PUMP PERFORMANCE

Total Dynamic Head

TDH  Pd  PS
Pd = discharge pressure
PS = suction pressure

Hydraulic Horsepower

Q( gpm) TDH ( psi )

Wh ( hp ) 
1714.3

Shaft Efficiency
Wh

Wb
Wh = theoretical required power (hp)
Wb = actual shaft work or brake-horsepower
note   1 because there are friction losses inside the pump.
Available Net Positive Suction Head

NPSHA  PS  PV
PS = suction pressure
PV = vapor pressure of fluid

NPSHA has to be positive. Otherwise, the fluid enters the pump with bubbles.

As pressure increases inside the pump the bubbles collapse.

This phenomena is called CAVITATION and it

-Reduces capacity
-Damages the pump

Net Required Positive Suction Head (NPHSR)

Ideal pumps will not cavitate if NPHSA is positive.

However a small pressure decrease can take place in a pump due to internal losses close to the suction.

====> if NPSHA = 0 bubbles can form and cavitation takes place.

====> NPSHA is a required value suggested by the manufacturer

SPECIFICATION CRITERIA

NPHSA > NPHSR

 Head Capacity
Curves
head
(Pd-PS) Rotary

Reciprocating
Centrifugal

Positive displacement
pumps give an approximate
constant flow

Flowrate
(gpm)

Thus, centrifugal pumps are chosen because

They can operate in a wider range of flowrates which is good for control and
process flexibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you are stuck with a positive displacement pump, the following diagram shows how you can regulate
flow.

However, this arrangement will:

- use more energy
- heat up fluid
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curves

(Fixed speed, rpm)

NPHSR

Want to operate
somewhere here

6”
70% Efficiency
60%
8”
Characteristic
Curve

Impeller size
6” 8”
 Specifying A Pump
4
1

3
2

Control valve
1) Need
System head H5 = (P4-P3)+(P2-P1)
Pump head Hp

But Hp = Hs

Hs

As flow increase
friction losses
increase

friction
losses

Static
head
 Effect of a throttling valve

Hs

Valve closes

Flowrate

Since Hs = Hp , pick the Hs curve close to 80% open, at maximum flow

Pump curve

System curve Maximum flow

in this interval

Flowrate
Parameters you can control when selecting the pump
- impeller diameter
- speed (not very common)
- the model

Things to look for

- Maximum efficiency
- NPHSA > NPHSR
 What to do if NPHSA is too low

NPHSA = P2-PV

Increase P2 !!! (How?)

Increase Z1
This is the reason why pumping fluids that are close to saturated conditions require that the vessel
upstream be elevated. Flash tanks are typical examples of this.
 Control Valves
(see Chem. Eng., April 1978, October, 1971)

Valve characteristics

Flow

quick opening
(some butterfly) (ConstantP)

F 

linear (butterfly, Some globe) F 

Equal percentage
 f 
(globe, ball)

0 Travel () 100

Valve flow Coefficient (Cv)


CV  Q
PV

Q = flowrate (gpm)
PV = Pressure drop (psi)
r = Specific gravity of fluid

How is Cv measured ?
Measure the flowrate of water at 60 oF where
* DP = 1 psi
* valve is totally open
How does the valve behave within a system ?

3
2

Pv

Let DP1 = P2 - P1
DP2 = (P4-P3) - DPV

Pump

P1 P2 PV

P1 P2

PV

Flowrate
Valve Pressure Drop Ratio
PV PV
PR  
P1  P2  PV P2  P1

Pump

Small PR

PV

P2-P1

Flowrate

Pump

Large PR

PV
P2-P1

Flowrate
Effect of valve travel

Small PR
Large variation in travel do
not change flow as P2 - P1 is
affected very little

20 % open

80 % open

small flow Flowrate

variation

Large PR

20 % open

80 % open

large flow Flowrate

variation
Installed Characteristics
 Valve Specification
Need to give
- CV
- Characteristics

HOW TO OBTAIN CV
CV is obtained from flowrate, sp. gr. and DPV at maximum flowrate conditions.

sp. gr .
CVS  Qmax
PV max
 CV  0.8CVS

Now look for a valve that has this Cv

Characteristics.
Want linear response when installed since the stem moves linearly with signal coming from controller.

*Large flowrate variation expected

====> Pick equal % valve with PR @ 0 at maximum flow conditions.

PR 

Inherent curve PR = 1

*Low flowrate variations can pick equal % or linear

Flow
range
PR 
Inherent curve PR = 1

Linear is preferred when pump curve is flat.

 OPTIMAL PIPE DIAMETER
(P&T ch. 11)

Cost

Piping cost

Total cost

Pumping cost

Optimal diameter
diameter
Pumping cost = Annualized cost of pump + Cost of electrcity
Piping costs = C(diameter)n
(includes fittings)
 Optimal piping + Pump arrangement

Since Isometric is fixed, then pipe length is fixed and Le (equivalent legth due to fittings and valves) is
fixed

Pumping Costs

CE = KWR = KW/h
h = pump efficiency

Recall that
 G
W    PP
 

DPp = Discharge pressure - Suction pressure

G = Mass flowrate
But
 L2 
PP  PS   gz  2V 2 f e   PV
 D

PS = System pressure drop

PV = Valve pressure drop

V 2 
Assume that     0 ( ==> r does not change and suction piping has same diameter as discharge
 2 

piping.)

Now
 PV
 PR Will fix this parameter
PV  PL1  PL 2

L2e
gz  2V 2 f
D

Then :

PV 
 PL1  PL 2  PR
 1  PR 
 L2   PR 
 PS   gz  2V 2 f e  1  
 D    1  PR  
 L2   1 
 PS   gz  2V 2 f e   
 D    1  PR  

Put all together

W KG 1  L2e 
CE  K   g z  2V 2
f
    1  PR   D 

This is slightly different from P&T, where PR is not considered

a a
f   b
use Re b  DV 
 
  

but
G 4 
V   
  D 2 
2 b
V2f  4G   a b   1 
     2   5 b 
D       D 

In this way, we have CE as a function of D only!!!!!

Fixed Charges

C pipe    D  L

C pump   W
Total cost
CT  C E  C pipe  C pump

We have to find the minimum of the above total cost funtion. Options are:

1) Calculate for different diameters and determine the lowest one.

2) Use excel solver.
3) In provision, use strategy outlined in 1) in a calculator.
 CAVITATION
Cavitation takes place when pressure inside the valve drops below vapor pressure of fluid.
How can that happen ?

Pressure gradient across the valve

Criteria to determine possible cavitation

If P  C 2f PS  no cavitation

 P 
PS  P1   0.96  0.28 1  PV
 PC 

PV = Vapor pressure
PC = Critical pressure

PS  P1  PV (for PV < 0.5 P1)

Cf = 0.98 equal % flow to open (against stem)
Cf = 0.85 equal % flow to close
Sizing Pressure Relief Valves
(Chem. Eng, Feb 1977)

Spring settings
Overpressure for fully open valve
PF = 1.25 PS
Set pressure = PS = 1.1 PM (valve starts to open)
Max. Normal operating pressure = PM

Sizing : Need to determine the flowrate at overpressure. This is related to how fast you want pressure
to go down. Once the flowrate at overpressure is known you specify the area of the orifice

Let QF = flowrate at overpressure

for liquids use bernoulli equation with density (r) constant
 V 2  Vd2 
 PF  Patm    V  0
 2 

Velocity in Vessel (VV) » 0

Q = Vd A
 QF 
 A 
2 ( PF  Patm )

How to determine Q?
Liquid is in the vessel and will have to release some liquid to reduce pressure.

Recall from Thermodynamics that

v  v T , P 
v  v 
dv   dT   dP
T  P P  T

But b = volume expansivity

1  v 
   
v  T  

K = isothermal compressibility
1  v 
K    
V  P  T
dv
  dT  Kdp
v
In a valve
dT  0  d  ln   KdP
0
ln  K  P0  P1 
1

 0V  initial mass
V  Volume of vessel

 0  t  v  W
W = mass to release
t
But W   QdT
0

assume Q(t) = QF
W = rtQFt

t = time in which you want pressure to go down

   0   t  V   t Q F t

 QF 
 0   t  V  V
  0  1
t t  t  t


Q F  e K PF  PS   1 Vt

Gas and Vapor Services

W Tz
A 
CKKb PF M

M = Molecular weitht
CP
C is a function of k 
CV
k 1
 2  k 1
C  520 k  
 k  1

K = manufacturer coeficient (range about 0.95-1.0)

Kb = backpressure sizing factor
Pb/Ps Kb
0.55 1
0.6 0.995
0.7 0.945
0.8 0.845
The above formula corresponds to the maximum possible velocity through an orifice : the velocity of
sound in the fluid and is borrowed from compressible gas flow theory.
LETDOWN VALVES

Gas letdown
W
CV 
63.3Y xP1 1

W  flow rate
P1  inlet pressure (psia)
 1  density (lb/ft3)

 P k 
x  M in  , xT 
 P1 1.4 

high DP will cause choke flow

Liquid letdown (Vaporization wil cause choke flow)

W
CV 
63.3FL  P1  Pvc  

Pvc = pressure at vena-contracta

Pvc  0.96 Pv  0.005PV0.5

high DP will cause choke flow

FL = Manufacturer constant (0.8-1.0)