APA STYLE

Research Methodology
This guide outlines some of the more common information sources.

General Rules

 Order of references in the reference list alphabetically, by the last name of the first author of each work, or if
there is no known author, by title.
 List authors’ last names, followed by initials. For works with two authors, use an ambers and “&” instead of
“and” to separate the authors’ names: 'Taylor, P.', not 'Taylor, Peter'.
 If your reference list contains more than one item by the same author(s), list works in chronological order (oldest
first) and add a lower case letter (a, b, c, etc...) after the year.

Gaynor, K. (2006a). Librarianship for dummies. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. Gaynor, K. (2006b). Imagining Italy. Victoria:
Trafford Press.
 Do not capitalize every word in the title. Only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle should be
capitalized (i.e. the first word after a colon or a dash). Proper nouns must be capitalized as well.
 If more than one city of publication is listed in the book you are citing, use the first one listed.
 If there is no date of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.) - which stands for "no date".
 No URLs are required for citations to articles accessed through library databases.
 Retrieved Date is only required for online sources that may change (ie. Wikis or blogs)
 Double space your list of references in your bibliography.

Journal, Magazine, & Newspaper Articles

Basic Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of Article. Journal Title. Volume
(Issue/Number), Pagination. doi

The URLs associated with many articles found online and through article indexes and databases change, as they are based
on a specific search session. To solve this problem, APA recommends providing the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for
articles whenever possible. DOI’s are unique codes used to provide a stable URL for online articles. DOI's may be located on
the search results page in a database, the full display information for an article, or on the PDF version of an article.

Journal article, 1 Author: retrieved online with a DOI

Reference List:
Elliott, R. (2009). The same distant places: Bob Dylan's poetics of place and displacement. Popular Music & Society,
32 (2), 249-270. doi:10.1080/03007760802700936

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Elliot, 2009, p. 251)
Paraphrase: (Elliot, 2009)

Journal article, 2 Authors: retrieved online with a DOI

Reference List:
Kostic, B., & Cleary, A. M. (2009). Song recognition without identification: When people cannot "name that tune" but
can recognize it as familiar. Journal of Experimental Psychology / General, 138, 146-159. doi:
10.1037/a0014584

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Kostic & Cleary, 2009, p. 148)
Paraphrase: (Kostic & Cleary, 2009)
Journal article, 3 - 7 Authors: retrieved online with a DOI

Reference List:
Black, A. M., Pandya, S., Clark, D., Armstrong, E. A., & Yager, J. Y. (2008). Effect of caffeine and morphine on the
developing pre-mature brain. Brain Research, 1219, 136-142. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.066

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Black et al., 2008, p. 140)
Paraphrase: (Black et al., 2008)

Journal article, more than 7 authors: retrieved online with DOI

Reference List:
Park, K. S., Kim, Y. S., Kim, J. H., Choi, B. K., Kim, S. H., Oh, S. H., ... Kim, S. J. (2009). Influence of human
allogenic bone marrow and cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell secreting trophic factors on ATP
(adenosine-5 '- triphosphate)/ADP (adenosine- 5'-diphosphate) ratio and insulin secretory function of
isolated human islets
from cadaveric donor. Transplantation Proceedings, 41(9), 3813-3818.
doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.193

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Park et al., 2009, p. 3815)
Paraphrase: (Park et al., 2009)

Journal article: retrieved online with NO DOI

NOTE: Give URL of the journal, EVEN IF you retrieved the article through a database. Use Google to locate URL.

Reference List:
Mathieson, C. M., Bailey, N., & Gurevich, M. (2002). Health care services for lesbian and bisexual women: Some
Canadian data. Health Care for Women International, 23, 185-196. Retrieved from
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07399332.asp

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Mathieson et al, 2002, p. 186)
Paraphrase: (Mathieson et al, 2002)

Journal article: retrieved in print with DOI

Reference List:
Snaphaan, L., van der Werf, S., Kanselaar, K., & de Leeuw, F. (2009). Post-Stroke Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with
Post-Stroke Characteristics. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 28(6), 551-557. doi:10.1159/000247598

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Snaphaan et al., 2009, p. 555)
Paraphrase: (Snaphann et al., 2009)

Journal article: retrieved in print with NO DOI

Reference List:
 Pitkänen-Pulkkinen, L. (1981). Concurrent and Predictive Validity of Self-Reported Aggressiveness. Aggressive
Behavior, 7(2), 97-110.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Pitkänen-Pulkkinen, 1981, p. 99)
Paraphrase: (Pitkänen-Pulkkinen, 1981)

Magazine article: retrieved online with NO DOI

NOTE: Give URL of the magazine, EVEN IF you retrieved the article through a database. Use Google to locate URL.

Reference List:
Taylor, P. S. (2008, July 21). The drink for the rich and uneducated. Maclean's, 121, 29-29. Retrieved from
http://www2.macleans.ca

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Taylor, 2008, p. 29)
Paraphrase: (Taylor, 2008)

Newspaper article, anonymous: retrieved online with NO DOI

NOTE: Give URL of the newspaper, EVEN IF you retrieved the article through a database. Use Google to locate URL.

Reference List:
Father and son arrested in beating. (2009, May 26). Kamloops Daily News, pp. A.5. Retrieved from
http://www.kamloopsnews.ca/

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: ("Father and son", 2009, pp. A.5)
Paraphrase: ("Father and son", 2009)

Books, Edited Books & Book Chapters

Basic format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of Book. Place of publisher: Publisher.

Books, 1-2 Authors

Reference List:
Lewontin, R. C., & Levins, R. (2007). Biology under the influence : Dialectical essays on ecology, agriculture, and
health. New York: Monthly Review Press.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Lewontin & Levins, 2007, p.292)
Paraphrase: (Lewontin & Levins, 2007)

Books, 3-5 Authors

Reference List:
Henning, J. E., Stone, J. M., & Kelly, J. L. (2009). Using action research to improve instruction : An interactive guide
for teachers. New York: Routledge.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote, first citation: (Henning, Stone, Kelly, 2009, p. 73)
Direct quote, subsequent citations: (Henning et al., 2009, p. 73)
Paraphrase, first citation: (Henning, Stone, & Kelly, 2009)
Paraphrase, subsequent citations: (Henning et al., 2009)

Group / Corporate Author

Reference List:
National Council of Welfare (Canada). (2001). Child poverty profile, 1998. Ottawa, ON: National Council of Welfare.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (National Council of Welfare, 2001, p.22)
Paraphrase: (National Council of Welfare, 2001)

Edited book

Reference List:
Story, J. (Ed.). (2005). Charlemagne : Empire and society. New York: Manchester University Press.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Story, 2005, p. 117)
Paraphrase: (Story, 2005)

Chapter in an edited book

Reference List:
Dube, O. P., & Sekhwela, M. B. M. (2008). Indigenous knowledge, institutions and practices for coping with variable
climate in the Limpopo Basin of Botswana. In N. Leary, J. Adejuwon, V. Barros, I. Burton, J. Kulkarni & R.
Lasco (Eds.), Climate change and adaptation (pp. 71-89). London: Earthscan.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Dube & Sekhwela, 2008, p. 75)
Paraphrase: (Dube & Sekhwela, 2008)

Electronic Book, retrieved through the library

Reference List:
Meehan, E. R., & Riordan, E. (Eds.). (2002). Sex & money : Feminism and political economy in the media. [Ebrary
version]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Meehan & Riordan, 2002, p. 44)
Paraphrase: (Meehan & Riordan, 2002)

Encyclopedia article

Reference List:
Mizrahi, T. & Davis, L. E. (Ed.). (2008). Hospice. In Encyclopedia of social work (20th ed.). (Vol. 2, pp. 383-388).
Washing, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Mizrahi & Davis, 2008, p. 384-385)
Paraphrase: (Mizrahi & Davis, 2008)

Book with no author, no editor

Reference List:
The encyclopedic dictionary of psychology. (3rd ed.). (1986). Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin Publishing Group.

In-text Citation:
 Direct quote: (The encyclopedic dictionary of psychology,
1986, p. 20) Paraphrase: (The encyclopedic dictionary of
psychology, 1986)

Published Conference Proceedings

Reference List:
France, J. (Ed.). (2008). Mercenaries and paid men : The mercenary identity in the Middle Ages : Proceedings of a
conference held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005. Boston: Brill.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (France, 2008, p. 55)
Paraphrase: (France, 2008)

Multi-volume work

Reference List:
Parkman, F. (1915). The conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the conquest of Canada (Vol. 1-2). New York:
Scribners.

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Parkman, 1915, Vol. 1, pp. 37)
Paraphrase: (Parkman, 1915)

Web Documents

Basic Format:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of last update). Title of webpage. Retrieved from URL

Webpages
NOTE: Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis)

Reference List:
Mulhauser, G. (2009). An introduction to cognitive therapy & cognitive behavioural approaches. Retrieved from
http://counsellingresource.com/types/cognitive-therapy

In-text Citation:
(Mulhauser, 2009)

Webpages, Group / Corporate Authors

NOTE: Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis)

Reference List:
School of Psychology. University of Aberdeen. (2009). Industrial psychology research centre. Retrieved
from http://www.abdn.ac.uk/iprc/

In-text Citation:
(School of Psychology. University of Aberdeen, 2009)

Web report: Author different from the pub lisher

NOTE: Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis)

Reference List:
 Goldberg, S. (2004). You say "to-may-to(e)" and I say "to-mah-to(e)" : bridging the communications gap between
researchers and policy-makers : CPHI report on moving from research to policy : improving the health of
Canada's youth : a workshop held in Toronto, Ontario, February 19 and 20, 2004. Retrieved from website
Canadian Institute for Health Information:http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/products/ CPHI_ Bridging _Gap
_e.pdf

In-text Citation:
Direct quote: (Goldberg, 2004, p.15)
Paraphrase: (Goldberg, 2004)

Google Maps
Note: For untitled works, put a descriptive title in square brackets. Google Maps is used to represent the map’s corporate
author, rather than the name of the web site.

Reference List:
Google Maps. (2011). [La Fonda Hotel. Santa Fe, New Mexico] [Street Map]. Retrieved from
http://maps.google.ca/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=100+E.+San+Francisco+Santa+Fe,+NM+
87501,+United+States&aq=&sll=49.891235,-
97.15369&sspn=40.447838,79.013672&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=100+E+San+Francisco+St,+Santa+Fe,+New+M
exico+87501,+United+States&z=16

In-text Citation:
(Google Maps, 2011)

Media – non text based sources

Video clip: retrieved from the internet (ie. youtube)

Reference List:
Kriebel, G. A. (2008, September 26). Kamloops, BC Tourism Commercial [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtube.com/user/ODPLLC#p/u/1/PVQiMG-oHW8

In-text Citation:
(Kriebel, 2008)

Audioclip: retrieved from the internet (ie. podcast)

Reference List:
MacDonald, A. (Producer). (2009, March 9). What's the difference between pressed and burned CDs? [Audio podcast].
Retrieved: http://www.redshiftnow.ca/report/90.RedShiftReport.mp3

In-text Citation:
(MacDonald, 2009)

Motion Picture

Reference List:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (Producer). (2006). Postpartum care. [Motion picture]. Philadelphia, Pa. : Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins.

In-text Citation:
 (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2006)

Notes, handouts, course packs, etc...

Personal communication
Example: letters, phone calls, text messages, emails, and interviews. Since they are considered "unrecoverable data",
these sources are NOT included on a reference list.

Reference List:
not included on a reference list

In-text Citation:
R. Bradbury (personal communication, March 15, 2008)

Class handouts

Reference List:
Gaynor, K. (2009). SOCW 455 - Finding statistical information for small communities [Class handout]. Department of
Librarians. Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, Canada.

In-text Citation:
(Gaynor, 2009)

Adapted from:

APA Citation Style – Quick Guide, 6th Edition