‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫جامعة القاسم الخضراء‬

‫كليه هندسة الموارد المائية‬
‫قسم المنشأت الهيدروليكية‬

‫‪Hydraulic jump‬‬

‫تقرير تقدم به الطالب‬

‫احمد عماد‬

‫اشراف‬
‫د‪ .‬مروة هاني‬

‫‪2020 - 2019‬‬

‫‪Hydraulic jump‬‬
 A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which
is frequently observed in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways.
When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather
abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly
slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's initial kinetic
energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost
through turbulence to heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast
flow rapidly slowing and piling up on top of itself similar to how
a shockwave forms.

It was first observed and documented by Leonardo da Vinci in

1500s. The mathematics were first described by Giorgio Bidone when he
published a paper in 1820 called Experiences sur le remou et sur la
propagation des ondes.

The phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial
speed of the fluid is below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For
initial flow speeds which are not significantly above the critical speed, the
transition appears as an undulating wave. As the initial flow speed increases
further, the transition becomes more abrupt, until at high enough speeds, the
transition front will break and curl back upon itself. When this happens, the
jump can be accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment,
and surface undulations, or waves.

The different manifestations are:

  The stationary hydraulic jump – rapidly flowing water transitions
in a stationary jump to slowly moving water as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
 The tidal bore – a wall or undulating wave of water moves
upstream against water flowing downstream as shown in Figures 3 and 4. If
one considers a frame of reference which moves along with the wave front,
then the wave front is stationary relative to the frame and has the same
essential behavior as the stationary jump.

A related case is a cascade – a wall or undulating wave of water moves

downstream overtaking a shallower downstream flow of water as shown in
Figure 5. If considered from a frame of reference which moves with the wave
front, this is amenable to the same analysis as a stationary jump.

These phenomena are addressed in an extensive literature from a

number of technical viewpoints.

Classes of hydraulic jumps

Hydraulic jumps can be seen in both a stationary form, which is
known as a "hydraulic jump", and a dynamic or moving form, which is
known as a positive surge or "hydraulic jump in translation". They can be
described using the same analytic approaches and are simply variants of a
single phenomenon.

Moving hydraulic jump

 A tidal bore is a hydraulic jump which occurs when the incoming tide
forms a wave (or waves) of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against
the direction of the current. As is true for hydraulic jumps in general, bores
take on various forms depending upon the difference in the waterlevel
upstream and down, ranging from an undular wavefront to a shock-wave-
like wall of water. Figure 3 shows a tidal bore with the characteristics
common to shallow upstream water – a large elevation difference is
observed. Figure 4 shows a tidal bore with the characteristics common to
deep upstream water – a small elevation difference is observed and the
wavefront undulates. In both cases the tidal wave moves at the speed
characteristic of waves in water of the depth found immediately behind the
wave front. A key feature of tidal bores and positive surges is the intense
turbulent mixing induced by the passage of the bore front and by the
following wave motion.

Another variation of the moving hydraulic jump is the cascade. In the

cascade, a series of roll waves or undulating waves of water moves
downstream overtaking a shallower downstream flow of water.

A moving hydraulic jump is called a surge. The travel of wave is faster

in the upper portion than in the lower portion in case of positive surges

Stationary hydraulic jump

A stationary hydraulic jump is the type most frequently seen on rivers
and on engineered features such as outfalls of dams and irrigation works.
They occur when a flow of liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of
the river or engineered structure which can only sustain a lower velocity.
When this occurs, the water slows in a rather abrupt rise (a step or standing
wave) on the liquid surface.

Analysis of the hydraulic jump on a liquid surface

In spite of the apparent complexity of the flow transition, application
of simple analytic tools to a two dimensional analysis is effective in
providing analytic results which closely parallel both field and laboratory
results. Analysis shows:

 Height of the jump: the relationship between the depths before

and after the jump as a function of flow rate[18]
 Energy loss in the jump
 Location of the jump on a natural or an engineered structure
 Character of the jump: undular or abrupt

Height of the jump

The height of the jump is derived from the application of the equations
of conservation of mass and momentum. There are several methods of
predicting the height of a hydraulic jump.

They all reach common conclusions that:

 The ratio of the water depth before and after the jump depend solely on
the ratio of velocity of the water entering the jump to the speed of the
wave over-running the moving water.
 The height of the jump can be many times the initial depth of the water.
 For a known flow rate  as shown by the figure below, the
approximation that the momentum flux is the same just up- and downstream
of the energy principle yields an expression of the energy loss in the
hydraulic jump. Hydraulic jumps are commonly used as energy dissipators
downstream of dam spillways.

Energy dissipation by a hydraulic jump

One of the most important engineering applications of the hydraulic
jump is to dissipate energy in channels, dam spillways, and similar structures
so that the excess kinetic energy does not damage these structures. The rate
of energy dissipation or head loss across a hydraulic jump is a function of the
hydraulic jump inflow Froude number and the height of the jump.[15]

The energy loss at a hydraulic jump expressed as a head loss is:

Location of hydraulic jump in a streambed or an engineered

structure
In the design of a dam the energy of the fast-flowing stream over
a spillway must be partially dissipated to prevent erosion of the streambed
downstream of the spillway, which could ultimately lead to failure of the
dam. This can be done by arranging for the formation of a hydraulic jump to
dissipate energy. To limit damage, this hydraulic jump normally occurs on an
apron engineered to withstand hydraulic forces and to prevent
local cavitation and other phenomena which accelerate erosion.

In the design of a spillway and apron, the engineers select the point at
which a hydraulic jump will occur. Obstructions or slope changes are
routinely designed into the apron to force a jump at a specific location.
Obstructions are unnecessary, as the slope change alone is normally
sufficient. To trigger the hydraulic jump without obstacles, an apron is
designed such that the flat slope of the apron retards the rapidly flowing
water from the spillway. If the apron slope is insufficient to maintain the
original high velocity, a jump will occur.

Two methods of designing an induced jump are common:

 If the downstream flow is restricted by the down-stream channel such

that water backs up onto the foot of the spillway, that downstream water
level can be used to identify the location of the jump.
 If the spillway continues to drop for some distance, but the slope
changes such that it will no longer support supercritical flow, the depth in
the lower subcritical flow region is sufficient to determine the location of
the jump.

In both cases, the final depth of the water is determined by the

downstream characteristics. The jump will occur if and only if the level of
inflowing (supercritical) water level () satisfies the condition:

Air entrainment in hydraulic jumps

The hydraulic jump is characterised by a highly turbulent flow. Macro-
scale vortices develop in the jump roller and interact with the free surface
leading to air bubble entrainment, splashes and droplets formation in the two-
phase flow region.[23][24] The air–water flow is associated with turbulence,
which can also lead to sediment transport. The turbulence may be strongly
affected by the bubble dynamics. Physically, the mechanisms involved in
these processes are complex.

The air entrainment occurs in the form of air bubbles and air packets
entrapped at the impingement of the upstream jet flow with the roller. The air
packets are broken up in very small air bubbles as they are entrained in the
shear region, characterised by large air contents and maximum bubble count
rates.[25] Once the entrained bubbles are advected into regions of lesser shear,
bubble collisions and coalescence lead to larger air entities that are driven
toward the free-surface by a combination of buoyancy and turbulent
advection.

Tabular summary of the analytic conclusions

NB: the above classification is very rough. Undular hydraulic jumps
have been observed with inflow/prejump Froude numbers up to 3.5 to 4.

Hydraulic jump variations

A number of variations are amenable to similar analysis:

Shallow fluid hydraulic jumps

The hydraulic jump in a sink

On impingement of a liquid jet normally on to a surface, the liquid

spreads radially in a thin film until a point where the film thickness changes
abruptly. This abrupt change in liquid film thickness is called a circular
hydraulic jump. So far, It was believed that the thin film hydraulic jumps are
created due to gravity (related to the Froude number). However, a recent
scientific article published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics disapproved this
more than century-old belief. The authors experimentally and theoretically
showed that kitchen sink hydraulic jumps are created due to surface tension
and not due to gravity. To rule out the role of gravity in the formation of a
circular hydraulic jump, authors performed experiments on horizontal,
vertical and on an inclined surface and showed that irrespective of the
orientation of the substrate, for same flow rate and physical properties of the
liquid, the initial hydraulic jump happens at the same location.

Internal wave hydraulic jumps

Hydraulic jumps in abyssal fan formation

Turbidity currents can result in internal hydraulic jumps (i.e., hydraulic
jumps as internal waves in fluids of different density) in abyssal
fan formation. The internal hydraulic jumps have been associated with
salinity or temperature induced stratification as well as with density
differences due to suspended materials. When the slope of the bed (over
which the turbidity current flows) flattens, the slower rate of flow is mirrored
by increased sediment deposition below the flow, producing a gradual
backward slope. Where a hydraulic jump occurs, the signature is an abrupt
backward slope, corresponding to the rapid reduction in the flow rate at the
point of the jump.
Atmospheric hydraulic jumps
Hydraulic jumps occur in the atmosphere in the air flowing over
mountains. A related situation is the Morning Glory cloud observed, for
example, in Northern Australia, sometimes called an undular jump.

Industrial
The hydraulic jump is the most commonly used choice of design
engineers for energy dissipation below spillways and outlets. A properly
designed hydraulic jump can provide for 60-70% energy dissipation of the
energy in the basin itself, limiting the damage to structures and the
streambed. Even with such efficient energy dissipation, stilling basins must
be carefully designed to avoid serious damage due to uplift,
vibration, cavitation, and abrasion. An extensive literature has been
developed for this type of engineering.
References and notes
1.  "Household phenomenon observed by Leonardo da Vinci finally
explained".
2. Douglas, J.F.; Gasiorek, J.M.; Swaffield, J.A. (2001). Fluid
Mechanics (4th ed.). Essex: Prentice Hall. 
3. Faulkner, L.L. (2000). Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering
Applications. Basil, Switzerland: Marcel Dekker AG. 
4. Fox, R.W.; McDonald, A.T. (1985). Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons. 
5.  Hager, Willi H. (1995). Energy Dissipaters and Hydraulic Jump.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 
6. Khatsuria, R.M. (2005). Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy
Dissipaters. New York: Marcel Dekker. 
7. Lighthill, James (1978). Waves in Fluids. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 
8. Roberson, J.A.; Crowe, C.T (1990). Engineering Fluid Mechanics.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 
9. Streeter, V.L.; Wylie, E.B. (1979). Fluid Mechanics. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company. 
10. Vennard, John K. (1963). Elementary Fluid Mechanics (4th ed.).
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Vischer, D.L.; Hager, W.H. (1995). Energy Dissipaters.
Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 
12. Chanson, H. (2004). The Hydraulic of Open Channel Flow: an
Introduction (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.