Dadoria2018 Article PerformanceEvaluationOfDominoL
Dadoria2018 Article PerformanceEvaluationOfDominoL
Dadoria2018 Article PerformanceEvaluationOfDominoL
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-017-3691-3
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TECHNICAL PAPER
Received: 21 December 2017 / Accepted: 22 December 2017 / Published online: 3 January 2018
Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract
Power dissipation, propagation delay and noise are major issues in digital circuit design. In this paper, a new leakage-
tolerant domino circuit is presented which has lower power consumption and higher noise immunity without significant
delay increment for 8 and 16 input OR gates are designed and simulated using existing and proposed techniques in FinFET
technology. In this paper utilize the property of FinFET on domino circuit in order to improve the overall performance of
the circuit. Here all the circuit is simulated at 32 nm process technology by using HSPICE simulation at supply voltage of
0.9 V in MOS, short gate (SG) and low power (LP) mode at 10 MHz frequency. Comparison is done on the basis of power
dissipation, propagation delay and unity noise gain. FinFET technology in SG mode reduces propagation delay while LP
mode reduces power dissipation. Maximum power saved by ultra low power stacked (ULP-ST) domino logic for 8 and 16
input OR at 15.5, 18.39% in SFLD, 32.91, 28.22% in HSD, 40.60, 44.67% in CKD in SG mode and for LP mode 18.26,
21.68% in SFLD, 28.84, 27.94% in HSD, 55.45, 44.59% in CKD, respectively.
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Out
100 Dynamic Node
Delay(pS)
80
Input <0-15> Evaluation
60 Network
40
Clock
20
0
32 64 96 128 160 GND
Width of Evaluaon Transistor(nm) Fig. 4 Footed domino logic circuit
Fig. 2 Effect of evaluation transistor width on delay
noise in the circuit. Also due to fast switching of inverter
buffer, the power consumption will be high due to con-
Vdd Vdd
Keeper tinuous shorting of VDD and GND. These pulses at the
Transistor output can be avoided if NMOS transistor in the inverter is
Clock turned off at the time of precharge.
In proposed technique as shown in Fig. 5, transistors
MN2 and MN3 are added in the basic footed domino logic
Out for leakage reduction and noise improvement and provide
Dynamic Node
the proper stacking to the transistor in order to reduce the
contention current of the circuit. Transistor MN2 is driven
Input <0-15> Evaluation by the dynamic node N of footer transistor. Transistor MN1
Network is NMOS transistor of output inverter of the circuit which
reduces leakage power consumption during precharge
phase by stacking effect, which is not discharge though
GND but it provide the input to the MN2 transistor for
GND improvement of unity noise gain (UNG) of the circuit.
Fig. 3 Footless domino logic circuit Whenever there is a small voltage drop across MN4 due to
noise pulses, transistor MN3 provides stacking effect by
reduce the leakage current as shown in Fig. 3. This tech- making gate to source voltage of MN2 smaller. The delay
nique is called footed domino logic (FDL) (Nowak et al. element is inserted in between clock and MN4 transistor so
2004). In this technique, speed decreases as footer tran- as to reduce the overall delay of the signal. This will reduce
sistor introduces delay in the circuit. Robustness of footed the leakage power of MN2 and makes MN3 conduct less,
domino logic decreases for large fan-in gates (Dadoria hence over all power of the circuit is improved.
et al. 2016b, 2017b, c; Chun and Roger Chen 2010). During precharge phase, voltage at dynamic node is
high. Now if any of the inputs to pull down network is
high, then voltage of node N at footer will be nearly equal
3 Proposed work to voltage at dynamic node because N1 is off in precharge
mode. At this time N2 turns ON while N3 remains off due
In standard FDL as shown in Fig. 4, during precharge to low voltage at output. So leakage power consumption of
phase, the output must remain high. But when clock fre- circuit reduces and noise performance improves. By pro-
quency is very high (50–500 MHz), the voltage at the viding proper stacking with the help of ULP-ST which help
dynamic node of circuit also changes very frequently. So in improving the UNG of the circuit, reduces the power
pulses are present at the dynamic node and these pulses are consumption and enhance the speed by using FinFET
transferred at the output. So output remains high for very technology in different mode. The transistors MN3, MP4
less time during precharge phase. These pulses produce and MN2 are arrange as stack transistors and provides a
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affected by a number of interconnects at the node. So in The ratio of the contention current in the proposed FinFET
this paper, domino OR gates are simulated in FinFET. circuit is more compared with the proposed MOS circuit. In
Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 shows the overall comparison Table 7, different domino techniques are compared based
of Average power, delay and UNG of 2, 4, 8 and 16 input on standby power consumption for 16 input OR gate.
OR Gate in CMOS, SG and LP mode of FinFET technol- Standby power is calculated by applying zero input to all
ogy. From the simulation results it is observe that Tables 2, the transistors in evaluation logic. It is shown in the
4 and 5 for 8 and 16 inputs OR gate shows the comparison table that proposed technique (FULP-ST) has least stand-
of different parameters like average power, delay and UNG by power consumption due to low transistor count.
of the domino circuits by using FinFET technology. Pro- Comparison of the average power between domino logic
posed ULP-ST circuit shows maximum saving of Average style made from MOS and FinFET is done because scaling
power 22.15, 23.39% in FLD, 28.36, 27.34% in HSD, of the technology is the prime thrust for the development of
42.37, 44.84% in CKD for 8 input OR gate in SG and LP the MOS but as the SCE came into existence the FinFET
modes of FinFET technology. Saving of delay 28.42, has excellent control over the silicon fin and mitigates this
18.37% in FLD, 56.83, 43.47% in FDL, 28.47, 21.37% in effect. From the results it is observed that the FinFET
HSD, 36.31, 34.19% in CKD for 8 input OR gate in SG and based ULP-CCMF domino circuit shows the saving of an
LP mode of FinFET technology, respectively. Maximum average power of 16.67, 29.11% SFLD, 42.58, 44.91%
Saving of the average power by ULP-ST is up to 35.35% in HSD, 51.22, 52.65% CKD, 21.34, 32.73% LCR, 30.56,
DFD and 34.39% in LCR for 8 input OR gate. For 16 input 43.13% DFD and in the MOS based proposed domino
OR gate ULP-ST circuit saves power 24.81% for DFD and circuit a saving of an average power of 10.66, 20.22%
28.28% in LCR. unity noise gains (UNG) of different SFLD, 36.77, 36.49% HSD, 95.11, 93.33% CKD, 16.59,
existing domino logic circuits are compared with proposed 23.93% LCR, 12.21, 14.44% DFD is shown for the 8 and
domino logic. Higher value of UNG shows better noise 16 input OR gates, respectively. From the results it is
immunity. For calculating UNG, noise pulse of varying observed that the FinFET based ULP-CCMF domino cir-
amplitude and constant width is applied at the input. The cuit shows a saving of standby power of 18.79, 29.36%
result shows that proposed technique has higher noise SFD, 46.15, 42.11% HSD, 63.3, 61.46% CKD, 71.71,
immunity as compared to existing domino techniques as 32.11% LCR, 49.08, 29.18% DFD and in the MOS based
well as FinFET SG and LP mode. domino circuit proposed shows the saving of standby
The simulation results of the proposed ULP-ST domino power 3.42, 3.13% SFD, 43.51, 40.62% HSD, 98.3,
circuit for power dissipation and delay at the different 98.09% CKD, 14.34, 3.05% LCR, 14.08, 12.6% DFD for
keeper ratios is shown in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. The the 8 and 16 input OR gates, respectively. The maximum
power dissipation is significantly reduced up to 68% (16- average power saving is observed in the CKD compared
input OR with KPR = 1.5) with the proposed FinFET with the proposed circuit (both MOS and FinFET based)
technique when compared to the proposed MOS technique, because the number of transistors used in the ULP-CCMF
as shown in Fig. 7. Similarly, the delay is significantly circuit is less compared with the CKD and is due to the
reduced by up to 58% (16-input OR with KPR = 1.5) for stacking effect with the mirror transistor in the pull down
the proposed FinFET technique with respect to the pro- network.
posed MOS technique, as shown in Fig. 8. The power A maximum penalty of delay of 34.7% in the MOS,
reduction and speed enhancement with the proposed Fin- 34.05% in FinFET and evaluation delay of 28.61% in the
FET and MOS techniques are more pronounced as the MOS, and 18.05% in FinFET was seen compared with the
contention current increases with a large keeper transistor. HSD for the 8 input OR gate. The delay is increased
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20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50
because of the increase in the resistance due to the stack • The pull-down network is disconnected from the output
transistor in the pull down network. The average power inverter to decrease the propagation delay due to lower
saving, delay and PDP between the MOS and FinFET in capacitance on the dynamic node. Also, a small keeper
the same, existing and proposed domino circuits. is sufficient to have a desired robustness.
According the above-mentioned discussions, the pro- • Voltage swing on the pull-down network is reduced
posed circuit has some advantages over the previous works which results in lower power consumption especially in
in some details as follows. wide fan-in gates.
• The switching threshold voltage of the proposed
• In the proposed circuit, the difference between voltages
domino will be approximately twice of the threshold
across the pull down network is used to provide output
voltage of NMOS transistors. Therefore, noise immu-
voltage. Thus, the performance is improved without
nity of the new circuit is significantly improved,
robustness degradation.
especially as fan-in is increased.
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