6.2 Filters BPF

Band-Pass Filter Design Example
Attenuation response
of a third-order 3-dB
ripple bandpass
Chebyshev filter
centered at 2.4 GHz.
The lower cut-off
frequency is f L = 2.16
GHz and the upper cut-
off frequency is f U =
2.64 GHz.
1
RF/W Stripline Filters
• Filter components become impractical at
frequencies higher than 500 MHz
• Can apply the normalized low pass filter
tables for lumped parameter filters to
stripline filter design
• Richards Transformation and Kuroda’s
Identities are used to convert lumped
parameter filter designs to distributed filters
2
Richards Transformation:
Lumped to Distributed Circuit Design
• Open- and short-circuit transmission line
segments emulate inductive and capacitive
behavior of discrete components
• Based on: Zin = jZo tan (  l ) = jZo tan ( )
• Set Electrical Length l = /8 so
 f 
 = l = = 
4 fo 4
3
• Richards Transform is:
 
jX L = j L = jZo tan    = SZ o
4 
 
and jBC = jC = jYo tan    = SYo
4 
• For l = /8, S = j1 for f = fo = fc
4
/ 8 at c
jXL L
Zo = j L
/ 8 at c
jBC C
Zo = 1/(j C)
5
Unit Elements : UE
• Separation of transmission line elements
achieved by using Unit Elements (UEs)
• UE electrical length:  =  /4
• UE Characteristic Impedance ZUE
 cos  jZUE sin   1 jZUE 

A B
= j =  j 
1
C D   sin cos    1 
 UE  ZUE  1 +  2
 ZUE 
6
The Four Kuroda’s Identities
7
Kuroda’s Equivalent Circuit
Short Circuit
Series Stub
l
Z1 /N
l l
l Z1
= Z2 /N
Z2
}
}
Unit Element Unit Element
Open Circuit
Shunt Stub
8
Realizations of Distributed Filters
• Kuroda’s Identities use redundant
transmission line sections to achieve
practical microwave filter implementations
• Physically separates line stubs
• Transforms series stubs to shunt stubs or
vice versa
• Change practical characteristic impedances
into realizable ones
9
Filter Realization Procedure
• Select normalized filter parameters to meet
specifications
• Replace L’s and C’s by o /8 transmission
lines
• Convert series stubs to shunt stubs using
Kuroda’s Identities
• Denormalize and select equivalent
microstriplines
10
Filter Realization Example
• 5th order 0.5 dB ripple Chebyshev LPF
• g1 = g5 = 1.7058, g2 = g4 = 1.2296, g3 =
2.5408, g6 =1.0
11
• Y1 = Y5 = 1.7058, Z2 = Z4 = 1.2296,
Y3 = 2.5408; and Z1 = Z5 = 1/1.7058, Z3 =
1/2.5408
12
• Utilizing Unit Elements to convert series
stubs to shunt stubs
13
• Apply Kuroda’s Identities to eliminate first
shunt stub to series stub
14
• Deploy second set of UE’s in preparation
for converting all series stubs to shunt stubs
15
• Apply Kuroda’s Identities to eliminate all
series stubs to shunt stubs
• Z1 = 1/Y1 =NZ2 = (1+Z2/Z1)Z2
=1+(1/0.6304); Z2 = 1 and Z1 = 0.6304
16
• Final Implementation
17
• Frequency Response of the Low Pass
Filter
18
Lumped Parameter Band-Pass Filter
Design
Design an N=3 band-pass maximally flat
(Butterworth) filter with a center frequency
of 900 MHz. The Bandwidth of the filter is
20% ; That is, BW = (0.20)(900 MHz) =
1.8 MHz or 0.9 MHz.
From the Maximally Flat Low Pass Prototype
Table 5-2,
g0 = g4 = 1, g1 = g3 = 1, g2 = 2
19
Low Pass Prototype Filter
L1 L3
g1=1 g3=1
RS
g0=1
RL
C2 g4=1
g1=2
Where the normalized center frequency is

c = 1, L = 1.1(2·900 MHz), and
U = 0.9(2·900 MHz)
So that U - L = 1.13Grad/s and
o = LU = 5.627Grad/s
20
Finding the Filter Components
 g1 
L1 = L3 = 50  = 44nH
 (U − L ) 
1  U − L 
C1 = C3 =   = 0.713pF
50  o g1 
2
 U − L 
L2 = 50 2  = 0.892nH


 o 2 
g
1  g2 
C2 =   = 35.2pF
50  U − L 
21
Filter Simulation with Ansoft Designer
22
Filter Simulation with Ansoft Designer
23
Some Observations On The Results
• Values of components are unreasonable
• Some other method for implementing the
filter design goals must be found
• Solution: Use distributed filters using
waveguides
• Richardson Transforms and Kuroda’s
Identities
24
/ 8 at c
jXL L
Zo = j L
/ 8 at c
jBC C
Zo = 1/(j C)
25
Kuroda Transforms
26

6.2 Filters BPF

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What are Richards Transformation and Kuroda's Identities used for?

How are unit elements used in filter design?

Band-Pass Filter Design Example

• For l = /8, S = j1 for f = fo = fc

 cos  jZUE sin   1 jZUE 

Where the normalized center frequency is

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