Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 372 views

    Synchronous Generators 1

    Uploaded by

    ahmedmagdi2009
    - Synchronous generators are the largest energy converters that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy up to 1500 MW. They use rotating magnetic fields to induce voltage in stator windings to produce alternating current. - There are two types - stationary field and revolving field. Frequency depends on speed of rotation and number of poles. Synchronous reactance relates to inductance and determines voltage/current relationship under load. - Generators must be synchronized to connect in parallel by matching frequency, voltage magnitude and phase. Active power delivered depends on induced and terminal voltages along with torque angle and synchronous reactance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Synchronous Generators 1

    Uploaded by

    ahmedmagdi2009
    372 views23 pages
    - Synchronous generators are the largest energy converters that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy up to 1500 MW. They use rotating magnetic fields to induce voltage in stator windings to produce alternating current. - There are two types - stationary field and revolving field. Frequency depends on speed of rotation and number of poles. Synchronous reactance relates to inductance and determines voltage/current relationship under load. - Generators must be synchronized to connect in parallel by matching frequency, voltage magnitude and phase. Active power delivered depends on induced and terminal voltages along with torque angle and synchronous reactance.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    - Synchronous generators are the largest energy converters that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy up to 1500 MW. They use rotating magnetic fields to induce voltage in stator windings to produce alternating current. - There are two types - stationary field and revolving field. Frequency depends on speed of rotation and number of poles. Synchronous reactance relates to inductance and determines voltage/current relationship under load. - Generators must be synchronized to connect in parallel by matching frequency, voltage magnitude and phase. Active power delivered depends on induced and terminal voltages along with torque angle and synchronous reactance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    372 views23 pages

    Synchronous Generators 1

    Uploaded by

    ahmedmagdi2009
    - Synchronous generators are the largest energy converters that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy up to 1500 MW. They use rotating magnetic fields to induce voltage in stator windings to produce alternating current. - There are two types - stationary field and revolving field. Frequency depends on speed of rotation and number of poles. Synchronous reactance relates to inductance and determines voltage/current relationship under load. - Generators must be synchronized to connect in parallel by matching frequency, voltage magnitude and phase. Active power delivered depends on induced and terminal voltages along with torque angle and synchronous reactance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that synchronous generators are the largest energy converters that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy up to 1500 MW. They introduce the concepts of stationary field synchronous generator and revolving field synchronous generator.

    The two types of synchronous generators discussed are the stationary field synchronous generator which has a salient pole field that is stationary and a revolving armature, and the revolving field synchronous generator which has a stationary armature called the stator and a revolving field.

    Some of the main features of the stator discussed are that it has a cylindrical laminated core and a wye connection on its windings. The voltage per phase is only 1/√3 of the line voltage and the conductors have a larger cross section to increase the current and power output.

    Synchronous Generators

    Introduction
    • source of all the electrical energy
    • largest energy converters
    • Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy up to 1500 MW
    Commercial Synchronous Generator
    • Stationary –field synchronous generator
    • same appearance as dc generator
    • salient poles – create the dc field, cut by a revolving armature
    • Armature possesses a 3-phase winding – connected to 3 slip ring
    mounted on shaft
    • a set of brush sliding on the slip ring – connected to an external 3-
    phase load
    • as the armature rotates, 3-phase voltage is induced – depend upon a
    speed of rotation and dc exciting current in the stationary poles
    • frequency of the voltage – depend upon the speed and number of
    poles on the field
    Commercial Synchronous Generator

    • Revolving –field synchronous generator


    • stationary armature called stator
    • 3-phase stator winding is connected to the load
    • stationary stator – easier to insulate the winding – not subjected to
    centrifugal forces
    Number of poles

    • Depends upon the speed of rotation and the wanted frequency

    f = pn / 120
    f = frequency of the induced voltage
    p = number of poles on the rotor
    n = speed of the rotor
    Example
    A hydraulic turbine turning at 200 r/min is connected
    to a synchronous generator. If the induced voltage
    has a frequency of 60 Hz, how many poles does the
    rotor have?
    Stator – main features

    • identical to that of 3-phase induction motor


    • composed of cylindrical laminated core
    • wye connection on windings
    • voltage per phase is only 1/√3 (58%) of the voltage between the lines
    • the highest voltage between a stator conductor and grounded stator
    core is 58% of the line voltage
    • reduce the number of insulation in the slot
    • increase the cross section of the conductors – larger conductor
    increases the current – increase the power output
    • avoid line to neutral harmonics
    Rotor – main features

    • two types:
    • salient poles
    • cylindrical rotors
    • Salient poles
    • mounted on a large circular steel frame which is fixed to a revolving
    vertical shaft
    • made of bare copper bars – ensure good cooling
    • Cylindrical rotors
    • long rotor, solid steel cylinder, contains a series of longitudinal slot
    No-load saturation curve

    • Ix – current to produce a flux in


    the air gap
    • Ix gradually increased
    • small value of Ix, Eo changes
    proportionally
    • as the iron begins to saturate,
    the voltage rises much less
    No-load saturation curve
    Synchronous Reactance

    • N1 and N2 is not connected as


    the load is balanced
    Synchronous Reactance

    • the field carries an exciting


    current, produces flux as the field
    revolves, the flux induces in the
    stator
    • each phase of the stator
    possesses a resistance R and
    inductance L

    Xs = 2πfL

    Xs = synchronous reactance
    f = generator frequency
    L = apparent inductance of the
    stator
    Synchronous Reactance

    • simplified circuit – per phase


    • R (winding resistance) is neglected
    • Ix – produces the flux which induces the internal voltage Eo
    • E – voltage at the terminal of the generator – depend on Eo and Z
    • E and Eo – line to neutral voltage
    • I – line current
    Determining the value of Xs

    • open circuit and short-circuit test


    • the generator is driven at rated speed
    • exciting current is raised until the rated line to line voltage is attained
    • exciting current Ixn and line to neutral En is recorded
    • the excitation is reduced to zero and the three stator is short circuited
    together
    • the generator is running at rated speed, the exciting current is gradually
    raised to Ixn
    • resulting short circuit current Isc in the stator is measured

    Xs = En / Isc
    Xs = synchronous reactance
    En = rated open circuit line to neutral voltage
    Isc = short circuit current
    Example

    A 3-phase synchronous generator produces an open circuit


    line voltage of 6928 V when the dc exciting current is 50 A.
    The ac terminals are then short circuited, and the three line
    currents are found to be 800 A. Calculate

    • the synchronous reactance per phase


    • the terminal voltage if three 12 Ω resistors are connected in
    wye across the terminals
    Synchronous generator under load

    • types of load applied to the generator


    • Isolated loads
    • Infinite bus

    • in order to construct the phasor diagram for this circuit, following fact applies:
    • Current I lags behind terminal voltage E by an angle θ
    • cos θ = power factor of the load
    • voltage Ex across the synchronous reactance leads current I by 90o.
    • Ex = jIXs
    • voltage Eo generated by the flux is equal to the phasor sum of E plus Ex
    • both Eo and Ex are voltages that exist inside the synchronous generator
    windings and cannot be measured directly
    • flux is that produced by the dc exciting current Ix
    Synchronous generator under load

    • lagging power factor load


    •Eo leads E by δ degrees

    • leading power factor load


    •Eo leads E by δ degrees
    Example

    A 36 MVA, 20.8 kV, 3-phase alternator has a synchronous reactance of 9 Ω


    and nominal current of 1 kA. No-load saturation as figure below. The
    excitation is adjusted so that the terminal voltage remain fixed at 21 kV,
    calculate the exciting current required and draw the phasor diagram for:

    • no-load
    • resistive load of 36 MW
    • capacitive load 12 Mvar
    Synchronization of a generator
    • Connecting two or more generators in parallel to supply a common load
    • the load varies depend on power demand
    • the selected generators are temporarily disconnected if the demand falls
    • the generators must be synchronized
    • synchronization achieved when:
    • the generator frequency is equal to the system frequency
    • the generator voltage is equal to the system voltage
    • the generator voltage is in phase with the system voltage
    • the phase sequence of the generator is the same as that of the system

    • to synchronize:
    • adjust the speed regulator of the turbine so that the generator frequency is
    close to the system frequency
    • adjust the excitation so that the generator voltage Eo is equal to the
    system voltage E
    • observe the phase angle between Eo and E using synchroscope
    • the line circuit breaker is closed – connecting the generator to the system
    Active power delivered by the generator
    P = EoEsinδ/Xs
    P = active power
    Eo = induced voltage
    E = terminal voltage
    Xs = synchronous reactance
    δ = torque angle between Eo and E
    Example

    A 36 MVA, 21kV, 1800 r/min, 3-phase generator connected to a power grid,


    has a synchronous reactance of 9 Ω per phase. If the exciting voltage is
    12kV (line to neutral) and the system voltage is 17.3 kV (line to line),
    calculate:

    • active power which the machine delivers when the torque angle is 30o
    • the peak power that the generator can deliver before it falls out of step
    (loses synchronization)
    Power transfer between two sources
    • Only interested in the active power
    transmitted from source A to B or vice
    versa
    • E1 = E2 + jIX
    • I lags behind E2 by θ
    •E1 leads E2 by δ
    • IX leads I by 90o
    • active power absorbed by B:
    P = E2Icosθ

    • IX/sinδ = E1/sinψ
    = E1/sin (90 + θ)
    = E1/cos θ

    • Icosθ = E1sinδ/X

    P = E1E2sinδ/X
    Power transfer between two sources
    • Example

    • Referring to the figure, source A generates a voltage E1 = 20 kV /50o and


    source B generates a voltage E2 = 15kV / 42o . The transmission line
    connecting them has an inductive reactance of 14 Ω. Calculate the active
    power that flows over the line and specify which source is actually a load

    You might also like