Generator Operation

Before rolling of turbine we must check 132 kV Generator Isolator. It must be in closed position.,
Normally below 85% of rated speed we can not close field breaker., In T.G. #6 & #7 ready for
synchronization comes on ABB PROCONTROL PANEL at 2770 RPM (91.67% speed).

CLOSING FIELD BREAKER OR MAKING FIELD FLASHING ON IS THE FIRST OPERATION BEFORE
SYNCHRONISATION.

We must not close field breaker below 85% of rated speed. This is done to avoid Generator
Transformer from overfluxing.
As we know, the voltage equation of a 3-ph X’mer is:

V=4.44Ǿmf Tn
where Ǿm- Max. flux_
f - Frequency
Tn - No. of Turns

V=k f Ǿm
(V/f) α Ǿm
From above we see frequency (i.e rotor speed) is inversely proportional & voltage is directly
proportional to m.m.f of Gen. X’mer. (V/f) ratio for 3-ph X’mer is fixed & above this value, X’mer
core affected & when it gets saturated then it needs replacement only.,

As field flashing made ‘ON’ we make Gen. Rotor ELECTROMAGNET., Now a rotating magnetic field
(m.m.f) comes in picture in the air gap. This rotating magnetic flux (m.m.f) stator wdg. & E.M.F
induces in stator. Generator kV, field V & field I comes in picture., Now we are ready to synchronise
our Generator.

Synchronisation is the process of connecting two or more than two Generators in parallel., Generator
which we want to connect with running system (or running generators) is known as Incoming
Generator.

For Synchronisation following conditions must be satisfied:-

(1) Incoming Gen. Phase sequences must be matched with running system (or running Generators).,
This is done during commissioning by back charging Gen. X’mer & phase sequence matched
by G.T.
(2) Incoming Gen. V should be matched with running system.
(3) Incoming Gen. Frequency should be matched with running system.
(4) There should be no PHASE DIFFERENCE between Incoming Generator & running system.,
When running & incoming frequencies are matched & there are no phase difference then
PERMISSIVE for closing Generator breaker is given by Synchronoscope (At 12 O’clock except
T.G. # 1 & # 2)., As M/c synchronized, block load (5 MW) comes in picture to avoid motoring
mode of Generator.

I/P
TORQUE INERTIA INERTIA O/P TORQUE

TORQUE
X

PM G M

SHAFT LOAD
Essential mechanical factors affecting stability of system:-
(1) Prime mover I/P torque (steam flow)
(2) Inertia of PM & Generator
(3) Inertia of motor & shaft load
(4) Shaft load & O/P torque

Essential Electrical factors:-

(1) Internal voltage of Generator
(2) Internal voltage of motor (load)
(3) Reactances of system including
(a) Generator
(b) Line
(c) Motor
Types Of Excitation System In Renusagar
(1) Separately Excited system with brushes and slip rings- T.G.#1 & #2
(2) Static Excitation system- T.G.#5, #9 & #10
(3) Brush less Excitation system-T.G.#3, #4, #6, #7 & #8

Basic differences between Static excitation system & Brush less excitation system
Brush less Excitation System Static Excitation System
-Direct turbine shaft driven & maintenance free -Maintenance of slip rings needs since
since there are no slip rings and basic machine since slip rings are there in this
is Main Exciter. Excitation system.
-No initial build up ckt is required since supply -Excitation build up from auxiliary/metal
obtained from PMG source.

Diode source and

automatically disconnected

when 70% of
Generator voltage obtained.
-Full ceiling voltage available (RC blocks help to - Not available.
reduce reverse peak voltage magnitude).
-Fast current(Exciter current) control.
-Not so fast as B.E.S

Excitation System

Definition of excitation system as per ASA (American Standards Association) publication C42
An Excitation system is the source of field current to Excite a principle electric M/C (Rotor) including
means for its control.

Automatic Voltage Regulator

To maintain M/c load angle (Rotor angle to assist in maintaining steady state stability)

Behavior of a Generator to remain in SYNCHRONISM with system; term used for this behavior is
STABILITY.
The STEADY STATE STABILITY of a Generator defines its ability to remain in synchronism under
condition of steady state operation (Includes load drift , voltage drift & small fairly low (lesser intensity)
load change.

Generator

Performance of a TG is related to it’s capability. The capability of a generator is decided by:

(1) Electrical loading
(2) Magnetic loading
(3) Ventilation & Heat transfer

(1) Electrical loading:

(1.1) Stator Winding: Electrical loading of stator depends upon the values of ampere
conductors/cm of the periphery and the current density in the winding at the rated stator
current. Any increase in MVA output at the rated voltage causes higher flow of current
resulting in higher I 2R losses and additional losses, thereby raising the operating temperature
of the winding.

(1.2) Rotor Winding : The field current in the rotor winding depends upon the rated
conditions of MVA, MW, PF, Voltage, OCC & SCC characteristics. The field current at the rated
output parameters will be the maximum value permissible and should not be exceeded. Any
increase in field current over the rated value will increase the I 2R and thereby increasing the
temperature rise of the field winding.

(2) Magnetic loading: Magnetic loading mainly depends upon the value of the flux density in the
air gap, corresponding to the rated terminal voltage of the Generator. Normally this value will not
exceed 1.0 Texla for generators of this capacity. Any increase in terminal voltage or decrease in
speed (or frequency ) of the generators (due to Grid conditions etc.) results in increase in gas gap
flux density. Consequently the field current in the rotor winding will increase. Also due to higher
circulating flux, values of flux density in the stator teeth, Stator core and rotor iron also increases
and following will result in :

Higher saturation and hence higher value of field currents.

(a) Higher Hysterises and eddy current losses in the stator core and teeth, resulting in
higher temperature rises of the respective parts.

Unbalanced Load Operation

(1) Large turbo-generators are rated on the basis of balanced load conditions.
(2) With balanced 3-ph load, the generator phase currents are equal in magnitude and are
symmetrical in phase sequence.
(3) With balanced load conditions to phase currents and terminal voltage deviate from the
relationship of balance load and negative phase sequence stator current is imposed on the
generator as per the formula I2= 1/3 (IA + aIB + a2IC ) .
(4) This unbalanced loading results in extra losses which appear primarily at the surface of the rotor
thereby increasing the temp. rise.
(5) Generator unbalanced stator currents produce shaft torque pulsating at twice the line frequency with
their per unit magnitudes approximately equal to the P.U negative phase sequence stator current.

Effects of lagging and leading power factor

(1) The reactive capability curves give the limits of loading at various power factor.
(2) Operation with leading power factor will result in overheating the field winding due to the increased
field current upto the rated power factor.
(3) Operation with leading power factor will result in overheating the ends of the stator core and the end
structure of the m/c due to the eddy currents set up by the armateur reaction flux.
(4) The heating effect of this leakage flux increases with the decreasing saturation of the retaining rings
resulting from the lower value of field current .
(5) From stability point of view also operation on leading power factor zone is also to be restricted as
indicated in the capability curve.

Effect of loss of Excitation

(1) When excitation is lost, the generator tends to overspeed and operates as an Induction Generator .
(2) This is called asynchronous operation.
(3) This overspeed normally results in a reduction in load due to characteristics of turbine Governor.
(4) Due to difference in frequency of rotor and grid supply slip frequency currents will be induced in the
rotor surface .
(5) These currents will cause extremely high and possibly dangerous temperature rises in a very short time
particularly where the current flows across the wedges at the ends of the rotor body.

Operation with Over-load

(1) No deliberate over loading is permissible on the generator even for a short duration.
(2) The maximum output of the generator should be limited to the rated output at rated power factor.Under
abnormal operating conditions and exceptional circumstances as dictated by the grid condition.