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3.3 All-Air Systems. Refer to ASHRAE Systems Handbook.
In humid climates, provide all-

air systems for air conditioning. These systems are central systems which provide complete
sensible and latent heating and cooling of the air supply. These systems are either single
path or dual path. Single-path systems have heating and cooling elements in a series
configuration. Dual path system elements are arranged in parallel. Consolidation of system
components at a central location provides increased opportunity for energy conservation.
3.3.1 Constant-Volume Systems. Use where room conditions are to be maintained by
supplying a constant volume of air to the space and varying supply air temperature in
response to demands for net space heating or cooling.
a) Applications. In addition to multi-zone systems, this includes single-zone or single
space applications in auditoriums, meeting rooms, cafeterias, restaurants, and small retail
stores.
b) Multi-zone Systems. Use these systems to provide individual temperature control of a
small number of zones, maximum 10 zones, from a central air handler. For normal comfort
cooling applications, place cooling and heating coils in the air handler. For applications
where humidity control is critical, place coils in series so that air is conditioned by the
cooling coil prior to passing to the hot deck. Provide cooling by direct-expansion or chilled-
water coils. Provide heating by steam coils, hot water coils, or electric coils.
c) Terminal Reheat Systems. These systems overcome zoning limitations by adding
individual heating coils in each zone's branch duct to compensate for areas of unequal
heating load. Heat, whether in the form of hot water, steam, or electrical resistance heaters,
is applied to either preconditioned primary air or recirculated room air.
(1) These systems waste energy because supply air is cooled to a low enough temperature
to serve the zone needing the coolest air, but then supply air must be reheated for other
zones to avoid overcooling. Where constant volume is maintained, the waste of energy can
be even more significant. Reset cold deck temperature to meet
© J. Paul Guyer, 2009 14
cooling requirements of the room with the largest load or to satisfy humidity requirements.
This cold deck temperature control reduces
cooling requirements of the room with the largest load or to satisfy humidity requirements.
This cold deck temperature control reduces energy consumption.
(2) Due to high energy consumption, limit these systems to applications requiring close
control of temperature and humidity, such as hospital intensive care areas and laboratories.
When economically feasible, use heat recovered from the refrigeration cycle in heating coils.
3.3.2 Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems. Use VAV systems for buildings with sufficient
zones (11 or more zones) and load variation to permit reduction of fan capacity for
significant periods during the day. Do not use bypass VAV systems. The complexity of
systems should be consistent with minimum requirements to adequately maintain space
conditions.
3.3.3 Economizer Cycle. The economizer cycle should not be used in humid climates and
for spaces where humidity control is critical, such as computer rooms. Problems have been
experienced with linkage corrosion, excessive damper leakage, jammed linkage on large
dampers, and inadequate maintenance. Outdoor air dampers should be located away from
the intake louver and after duct transition to minimize exposure to weather and size of
dampers. Provide outdoor air dry bulb changeover rather than enthalpy or outdoor air/return
air comparator changeover. With VAV systems, return or relief fans shall not be used. An
economizer should only be used when it can be designed with gravity relief through the
building envelope. Size gravity relief dampers to prevent building over pressurization.
3.4 System and Equipment Performance. For size and selection criteria of systems and
equipment, refer to ASHRAE Equipment Handbook. HVAC systems shall be able to
dehumidify supply air under loading conditions, provide reliable operations, and tolerate
reasonable variations in chilled-water temperatures. Air conditioning systems generally
operate at part load conditions most of the time. This is particularly true of comfort air
conditioning systems which often operate at less than 50 percent of their design load
© J. Paul Guyer, 2009 15
capacity for more than 50 percent of the time. Since high part load efficiencies are desirable
to conserve energy, the selection of equipment and step starting and sequencing controls
shall be made with an emphasis on reducing life-cycle costs at part load conditions. Verify
and document the equipment operation in accordance with ASHRAE Guideline 1,
Commissioning of HVAC Systems.

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3.3 All-Air Systems. Refer to ASHRAE Systems Handbook.

In humid climates, provide all-

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