Chapter 1

The Problem and it’s Background

Introduction

Hypothesis (Ho) : The Kamansi florescence is not going to repel mosquitoes or

anyother insect and is rendered useless by the public.

Statement of the Problem

In the rise of climate change and global warming, there has been a lot of stigma
revolving around CFC and aerosol uses in the country for the past decade. The
researchers forsaw this idea and grabbed the opportunity and goal to present a solution
to the burdening problem we are facing today.
The problems that we are going to address are the following:
1. There is and influx of effective yet harmful mosquito repellant products.
2. A growing population of
3. Trying to find a better alternative to traditional repellant.

Assumption of the Study:

1. The florescence can repel mosquitoes
2. The florescence and other parts of the tree could have more uses.
3. If successful, would be a low cost substitute to traditional harmful materials.
4. The final product is cruelty free and non-toxic to humans.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to provide information about the Kamansi Insect Repellants are
beneficial to the certain factors:
1. Environment - If the repellant is commercially accepted by the public, fully
replacing the harmful traditional repellants thus it will lessen our CFC outputs
thus creating a better and greener environment.
2. Community - because the Kamansi Repellant is low cost and easily accessible
in the Philippines it will be beneficial to local communities in need of a mosquito
repellant.
 3. Trade - since the Kamansi Tree Repellant is proudly found in the Philippines, we
are making use of our natural resource and as a resulg can open new business
opportunities of local vendor. Also within the export community.

Scope, Limitatations and Delimitations

First, Immaculate Conception Academy Eco Farm will be the reach and span of our
research study. Second, the study will not focus on the Kamansi Tree part that will
produce the insect repellant. Lastly tbe research study is incapable of testing on
humans and human development regarding the Kamansi Tree because the researchers
involved are inexperienced in the field of medicine and sciences, lacking resources thus
as a result cannot control the possible outcome if tested on humans.

Definition of Terms:
Artocarpus Camansi - relative of the breadfruit
Aertocarpus altilis - species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family
Natural resources - materials or substances that can be used for economic gain
Stigma - a mark of disgrace
Viand - an item of food
Utilize - make practical and effective used of
Immature - not fully developed
Aroma - a distinctive, typically a pleasant smell
Alternative – available as another possibility
Beneficial - favorable or advantageous; resulting in good
Interplanted - plant together with another plant
Retentive - able to absorb and hold moisture
Dreaded - regarded with great fear
Deet - a colorless oily liquid with a mild oder used as an insect repellant
Fortification - process of adding micronutrients to food
 Chapter 2:
Review of Related Literature

The researchers focused on the benefits that humans may get from Kamansi fruit

tree. Many are not familiar with this kind of tree. It’s described as a oblong shaped fruit

that has a green to yellow color and is covered by spikes.

According to specialty produce, Kamansi fruit tree or also known as “Artocarpus

Camansi” is the wild ancestor of breadnut. The seed of the fruit has a protein that is

ranging to 13-20% and is also contained niacin, minerals, and the amino acids, leucine,

methionine, serine, and isoleucine which is good for our body.

The Kamansi seed is similar in the taste and texture of a chestnut. It can also be

utilize into a nut butter, oil, flour, and can be canned for snacks. Plants for a future

produce an article that a Kamansi seeds are low in fat and can be a viand or snacks. Its

fruit is nutritious and often cook when it was still immature to get the sweet aroma and

its taste. It can be cooked as soups, stews, and curries or it can be baked, roast, and

even bake. Based on ethnic/cultural information of the site specialty produced, in the

country of Philippines Kamansi is used to produce flour that is used to make nutritious

cookies.

In the site of love Mindanao, it was stated there that when rainy days came into

their town (Mindanao) they picked Kamansi fruit that was fell from the tree and ate it as

an alternative for rice/grains. The Kamansi tree is also beneficial to other plants. This is

according to When it was interplanted in a huge field of crops the leaves of it that was
scattered in the ground helps the plants to grow and avoid the growing of the weeds or

the unwanted plants.

The male flower of the tree can be used as a repellant to mosquitos and other

insects by burning it. The wood of Kamansi tree is not heavy and it is flexible enough to

be used for carving statues, fishing boats, and many more. It is also easy to burn and

less produc vtive so it may use for fuels.

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) was introduced to the Caribbean, from Tahiti in the

SouthPacific, as a source of food in 1793. Since then it has been recognised as an

important crop forfood security and still plays an important role in the diets of many

households in this region

Breadfruit and breadnut have several features that have enabled them to contribute to

food and nutrition security, including:

• the fruits are an excellent source of nutritious, energy or protein-rich food,

• mature breadfruit trees are very productive and normally bear much more fruit than

most households can consume; breadnut trees also have relatively high nutyields,

• the trees grow easily, even with little care,

• many trees are long-lived and are generally not affected by serious pests anddisease

problems,

• the trees help to protect the environment because their canopies and leaf

litterconserve soil moisture, reduce soil erosion and recycle nutrients.

Botany

Breadfruit and breadnut trees grow quickly and under favourable conditions can reach

up to20 m (66’). The trees usually have a single trunk and breadfruit trees are highly

branched, a feature that distinguishes them from those of breadnut that produce fewer

branches. Darkgreen, lobed leaves are borne at the ends of the branches and in

breadnut the leaves may bemore erect and the lobes more shallow. The leaves vary in

size depending on the age of thetree and the environmental conditions.

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

Breadnut and breadfruit grow best under hot, (210 and 320 C), wet conditions. The

trees thrive where annual rainfall receipt is between 1500 mm (60”) to more than 3000

mm (120”) and is well-distributed throughout the year. Light is very important for good

growth. Young trees benefit from shade which reduces wilting, stunting and possible

death due to the large leaves that lose water faster than the root system can absorb it.

Older trees should be grown in full sunlight so that they do not become too tall quickly

with few low branches. Trees should also be planted in sheltered areas away from

strong winds and hurricanes which can damage them. Breadnut and breadfruit grow

well on a wide range of soil types, provided that the soils are welldrained and moisture

retentive. Locations with seriously eroded, shallow soil should be avoided. Soils should

also have fairly good nutrient and organic matter content with a pH of 6 to 6.5.

Denise Clarke (2016). 5 ways you use breadfruit. Jamaicans.com

The breadfruit is a natural food source that is both healthy and delicious. High in

carbohydrates due to its starch content, the breadfruit is also very rich in antioxidants.

It’s also a source of calcium, carotenoids, and dietary fibre, as well as iron, magnesium,

and vitamins A and C.

Gluten-Free Flour:

Did you know that breadfruit can be used to make gluten-free flour? When processed

into gluten-free flour, the breadfruit not only tastes better but provides far more nutrition

than other gluten-free alternatives. This can be used in recipes just like any flour, which

is great news for persons allergic to gluten products.

Insect Repellant:

Want to protect yourself from ChikV and Zika Virus? Make an insect repellant with

breadfruit! The flower of the breadfruit plant has been used to make a repellant that is

highly effective against many insects including the dreaded mosquito. This natural

repellant proves to be a much safer alternative than ones containing DEET which is also

good news for the environment.

Latex:

Did you know that the sap of the breadfruit tree is so sticky, that it can be used as a

sealant? The sap is strong enough to use on various projects around the home to

create a waterproof seal as needed.

Fabric:

Did you know that you can wear breadfruit clothing? The bark of the tree can be

harvested in thin fibres to create fabric for a wide variety of items including clothing,
mosquito nets and paper. And all this can be done without killing the tree or damaging

the crop.

Animal Feed:

Did you know that you can feed animals with fallen breadfruit? Ripe, semi-ripe or

damaged breadfruits will quickly fall to the ground if they are not harvested. Usually

these are thrown away or left to rot under the tree. But the fallen fruit and leaves are

suitable as nutritious ingredients for animal feed.

Jamaicans.com

Sandra Avant (November 15, 2013). Breadfruit can be effective mosquito repellent.

USDA ARS. www.ars.usda.gov

Breadfruit, used as a folk remedy in Pacific regions to control insects, is an effective

mosquito repellent, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists have found.

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists and their collaborators at the University

of British Columbia in Okanagan, Canada, identified three breadfruit compounds—

capric, undecanoic and lauric acids—that act as insect repellents. ARS is the chief

intramural scientific research agency of USDA.

In the study, chemist Charles Cantrell and his colleagues at the ARS Natural Products

Utilization Research Unit (NPURU) in Oxford, Miss., and the University of British

Columbia scientists collected smoke extracts by burning sun-dried clusters of flowers in

the traditional method used by people in Pacific regions.

Capric, undecanoic and lauric acids, which are saturated fatty acids, were found to be

significantly more effective at repelling mosquitoes than DEET, the primary insect

repellent used against biting insects. For the first time, breadfruit was shown to actually

work as a repellent, confirming it as a valid folk remedy, according to Cantrell.

These same compounds found in breadfruit and other folk remedies were shown to be

highly active and the most repelling in a different study that examined a variety of

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Cantrell teamed with Uli Bernier, a chemist in the

Mosquito and Fly Research Unit at the ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and

Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, Fla., and scientists at the University of Mississippi

to evaluate the compounds. The test involved cloth treated with different concentrations

of compounds and worn by volunteers. Again, these compounds were shown to provide

effective protection against mosquitoes.

Funding for these studies was provided in part by the Deployed War-Fighter Protection

Research Program. The program focuses on developing public health insecticides and

improving technologies to protect U.S. military personnel from disease-transmitting

insects such as mosquitoes that spread serious and deadly diseases including malaria,

yellow fever and dengue fever.

Olaoye and Ade-Omowaye (2011), Health and nutritional benefits of breadfruit.

Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention.

www.scientificdirect.com

Breadfruit is a staple food sought after because it is an inexpensive source of high

energy. Compared to banana, cassava, plantain, taro, and sweet potato, it is a relatively
good source of calcium (Monro et al., 1986). Potassium and phosphorus have been

reported in relatively good quantities, although amounts may vary between cultivars.

Compared to other tropical starchy foods, it is an acceptable source of vitamin C (20

mg/100 mg of pulp) and has good levels of iron, niacin, and riboflavin at all stages of

maturity. Although not high in protein, the amino acid profile of its protein is favorable.

Breadfruit also contains significantly high amounts of fiber. According to the American

Heart Association, fiber decreases bad cholesterol and triglycerides, which increase the

risk of heart attack. An increased intake of fiber lowers low-density lipoprotein (bad)

cholesterol levels while elevating high-density lipoprotein (good) cholesterol levels in the

body. Breadfruit protects the body against heart disease and heart attack (Fassbender,

2008). Breadfruit benefits the body because it contains favorable amounts of omega-3

and omega-6 fatty acids.

The main problem with breadfruit utilization is its high perishability, resulting in high

postharvest losses. In some extreme cases, up to 50% losses have been reported.

Consequently, only fruits for immediate needs are harvested, thus reducing the

opportunities for development of a large-scale international trade in breadfruit (Bates et

al., 1991). Its possible incorporation in baked goods such as bread could widen its

scope of utilization with consequent reduction in postharvest losses in developing

countries.
 Chapter 3
Methodology
 Research Design

The research study is a experimental type of research under qualitative. Since the

research is based on the process, test or experiments that will be done during our

research study it is the optimal kind of reserch type to be used.

 Locale of the Study

ICA – South Campus is the chosen setting for our research study.

 Sampling Procedure

The reseachers are to set in motion three experiments with three

replications/treatments to prove and showcase the effectivity of the Kamansi tree’s

fluorescence as a mosquito repellant. The first treatment will produce a 50% Kamansi

repellant concentrate in each replication usig the boiling techique with equal amount of

florescence and water, vice versa. The second treatment the floresence will be dried

and then smoked. The smoke will potentially kill the mosquitoes with the pungent smell.

The final treatment will consist on 100 % Kamansi oil concentrate using a simple

distillation technique using a pressure cooker and and glass spiral, where the

flouresence is subjected to high heat until it boils and the oil will drip out of the glass

spiral inside. Before the researchers will apply this, carrier oil will be mixed to the

concentrate before use.

 Data Gathering Procedures

With the observation sheet on hand thus noting the observation at the stalwart time for

our research study. The schedule of the checkings will every 12 am of every Tuesday to

check if the experiment’s effectivity.

 Research Instrument/s

We have decided to use an observation sheet to tally thus note the seen changes or

improvement of the performed experiments. In addition, a pressure cooker and pot will

be used to boil the flourescence with, glass still and bucket for the glass pipe to cool on.

 Statistical Treatment of Data