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    SECTION 13.1 Types of Solution: Intermolecular Forces and Solubility

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    Rafiq
    This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces that determine solubility, including ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-induced dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces. It explains that like solubility is determined by similar intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent. For example, salts are soluble in water due to ion-dipole attractions but insoluble in hexane due to weak ion-induced dipole forces. The document also discusses how molecular polarity affects solubility, as well as differences between gas-gas, gas-solid, and solid-solid solutions.

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    SECTION 13.1 Types of Solution: Intermolecular Forces and Solubility

    Uploaded by

    Rafiq
    23 views2 pages
    This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces that determine solubility, including ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-induced dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces. It explains that like solubility is determined by similar intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent. For example, salts are soluble in water due to ion-dipole attractions but insoluble in hexane due to weak ion-induced dipole forces. The document also discusses how molecular polarity affects solubility, as well as differences between gas-gas, gas-solid, and solid-solid solutions.

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    SUMMARY OF SECTION 13

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    This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces that determine solubility, including ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-induced dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces. It explains that like solubility is determined by similar intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent. For example, salts are soluble in water due to ion-dipole attractions but insoluble in hexane due to weak ion-induced dipole forces. The document also discusses how molecular polarity affects solubility, as well as differences between gas-gas, gas-solid, and solid-solid solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views2 pages

    SECTION 13.1 Types of Solution: Intermolecular Forces and Solubility

    Uploaded by

    Rafiq
    This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces that determine solubility, including ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-induced dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces. It explains that like solubility is determined by similar intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent. For example, salts are soluble in water due to ion-dipole attractions but insoluble in hexane due to weak ion-induced dipole forces. The document also discusses how molecular polarity affects solubility, as well as differences between gas-gas, gas-solid, and solid-solid solutions.

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    SECTION 13.

    1
    TYPES OF SOLUTION: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND
    SOLUBILITY

    A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is
    dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its
    solubility.  The useful rule-of-thumb “like dissolves like” says that substances
    with similar types of intermolecular forces dissolve in each other. And by knowing
    the forces, we can often predict whether a solute will dissolve in a solvent.

    Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

    There are six types of intermolecular forces also occur in solutions. These six types are Ion-
    dipole forces, Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole-dipole forces, Ion-induced dipole forces, Dipole-
    induced dipole forces, and Dispersion forces. Ion-dipole interaction occurs when an ion
    encounters a polar molecule. In this case, the charge of the ion determines which part of the
    molecule attracts and which repels. Hydrogen Bonding is a weak type of force but forms
    strong dipole-dipole attraction, occurs when there is an OH, NH or FH bond. H is very small
    and O, N, and F are very electronegative. Dipole-dipole occurs whenever two polar
    molecules get near each other. The positively charged portion of one molecule is attracted to
    the negatively charged portion of another molecule. Ion-induced dipole forces arise when an
    ion’s charge distorts the electron cloud of a nearby nonpolar molecule. Dipole-induced
    dipole forces attraction is a weak attraction that results when the approach of an ion induces
    a dipole in an atom or in a nonpolar molecule by disturbing the arrangement of electrons in
    the nonpolar species. Dispersion forces is the weakest intermolecular force, it is a temporary
    attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that
    make the atoms form temporary dipoles.

    Liquid Solutions and The Role of Molecular Polarity

    The like-dissolves-like rule says that when the forces within the solute are similar to those
    within the solvent, the forces can replace each other and a solution forms. For example, salts
    are soluble in water and insoluble in in hexane (C6H14) because the ion-dipole attractions
    between ion-water are similar in strength to the strong attractions between the ions and the
    strong H bonds between water molecules but the ion–induced dipole forces between ion and
    nonpolar hexane are very weak and cannot replace the strong attractions between the ions.

    Dual Polarity and Effects on Solubility

    Comparing the solubilities of a series of alcohols in water and in hexane, two solvents with
    very different intermolecular forces. Solubility in water is high for smaller alcohols but low
    for larger alcohols because the longer the hydrocarbon chain, a higher percentage of the
    molecule becomes nonpolar and contributes to its insolubility. A substance with very weak
    intermolecular attractions should have a low boiling point and, would be a gas under ordinary
    conditions. Also, it would not be very soluble in water because of weak solute-solvent forces.
    Thus, for nonpolar or slightly polar gases, boiling point generally correlates with solubility in
    water.

    Gas Solutions and Solid Solutions

    A gas-gas solution is just a mixture of gases. Because the molecules of gas are so far apart
    they generally only have minimal interactions with each other. This means that all gases can
    be considered to be soluble in each other. Gas-solid solutions is when a gas dissolves in a
    solid, it occupies the spaces between the closely packed particles. Solid-Solid Solutions can
    be formed by melting the solids and then mixing them and allowing them to freeze.

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