Load Identification in Neural Networks For A Non-Intrusive Monitoring of Industrial Electrical Loads

Load Identification in Neural Networks for a
Non-intrusive Monitoring of Industrial Electrical Loads
Hsueh-Hsien Chang1,2, Hong-Tzer Yang2, and Ching-Lung Lin3

1
Department of Electronic Engineering, Jin Wen University of Science and Technology, Taipei,
Taiwan
sschang@just.edu.tw
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University,
Taoyuan, Taiwan
htyang@dec.ee.cycu.edu.tw
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology,
Hsinchu, Taiwan
cll@must.edu.tw
Abstract. This paper proposes the use of neural network classifiers to evaluate
back propagation (BP) and learning vector quantization (LVQ) for feature se-
lection of load identification in a non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) system.
To test the performance of the proposed approach, data sets for electrical loads
were analyzed and established using a computer supported program - Electro-
magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) and onsite load measurement. Load iden-
tification techniques were applied in neural networks. The efficiency of load
identification and computational requirements was analyzed and compared using
BP or LVQ classifiers method. This paper revealed some contributions below.
The turn-on transient energy signatures can improve the efficiency of load iden-
tification and computational time under multiple operations. The turn-on tran-
sient energy has repeatability when used as a power signature to recognize
industrial loads in a NILM system. Moreover, the BP classifier is better than the
LVQ classifier in the efficiency of load identification and computational
requirements.
Keywords: Load identification, neural network, non-intrusive load monitoring,

Electromagnetic Transient Program.
1 Introduction
Traditional load-monitoring instrumentation systems employ meters for each load to be
monitored. These meters may incur significant time and cost to install and maintain.
Furthermore, increasing numbers of meters may impact system reliability. Therefore, a
method for minimizing the number of instruments using non-intrusive load monitoring
(NILM) is needed.
To develop such a monitoring system, a number of load identification techniques
have been proposed [1-10]. Hart proposed several load identification methods that
examined the steady-state behavior of loads [1]. Hart conceptualized a finite state
W. Shen et al. (Eds.): CSCWD 2007, LNCS 5236, pp. 664–674, 2008.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008
Load Identification in Neural Networks for a Non-intrusive Monitoring 665
machine to represent a single appliance in which power consumption varied discretely

with each step change. Leeb used finite-impulse response filters [3-6] and Robertson
employed a wavelet transformation technique [7] matched to transient envelopes in
particular load-switching models. Cole [8] examined data extraction methods and
steady-state load identification algorithms for NILM. The algorithms developed by
Cole could be employed for load switching between individual appliances when one or
more appliances are switched on or off.
However, some appliances have transient features and steady-state features with
quite different indications and meaning at different times, particularly in an industrial
plant. For example, appliances may have variable power during operation, such as
water pumps in a steel mill. These appliances have no sufficient features to identify
load which is starting or operating, if these features are only steady-state features or
transient features. These features, when selected, enhance the capability of a NILM
system to distinguish from industrial loads under multiple operations using the turn-on
transient energy feature (UT) and traditional steady-state power features by analyzing
the physical industrial load characteristics. They also improve computational time.
In an industrial environment, an Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP)
computer supported program allows convenient comparison of load prototypes or
templates under normal load operation. To maximize recognition accuracy, analysis of
turn-on transient energy signatures uses a window of samples, Δt, to differentiate
adaptively a transient representative class of loads. The experiments in this study reveal
some contributions below. The turn-on transient energy signatures can improve the
efficiency of load identification and computational time under multiple operations. The
turn-on transient energy has repeatability when used as a power signature to recognize
industrial loads in a NILM system. Moreover, the back propagation (BP) classifier is
far better than the learning vector quantization (LVQ) classifier, within the efficiency
of load identification and computational requirements.
This paper is organized as follows. The power signature problems and turn-on
transient energy algorithm are addressed and described in Section 2. The event detec-
tion is described in Section 3. The turn-on transient energy repeatability is described in
Section 4. Based on the algorithm and load recognition techniques, a series of load
recognition experiments for the feature selection of power signals are conducted in
Section 5, which also includes comparisons of recognition accuracy and computational
performance using selected features by turn-on transient energy algorithm and tradi-
tional power signal features under individual operation or multiple operations. Ad-
vantages of load recognition using the turn-on transient energy algorithm and BP are
concluded in Section 6.
2 Power Signature Problems and Turn-On Transient Energy

Algorithm
2.1 Power Signature Problems for Feature Selection
In general, an appliance may have many load representations and a load may involve
many physical components. For example, a dryer has two loads, a motor and a heater. A
refrigerator has only one load, a compressor, but has different physical components
for defrosting and freezing. Most appliances are distinguishable by unique power

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Load Identification in Neural Networks for a

Non-intrusive Monitoring of Industrial Electrical Loads

Hsueh-Hsien Chang1,2, Hong-Tzer Yang2, and Ching-Lung Lin3

Keywords: Load identification, neural network, non-intrusive load monitoring,

machine to represent a single appliance in which power consumption varied discretely

2 Power Signature Problems and Turn-On Transient Energy

2.1 Power Signature Problems for Feature Selection

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