CHE190

DAGLE, JOHN PATRICK

RUN OF THE RIVER

TIDES AND WAVES

 OBJECTIVES
Discuss the operation in a run-of-the-river technology

Describe the operation using tide

RUN OF THE RIVER
DEFINITION OPERATION

GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS

RELATIVE COMPANY
MERITS
DEFINITION: RUN OF THE RIVER
‫ ﻼ‬It is a system that channels flowing water from a river through a penstock to spin a
turbine. Typically, a run-of-river project will have little or no storage facility. It provides a
continuous supply of electricity, with some flexibility of operation for daily fluctuations in
demand through water flow that is regulated by the facility.

‫ ﻼ‬Run-of-river systems were arguably the first hydropower plants, which used the kinetic
energy of water flowing in the rivers to generate mechanical energy.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROR SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION CAPACITY
Micro < 100 kW
Mini 100 kW – 1 MW
Small 1 – 15 MW
DEFINITION: RUN OF THE RIVER
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO QUANTITY OF WATER AVAILABLE
ROR with Pondage Pondage is a small reservoir to store small
amounts of water for same day use. It may work
satisfactorily as base load and peak load plants
ROR without Pondage It does not store water and uses the water as it
comes. There is no control on the water flow. It
will work as a base load during good conditions
and, it will work as a peak load when the water
flow reduces.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF LOAD

Base Load It refers to the minimum amount of
electrical demand over a 24-hour period.
Peak Load It is typically a shorter period of time with
high demand.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
HOW DOES IT WORK?

‫ ﻼ‬In run of river systems, running water is diverted

from a flowing river and guided down by a
penstock, which leads to a generating house.
From there, the force of the moving water spins
a turbine and drives a generator. The water is fed
back into the main river further downstream.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
RIVER
TURBINE GENERATOR
ME -> EE

HE -> ME

WEIR TAILRACE POWERPLANT SUBSTATION

CONVEYANCE PENSTOCK
DESANDER LINE
MAIN
GRID
OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
PARTS OF RUN OF THE RIVER SYSTEM

PARTS DEFINITION
Weir dam built across the river to raise the level of water or to change its flow
direction.
Desander set of hydroclones that separate sand and silt from the water.
Conveyance line pipeline going to the penstock.
Penstock pipe that controls the water flow and deliver the water to the power
plant.
Power Plant consist of turbines that converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.
Generator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Sub-station transmits the energy to the main grid.
Main Grid distributes the electricity on the area.
Tail race passage way of water from the system back to the river.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER

TWO IMPLICATIONS

1. When the river’s water levels are depleted because of drought or water extraction,
the ‘fuel’ for the run of river system is reduced or becomes entirely unavailable.
Without a dam for storing water, there is no stored power. This means the capacity
factor of run of river projects varies between 40% and 80%.

2. The lack of a major reservoir reduces the environmental footprint of run of river
plants. In large hydro projects, the creation of a reservoir inundates once dry land,
affecting local communities as well as plant and animal life.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER

SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

‫ ﻼ‬Systems can involve the far upstream diversion of the river, diversion at an
existing weir or dam, or simply in-stream current flow technology, and can
involve penstock pipes, open channels, barrages and other diversion
methods.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
1. PENSTOCK BASED SYSTEMS/STREAMING
SYSTEMS

‫ ﻼ‬This method is generally applied where there is a large

fall in the river over a short distance. Water is diverted
into the penstock pipe far upstream, and at a height
well above the generating station.

‫ ﻼ‬This creates an effective “head” of water, in addition to

the head at the generating station.

‫ ﻼ‬These systems are limited in size by the penstock and

the volume of water which may be diverted from the
flow of the river.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
1. PENSTOCK BASED SYSTEMS/STREAMING
SYSTEMS

‫ ﻼ‬This diversion is known as the “depleted

reach” and is measured as the distance between
where the water leaves a river to enter a hydro
system and where the water goes back into the
river.

‫ ﻼ‬Taking a given volume of water out of a river will

have an impact upon the natural ecology of the
river bed.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
2. DIVERSION SYSTEMS

‫ ﻼ‬In these systems, a short open canal or closed pipe

is used to divert water from upstream of a low head
artificial dam or natural drop, such as a waterfall or
weir, into the turbine intake.

‫ ﻼ‬The drop across the Inga waterfall is

approximately 96 m, although the head
created by the “dam” at Inga 3 is less than this.
There is generally no limit on the amount of
water which may be diverted.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
3. EXISTING DAMS AND WEIRS

‫ ﻼ‬ROR systems installed on existing dams use a

diversion penstock around the wall of an existing
dam with a low head, and significant inflow and
outflow.

‫ ﻼ‬The capacity of the system will depend on the

existing flow of water through the dam required
to maintain the river flow. Diversion of water for
the ROR scheme may replace the existing water
release from the dam.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
4. BARRAGE SYSTEMS

‫ ﻼ‬A barrage is constructed across the river forming

a low head. The turbines, in-line reaction
impeller types such as Kaplan turbines, are
mounted either in horizontal or vertical
configuration in the barrage and are driven by the
flow of the river water through the barrage.

‫ ﻼ‬This type of system has been used extensively on

large, wide rivers with a constant flow rate.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
5. INSTREAM SYSTEMS (RIVER
CURRENT SYSTEMS)
‫ ﻼ‬Limited at the moment to smaller systems, these
use reaction turbines installed in the body of the
river and extract energy from the river current.

‫ ﻼ‬There are several different types of turbine being

used, from fully immersed turbines to vertical shaft
turbines where the generator is not immersed.

‫ ﻼ‬Instream systems can make use of existing

structures such as bridges.
OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
6. ROR SYSTEM TURBINES

‫ ﻼ‬TYPES OF HYDRO TURBINES

IMPULSE REACTION

‫ ﻼ‬Kaplan and Francis turbines are commonly used with kinetic systems, while
Pelton wheel types are usually found in systems relying on a substantial head of
water, such as the streaming.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TURBINES
1. VERTICAL CROSSFLOW TURBINE (VCT) 2. HYDROFOIL KINETIC ENERGY TURBINE

‫ﻼ‬ This unit is essentially a micro-turbine, but could be applied ‫ﻼ‬ Also called free-flow turbines.
easily to many of the smaller dams and water structures.
‫ﻼ‬ It generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in
‫ﻼ‬ The main feature of VCT is that water passes through the flowing water rather than the potential energy from the
turbine blades twice. The first time on entry and the second head. The systems may operate in rivers or man-made
time on exit after travelling through the center of the wheel. channels.
VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINE
‫ﻼ‬ Dual vertical crossflow systems,
consisting of two crossflow turbines
mounted vertically in a frame which
spans the width of the feed canal
have been used in some smaller
installations.
 OPERATION: RUN OF THE RIVER
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TURBINES 4. ARCHEMEDIAN SCREW TURBINE
3. HORIZONTAL AXIS BULB TURBINE ‫ﻼ‬ These systems work on the principle of the Archimedean
screw pump in reverse. Sizes from 1 kW to 150 kW
capacity are in service.
‫ ﻼ‬This is a more modern development using a
Kaplan turbine for energy capture, the generator ‫ﻼ‬ The systems are fish friendly
and control circuits are contained in a bulb and and are not susceptible to blocking by small debris.
the whole device installed in a cone or cylinder
‫ﻼ‬ This is a true
to control water flow. run-of-river
device as the
infeed takes
place at the
water surface,
and the speed
of rotation is
dependent on the speed of the water entering the screw.
The screw can be enclosed, but is in many cases left open.
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE RIVER
‫ ﻼ‬The best sites for run of river projects are where there is strong year-round water
flow and a large gravitational drop, or hydrostatic head.The power output of every
run of river station is unique.

TWO GRAPHICAL FEATURES

1. Substantial flow of water

2. Sufficient hydrostatic head

elevation gravitational KE
force
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE RIVER

TWO METHODS TO CALCULATE THE POWER GENERATED

BY ROR SYSTEMS

1. Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE RIVER
POTENTIAL ENERGY METHOD
(1) PE = ρgh where ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
g = the gravitational constant (9,81 m/s2)
h = the head of water (m)

The power, Pmax, of the hydro system (in kW) is given by

(2) Pmax = ηρghQ where η = the efficiency of the turbine

Q = the volumetric flowrate of water (m3/s)

NOTE: This simple looking formula usually applies to static hydro, using stored water. If applied to
dynamic or kinetic systems, some attention needs to be given to the calculation of the values and how they
influence the power output.
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE RIVER
KINETIC ENERGY METHOD

‫ ﻼ‬The turbine converts the kinetic energy of the flowing water into the rotational
(mechanical) energy of the turbine and the generator. The available energy
therefore depends on the quantity of water flowing through the turbine and the
square of its velocity.

‫ ﻼ‬Impulse turbines which are only partially submerged are more commonly
employed in fast flowing run-of-river installations while In deeper, slower flowing
rivers, submerged Kaplan turbines may be used to extract the energy from the
water flow.
GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE RIVER
KINETIC ENERGY METHOD

Pmax ∝ KE, so accounting the efficiency η of the turbine, the maximum output power
Pmax is given by

(1) Pmax = ½ ηρQv2 thus Q= Av

(2) Pmax = ½ ηρAv3 where η = the efficiency of the turbine
ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
A = the swept area of the turbine blades (m2)
v = the velocity of the water flow (m/s)

NOTE: This relationship is directly analogous to the equation for the theoretical power generated by wind
turbines and the power output is proportional to the cube of the velocity of the water.
 GEOGRAPHY: RUN OF THE RIVER
INFLUENCE OF THE PARAMATERS FOR DIFFERENT SYSTEMS

HEAD AND PRESSURE DROP WATER FLOW RATE

‫ ﻼ‬In the penstock or streaming system, the head will be the height ‫ ﻼ‬With the penstock or streaming
difference between the intake to the penstock and the turbine, and makes
system water mass flow rate is
a major contribution to power output.
limited by the diameter and length
‫ ﻼ‬The velocity of the water exiting the penstock is affected only by the head of the penstock.
or pressure drop. In the diversion system the head will be the height
difference over the drop, and plays a smaller role then the water flow
‫ ﻼ‬With all other systems the flow rate
rate.
is determined by the flow rate of the
‫ ﻼ‬With an existing dam or a barrage scheme the head is generally a small water in the river, with an upper
contributor to the output power which will be dominated by the flow rate limit set by the characteristics of the
of water. For inline systems, there is no head and this equation does not
turbine.
apply, and the power output is entirely dependent on water flow rate.
ECONOMICS: RUN OF THE RIVER

‫ ﻼ‬Run of the river power is marginally more expensive than power from
hydroelectric dams, but in remote areas it can be cheaper.

‫ ﻼ‬The vast majority of the costs of a run-of-river plant come at the outset during the
building phase. On average 35% of the total eventual price tag is from building
the facility, and another third goes to building the transmission and distribution
wires to hook the often remote plants up to the grid.
ECONOMICS: RUN OF THE RIVER
FACTORS TO CONSIDER DEFINITION
Cost of the Turbine Usually ranges from 20 to 50% of the total cost of the project. It
have a life spans of at least 25 years and can be refurbished.
Maintenance Cost It requires minimal maintenance cost once the plant is built
since the water ‘fuel’ is free. The intermittent nature of run of
river does hurt the economic case as it means backup power
sometimes needs to be kept available. This can be avoided by
ensuring rivers always have a minimum flow that matches
power needs, especially for off-grid remote communities.
Cost of the Run of the River Plant Compared to large hydropower plants considering their dams
and reservoirs, the cost of run of river plants is small thus they
generate so much less power which make run of the river winds
up being more expensive.
Impact of Climate Change Climate change may lead to longer and more severe
droughts. Increasingly drastic droughts may render minimum
flow calculations irrelevant as rivers continue to dry up and run
of river plants are only able to operate at a fraction their
capacity. If for no other reason, economic logic dictates climate
change must be factored into any run of river project proposals.
 RELATIVE MERITS: RUN OF THE RIVER
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cleaner Power, Fewer Greenhouse Gases Unfirm power
‫ ﻼ‬Like all hydro-electric power, run-of-the-river hydro ‫ ﻼ‬Run of the River power is considered an “unfirm” source of
harnesses the natural potential energy of water, power because a run-of-the-river project has little or no
eliminating the need to burn coal or natural gas to capacity for energy storage and hence can't co-ordinate the
output of electricity generation to match consumer demand.
generate the electricity needed by consumers and
It thus generates much more power during times when
industry. seasonal river flows are high (i.e. spring freshet), and
depending on location, much less during drier summer
months or frozen winter months.

Less Flooding/Reservoirs Availability of Sites

‫ ﻼ‬Substantial flooding of the upper part of the river is ‫ ﻼ‬The potential power at a site is a result of the head and flow
not required for run-of-river projects as a large of water. By damming a river, the head is available to
reservoir is not required. As a result, people living at generate power at the face of the dam. Where a dam may
create a reservoir hundreds of kilometers long, in run of the
or near the river don’t need to be relocated and
river the head is usually delivered by a canal, pipe or tunnel
natural habitats and productive farmlands are not constructed upstream of the power house. Due to the cost of
wiped out. upstream construction, a steep drop in the river is
desirable.
RELATIVE MERITS: RUN OF THE RIVER

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

‫ ﻼ‬Run of river plants cause much less ecosystem disruption than hydroelectric
dams.

‫ ﻼ‬Studies tend to show that run of river generators do hurt fish populations in
the rivers where they're situated.

‫ ﻼ‬ROR plants have a major negative impact on river ecosystems. Access roads
and transmission lines cause habitat fragmentation and destruction, and
increase sedimentation in the river.
COMPANY: RUN OF THE RIVER
COMPANY: RUN OF THE RIVER

‫ ﻼ‬HEDCOR is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of AboitizPower. It
specializes in generating renewable
energy from run-of-river hydropower
systems.

‫ ﻼ‬HEDCOR manages and operates 21

hydropower plants and supplies the
country with 258 MW of clean and
renewable energy. With more than 40
years of experience, Hedcor is the
leading run-of-river operator in the
Philippines.
 COMPANY: RUN OF THE RIVER
HEDCOR

Name: Irisan Hydro 3 Name: Lon-oy Hydro Name: Sabangan Hydro

Capacity: 1.2 MW Capacity: 3.6 MW Capacity: 14 MW
Location: Tuba, Benguet Location: Bakun Benguet Location: Barangay Namatec
Commissioning: June 15, 1991 Commissioning: July 24, 1993 Sabangan, Mountain Province
Commissioning: 2016
It is the first plant owned by HEDCOR. The It has been rebuilt three times in its 20-year history. It was
damaged three times by landslides brought about by Sabangan Hydro is the first hydropower facility in
plant generates a total capacity of 5 MW, Mountain Province, which started construction in
typhoons Iliang in 1997, Nina in 2008, and Feria in 2000,
supplying energy to Aboitiz Power's RES and due to the treacherous terrain on which the plant is 2013 and completed in 2015. The plant delivers
companies Advent Energy, Inc. and Advent located. This did not deter HEDCOR from rebuilding and 15,000 kWh annually and at the same time, offsets
Energy Solutions, Inc. For 25 years, the plant responsibly delivering 12 million kWh of renewable energy to about 29,000 tons of carbon dioxide.
supplied renewable energy to the National NPC for 25 years. Currently, it delivers renewable energy to
Power Corporation (NPC). Aboitiz Power's RES companies Advent Energy, Inc. and
H
Advent Energy Solutions, Inc.
 COMPANY: RUN OF THE RIVER

Name: Maris Hydro

Capacity: 8.5 MW
Location: Ramon, Isabela
Comissioning: November 2011
Description: It is the first power plant
constructed by SNAP since it acquired
Magat hydro in 2007 through privatization.
Construction of the PHP2.15 billion run-of-
river hydro plant took about two years.
It broke ground in late 2015 and was
‫ ﻼ‬SN Aboitiz Power (SNAP), completed in November 2017. Maris hydro
developer and operator of 100% utilizes the water coming from Magat
hydro that goes into the Maris re-regulating
renewable energy facilities, is a dam located downstream of Magat, before
joint venture of SN Power of flowing into the Maris Main (South) Irrigation Canal.
Norway and AboitizPower.
TIDES AND WAVES
DEFINITION OPERATION

GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS

RELATIVE COMPANY
MERITS
 DEFINITION: TIDES AND WAVES
‫ﻼ‬ Tidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy used by humans.

‫ ﻼ‬Tidal power exploits energy drawn from the movement

of ocean tides to produce electricity.

‫ ﻼ‬Tidal energy is considered renewable because the tides move

on a predictable, daily schedule, depending only on the orbits
of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, and are essentially inexhaustible.
NOTE: When the Sun and Moon are
aligned, there are exceptionally strong
‫ ﻼ‬The Moon plays a more significant role in the creation of tides gravitational forces, causing very high and
compared to the Sun because of its proximity to the Earth although very low tides which are called spring
tides, occurring at full and new moon,
the mass of the Sun is much larger. The gravitational attraction causes When the Sun and Moon are not aligned
the water on this “near side” of the Earth to be pulled towards the Moon. and are perpendicular to one another
On the other hand, the Earth is also being pulled towards the Moon (with respect to the Earth), the
gravitational forces cancel each other
away from the water on the far side. out, and the tides are of minimum range.
These are called neap tides.
 DEFINITION: TIDES AND WAVES
‫ ﻼ‬Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean. The size of waves can vary
considerably depending on the wind speed, sometimes reaching a height of more than 20 m. Most
energetic waves are created between 30° and 60° latitude.

‫ ﻼ‬Ocean waves are very powerful forces. Average power flow intensity
of 2–3 kW/m2 is available at a vertical plane perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation just below the water surface.

‫ ﻼ‬Wave energy technology is currently the most advance ocean energy

technology compared to tidal current, based upon global development.
It does not create any waste, does not have any CO2 emissions or
other gas pollutants, there is no noise pollution, no visual impact and
it does not threaten marine life.
 DEFINITION: TIDES AND WAVES
BEST KNOWN DEVICES TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FROM WAVES
POINT ABSORBER OSCILLATING WATER ATTENUATOR
COLUMN (OWC)

‫ﻼ‬ This is a bottom-mounted or floating ‫ ﻼ‬It is a long floating structure that is oriented
structure that absorbs energy in all parallel to the direction of the waves.
‫ﻼ‬ This method uses waves to compress air in a Sometimes, this is called a Linear Absorber.
directions. The power take-off system may closed chamber to generate wind which flows
take a number of forms, depending on the through a turbine. Wind is created both when ‫ ﻼ‬The structure is composed of multiple sections
configuration of displacers/reactors. The the wave proceeds and recedes from the that rotate in pitch and yaw relative to each
Pressure differences on the top of the float chamber. A special turbine is designed to spin other. That motion is used to pressurize a
(created by surface wave action) set the in one direction regardless of the wind hydraulic piston arrangement and turn a
upper floater into motion. direction. This significantly increases the hydraulic turbine/generator to produce
efficiency of the power generation process. electricity. The figure illustrates a freely floating
hinged-contour attenuator device.
 DEFINITION: TIDES AND WAVES
BEST KNOWN DEVICES TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FROM WAVES
TIDAL TURBINE OVERSTOPPING TERMINATOR PIVOTING FLAP

‫ﻼ‬ This is a floating reservoir structure with a ramp,

over which the waves topple, and hydro
‫ﻼ‬ This method works much the same way as turbines/generators through which the water
wind turbines. However, since water is four returns to the sea. ‫ ﻼ‬This device creates a chamber for waves to
times denser than air, the tidal turbine can be push water in and out. It has a flap at the
much smaller to generate the same amount of ‫ﻼ‬ As shown in the illustration, a floating structure
moves at or near the water surface, typically with entrance which pivots back and forth as the
energy. Also known as Horizontal Turbine. wave enters and exists the chamber.
reflecting arms to focus the wave energy. It has
both a ramp and a reservoir so that as waves arrive,
‫ﻼ‬ The ideal water current is between 2-2.5 m/s, they overtop the ramp and are restrained in the ‫ ﻼ‬This motion drives a hydraulic pump which
which is usually at depths of 20-30m within 1 reservoir. The head of collected water turns the
km from the shore. A commercial scale turbine drives the generator.
turbines as it flows back out to sea, and the
can produce 300 kW but this can scale up turbines are coupled to generators to produce
depending on the farm's size. electricity.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
HOW DOES IT WORK?

‫ ﻼ‬Tides are created by the gravitational pull of the sun, moon and the rotation of the
earth and tidal power generators work by harnessing their natural ebb and flow.

‫ ﻼ‬TWO METHODS FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION

1. Ebb Generation
2. Tidal or Wave Farming

‫ ﻼ‬TWO TECHNOLOGIES FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION

1. Tidal Range Technologies
2. Tidal Stream Technologies
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TWO METHODS FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION
EBB GENERATION TIDAL OR WAVE FARMING

‫ ﻼ‬Uses a sluice gate to fill a basin when the tide is at its ‫ﻼ‬ Use anchors turbines in the seabed and exploits underwater tidal
high mark. When the tide begins to ebb, currents.
a difference is created
‫ﻼ‬ This method salvages a whole
between the water class of sites that were previously
levels inside and out off-limits for electricity generation:
-side the basin. ‫ ﻼ‬To draw energy from the
ocean, turbines often need
‫ ﻼ‬As water is released to be rooted on sea floors
from the sluice, the relatively close to shore
flow is used to spin ‫ ﻼ‬mounted on rocks on the
shore places that have not
turbines and generate traditionally been used for
electricity. energy generation.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TWO TECHNOLOGIES FOR TIDAL POWER GENERATION
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY

‫ ﻼ‬Harness power through dam-like ‫ ﻼ‬Harness fast-flowing currents to spin

structures that trap rising waters on one turbines. Tidal stream turbines come in
side and then release it back to the many shapes and sizes but the most
other through turbines that spin to common designs are basically underwater
generate electricity. wind turbines.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
Tidal Barrage

‫ ﻼ‬It is essentially an adaptation of conventional hydroelectric dam

technology. A wall is built that blocks off an existing tidal estuary
with a dam, or barrage. Movable flood gates on the barrage called
sluice gates that allow incoming tidal waters to fill up in a reservoir.
Once the water reaches its maximum level, the gates close and trap
the water. This trapped water is called hydrostatic head.

‫ ﻼ‬As the tide ebbs, a gradually increasing head differential is created between receding water
levels and the fixed level within the barrier. When the head differential has reached the desired
value, the potential energy created can be converted into mechanical energy and then electrical
energy by allowing the water to flow out through turbines.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
Tidal Barrage

‫ ﻼ‬A proper site for this type of technology should have sufficient
tidal range and the best locations are in natural bays. It is also
important to locate the facility in such a way that it will not
dramatically reduce the tidal range.

‫ ﻼ‬One major drawback of tidal barrages is that the tide only TRIVIA: The Rance Tidal Power Station is
goes out for so much time per day, and power is generated the world's first tidal power station. The
facility is located on the estuary of the
for as little as four hours a day, giving barrages Rance River, in Brittany, France and was
low levels of efficiency in the 20-30% range. opened on the 26th November 1966. it is
currently operated by EDF, and is the second
largest tidal power station in the world, in
terms of installed capacity.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
Tidal Lagoon

‫ ﻼ‬It would not be attached to the shoreline at all, but rather be

artificially created pools in the sea itself that would let water in
and out and generate power much the same way as tidal barrages,
except with greater efficiency and without isolating ecologically
sensitive inter-tidal areas.
TRIVIA: The first tidal lagoon project is
‫ ﻼ‬The environmental impact of tidal lagoons is minimal. The under construction off the coast of the Welsh
lagoons can be constructed with natural materials like rock. city of Swansea, enclosing around 11 km2 of
water. It will produce 320 MW of power for
They would appear as a low breakwater (sea wall) at low tide, 14 hours a day, enough to power 155,000
and be submerged at high tide. Animals could swim around the homes and making it the largest tidal energy
facility in the world. Scheduled for
structure, and smaller organisms could swim inside it. Large completion in 2019, if successful it will be the
predators like sharks would not be able to penetrate the lagoon, first of six proposed tidal lagoon projects to
be built on Britain’s west coast.5
so smaller fish would probably thrive.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
Tidal Lagoon

‫ﻼ‬ An even more radical and promising tidal range proposal is

the Dutch-designed Dynamic Tidal Power system.

‫ﻼ‬ A giant T-shaped pier would be built up to 60 km straight out

from the coast, blocking tides that move parallel to the coast
and cause enough head differential to could produce
tremendous amounts of electricity, while possibly avoiding
many of the economic and environmental problems of other
tidal range technologies.

‫ ﻼ‬This feature of tides would allow a type of barrage to be built perpendicular to the shore to harvest energy
from the tides as they flow parallel to the shore.
OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
SAMPLE OUTPUT PROJECTION AND EFFICIENCY

FACTORS TIDAL BARRAGE TIDAL LAGOON

Capacity 8.64 GW 4.50 GW ✓ TB
Capacity Factor 26% 61% ✓ TL
Energy Generated 18 TW-h per year 24 TW-h per year ✓ TL
Generation Cost 6.6 pence per kW-h 2.5 pence per kW-h ✓ TL
Emissions Avoided 6.5 mTc per year 5.5 mTc per year ✓ TL

From the table shown above, it shows that the energy harnessed from lagoons
is the most feasible and ethical option. The affect on sea life is minimal, the
technical feasibility exceeds that of streams, and the projected output exceeds
that of barrages.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
‫ ﻼ‬They act much like underwater wind turbines, generating power from the kinetic energy of fast-
flowing tidal currents. The generators are sunk 20-30 meters, and can be situated anywhere that
possesses a strong tidal flow.

‫ ﻼ‬Because water is about 800 times denser than air tidal stream turbines,
It must be built much sturdier than their terrestrial counterparts, though
they can also spin much more slowly, around 7-11 rotations per minute.

‫ ﻼ‬In terms of surface area, water moving 20 km/h exerts the same amount
of force at a constant 180 km/h wind. Because of this physical property,
ocean currents contain an enormous amount of energy that can be
captured and converted to a usable form.

‫ ﻼ‬Shrunken diameters help to reduce the structural strain. The advantage

of greater density of water is that relatively large amounts of power can
be produced with relatively small rotor diameters.
 OPERATION: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
‫ﻼ‬ For example: rotors with a diameter of 10-15 meters can generate as much as 700 kW of power, whereas a
600 kW wind turbine requires a rotor diameter of 45 meters.7

‫ﻼ‬ Tidal turbines function best at flow rates of 7-11 km/hr.8 An irrefutable advantage of tidal turbines over
wind turbines is their predictability: Tides flow in and out every day, promising daily, schedulable energy.

‫ﻼ‬ Research still needs to be done in a number of fields, the most important
of which is making the turbines durable enough to survive the hostile
aquatic environment.

‫ ﻼ‬The rotors of the turbine may ripped off by the immense tidal
forces.
‫ ﻼ‬Corrosive salt water may also takes a serious toll on the equipment.
‫ ﻼ‬They also need to be made more efficient and economical as the TRIVIA: The world's first experimental
tidal turbine is called Seaflow. It is
\
power they produce today remains prohibitively expensive. deployed in 2003 off the shore of Devon
UK. It can produce 300 kW.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
‫ ﻼ‬Tidal power technology is only useful if it is employed in favorable conditions.

‫ ﻼ‬For tidal barrages a tidal range of at least 7 meters is required, while tidal turbines need tidal currents moving at
speeds of 7-11 km/hr.

‫ ﻼ‬In addition both types must have stable conditions for a barrier or turbine to be
built into. Often, good sites are located in areas where incoming waters are
funneled into narrow channels, bays, river mouths and fjords.

‫ ﻼ‬Typically, tidal streams are found where underwater valleys force currents to
constrict and speed up. These are generally more common and located nearer
economic centers where the power would be useful.

‫ ﻼ‬The total potential of tidal stream technologies will likely change as the TRIVIA: The greatest tidal range is
found in Canada's Bay of Fundy,
technology matures and more countries begin carefully mapping their where it is over 15 meters.
tidal resources. For example: Atlantis Resources, a British Tidal power
company, estimates 90,000 MW of generating capacity could be built,
for a total of 150 TWh of power a year.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
 GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL PHILIPPINE SITES
BASILAN STRAIT SAN JUANICO STRAIT TALIBON STRAIT

‫ﻼ‬ The distance between The island of Basilan and ‫ﻼ‬ It is a narrow strait in the Eastern Visayan region in the ‫ ﻼ‬It is located in northern coast of the island of Bohol in the
Zamboanga City is approximately 24 kilometers. The Philippines. It separates the islands of Samar and Leyte, Philippines, 114.8 kilometers via Tagbilaran North Road,
seabed at the basilan strait is not that deep. Mostly only and connects the Carigara Bay (Samar Sea) with the San 149.55 kilometers via Tagbilaran East Road, 108.83
about 100 to 150 feet deep. Pedro Bay (Leyte Gulf). It is about 38 kilometres (24 mi) kilometers via Loay Interior Road.
long, and at its narrowest point, the strait is only 2
‫ﻼ‬ These Tidal or Sea Current generators can be installed at kilometers (1.2 mi) wide. It is crossed by the San ‫ ﻼ‬Sometimes called Cebu Strait, is a strait in the Philippines
the sea bed of the Basilan strait. With floating Juanico Bridge. that separates the island provinces of Cebu and Bohol. The
(anchored) platforms to mark the location of the Cebu Strait connects the western part of Bohol Sea with
generators. These renewable source of energy installed Camotes Sea, and is a major sea-lane connecting Cebu City
in the Basilan strait can supply energy for the entire on its northern end with port cities in the south such as
island of Mindanao. Whenever additional energy is Dumaguete City and Cagayan de Oro City.
needed new platforms can be installed.
 GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL PHILIPPINE SITES
GABOC CHANNEL SAN BERNARDINO STRAIT BASIAO CHANNEL

‫ﻼ‬ It is a marine channel and is located in ‫ﻼ‬ It is a strait in the Philippines, connecting the ‫ ﻼ‬It is a marine channel and is located in Province
Province of Surigao del Norte, Caraga, Samar Sea with the Philippine Sea. It separates of Bohol, Central Visayas, Philippines. The
Philippines. The estimate terrain elevation the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon island from the estimate terrain elevation above seal level is 1
above seal level is -9999 metres. Variant forms island of Samar in the south. metres. Variant forms of spelling for Basiao
of spelling for Gaboc Channel or in other Channel or in other languages: Basiao Channel
languages: Gabo Channel, Gaboc Channel, (en), Basiao Channel.
Gabo Channel, Gaboc Channel.
‫ ﻼ‬Latitude: 10°3'50"
‫ﻼ‬ Latitude: 9°52'36.01" Longitude: 124°31'23.03"
Longitude: 125°38'53.03"
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Range Power)

‫ ﻼ‬The energy of the tide wave contains two components, namely potential and kinetic.

‫ ﻼ‬The seawater can be trapped at high tide in an estuarine basin behind a dam or barrier to produce
tidal range power. Now, the water density, ρ is allowed to run out through turbines at low tide. If
the basin has surface area, A that remains covered in water at low tide, then the trapped water,
having a mass, ρgAH at a centre of gravity H/2 above the low tide level, is all assumed to run out at
low tide (H is height of tide).

‫ ﻼ‬The potential maximum energy available per tide if all the water falls through H/2 is therefore
(neglecting small changes in density from the seawater) given by:
‫ ﻼ‬Energy per tide, E = ½ρgAH2 where ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
A = surface area of the basin (m2)
ρg= 10.15 kN/m3 for seawater
H = height of tide (m)
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Range Power)

‫ ﻼ‬One can obtain for a tide cycle per square meter of ocean surface, E in W-h = 1.4H2

‫ ﻼ‬The tidal power due to potential energy is directly proportional to the area of basin and the tide
amplitude. However, in the actual turbine, the energy from the turbine can be obtained till the water
𝑊−ℎ
head reaches a value h. Hence, the power available is given by ; E in 2 = 1.4(H-h)2 .
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒−m

‫ ﻼ‬On the other hand, the kinetic energy is KE = ½mv2

‫ ﻼ‬Therefore, the total tide energy equals to the sum of its potential and kinetic energy component.
NOTE: Knowledge of the potential energy of the tide is important for designing conventional tidal power plants using water dams
for creating artificial upstream water heads. Such power plants exploit the potential energy of vertical rise and fall of the water.
In contrast, the kinetic energy of the tide has to be known in order to design floating or other types of tidal power plants which harness
energy from tidal currents or horizontal water flows induced by tides. They do not involve installation of water dams.
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Range Power)

SAMPLE PROBLEM
For a tidal range at a particular place of 10 m, and the surface tidal energy harnessing plant of 9 km2 , if
the specific gravity of water is 1025.18 kg/m3, determine the total energy potential per day of the plant.

Given: H = 10 m , ρ = 1025.18 kg/m3

A = 9 km2

Req’d: ET

Kg m m
Sol’n: E = ½ρgAH2 = ½ (1025.18 ) (9.81 s2) (9 km2 ) (1000 Km)2 (10 m)2 = 4.5257 x 1012 J
m3
Since there are two tides per day,

ET = 4.5257 x 1012 J x 2 = 9.0513 x 1012 J

GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Stream Power)

‫ ﻼ‬The energy available at a site is proportional to the cube of the current velocity at the site and to the
cross-sectional area. In general, the power that can be generated by a turbine is roughly
proportional to its area and that achieving high-power outputs is dependent on having high flow
velocities.

‫ ﻼ‬For this reason, tidal current systems are best suited to areas where narrow channels or other
features generate high velocity and are governed by the following equation.

‫ ﻼ‬The power P is given by P= ρAv3 where ρ = the density of the water (kg/m3)
A = cross sectional area (m2)
v = current velocity (m/s)
GEOGRAPHY: TIDES AND WAVES
ENERGY FROM TIDES (Tidal Stream Power)

‫ ﻼ‬However, a marine energy converter or turbine can only harness a fraction of this power due to
losses, therefore:

‫ ﻼ‬P= ½CpρAv3 where Cp = power coefficient (0.35–0.5 for marine turbines)

‫ ﻼ‬Cp is the percentage of power that can be extracted from the fluid stream and takes into account
losses due to Betz's law and those assigned to the internal mechanisms within the converter or
turbine.
 ECONOMICS: TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
‫ ﻼ‬Large tidal barrages present three main problems for investors:
1. They have large up-front capital costs
2. Long construction times
3. Produce relatively limited quantities of power.

‫ ﻼ‬Once over that initial capital building cost hump, TWO DECISIVE ECONOMIC INPUTS
tidal barrages become attractive investments. Size of the Reservoir How long power can be
Studies peg maintenance and operations over the Basin produced
barrage’s century long lifespan at less than 0.5% Tidal Range At what efficiency
of initial capital costs.

‫ ﻼ‬Costs generally increase for sites that experience violent winds and waves, as dykes must be built
stronger and larger to withstand them.
 ECONOMICS: TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL RANGE TECHNOLOGY
TIDAL BARRIAGE TIDAL LAGOON
‫ ﻼ‬Not well developed. ‫ ﻼ‬There is a sample proposal to conclude the economic
of tidal lagoon. There is a series of six tidal lagoons
‫ ﻼ‬There are only four real examples to draw economic off Britain’s western coast to be completed by 2027.
conclusions from, not enough to have any clear idea Each one is bigger than the last for a combined total
of just how expensive any proposed barrage will end of 15,900 MW of generating capacity. Building these
up being. six facilities will cost some $65 billion. Unfortunately
the costs will be high, at $4 million per MW.
‫ ﻼ‬An estimate is given by researcher Eleanor Denny. ‫ ﻼ‬A levelized cost analysis by Poyry, an engineering
She argued that in order for a tidal barrage facility to consultancy, found the tidal lagoons would be cost
be profitable, its capital cost should be less $800,000 competitive with wind and solar power, and even
per MW of installed capacity. Unfortunately this is an nuclear and gas power which are the cheapest power
unrealistically low cost. sources available.23
Example: La Rance -$3.4 Million per MW
 ECONOMICS: TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
‫ ﻼ‬Essentially, It have only begun making great strides in the past five years. As yet, the price is very
high but it is certain that the price drops will accrue over time. Furthermore, any scale of tidal
stream turbines can be built as opposed to one giant project for barrages, giving developers much
greater flexibility. Farms don’t have to be built in one go, like tidal barrages, but gradually expanded
over time. 5%
10% Grid
Connection
Structure
‫ ﻼ‬An in-depth economic analysis by the 10% 35%
Carbontrust found the bulk of costs in Power Takeoff Total
early tidal stream farms will be in the 20% 20%
installation. Station Keeping O&M
 ECONOMICS: TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY
‫ ﻼ‬The first estimate of the developers from year 2006 learn that
their assessment of future decreases in price was over-optimistic. TWO MAIN FACTORS FOR
Even though, tidal stream technology will one day be cheap TIDAL STREAM
enough to compete with other forms of renewable energy, Depth The shallower
it will take time.2 the project, the
6
easier to install
‫ ﻼ‬If the best sites are developed early this will help bring costs down and maintain
through learning, and allow a smoother rise in capacity. Building Speed of Tidal How much
those early farms bigger is better too. The cost per MW of power Current power can be
in a 150 MW farm would likely be half that in a 10 MW farm. had

‫ ﻼ‬Finally as the tidal farm developers move along the learning curve they will discover cheaper and
more efficient ways to build, install and repair every part of the turbine, from carbon-fiber rotor
blades, lightweight fiber mooring systems and linear generators.
ECONOMICS: TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS OF TIDES ON TOURISM AND FISHING
PROs CONs
‫ ﻼ‬An increase in tourism may occur. ‫ ﻼ‬Negative environmental effects on marine life can be
detrimental to the fishing industry. Some fishermen
‫ ﻼ‬Example: La Rance - Approx. 40,000 tourists visit have raised concerns over the fact that most
the facility each year. identified sites for tidal power are also key migration
routes for fish.
‫ ﻼ‬Sites have a potential to double as information ‫ ﻼ‬Sedimentation caused by tidal barrages could kill
centers, employing individuals in a range of tourism clams, while also damaging local shellfish fisheries.
positions, in addition to the general operation jobs
created by the power plant itself. Temporary ‫ ﻼ‬Impacts are expected to be much more apparent in
construction jobs are opened up as well during the locations where fish are abundant.
installation of the facilities.
 ECONOMICS: TIDES AND WAVES
ECONOMICS OF WAVE ENERGY DEVICES
‫ ﻼ‬Cost Analysis: FOUR PRIMARY FACTORS
Production Maintenance

Installation Connection

‫ ﻼ‬These primary factors vary so widely between different devices.

Cost SHORE LINE OFFSHORE ‫ ﻼ‬Continuous

DEVICES DEVICES research will likely
Production - -
yield cheaper and
more efficient
Installaton wave energy
Maintenance devices that will
reduce the overall
Connection
costs.
 RELATIVE MERITS: TIDES AND WAVES
RELATIVE MERITS FOR TIDES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Continuous and Predictable Energy Impact of EMF Emissions
‫ ﻼ‬The gravitational forces of celestial bodies are not going to ‫ ﻼ‬Fellow PNNL marine ecologist Jeff Ward said the
stop anytime soon. Furthermore, as high and low tide is organization was observing how EMFs damage the ability of
cyclical, it is far easier for engineers to design efficient juvenile Coho salmon to recognize and evade predators, or
systems, than say, predicting when the wind will blow or the negative impact on Dungeness crabs to detect odors
when the sun will shine. through their antennules. They are also observing whether
sea life is attracted or repelled by EMFs in general.
‫ ﻼ‬Comparing tidal power and wind power, water has 1000
times higher density than air and tidal turbines can generate
electricity at speeds as low as 1m/s, or 2.2mph. In contrast,
most wind turbines begin generating electricity at 3m/s-
4m/s, or 7mph-9mph.

Clean and Compact Lack of Research

‫ ﻼ‬Tidal power is a known green energy source. The largest tidal ‫ ﻼ‬While the true effects of tidal barrages and turbines on the
project in the world is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in marine environment have not been fully explored, there has
South Korea, with an installed capacity of 254MW. The been some research into how barrages manipulate ocean
project, established in 2011, was easily added to a 12.5km- levels and can have similar negative effects as hydroelectric
long seawall built in 1994 to protect the coast against power.
flooding and to support agricultural irrigation
RELATIVE MERITS: TIDES AND WAVES
RELATIVE MERITS FOR TIDES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Longevity of Equipment High Construction Costs
‫ ﻼ‬Tidal power plants can last much longer than wind or ‫ ﻼ‬There’s no avoiding the fact that tidal power holds
solar farms, at around four times the longevity. Tidal one of the heaviest up-front price tags. The proposed
barrages are long concrete structures usually built Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon project in Wales, UK, is
across river estuaries. These dam-like structures are priced at £1.3bn ($1.67bn). The aforementioned
said to have a lifespan of around 100 years. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station cost $560m, and the
La Rance cost 620 million francs back in 1966.
‫ ﻼ‬Wind turbines and solar panels generally come with a
warranty of 20 to 25 years, and while some solar cells ‫ ﻼ‬In comparison, the Tengger Desert Solar Park cost
have reached the 40-year mark, they typically around $530m for a total installed capacity of
degenerate at a pace of 0.5% efficiency per year. 850MW, making it more cost-efficient than Sihwa
Lake, at 254MW total capacity. Likewise, the Roscoe
‫ ﻼ‬The longer lifespan of tidal power makes it much Wind Farm cost around $1bn for an output of
more cost-competitive in the long run. Even nuclear 781MW, compared to the Swansea Bay tidal project
power plants do not last this long. that is expected to generate around 320MW in total.
 RELATIVE MERITS: TIDES AND WAVES
RELATIVE MERITS FOR WAVES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
High Energy Potential Unreliable Wavelengths
‫ ﻼ‬The energy density of waves along shorelines is approximately ‫ ﻼ‬Wind power is highly dependent on wavelength (i.e wave
30-40 kW/m of waves, and further out into the ocean, most speed), It requires a consistent flow of powerful waves to
waves can generate 100 kW/meter of electricity. Wave power generate significant amount of wave power. Some of the areas
devices can generate power up to 90% of the time, compared to may experience unreliable wave behavior and it becomes
20–30% for wind and solar power devices. unpredictable to forecast accurate wave power.

Near & Off Shore Wave Power Disturbance for Private & Commercial Vessels
‫ ﻼ‬Wave energy technology can be located near-shore as well as ‫ ﻼ‬Cargo ships, cruise ships, recreational vehicles, and beach goers
offshore. It reduces shoreline conflicts of use such as recreation may be disrupted by the installation of wave energy gathering
and fishing. sources. The government officials and private companies that
want to invest in wave energy sources have to take into account
and consider the needs of those they may be disturbing.

Impact of Water Weather Effects

‫ ﻼ‬Wave energy converters can also be designed for operation in ‫ ﻼ‬Ocean conditions from hurricanes, tropical storms, or
specific water depth conditions: deep water, intermediate water waterspouts offer the potential for massive destruction.
or shallow water. Therefore, the equipment should have protection to mitigate
the problem.
RELATIVE MERITS: TIDES AND WAVES
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
TIDAL BARRIAGE TIDAL LAGOON
‫ ﻼ‬They vary enormously from site to site, but they tend ‫ ﻼ‬They would avoid most of the problems associated
to be quite striking and can have large negative with the barrage because they would not impound
impacts on marine ecosystems valuable inter-tidal areas,

‫ ﻼ‬Tidal barrages reduce the tidal range by about half; ‫ ﻼ‬The lagoon walls being at their closest about 1.5 km
diminishing the intertidal zone and instigating a from the coast would extract twice as much energy
ripple of effects through the coastal ecosystem. from the same size of impounded area.

‫ ﻼ‬The intertidal area provides a key feeding ground for ‫ ﻼ‬As such, the tidal lagoon plan has won endorsement
birds. When the condition of this area is from a variety of environmental groups.
compromised, birds are likely to starve, or else forage
for food in new ecosystems, potentially offsetting the
natural balance there.
RELATIVE MERITS: TIDES AND WAVES

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
TIDAL STREAM TECHNOLOGY

‫ ﻼ‬They have less environmental impact and so far, they have been very promising. Some negative impacts
are:

‫ﻼ‬ The placement of arrays of turbines into farms will necessarily slow and reroute currents over a wide
area, potentially disrupting fish migration patterns or leading to harmful variations in water pressure.

‫ ﻼ‬The changes in currents can have an impact upon the ebb and flow of the tides on land, changing their
range and impacting inter-tidal ecosystems much like barrages.

‫ ﻼ‬On the other hand the farm caused a decrease in turbidity, or sediment in the water, allowing
sunlight to penetrate down and trigger phytoplankton blooms which had the effect of boosting
the food chain positively from the bottom upwards.
COMPANY: TIDES AND WAVES
COMPANY: TIDES AND WAVES
‫ ﻼ‬Oceantera is a project development
company registered in Singapore and the
Philippines. Oceantera is a joint venture
between Singapore-based OceanPixel and
UK-based Aquatera. OceanPixel and
Aquatera are key services providers to
Oceantera and its partners.

‫ ﻼ‬It was approved on 15 October 2018,

permitting Oceantera to commence
activities associated with the pre-
development of a utility scale tidal energy
development within a 2,600 hectare site in
the San Bernardino region of the
Philippines.
COMPANY: TIDES AND WAVES
‫ ﻼ‬A Filipino company H&WB Asia Pacific (Pte Ltd) Corp. and
a French firm SABELLA SAS is joint together to create a
tidal power plant in the Philippines

‫ ﻼ‬The tidal power plant will harness the marine current

resource in San Bernardino Strait, a channel separating the
islands of Luzon and Samar, in order to provide a reliable
supply of clean power to the island of Capul, in the province
of Northern Samar.The main characteristics of the San
Bernardino ocean power project are the following:
‫ ﻼ‬3 Sabella D18 turbines each with a 1,000 kW rated power
output
‫ ﻼ‬estimated 2,820 MWh net electrical output per year
‫ ﻼ‬1 MWh storage system aiming to:
‫ ﻼ‬smoothen the injection of the power production of
the tidal turbines depending on the grid demand;
‫ ﻼ‬secure the supply to the electrical grid so as to avoid
blackouts;
‫ ﻼ‬tentative commissioning in 2024 for a 25-year
operational lifetime.
‫ ﻼ‬3MW Tidal Power Plant utilizing Tidal In-Stream Energy Conversion (TISEC) Technology. (2019, March 29). Retrieved from
https://hwbasiapacific.net/1-5mw-tidal-power-plant-utilizing-tidal-in-stream-energy-conversion-tisec-technology/

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‫ ﻼ‬EnergyBC. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.energybc.ca/index.html#section0

‫ ﻼ‬How Hydroelectric Energy Works. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/how-hydroelectric-energy-works

‫ ﻼ‬Husseini, T. (2020, January 28). Tidal energy advantages and disadvantages: key points to consider. Retrieved from https://www.power-
technology.com/features/tidal-energy-advantages-and-disadvantages/

‫ ﻼ‬Hydropower and Tidal Power. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.globalization101.org/hydropower-and-tidal-power/

‫ ﻼ‬National Geographic Society. (2012, October 9). tidal energy. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/tidal-
energy/

‫ ﻼ‬Piccirilli Dorsey, Inc. (n.d.). Hydropower and Other Water Energy Technologies. Retrieved from https://www.eesi.org/topics/water-
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‫ ﻼ‬Retrieved May 17, 2020, from http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/cannistraro1/

‫ﻼ‬ Retrieved May 17, 2020, from http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/thomas2/

‫ ﻼ‬Ahmad, M. (2018). Operation and control of renewable energy systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

‫ ﻼ‬Press Release. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.oceanteraenergy.com/press-release

‫ ﻼ‬Primer: Power from Ocean Waves and Tides. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.snopud.com/site/content/documents/tidal/tidalprimer.pdf

‫ ﻼ‬Run-of-river hydroelectric power - Aboitiz Power Corporation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://aboitizpower.com/generation/run-of-river-
hydro/

‫ ﻼ‬Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity

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https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=19492bcdd3f74626b4c25a18b2c6d273

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www.facebook.com/people/

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‫ ﻼ‬https://youtu.be/162o0aMHUfs