide.
lantern, n. udakstukǫ thiǫǫni.
like, to, v. hįkinephi, kiyasi.
large, adj. nithaani, -thaana, -thaani,
lilac (color), adj. čuutka, čuutkutiki.
-thąą.
limber, adj. kututuktadi.
last (one), n. akiya.
limp, to, v. čkoki.
laugh, to, v. haxahe, įkhihi.
line, in a, adv. kititiki.
law, n. ayaxiya.
line, n. įką.
lawmaker, n. ayaxiǫǫni.
lip, n. yapi.
lawyer, n. xidi.
liquid, n. wihi.
lay a large horizontal object on stg., to,
Little River, np. Čahamą Yįkiyą.
v. įpi.
little, adj. miska, yįki.
lay on, to (as shoulder), v. anude,
live oak, n. wustahudi.
anudedi.
live with sby., to, v. unoxê, unoxwê.
lay, to, v. ču.
liver, n. pi.
layered, adj. akiptadi.
lizard (green), n. astotonixka.
lazy, to get, v. dukuče.
locust, n. yosahe. marry, to, v. yįkati.

lodge (Indian), n. thixyapka. mash, to (by hand), v. dučkąti.
log, n. haitoho, itoho. mash, to (by sitting on or hitting), v.
loggerhead turtle, n. čiček nithaani. dakačkąti.
long ago, adv. čamana. mashed, adj. čkąti.
long time, adv. sahi. match (for fire), n. phêti ǫǫ.
long, adj. hedą, naskê, tudê. maybe, hanǫ, kiknani.
look down on, to, v. akudi. mayhaw, n. astątka.
look for, to, v. įdahi. meadowlark, n. hapenixkaxyąhayi.
look into, to, v. aku. meal (acorn), n. ayąya naphaxi.
look out for, to, v. aksapi. meal (corn), n. athoka.
loop, n. pukhi. meal (flour), n. naphaxi.
loose, adj. nanaye, xudike, xwudike. meal (grasshopper), n. athadahayi
loosely, adv. xudike, xwudike. naphaxi.
loosened, adj. nanaye. mean, to, v. kaha.
lord, ąyaaxi, xidi. measles, n. hauti čuuti.
Louisiana, np. Amą Dê. meat (deer), n. thaayo.
louse, n. ane. meat, n. įksiyo, yo.
love, to, v. iyą. medicine, n. tixi, tyi.
low, adj. xuhi, xyapka. meet, to, v. khipa.
lower the head, to, v. pasi. melon, n. kôô.
lower, to, v. xepi. melt stg., to (as ice or chocolate), v.
lung, n. yakhu. sinêyê.
melt, to, v. sinê.
melted, adj. sinê.
M mend, to, v. kiko.
metal, n. amaasa, amaasi, maasa, maasi.
mad, to be (angry), v. įsti.
meteor, n. įtka thąhį.
maggot, n. adoye.
middle, n. nata.
magical, adj. xi.
middle, in the, adv. nata.
magnolia tree, n. kokayudi.
midnight, n. pasikįkįke.
maize, n. ayêêki, yêêki.
might (could), nani.
make, to, v. ǫǫ, ǫǫni.
milk (a cow), v. waaktasǫǫni.
maker, n. hǫǫna.
milk, n. waaktasi.
male (animal), n. įdoke.
mindful, be, to, v. aksapi.
mallard duck, n. kąčayi.
minnow, n. kosayi.
man, n. ąyaa, ąyaado.
miss (target, mark, as in shooting), to, v.
manifold, adj. akiptsa.
učine.
manure, n. įde.
miss (an obj. while reaching for it), to, v.
many, adv. tahi, yihi.
dučapi.
maple tree, n. ayąthohayudi.
mistletoe, n. ąčka natawayi.
mare, n. tahôôxk yąki.
mix, to, v. įkidu.
mark, n. kadêêxi.
moccasin (shoe), n. thahu waxi, waxi.
marks (from being bound too tightly),
moccasin (snake), n. tanioka.
to cause to have, v. sidipiyê.
mock crying or weeping of sby., to, v.
Marksville, Louisiana, np. Tunixka Tąyą.
xuke.
marsh hawk, n. kiyąska, kotapka.
mockingbird, n. ade kdakayi. mysterious, adj. xi.

molasses, n. waaxckuuyê wihi. myth, n. yêčpi.
mole (zool.), n. paxka.
monarch, n. yaaxitąąyą, ąyaaxi, xidi, xo.
money (paper), n. axisah akathi. N
money, n. axisahi.
nail (finger-, toe-), n. ahe, ahi, he.
moon, n. į, nahįte.
nail (metal), n. ąsidixti hao.
moon, new, n. nahįte atoho, nahįte
nail, to, v. hao.
atopi.
naked, adj. yoxa.
moonlight, n. udati.
name sby., to, v. yačǫǫni.
Mooreland, Louisiana, np. Ayixi
name, n. yačê.
Makudoč Ǫyą.
named, be, v. yačê.
morning, n. ewite.
nape, n. tįska.
morning, this, adv. witena.
navel, n. čįpǫ.
Morning Star, np. Įtka Ktayą.
near, adj. acka, yehi.
mortar, n. haitani.
nearly, adv. nąteke.
mosquito, n. yamaki.
neck (back of the), n. tįska.
mosquito hawk, n. pačinaka.
neck, n. dodi.
moss (ground), n. phêtuxta ačihayi.
necklace (bead), n. adohi.
moss, n. ayąnąhi.
necklace, n. ąpani, adohi ąpani, kahu,
mother, n. kǫni, mama, ǫni.
napani.
mountain lion, n. tamočkadêêxi.
necktie, n. dodaye puni.
mountain range, n. putstahixye.
need, to, v. oyixi.
mountain, n. êkthąąni, putsa.
needle, n. ąsaduki.
mourn, to, v. čodǫ.
negative CIRCUM. ka-…-ni.
mouse, n. čamooki, čamuuki.
nest, n. yokhi.
moustache, n. phąhį, phąhį tawiyą.
nevertheless, etuxkike.
mouth, n. ihi.
New Orleans, Louisiana, np. Tą
move, to (stg.), v. odiyohǫ.
Nithąąyą.
move, to, v. kowa desįhį, okhahe, yukê.
New Year’s Day, np. Towê Nąpi.
mud, n. mąkadoxči.
new, adj. atopi, topi.
muddy, adj. kadoxči, xwitka.
newspaper, n. akathi ukade tuxa.
mudfish, n. ǫtkǫ.
next (one), n. akiya.
mulberry (fruit), n. ąsąki.
next to, adj. įkčąhi.
mulberry (tree), n. ąsąkudi.
nickel (coin), n. pukiyǫ.
mule, n. tahôôxknixuxnaskê.
niece, n. tusǫki.
murderer, n. athêye.
night hawk, n. poxhayi.
muscle, n. įką.
night, n. pasi.
muscovy duck, n. ąąsana xuuhi.
nightshade, n. tąspsǫti.
mushroom, n. thoki.
nine, num. čkanê.
Muskogean, adj. Skoki.
nipple (of breast), n. tasi pudi.
Muskogee, np. adj. Skoki.
no, neg. yama, yamą.
muskrat, n. xanaxpe.
Nonsense! exclam. Ke!
must, nani, yeke.
north wind, n. xanami.
mutch-hotch, n. yakidamąkayi.
north, dir./loc. xanami.
my, poss. ą-, ąk-, x-.
nose ridge, n. pučǫ putsi.
nose, n. pčǫ, pučǫ. Out of the way! Mąte da.

nostril, n. pučǫtuphê. out of the way, loc. mąta, mąte.
notched, adj. čaka. out, loc. akho, akhu.
notwithstanding, etuxkike. outside, loc. akho, akhu, akuwe.
now, adv. kode, naxaxa, yahede. overcoat, n. doxpê naskê nithaani.
nude, adj. yoxa. overflow, n. taǫǫni.
Nupondi’s Creek, Louisiana, np. Nupǫdi owl, horned, n. thitumihayi.
Ayixtayą. owl, n. phôdadê, phôdadi.
nurse (baby), to, v. pisiyê. owl, screech, n. xohayi.
O P
oak, blue-jack, n. čaxku miska. paddle, to, v. imahį.
oak, n. čaxku. paddle (oar), n. kačǫhi.
oak, post, n. čaxkudi. pail, n. tupi.
oar, n. kačǫhi. pain, to have darting (as in chest), v.
ocean, n. ani nithąąyą. tididihu.
odor (bad), n. xyuhu. pain, to, v. nê.
odor (from meat), n. čuhi. palm (hand), n. čaakptaaxe.
odor (strong, unpleasant), n. yąxi. palm (middle of the), n. čaakeyądi.
offspring, n. yįki. palmetto, n. maxǫtka.
Oh hell! exclam. Sêhiyê. pant, to (as a dog), v. asiktedi.
Oh no! exclam. Hą ą! panther, n. thąiǫ, thąta, tamočkadêêxi.
Oh oh!, exclam. Xoxoxoxo! pants, n. nįdoxpê.
Oh pshaw! exclam. Sêhiyê! paper (wrapping), n. akathi hapode.
Oh! exclam. Uu, Xo! paper (writing), n. akathi.
old, adj. axohi, čupą, įčičya, įčya, xohi. parasol, n. aksahǫǫni.
on top of, adj. tawiyą. parch, to (as corn), v. unasi.
once, sǫsa. parents, n. xoxohi.
one hundred, num. tsipa. parrot, n. kadêêska xohi.
one, num. sǫsa. parting of the hair, n. punetkohi.
oneself, refl. įtpa, įxki. partridge, n. aphuska, phuska.
onion, n. ǫkčįsayi. Pascagoula, np. adj. Miskigula.
only, pa, tha. pass (stg. this way), v. huyê.
ooze, to, v. če, čehi. past PART. ǫǫ, ǫǫni.
Opelousas, Louisiana, np. Aplusa Tąyą. paste, to, v. atspąyê.
open, to (box, trunk, etc.), v. duxtą path, n. natkhohi, natkhohi yįki.
dupudê. paw the ground (dig), to, v. khê.
open, to (door) v. dupaxi, dupaxiyą. pea, n. tątka.
open, to, v. pudê. peach tree, n. tokono udi.
opossum, n. kčičkayooka, skaayooka. peach, n. tokono.
or, conj. ha, hą. peak, n. putstawiyą.
orange (fruit), n. anaksi. pecan tree, n. pįthokǫǫ udi.
orifice (of body), n. hutuphê, tuphê. pecan, n. pįthokǫǫni.
otter, n. činaxka, xanaxka, xinixka. peel, to (as vegetables), v. adukuxke.
Ouch! exclam. Xwi! peel off bark, to, v. daka, duxke.
pelican, n. xǫniyohi dudayi xohi. plenty, to be, v. xǫ.

pencil, n. akathiǫǫni. pliant, adj. kututukta.
penis, n. čą, čąditi. plow, n. payǫǫni.
people, n. ąya. plow, to, v. paya.
pepper, n. apaya. plum, n. stiįki.
perch (fish), n. tudaxpe. plunge into water, to (as hot iron), v.
perhaps, hanǫ, kiknani. usįhį.
persimmon, n. axka. plural SUF. -tu (nouns).
person, n. ąyaa. pocket, n. pahį yįki.
perspiration, n. amixkthê, hamixkthê. pocketknife, n. psadêêhi yįki.
perspire, to, v. amixkthê, hamixkthê. point, n. psǫti, pudi.
pestle, n. itapka, nethopka. pointed, adj. psǫti.
pick, to (flowers, cotton, etc.), v. da. poke out, to, v. nawiyê.
pick, to (to pieces), v. dukuya. pokeberry, n. koxtįpka.
pick up, to (a handful), v. dupsi. poker (for fire), n. phêtinoče.
picture, n. akathi adakǫǫni. pond, n. ayohi, yohi.
pierce with a tined instrument, to (as poor, to be, v. axakǫǫni.
fork), v. axį. pork, n. kčičkayo.
pig, n. kčička, kčixka, skaa. portrait, n. akathi adakǫǫni.
pigeon, n. uti. positional aux. verb PART. mąki, nąki,
pillow, n. asąna pahį ahį. ne.
pimple, n. ača. possum, n. kčičkayooka, skaayooka.
pin oak, n. udi miskudi. pot (for cooking), n. sǫ, sǫhǫǫni, sǫǫni.
pinch, to, v. dustuki. potato, n. ado.
pine, n. ąsu. pottery, n. ama maasada.
pine, short-leaved, n. phodi ąsudita. pouch (for bullets), n. ąksi paxki.
pink, adj. čuutadasą, čuutkasą. pouch, n. pahį yįki.
pipe (for smoking), n. ksoni, yaniksoni. pound, to (in a mortar), v. aphêhe,
pipestem, n. yaniksonudi. phêhe.
pipe-bill garfish, n. o ihi. pound (weight), adj. tike.
pistol, n. taduxka. powder, n. naphi.
pit (on skin), n. sipi. powdered, adj. naphixti.
pitcher, n. maasadahǫǫni. prairie, n. takohǫ.
pitchfork, n. amaastučutka, preach, to, v. adêčko.
maastučutka. preacher, n. adêčko.
place, to, v. ču, či. prison, n. thisąhą.
plain, n. takohǫ. proclaim, to, v. adêčko.
plane, n. itkapxka. progressive PART. ǫǫ, mąki, nąki, nê.
plant, n. uni. pronoun prefixes, ą(k)-/x-, i-/ay-.
plant, to, v. ču. properly, to do, v. phiyê.
plantation, n. thitahi. prostitute, n. čoha.
plate, n. amaasada, maasada. protect, to, v. įpudahi.
play, to (an instrument), v. hǫyê, ohǫyê. proud, adj. įdo, įdokįye.
play, to (roughly), v. inixi. proud, to be, v. įdoxti.
play, to, v. anixi. prune (trees), to, v. dakaputsudu.
Pleiades, The, np. Įtka Počka. Pshaw! exclam. U!
pull off, to (an obj. adhering to

another), v. duxapi. R
pull off, to (as clothing), v. pačke. rabbit, n. čêtka.
pull the trigger, to (of a gun), v. duta. rabbit skin, n. čêtkahi.
pull through, to (as thread through rabbit skin robe, n. čêtkahi utuxpê.
needle), v. uduxtą. raccoon, n. atuki.
pull up sleeves, to, v. paxaxahi. raft, n. nahadpixta.
pull, to, v. duxtą. rail car, n. yaduxtą tąhį.
pulse, n. yonixta. rail fence, n. aduxčati aduhi.
pulverized, adj. naphixti. rail, n. aduxčati.
puma, n. tamočkadêêxi. railroad, n. yaduxtą tąhį natkohi.
pumpkin, n. ąthani. rain, n. xohi.
punch, to (hole through), v. phuye rain (hard), n. waxê.
tuphê. rain, to, v. xohi, xohi nê.
punch, to, v. phuye.
rainbow, n. naukida ǫǫni, nąkide ǫǫni.
pupil (eye), n. tačǫǫ su sapi. raise, to (children), v. ksapiyê, ksawiyê.
purple, adj. čuutka, čuutkutiki. raisin, n. maxčo xohi.
pursue, to, v. nǫxê. ramrod, n. ąksap atsdǫǫni.
pus (from sore), n. tǫ. rancid, adj. čiya.
pus, to cause to ooze from a sore (by Rapides, Louisiana, np. Atix Čidǫna
pushing or pressing), v. apaxtǫyê. (former name), Rapidyą (later
push, to, v. uxtaki. name).
pustule (as in smallpox), n. sipi. rapidly, adv. ixyǫni.
pustules, covered in, adj. sipsipi. rat, n. aduska.
put curvilinear obj. in or on stg., to, v. rattle stg., to (as a gourd rattle), v.
xaheyê, xǫhe.
saheyê.
put large horizontal obj. on stg., to, v. rattle, n. sahe.
įpi. rattlesnake, n. ądêêsnithaani,
put multiple things in or on stg., to, v. ądêêssįdsahe, ądêêsxidi.
ču. rattling sound, to make, v. kokohe,
put vertical/perpendicular obj. on stg., sahe.
to, v. (u)stuki. raw, adj. sahi.
put on, to (hat), v. akue. razor, n. pąhį tukhohǫǫni.
put on, to (shoes), v. wax uste. reach, to (a place), v. hi, įhį.
put, to, v. či, ču. read, to, v. ukade.
real, adj. tikohê, -xti.
Q rear, n. daswa, tąįhį.
receive, to, v. dusi.
question, to (ask a), v. hayį naxê. recline, to, v. taho.
question PART. wo (m.) recognize, to, v. yehǫni.
quickly, adv. ixyǫni. rectangle, n. snotka.
quicksand, n. xididihe. rectangular, adj. snotka.
quiet, adj. nitiki. recuperate, to, v. ini.
quietly, adv. nitiki. red (dark), adj. čuutsapka.
red (light), adj. čuutsi.
Red River, Louisiana, np. Camą.
red, adj. č(u)ti, čuuti. rope, n. įką.

redden, to, v. čuutiyê. rose-colored, adj. kčaxtiki.
red-winged blackbird, n. kučįčka. rosin, n. sįtǫǫni.
reflexive (suus) PREF. kiki-. rough (texture), adj. xahi.
related, to be (by blood), v. ayiki. rough, adj. daxka.
release, to, v. įki. round, adj. kanaxka, počka, poska.
repair, to, v. kiko. row, in a, adv. kititiki.
reprove, to, v. kyąhi. rub, to, v. phu.
resemble, to (sby.), v. uke. ruler (leader), n. yaaxitąąyą, ąyaaxi,
reside with sby., to, v. unoxe, unoxwe. xidi, xo.
rest face on palm of hand, to, v. tukixe. rump, n. nįdi.
return, to (stg. to its owner), v. kipanahi run away, to, v. kokta.
khudi. run, to, v. tąhį.
return, to, v. kidê, kipanahi. rustle, to make leaves (by coming in
rib, n. taxoxka. contact with them), v. xiwahe.
ribbon, n. čke.
rice, n. sǫyiti.
right here, loc. nêtkha. S
right now, adv. naxaxa.
sack, n. pahe, pahį.
right, dir./loc., spewa.
sacred, adj. xi.
ring (finger), čaakuduxpê.
sad, to be, v. yądoye.
ring (nose), n. pčǫ hauni, pučǫ hauni.
saddle, to (up), v. xohǫǫyê.
rip, to, v. kaya.
saddle, to make a, v. xohǫǫ ǫǫni.
ripe, adj. atuti.
saddle, n. xohǫǫni.
river, n. čahamą.
saddlemaker, n. xohǫǫna.
road, n. natkhohi.
salamander, n. ąsakmaiyooka.
roaring sound (as falling water), n.
saliva, n. tačke.
wuxe, wuxwe.
salt, n. waasi.
roast, to, v. ayukǫǫni.
same, adj. keheyą.
roasted, adj. ayukǫǫni.
sand, n. phaki.
rob, to, v. asne, kisine.
sapsucker, n. čąčąhayi, tįka.
robber, n. asne, asnena.
sardine, n. o miska xa uči.
robe (of rabbit skins), n. čêtkahi utuxpê.
satiated, to be, v. xǫ.
robe (of wildcat skins), n. tamočkahi
satisfied, to be, v. xǫ.
uduxpê.
sawmill, n. ayąkhêyê.
robin, n. sįkuki.
say, to, v. ê, hǫyê.
rock, n. ąxu.
scale (fish), n. o ahi.
roe, n. o įįti.
scar, n. čida.
roll downward, to, v. kinahi.
scare away, to, v. nǫxê.
roll over, to, v. kidunahi.
scare, to, v. įskeyê.
roll up sleeves, to, v. paxaxahi.
scared, to be, v. įsihixti, įske.
roll up stg., to (several times), v. dunini.
scared, to cause to be, v. įskeyê.
roof, n. (athi) atukse.
scatter, to, v. čude, kinaxa.
room, n. hįyoki.
scattered, adj. kinaxa.
rooster, n. mąxi įdoke.
school, n. akathi ukade thi.
root, n. tudi, udi.
schoolhouse, n. akathi ukade thi.
scold, to, v. kyąhi. Shawnee, np. adj. Sawą.

scorch, to, v. adačuutkayê. sheep, n. čêtkohi.
scrape, to (by pushing), v. paxohi. sheepskin, n. čêtkoxahi.
scrape, to, v. dakaxohi, khê. shell (egg), n. įįtahi.
scratch, to (to relieve itching), v. shell, to, v. dixdo, dixkuhi (corn).
duxaye, duxayaxą. sheriff, n. adukučke ixi.
scratch, to (without tearing flesh), v. shine, to (sun, moon), v. hode.
dustuki. shingles, n. įkhapka.
scratch, to (as dog, cat, etc.), v. ixkinači. shining, adj. čitatka.
screach owl, n. xohayi. shiny, adj. čitatka.
scream, to, v. mahe, wahe. shiny, to make (by rubbing), v.
scythe, n. tąsįčayê. čitatkayê.
search, to, v. įdahi. shirt, n. doxpê, doxpê teduxka, ptato są.
seat, n. axêhê, uxkini, xêhê. shit, n. įdê.
secretly, adv. nitiki. shit, to, v. įdê.
see, v. dǫhi. shiver, to, v. tududuhe.
seed, n. su. shoe, n. waxi.
seek, to, v. įdahi. shoeless, adj. sihu.
sell, to, v. ahį atsi, atsi. shoes, to put on, v. usi, uste.
send, to, v. dêêkiyê. shoot, to, v. o.
send off, to, v. dêêyê. shoot a hole through, to, v. towê hutpê.
sense (reason), n. yądi. shooting star, n. įtka thąhį.
septum of nose, n. pučǫ ahudi tpąhį. short, adj. načka, tuduxka.
set a large horizontal obj. on stg., to, v. shortest route, by the, adv. akta.
įpi. shoulder blade, n. asǫti.
set, to, v. či, ču. shoulder, n. axe, kitaphe.
seven, num. nǫpahudi. shout, to, v. ade sąhąni, hǫyê.
several, adv. tahi, yihi. shovel, n. maxawǫǫni.
sew, to, v. kipstuki, kipstukyê, p(a)stuki. show, to, v. kidǫhiyê.
sewing machine, n. (h)amaasa p(a)stuki. shred, to, v. dukuya.
sexual intercourse, to have, v. wehe shut, to (a door), v. kuduske, kuduskeyê.
khê, weye. shut, to, v. akititu.
shade, n. aksahǫǫni, anači. sibling, n. ksąha.
shadow, n. aksahǫǫni. sick, adj. hauti.
shake a tree, to (to get fruit off), v. sick, to be, v. hauti.
duyuhe, nanayeyê, yuhe. side, on one (one of a pair), adv. sąhį xa.
shake hands, to, v. čaakkidusi. side, on one, adv. isąhį, sǫwa.
shake small objects onto the ground, to, side, on the other, adv. eusąhį, sąhį.
v. duyuhe. side, on the right, loc. įspewa.
shake, to, v. yuhi. sideburn, n. naxko.
shallow, adj. xye. sieve, n. ačtą.
sharp (at ends), adj. sǫsǫti. sieve (basket with larger holes), n.
sharp, adj. putsa. xutuki.
sharpen, to, v. putsayê. sigh, to, v. nixta naskê.
shave, to, v. dakaxohi, pąhį dakaxohi. sights (of gun), n. dǫxêhê.
shawl, n. čukadêêxi nithaani. signal, to (with hand), v. čaakik įkiyohǫ.
signify, to, v. kaha. smoke (from chimney), n. phêtithi uksi.

silent, adj. nitiki. smoke, to (as a fire), v. kusi, uksi nê.
silver, n. axisah są. smoke stg., to (as meat, hide, etc.), v.
since, conj. êtukê. sihiyê.
sinew, n. įką. smoke tobacco, to, v. yani įni.
sing, to, v. yaǫ, yaǫni. smooth, adj. čidohi, čidopi.
singe, to (hair, feathers), v. adu suduyê. smooth, to make (by planing or
single (unmarried), n. atopi, topi. rubbing), v. čidohiyê.
sink, to, v. kiduspê. smooth, to make (with a knife), v.
sister-in-law, n. čkąni. dakaxohi.
sit, to (down), v. akyehe, xêhê. snail, n. poxono.
sit, to (in, within an object), v. uxêhê. snake, n. ądêêsi, įdêêsi. See also type of
sit, to (on), v. axêhê. snake.
sit, to, v. xêhê. Garter snake.
six, num. akaxpê. Moccasin.
Rattlesnake.
skin (beaver), n. tamahi.
snap the fingers, to, v. čaakhǫyê.
skin (deer), n. sikahi, thaahi, thaahu.
snapping turtle, n. čiček nithaani.
skin (otter), n. činaxkahi, xinixkahi.
sneeze, to, v. misi.
skin (panther), n. tątahi.
snipe (bird), n. thačįdahayi.
skin (rabbit), n. čêtkahi.
snore, to, v. yaxdoke.
skin (wildcat), n. tamočkahi.
snow, n. wahu.
skin, n. ahe, ahi, he.
snow, to, v. wahu, wahu nê.
skin, to, v. duxke.
snowbird, n. wahu kadêêska.
skinned, have the hand, etc., to, v. oxke.
snow goose, n. akini xoh są.
skirt (woman’s long), n. haude.
so, adv. êtikê, įke.
skirt, n. awode.
so, conj. dį.
skull, n. phaa aho.
soap, n. čįčičǫni.
skunk, n. įska, niska.
soapberry tree, n. ayąyįkudi.
sky, n. nąčį.
soft (part of the body), n. tpąhį.
slapping sound, to make, v. duseyê,
soft, adj. tpąhį, waxka.
daptaweyê.
soil, n. amą, mą.
sledge hammer, n. ąsep poxka.
solidago weed, n. amočihayi.
sleep, to, v. yą.
somersaults, to turn, v. takoči.
slender, adj. snahi, supi.
something or other, n. kawayą.
slide, to, v. xati.
something, n. kawa.
slim, adj. snahi, supi.
son, yįki.
slip, to (as on ice) , v. xati.
soon, adv. uksani, yatana.
slippery, adj. čučapi.
soot, n. phêtithi sapi.
small, adj. miska, yįki.
sore, adj. papahe.
smallpox, n. apsǫ.
sore, to be, v. pahi.
smell (bad), n. xyuhu.
sore, n. pahi.
smell bad, to, v. yąxi.
sort, n. etuke.
smell (an odor), v. pani, xuuhi.
sound of tearing calico, to make, v.
smell good, to, v. naphihi.
čade.
smell, to, v. hi.
sound, make, to, v. hǫ.
smoke, n. kusi, uksi.
soup dish, n. kdopka.
sour hickory, n. pįhu paxka. stand firm, to, v. sįhį sąhąni.

sour, adj. paxka, pha. stand one’s ground, to, v. sįhį sąhąni.
south, dir. nyuhuyewade. stand up, to (perpendicular obj.), v.
sow, to, v. ci, ču, čude. sįhįyê.
spade, n. maxawǫǫni. stand, to, v. nê, sįhį, xaxa.
Spaniard, np. Spani. star, n. įtka.
Spanish, np. adj. Spani. steal, to, v. asne, kisine.
sparkling, adj. čitutka. stealthily, adv. nitiki.
sparrow hawk, n. kiskishayi. steamboat, n. nahadphêti.
speak to, to, v. kikįno. step over, to, v. pudi.
speak, to, v. ade, ê, kįno. step, n. si.
spear (fish), n. o ąpanahǫǫni. step, to, v. įksitu.
spear, n. ąpanahǫǫni. stew, to, v. ue.
speech, n. ade. stewed, adj. ue.
spider web, n. ąkada, ąkadaka, ąkadaki. stick (bat for ballgame), n. nitapi
spider, n. koxodenika. įkthêǫǫni.
spine, n. tąįhudi. stick (for roasting meat), n. ąpstukǫǫni.
spirit, n. anači. stick, to (to stg.), v. atspąhi.
spit, v. tučku. stick in, to, v. usįhįyê.
splash, n. poxwe. stick into, to, v. phuye.
splinter, n. ayąčati. stick, n. ayą.
splintered, adj. čati. stick, to, v. daki.
split, adj. čati. stiff, adj. susuki.
spoon, n. nisko. stiff (person), adj. tįhį.
spot, n. kadêêxi. still, xa.
spot (dirt), n. athada. sting (of insect), n. usi.
spotted, adj. kadêêxi. stinger, n. usi.
spread out, to (as mat for sitting on), v. stingy, to be, v. akste, aksteke.
uxkini. stink, to, v. yąxi.
spring (season), n. amix kidi. stinking, adj. xuuhi.
Spring Bayou, Louisiana, np. stock (animals), n. ayįki, hayįki.
Ąsnihoixyą. stockings, n. sisǫǫni.
spur, n. ąxayǫǫni. stomach, n. yixi.
squall, to (as a child) , v. mahe, wahe. stone, n. ąxu.
square, n. snotka. stoop, to, v. pasi.
squealer duck, n. tahąkona. stop, to, v. ixyaxye.
squeeze, to, v. dučički. stopper (as cork), n. pstukǫǫni.
squirrel (flying), n. čika. stopper in stg., to put a, v. pstukǫǫyê.
squirrel, n. ąsaki, nasaki. story, n. yêčpi.
stab, to, v. phuye. stout, adj. sąhąni.
stable, n. tahôôxkathi. straddle, to, v. pataxi sįhį nê.
stain, n. athada. straight line, in a, adv. akta.
stairway, n. asis(i)tu. straight, adj. kutata.
stalk, n. udi. strawberry, n. astepax kotka.
stand, to (with feet apart), v. ptaaxi sįhį street, n. natkhohi, natkhohi nithaani.
nê. stretched, adj. natix.
string, n. ąkada, ąkadaka, ąkadaki. swing, n. xoxo.

stripe, n. kadêêxi. swing, to, v. hauni, nupuni, puni, xoxo.
striped, adj. kadêêxi. switch reference PART. hą, ką.
strong, adj. sąhą, sąhąni. sword, n. psudehačapi.
stuck in (as knife), adv. paxa. sycamore tree, n. ayąsąhąudi.
stuck to, adj. daki. syrup, n. waaxčkuuyê wihi.
stump (tree), n. ayitudi, tudi.
sturgeon, n. o piče.
suck, v. pisi, učičpi. T
sucker fish, n. očipahayi.
table, n. aadidǫǫni.
sugar, n. waaxčkuuye.
tablecloth, n. aadidǫǫ axkidǫǫni.
sugar cane, n. waaxčkuuye udi.
table knife, n. psadêêhi put kanaxka.
sugar cane field, n. waaxčkuuye amąya.
tail (of animal), n. sį.
sugar refinery, n. waaxčkuuye athi.
take, to (stg. from another), v. kidusi.
summer duck, n. tahąkona.
take a seat, to, v. akyehe, xêhê.
summer, n. amihį.
take back, to, v. kyukihį.
summit, n. putstawiyą.
take care of, to (someone), v. nǫ.
sun, n. į, ina.
take from, to, v. kyąhe.
sunlight, n. udati.
take off, to (as clothing), v. pačke.
sunrise, n. ina hakanaki.
take off, to (shoes), v. waxi pačiču.
sunset, n. ina taho.
take up, to, v. coǫ.
sunshine, n. awode.
take, to, v. dą, dusi.
superfluous, adj. kadanixti.
tale, n. yečpi.
supernatural, adj. xi.
talk, to (to sby.), v. kikįno.
supper, n. pasaduti.
talk, to, v. ade, ê.
supple, adj. kututukta.
tall, adj. hedą, naskê, tudê.
suppose, to, v. aką.
tar, n. sǫnitǫǫni.
surround, to, v. hapsuki.
tea, n. tixi kafi.
suus (reflexive), PREF. kiki-.
teach, to, v. kihiyehǫyê, speyê.
swab out, to (as a gun barrel), v.
tear, to (often or in many places), v.
pačidǫǫni.
dusasa.
swallow (bird), n. kadêêska sį psǫti.
tear a hole, to (in or through), v. dusa
swallow, to, v. aduwaxka, nayê.
hutpê.
swamp, n. ayooka, yooka.
tear skin, to (by scratching), v. dusasa.
swap, to, v. kitowêyê, towê.
tear, to, v. dusa, sa.
swarm (onto), v. axi.
teepee, n. thixyapka.
sweat, n. amixkthê, hamixkthê.
tell, to (a story), v. yêčpi.
sweat, to, v. amixkthê, hamixkthê.
tell a lie, to, v. siye.
sweep, to, v. dakase.
tell news, to (what one hears), v. naxê
sweet bay, n. awuxuxkudi.
hakąhi.
sweet gum tree, n. yaxudi.
tell, to, v. kutiki.
sweet potato, n. ado waaxčkuuye.
temple (of forehead), n. taxpa.
sweet, adj. čkuuye, waaxčkuuye.
ten, num. ohi.
swell, to, v. po, tupo.
tent, n. thixyapka.
swim, to, v. phô.
terrapin, n. čičeki.
swing, to (another), v. činahiyê.
Texas, np. Têksi.
that, dem. dê, he. toad, n. aktu daxka.

thawed, adj. sinê. toadstool, n. thoki.
then, conj. dį. tobacco, n. yani.
there, loc. ewa, eyą, heyą. today, adv. nądê.
therefore, ekedi, eǫǫnidi. together, adv. kode.
these, dem. denani. tomorrow, adj. wite.
thick, adj. čaki. tongue, n. yêči.
thicket, n. isa. tongue, to stick out, v. kinawiyê.
thief, n. asne, asnena. tonight, adv. pasi dê.
thigh, n. taki. tonsils, n. dočaxka.
thin, adj. miska, snahi, supi. too, he.
thin, to be, v. supi. tooth, n. įsu.
think, to, v. yihi. toothache, n. įsu nê ǫǫni.
thirsty, to be, v. dodi uxwi. topic SUF. -yą (nouns).
this, dem. dê. touch, to, v. apuxi, tuče.
this direction, in, dir. ądaok. tough (not tender), adj. sčuki.
this way, dir. ądao, ądowa, dawo, dowa. toward, dir. -wa, -wade.
thorn tree, n. ayąxihayudi. town, n. tą.
thorn, n. xihayudi. tracks (bird). n. si.
those, adj. henani. trade, to, v. atsi, kitowêyê, towê.
though, conj. neheyąx. trail, to follow (person), v. utohoyê.
thread, n. ąkada, ąkadaka, ąkadaki. trail, to follow (dog), v. amaki.
three, num. dani. transparent, adj. khwudati.
throat, n. dodaye, dodaniye, dodi. treat someone badly, to, v. axakǫyê.
throw away, to, v. nǫdê. tree, n. ayą. See also type of tree.
throw down, to (to lay on), v. nǫdê. Ash.
throw, to, v. kįčê. Beech.
thrust a tined instrument into stg., to, Cottonwood.
v. duphǫǫni. Cypress.
thrust at, to, v. phuye. Elm.
Hickory.
thud (sound), n. puke.
Holly.
thud sound, to make a, v. pukeyê. Live oak.
thumb, n. čaak xohi. Magnolia.
thunder, n. tuhe. Mulberry.
thunder, to, v. tuhe. Peach.
Thunder Being, np. Tuhe. Pecan.
thus, adv. eǫǫnidi, êtikê. Pine.
tibia, n. yukpê putsi. Prickly ash.
tick, n. kanački. Short-leaf pine.
tie, to, v. dakučke. Sour hickory.
tight, adj. tąįhe. Sweet gum.
tin, n. yêskasą. tree (hollow), n. ayą xotka, ayuxotko,
tip, n. psǫti, pudi. xotka.
tipi, n. thixyapka. trouble, n. čiwa.
tired, adj. upi. troublesome, adj. čiwa.
to, dir. -wa, -wade. trousers, n. nįdoxpê.
trout, n. ačohi.
trunk (tree), n. udi. upper, adj. tawi(yą).

trunk, n. xa, xapi. upright, adj. kutata.
tub, n. tupi nithaani. upside down, adj. uxtuwi, xtiwi.
tumbler, n. maasadahǫǫni. upstairs, adj. adv. kuha.
tunic, n. ptato są. upward, adv. kohi, kowo.
Tunica, np. adj. Tunička, Tunixka. urinate, to, v. dixi.
turkey (wild), n. mąąyooka. use up, to, v. čayê.
turkey, n. maani, mą. use, to, v. ayįtanini, ǫǫ, ǫǫni.
turn, to (around repeatedly), v. used up, to be, v. ča.
kidunanahi.
turn, to (around), v. kidunahi, mixi.
turn upside down, to, v. uxtuwiyê, V
xtiwiyê. valley, n. kwįhi.
turn, to, v. dunahi, dunahį. vein, n. ayithi, iką.
turnip, n. awiska tudǫni. venison, n. thayo.
turtle (soft-shelled), n. čičekwaxka. vertigo, to have, v. phaa pudisǫ, phaa
turtle, n. čičeki. See also type of turtle. pudisǫǫni.
twelve, num. ohinǫpaxêhê. vertitive PART. ki-.
twilight, n. paspasi. vest, n. yatito.
twist, v. duni. vial, n. konička yįki.
twitch (once), v. wide. village, n. tą.
twitch (repeatedly), v. widwide. vine (of any type), n. mąthuhu, pąhį.
two, num. nǫpa. virgin, n. ąxti topi.
type, n. etuke. vomit, to, v. įkne.
vulva, n. yisiki.
U
ugly, adj. kadeni, kapini. W
umbrella, n. aksahǫǫni. wade, to, v. kunini.
uncivilized, adj. sahi. wage war, to, v. kikthê ǫǫni.
uncle, n. tukąni. wagon, n. yaduxtą.
uncooked, adj. sahi. wait for, to, v. yihi.
uncover by opening, to (a door, etc.), v. wait, to, v. hedikąča.
dupude. walk, to (on the ground), v. mąyįni.
under, loc. kuya, kwiayą, okaya, walk on stg., to, v. akinini.
tukamą, yaskiya. walk, to, v. ni.
undergrowth, n. ayą miska. walking (object, person), n. hine.
underneath, to go, v. tukamąkǫǫni. wall (of house, room), n. thipsohê.
underpants, n. nįdoxpê tukamakǫǫni. want, to, v. oyixi, te.
unique, adj. eyaxa. war whoop, to make the, v. komomohe.
unmarried, adj. topi. war whoop, n. komomohe.
unripe, adj. thohi. war, n. kikthê.
untie, v. duwe. warbler, yellow, n. kadêêska sidi.
until, adv. kde. warm, to (something), v. amihįyê.
unwrap, to, v. duwe.
up, adv. kohi.
warm oneself, to (as at a fire), v. whistle, to (wind), v. čǫwe.

ixkimiyê, phêtixtǫ. whistle, to, v. sade, sasade, sitside.
warm, adj. amihį. white bay tree, n. tečayudi.
wash, to, v. duča. white person, n. Kitsąyaa.
wash oneself, to, v. kixkiduča. white, adj. asą, są.
wasp, n. kąx usi naskê. whitish, adj., asątiki.
watch (clock), n. ina dǫhi yįki, ina whole, adj. apaną, owusi.
dǫhǫyįki. whoop, to, v. kamomohe, mahe, wahe.
watch, to, v. wata. whoozy, to be, v. wuda.
Watch out! exclam. Emą! whortleberry, n. hapetkahayi.
watch out for, to, v. aksapi. whose? inter. kawa tupeta, tupeta.
watch over, to, v. wata. why? inter. čidike, xyexyo.
water oak, n. udi miskudi. Wichita (people), n. Wičina.
water, n. ani, ni. wide, adj. pataasi, pataaxe, pataaxi.
water, sound of falling, n. wuxê, wuxwê. widow, n. ąxti ąčodǫ.
watermelon, n. kôô čkuuye. widower, n. ąčodǫ.
watery, adj. ani ǫǫni. wild China tree, n. ayąyįkudi.
wave (in water), n. ani xoxoni. wild, adj. ksapi, ksawi, sahi.
weak, to be, v. wuda. wildcat, n. tamočka.
wear, to (around neck), v. napani. wind, n. xuxe, xuxwe.
wear off, to (as edge of knife or axe), v. window, n. ayepi yįki, ayeyįki, thiawįki.
putsa čayê. wine, n. anipha čkuuye.
wear, to, v. ǫ, ǫǫni. wing feather, n. axehį, axeyahį.
weary, adj. upi. wing, n. axeya.
weasel, n. iskixpa. wink, to (often), v. pitspitse.
weather, n. nąpi. wink, to (once), v. pitse.
weed, n. dudayi, tąsi. winter, n. aną.
weigh, to, v. tikeyê. wipe, to (as hands, face, feet, dishes), v.
Well! exclam. Įda! pačidu.
well, n. ani kyahǫ, ani kya ǫǫni. wipe out, to (as a gun barrel), v.
wet, adj. kadoči. pačidǫǫni.
what kind? inter. kaka. wish, to, v. nawiyihi, oyixi, te.
what sort? inter. kaka. with, adv. į-, iya, nǫpa, ǫha.
what type? inter. kaka. within, loc. itka, -tka, -ką, k(i)nedi.
what? inter. čidike, kawa, kawake. without, to be, v. niki.
wheat, n. sǫphǫǫni. wolf, n. ayihį.
when? inter. yąka. woman, n. ąxti.
where? inter. čak, čaką, čuwa, xą, yąxą. woman, unmarried, n. ąxti topi.
which? inter. čidike. wood duck, n. taxpa.
whip, n. ǫtkǫ. wood, n. ayą.
whip, to, v. dako. woodpecker, black, n. pukpukhayi.
whippoorwill, n. čipanakono. woodpecker, ivory-billed, n. teįkayi.
whirring sound, n. tįwe. woodpecker, red-headed, n. kadêêsk
whirring sound, to make, v. tįwe. phaa čuuti, pukhayi.
whiskey, n. anipha. wool, n. čêtkoxoihį.
whisper, to, v. ade haeyê. word, n. kade.
work, to, v. atamini.

world, n. amą, mą. Y
worm, n. tamoki. yard (meas.), n. ahįyehi.
worthless, adj. wuki. yard (of house), n. akohi.
wound, to (sby.), v. yukaweyê. year, n. amihį.
wounded, to be, v. yukawe. yellow, adj. si.
wrap (around), to, v. adusǫsa, aduyaxą, yellow, to make, v. sihiyê.
aduye. yellowhammer, n. omayi.
wrap up, to, v. hapôdê, pôdê, pôpôdê. yellowish, adj. siditiki.
wring out, to (as wet clothing), v. yes, affirm. ą, ąhą.
dučički. yesterday, adv. tohana, tohanak.
wrinkle, n. kidupi, kikuhi, si. yet, adv. xa.
wrinkled, to be, v. kikuhi, sisi. yonder, loc. tuwa.
wrinkles, to have, v. sisi. young (of any animal), n. yįki.
wrist guard, n. apedehe.
youngest (one), n. aka.
wrist, n. čaakponi. your, poss. ay-, i-.
write, to, v. akathi ǫǫni, akathi kikǫǫni.
wrong, to do, v. kaphinixtiyê.

Section Four
Appendices
APPENDIX A: Affixes
a-, Verbal pref. de-, Num. pref. used before cardinal

1. Indicating habitual action: duse, to numbers to form numeral adverbs
bite (as a dog). denoting repetition of action.
 aduse, to bite habitually.
 desǫsa, once, denǫpa, twice, etc.
2. loc. There, on: xêhê to sit, axêhê, to
sit on stg. (as a chair). -di
3. Transitivizer, turning an 1. Focality marking suf. used on
intransitive verb into transitive. nouns and adjectives, often used in
 kįhį, to arrive home. texts, particularly with nouns newly
 akįhį, to take someone home. introduced into the narrative or
discourse.
ay-, 2nd person pron. and poss. pref.,
before vowels (i- before  Ąyaadi wax ni yukê… Some people
were hunting... (DS. 65).
consonants).
2. Assertive or emphatic suf. on
ą-
verbs; serves to give more emphasis
1. Inst. pref.
or immediacy to the verb.
 į-.
 Ekeką wahedi. And then she squalled
2. var. of ąk- (1st person pron. and (cried) (DS. 55).
poss. pref.) in certain phonological PS. *-ri.
environments.
du-, Inst. pref. indicating action by
 ąk-. means of using hands.
ąk-, 1st person pron. and poss. pref.  dučkąti, to crush by hand.
 ą-. O. tu.
da-, Inst. pref. indicating action by T. lu.
mouth, mouth as agent. -(h)ayi, Suf. occurring primarily with
many names of birds, insects,
O. ta-. plants, and other flora (one term for
T. la-. a human profession, blacksmith, is
daka-, Inst. pref. indicating action done attested). Listed here are all the
by force (hitting, punching, or using words that contain this suffix:
a knife).
adekadakayi mockingbird
T. laka-. amaas(i)k(i)thêhayi blacksmith
-daǫ, Suf. indicating animate obj. amočihayi solidago weed
anaxkukayi small cocklebur
possession. apenixkahayi goldfinch
 Sįto įktadaǫ, my boys. apenskihayi cardinal
apenyikyahayi goldfinch
at(h)adahayi grasshopper 2. Suf. attrib., stg. with the

ąčka natawayi mistletoe characteristics or qualities of the
čąčąhayi sp. of woodpecker
čidakhayi kingfisher
noun to which it is attached.
dixtihayi ivory bird  kadêêska, bird, i.e., stg. striped,
hapenixkaxyąhayi meadowlark spotted, or marked.
hapetkahayi huckleberry
kadêêska dahayi blue darter -ką, Dir. suf., in or into.
konixkahayi horsefly
kuniskihayi horsefly  phêtiką, into the fire.
očipahayi sucker fish  (-)itka, k(i)nedi.
pakpakayi sp. of woodpecker
phêtuxta ačihayi ground moss ki-
poxhayi nighthawk 1. dat. or ben. pref. indicating stg.
sǫtǫxayi Cooper’s hawk
tamomahayi hummingbird
done for sby. or on sby. else’s behalf.
teįkayi ivory-billed  kiyêtu, they said to him.
woodpecker
thaačįdahayi snipe  kiduča, he washed it for him.
udakhayi firefly
xądayi osprey
2. dat. of poss. pref. indicating a body
xohayi screech owl part or animal belonging to sby.
xǫdayi sp. of grasshopper  kihanetu, they found (the cat’s tail) for
xǫniyohi dudayi xohi pelican
him.
yakidamąkayi mutch-hotch
 Per JOD., Maria indicated that this 3. vert. pref. indicating returning to
means “that has its name all its life” a place.
(DS. 195).  kidêê, return to a place, return home.
nd
i-, 2 person pron. and poss. pref. before kiki-, Verbal pref. indicating
consonants (ay- before vowels.) reciprocity.
 ay-.  kikidǫhi, they were looking at one
another.
į-, Verbal inst. pref. indicating ‘with’ or
‘instrument by which’ stg. is done. -kut(i)ki, Suf. meaning ‘somewhat’,
 įnixye, to play with. ‘like’, ‘similar to’.
ka-, Verbal pref. of negation, often used  -ka, -tiki, -utka.

as a circumfix in conjunction with na-, Pref. indicating action by means of
the suf. -ni, e.g., ka-naxê-ni, not using foot.
hearing, deaf.
-na
T. ki- . . . -ne. 1. Suf. indicating habitual or
-ka continuous action or someone who
1. Suf. meaning ‘somewhat’, performs such an action.
‘something like’, ‘-ish.’  asnena, thief, one who habitually
sapka, somewhat black, blackish. steals (< asne, to steal).
 -kut(i)ki, -t(i)ki. 2. Suf. used frequently in forming

the names of mythical
representations.
 Čêtkana, The (Ancient of) Rabbits.
-ni, Verbal suf. of negation, often used -wa, Dir. suf. meaning ‘toward’, ‘in that
as a circumfix in conjunction with direction’, ‘into’.
the pref. ka-, although it can occur -wade, var. of -wa, toward.
without the pref.
-wayą, var. of -wa, toward.
 (ka)-naxê-ni, not hearing, deaf.
T. ki- . . . -ne.
-wo, var. of -wa, toward.
o- -xti
1. Verbal pref. indicating an action 1. Aug. and intens. suf. Also indicates
performed inside of a given space or superlative degree.
area.  pixti, very good, best.
ohǫyê, to play an instrument.  -sti.
 u-. 2. Suf. meaning ‘real’ or ‘true’.

O. o-. lit. real bow (the word ąksapi came
T. o-. to mean ‘gun’).
2. Pref. indicating by shooting.  ąksaapixti, bow.
-ǫǫ, var. of -ǫǫni, past occurrence.  tikohê.
pa-, Inst. pref. indicating action outward -yą
or by pushing.
1. dir. There, yonder.
-sti, same as -xti, aug. and intens. suf.
2. topicality suf. often occurring in
meaning ‘very’, ‘much.’
texts with a noun previously
 -xti. mentioned. Also used to refer to
-thaana, Suf. var. of nithaani, large, big. nouns or place names that are
culturally salient. Also functions as
 -thąą, -thaani. a type of ‘definite article.’
-thaani, same as -thaana, big.  ko.
-thąą, same as -thaana, big. -yê, suf., caus. ending.
-t(i)ki, Suf. meaning ‘somewhat’, ‘like’,  cuutiyê, to redden, paint red, cause to
‘similar to’. be red.
 -ka, -kut(i)ki.  1. -hąke(tu)
2. -haye(tu)
-utka, Suf. meaning ‘somewhat’, ‘like’, 3. -yê(tu)
‘similar to’, ‘-ish’.
O. -we.
 -ka, t(i)ki. T. -hiye.
APPENDIX B: Numbers
1 sǫsa 80 ohi dąhudi

2 nǫpa 90 ohi čkane
3 dani 100 tsipa
4 topa 101 tsipa sǫsaxêhê
5 ksani, ksą 102 tsipa nǫpaxêhê
6 akaxpe 110 tsipa ohi
7 nǫpahudi 111 tsipa ohi sǫsaxêhê
8 dąhudi 112 tsipa ohi nǫpaxêhê
9 čkane 120 tsipa ohi nǫpa
10 ohi 121 tsipa ohi nǫpa sǫsaxêhê
3
11 ohisǫsaxêhê 130 tsipa ohi dani
12 ohinǫpaxêhê 200 tsipa nǫpa
13 ohidanaxêhê 300 tsipa dani
14 ohitopaxêhê 400 tsipa topa
15 ohiksanaxêhê 500 tsipa ksani, tsipa ksą
16 ohiakaxpaxêhê 600 tsipa akaxpê
17 ohinǫpahuxêhê 700 tsipa nǫpahudi
18 ohidąhuxêhê 800 tsipa dąhudi
19 ohickanaxêhê 900 tsipa čkane
20 ohi nǫpa 1000 tsipįčya (tsipa + įcya)4
21 ohi nǫpa sǫsaxêhê 1001 tsipįčya sǫsaxêhê
22 ohi nǫpa nǫpaxêhê 1011 tsipįčya ohi sǫsaxêhê
23 ohi nǫpa danaxêhê
30 ohi dani
31 ohi dani sǫsaxêhê
40 ohi topa
50 ohi ksą
60 ohi akaxpê
70 ohi nǫpahudi
3 4
lit., “one sitting on ten,” etc. lit., “old man hundred.”
APPENDIX C: Days of the week
Nąpičayą Monday “Sunday gone”

Yąnǫpa Tuesday “Second sleep”
Yąxdani Wednesday “Third sleep”
Yątopa Thursday “Fourth sleep”
Yąksą Friday “Fifth sleep”
Sǫtka Saturday “Sunday’s younger brother”
5
Nąpidi Sunday “Chief Day”
Nąpi Nithaani Christmas “Big Day”
Towê Nąpiyą New Year’s Day “Frenchman’s Sunday”
5
Nąpidi is also “week.”
APPENDIX D: Human body
ANAHĮ hair
ITHÊ forehead PHAA head

PUČǪǪ nose TAČǪǪ eye
NIXUXWE ear IHI mouth
AXE shoulder DODI neck
AMĄKI chest
YIXI stomach
ASĄHĮ arm
ČIDI waist
ČAAKPONI wrist
ČAAKXOHI thumb
ČAAKI hand
ČAAKOWUSI
fingers
TAKI thigh
ČINĄKI knee YUKPÊ leg
ĮTI calf
SPONI ankle SI foot

APPENDIX E: Flora and fauna
1. Flora satuti, Cocoa grass.

sokuno, Cypress tree.
amihǫǫ tixi, Fever weed. stiįki, Plum.
amočihayi, Solidago weed. tą, Melon.
anaksi, Orange (fruit). tahôôxkati, Devil’s Shoestring (vine). Also
anaxkuka xohi, Large cocklebur. ukąkayi.
anaxkukayi, Small cocklebur. tąsa thohi, Cucumber.
anisni hudi, Prickly ash tree. tąsahi, Muskmelon.
apsǫdayudi, Holly tree. tąsi, Grass, weed.
ąsąki, Mulberry (fruit). tąsi mąksǫ, Short variety of broom grass.
ąsąkudi, Mulberry tree. tąspasǫtanaki, Yellow berries of the
aspaxka, Dewberry bush. tąspasǫti, nightshade.
astątka, Mayhaw. tąspasǫti, Nightshade.
astepax kotka, Strawberry. tąthaani, Pumpkin, squash.
ąsu, Pine. thoki, Toadstool, fungus, mushroom.
asu thohi, green brier. tįtkačkayudi, Elm tree.
haatą thaani, Banana. tkąčayudi, Ash tree.
haatą thaani udi, Banana stalk. tohǫni, Bamboo
haowudi, Beech tree. tohu sapka, Black rattan vine.
hapetkahayi, Huckleberry, whortleberry. tohudi, Rattan vine.
kiduni, Young growth of the plant tokono, Peach.
Arundinaria macrosperma, young canes. tokono udi, Peach tree.
kokayudi, Magnolia tree. tokono xohi, Apple.
kôô, Gourd. ukąkayi, Devil’s Shoestring. Also tahôôxkati.
kôôčkuuyê, Watermelon. uti, Acorn.
koxtįpka, Pokeberry. waaxčkuuyê udi, Sugar cane.
maxǫtka, Large species of palmetto. wustahudi, Live oak.
maxǫtkxohi, Species of cactus. xo yįki, “Little king” or “switch king” weed.
ǫkčįsayi, Onion. yani, Tobacco.
phetuxta ačihayi, Ground moss. yaxudi, Sweet gum tree.
phodi ąsudita, Short-leaf pine.
pįhu paxka, Sour hickory.
pįhudi, Hickory tree. ALPHABETICAL ENGLISH LISTING OF FLORA
pįthokǫǫ udi, Pecan tree.
pįthokǫǫni, Pecan nut. Acorn.
pophoxtyi, Balloon vine. Apple.
ptato, Cotton. Ash tree.
putitu kayudi, Cottonwood tree. Balloon vine.
Bamboo.
Banana stalk. Mushroom.

Banana. Muskmelon.
Beech tree. Nightshade.
Black rattan vine. Onion.
Broom grass. Orange (fruit).
Cocoa grass. Palmetto.
Cotton. Peach tree.
Cottonwood tree. Peach (fruit).
Cucumber. Pecan nut.
Cypress tree. Pecan tree.
Devil’s Shoestring. Pine.
Dewberry bush. Plum.
Elm tree. Pokeberry.
Fever weed. Prickly ash tree.
Fungus. Pumpkin, squash.
Gourd. Rattan vine.
Grass. Short-leaf pine.
Green brier. Small cocklebur.
Ground moss. Solidago weed.
Hickory tree. Sour hickory.
Holly tree. Cactus.
Huckleberry. Strawberry.
Cocklebur. Sugar cane.
Live oak. Sweet gum tree.
Magnolia tree. Toadstool.
Mayhaw. Tobacco.
Melon. Watermelon.
Mistletoe. Weed.
Mulberry (fruit). Whortleberry.
Mulberry tree. Yellow berries of nightshade.
2. Fauna
kawaxohi, Elephant.
kčixka, Hog. Also skaa.
Mammals
kčixkayooka, Opossum.
atuki, Raccoon. kučkayooka, Opossum.
ayihį, Wolf. niska, Skunk. Also įska.
čêtka, Hare, rabbit. ǫti, Bear, grizzly bear.
čêtkohi, Sheep. ǫtsapi, Black bear.
činaxka, Otter. skaa, Pig, hog. Also kcixka.
įska, Skunk. Also niska. skaayooka, Opossum.
iskixpa, Weasel. tahôôxka, Horse.
ithaa, Deer. tahôôxknixuxnaskê, Mule.
ithaa xuuhi, Goat. tama, Beaver.
tamočka, Wildcat. kadêêsk thohi, Bluebird.

tamočkadêêxi, Mountain lion, panther. kadêêska, Bird (general).
thaa, Deer. kadêêska ačuutka, Cardinal.
thąta, Cougar, panther, puma. kadêêska ačuutxohi, Cardinal grosbeak.
thoxka, Fox. kadêêska dahayi, Blue darter.
waaka, Cow. kadêêska si, Yellow warbler.
xanaxka, Otter. kadêêska sįdpasǫti, Swallow.
xanaxpe, Muskrat. kadêêska xohi, Parrot.
xinixka, Otter. kiiskiishayi, Sparrow hawk.
xǫniyohi, Crawfish, crayfish, crawdad. kiyąska, Marsh hawk. Also kotapka.
yanasa, Bison, buffalo. kotapka, Marsh hawk. Also kiyąska.
yinisa, Bison, buffalo. kotka, Wild goose.
kučįčka, Red-winged blackbird.
kyetǫhi, Duck hawk, peregrine falcon.
Birds maani, Turkey.
mąąxi, Chicken.
adekadekayi, Mockingbird. mąąyooka, Wild turkey.
ąąsana, Duck. momoxka, Hummingbird.
ąąsana mahe, Diving duck. omayi, Yellow hammer.
ąąsana xuuhi, Muscovy duck. oxka, Crane.
ąčka, Crow. oxka są, White crane.
ąčkanǫxe, Kingbird, bee martin. oxkthohi, Great blue heron.
akini, Goose. paxêxka, Chicken hawk.
akini xoh są, probably snow goose, white phaa są, Bald eagle.
brent goose, or Texas goose. phodade, Owl.
akini xoh toxka, Gray or common wild phuska, Partridge, game bird.
goose, or Canada goose. poxhayi, Nighthawk, bullbat.
apenixkahayi, Goldfinch. pukayi, Red-headed woodpecker.
apenskihayi, Cardinal. pukpukayi, Large black woodpecker.
api, Bald eagle. sįkuki, Robin.
ayapi, Eagle. sǫtǫxayi, Hen hawk.
čąčąhayi, Sapsucker. tahąkona, Summer duck, squealer duck,
čidakayi, Kingfisher. yellow-eyed duck.
činahayi, Wren. taxpa, Wood duck or summer duck.
čipanakono, Whippoorwill. teįkhayi, Ivory-billed woodpecker.
čǫkčo, Fish hawk. thaačįdahayi, Snipe.
dixtihayi, Ivory bird. thitumihayi, Horned owl.
êxkha, Black-headed buzzard, turkey tįka, Sapsucker.
buzzard. tįskana, Jay.
êxkha naskê, Red-headed buzzard, carrion uti, Pigeon.
crow. wahu kadêêska, Snowbird.
hapenixkaxyąhayi, Meadowlark. xądayi, Fish hawk.
kąčayi, Mallard duck. xohayi, Screach owl.
kadêêsk phaa čuuti, Red-headed xǫniyohi dudayi xohi, Pelican.
woodpecker. yakidamąkayi, Mutch-hotch.
kadêêsk sapi, Blackbird. yoteka, Dove.
nasaki, Squirrel. Also ąsaki, įcke.

naxo, Alligator.
Fish paxka, Mole.
poxono, Snail.
ačohi, Trout. tanioka, Moccasin (snake).
čičkahe, Catfish (generic).
čičkahe są, White catfish.
Insects
čičkahe si, Yellow catfish.
čičkahe thohi, Blue catfish.
adoyê, Maggot.
kosayi, Minnow.
akidi sipsiwe, Bessie bug.
kučkahe, Catfish (generic).
akidi tąįhį tǫxka, Buffalo bug.
kyuki, Jackfish, a small fish resembling the
akidi xapka, Bed bug.
gar.
ane, Louse.
naxodohe, Alligator gar.
apadênska, Butterfly.
o ądêêsi, Eel.
aphêtka, Common fly, housefly.
o ihi, Pipe-bill garfish.
astotǫka, Black cricket.
o miska xa uči, Sardine.
atadaxayi, Grasshopper.
o piče, Sturgeon.
kačidiktê, Ant (general).
o psahe, Bass.
kačidiktê čuuti, Red ant.
očipahayi, Sucker fish.
kačidiktê sapi, Black ant.
omduti, Buffalo fish.
kanački, Tick.
tudaxpe, Perch.
kanikexi, Horsefly.
yokčona, Gar.
kąx konixka, Hornet.
kąx usi naskê, Wasp.
kąxi, Bee.
Rodents, reptiles, amphibians, arachnids
kuniskihayi, Gnat.
kutska, Flea.
ądêêskadêêxi, Garter snake.
pačinaka, Mosquito hawk.
ądêêsnithaani, Rattlesnake.
ptato akidi, Caterpillar.
ądêêssįdsahe, Rattlesnake.
sosoti, Katydid.
ądêêsxidi, Rattlesnake.
tamoki, Worm.
aduska, Rat.
udakhayi, Firefly, lightning bug.
aktadaxka, Toad.
xǫdayi, Lubber grasshopper.
ąsaki, Squirrel. Also inčke, nasaki.
yamaki, Mosquito.
ąsakmąiyoka, Salamander.
yosahe, Locust.
čamuki, Mouse.
čiček nithaani, Loggerhead, snapping,
alligator turtle. ALPHABETICAL ENGLISH LISTING OF FAUNA
čičeki, Turtle, terrapin (general).
čičekwaxka, Soft-shelled turtle. Alligator.
čika, Flying squirrel. Alligator gar.
įčke, Squirrel. Also ąsaki, nasaki. Alligator turtle.
kčixka mayįka, Ground hog. Ant.
kǫninuhi, Bull frog. Bald eagle.
koxodenika, Spider (general). Bass.
ktǫhi, Frog. Bear.
Beaver.
Bed bug. Flying squirrel.

Bee martin. Fox.
Bee. Frog.
Bessie bug. Gar.
Bird. Garter snake.
Bison. Gnat.
Black ant. Goat.
Black bear. Goldfinch.
Black cricket. Goose.
Blackbird. Grasshopper.
Black-headed buzzard. Gray goose.
Blue catfish. Great blue heron.
Blue darter. Grizzly bear.
Bluebird. Ground hog.
Buffalo bug. Hare.
Buffalo fish. Hen hawk.
Buffalo. Hog.
Bull frog. Horned owl.
Bullbat. Hornet.
Butterfly. Horse.
Canada goose. Horsefly.
Cardinal grosbeak. Hummingbird.
Cardinal. Ivory bird.
Carrion crow. Ivory-billed woodpecker.
Caterpillar. Jackfish.
Catfish. Jay.
Chicken hawk. Katydid.
Chicken. Kingbird.
Fly (housefly). Kingfisher.
Cow. Large black woodpecker.
Crane. Lightning bug.
Crawdad. Locust.
Crawfish. Loggerhead turtle.
Crayfish. Louse.
Crow. Lubber grasshopper.
Deer. Maggot.
Diving duck. Mallard duck.
Dove. Marsh hawk.
Duck hawk. Meadowlark.
Duck. Minnow.
Eagle. Moccasin.
Eel. Mockingbird.
Elephant. Mole.
Firefly. Mosquito hawk.
Fish hawk. Mosquito.
Flea. Mountain lion.
Mouse. Snipe.
Mule. Snow goose.
Muscovy duck. Soft-shelled turtle.
Muskrat. Sparrow hawk.
Mutch-hotch. Spider.
Nighthawk Squealer duck.
Opossum. Squirrel.
Otter. Sturgeon.
Owl. Sucker fish.
Panther. Summer duck.
Parrot. Swallow.
Partridge. Terrapin.
Pelican. Texas goose.
Perch. Tick.
Peregrine falcon. Toad.
Pig. Trout.
Pigeon. Turkey buzzard.
Pipe-bill garfish. Turkey.
Puma. Turtle.
Rabbit. Wasp.
Raccoon. Weasel.
Rat. Whippoorwill.
Rattlesnake. White Brent goose.
Red ant. White catfish.
Red-headed buzzard. White crane.
Red-headed woodpecker. Wild goose.
Red-winged blackbird. Wild turkey.
Robin. Wildcat.
Salamander. Wolf.
Sapsucker. Wood duck.
Sardine. Worm.
Screech owl. Wren.
Sheep. Yellow catfish.
Skunk. Yellowhammer.
Snail. Yellow warbler.
Snapping turtle. Yellow-eyed duck.
APPENDIX F: Medicinal plants
amihǫ tixi, Fever weed. pophoxtyi, Balloon vine.

Cardiospermum.
A medicinal tea was made from this
weed to produce perspiration. The root of this vine was used as a
remedy for dropsy.
aspaxka or astepaxka, Dewberry bush.
tečayudi, White bay.
A decoction made from the roots of
this bush was used for washing cuts A tea was made from the bark and
and other wounds. leaves of this plant to promote
perspiration.
asu thohi, Green briar, Smilax auriculata.
The large leaves of this briar were ukąkayi, n. BOT. Devil’s Shoestring,
warmed and laid on sores to draw Viburnum alnifolium.
out inflammation. Roots used as anti-spasmodics,
especially for menstrual cramps (D.
awuxuxkudi, Sweet bay. 90 H 57).
A tea made from the bark and leaves

of this tree was used by the Biloxis
to promote perspiration.
APPENDIX G: Mythological names
Kadêêska Dahayina, Ancient of Blue

Aduskana, Ancient of (Wood) Rats.
Darters.
Aktadaxkana, Ancient of Toads.
Kčixkayookana or Kučkayookana,
Apenixkahayina, Ancient of Ancient of Opossums.
Goldfinches.
Kotapkana, Ancient of Hen Harriers (or
Atuka, Ancient of Raccoons. Marsh Hawks).
Ayihįna, Ancient of Wolves. Mąąįčina, Ancient of Turkeys.
Ąčkahǫǫna, Ancient of Crows. Omayina, Ancient of Yellowhammers.
Čêtkana, The Rabbit. Paxêxkana, Ancient of Chicken Hawks.
Činahayina, Ancient of Wrens. Pêskana, Ancient of Tiny Frogs.
Čǫkčona, Ancient of Ospreys (or Fish Pukpukayina, Ancient of Woodpeckers.
Hawks).
Skaakana, Ancient of Opossums.
Įsukečǫna, Ancient One with Crooked
Thątona, Ancient of Panthers.
Teeth.
Tįkana, Ancient of Sapsuckers.
Kačidiktêna, Ancient of Ants.
Tuhe, Thunder Being.
Kadêêska Ačuutkana, Ancient of
Cardinals. Xinixkana, Ancient of Otters.
His Arm.” In Williamson, R. and C. Farrer eds. Earth

and sky, 215-220. Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press.
ii
Dorsey, James Owen. 1893. The Biloxi Indians of
Louisiana. Proceedings of the Association for the
i Advancement of Science 43, 267-87.
Goodman, R. 1992. On the Necessity of Sacrifice in
Lakota Stellar Theology as Seen in “The Hand”
Constellation, and the Story of “The Chief Who Lost
iii
Swanton, John. 1928. Sun Worship in the
Southeast. In American Anthropologist, New Series,
30, 2, 206-13.
iv
Haas, Mary. 1934. Unpublished field notes.
v
Kimball, Geoffrey. 1991. Koasati Grammar:
Studies in the Anthropology of North American
Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

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Kadakathi Tanêks-Tąyosą David V. Kaufman, Ph.D.

Revised and enlarged

based on materials collected by:

A revised version of the Biloxi portion of

All drawings and illustrations by Barbara Salvatore, unless otherwise noted.

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Tanêksąyaa daha akathi dê įkhu na.

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Biloxi language consultants viii

Appendix E: Flora and fauna 188

Biloxi language consultants

Gatschet’s consultants in 1886:

Jim Sam (full blood)

Dorsey’s consultants in 1892-93 (photographs following):

Betsey Joe Johnson

Bankston Johnson, another of Dorsey’s consultants, ca. 1892.

Location of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe

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1.0 About the Biloxis

2.0 About this revised Biloxi dictionary

2.1 About this Second Edition

3.0 About the Biloxi language

4.0 Biloxi alphabet and orthography

4.3 Comparison of old and new orthographies

Orthography used in A Dictionary of the Orthography used in revised dictionary

5.0 Biloxi pronunciation

a when stressed, as a in English father; when unstressed, as a in about.

6.0 Stress and vowel length

6.2 Vowel length

7.0 More on Biloxi grammar

7.1 The basics

a grammatical function label familiar to English speakers, these labels should be

7.4.1 Biloxi motion verbs

HOME kidêê hi APOGEE

8.0 Pragmatic, or discourse, marking

Much of the following discussion concerns pragmatic, or discourse, marking,

8.1 Focus and topic marking

8.2 Assertive marking

8.3 Realis and irrealis marking

9.0 Gender speech patterns

10.0 Using this dictionary

Here is a typical entry from the Biloxi-English Dictionary:

 I ąkadi VERB CONJUGATION

[tahôôxka + nixuxi + naskê]

The literal translation of certain words is provided:

cf. Tn. čómu.

Variants of words are given separate entries:

10.2 Entries in the English-Biloxi Index

alligator, n. ąxo, naxo.

11.0 Abbreviations used in this dictionary

 see variant or related word.

 note, from original compilers or current editor, often culturally related.

adj. adjective or word acting as an adjective or descriptor.

Ala. Alabama, a Muskogean language.

ANAT. anatomical, pertaining to human body parts.

ASTR. astronomical, pertaining to astronomical bodies.

At. Atakapa, an isolate language of modern Louisiana and Texas.

ATTR. attributive, having a descriptive meaning.

BOT. botanical, pertaining to plants or trees.