Research Article
Research Article
Research Article
Research Article
Model Test Research on the End Bearing
Behavior of the Large-Diameter Cast-in-Place
Concrete Pile for Jointed Rock Mass
Jingwei Cai,1 Aiping Tang,1 Xinsheng Yin,2 Xiaxin Tao,1 and Shibo Tao1
1
Civil and Engineering School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2
Civil and Engineering School, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
Copyright © 2016 Jingwei Cai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
For large-diameter, cast-in-place concrete piles, the end bearing capacity of a single pile is affected by discontinuous surfaces that
exist in natural rock masses when the bearing layer of the pile end is located in the rock layer. In order to study the influence of the
jointed dip angle on the bearing characteristics of the pile end, the discrete element models are adopted to simulate the mechanical
characteristics of the jointed rock masses, and the model tests of the failure mode of the jointed rock masses were also designed.
The results of the numerical calculations and modeling tests show that the joints, which have a filtering effect on the internal stress
of the bedrock located at the pile end, change the load transferring paths. And the failure mode of the jointed rock foundation also
changes as jointed dip angle changes. The rock located at the pile end generally presents a wedge failure mode. In addition, the 𝑄-𝑆
curves obtained by model tests show that the ultimate end bearing capacity of a single pile is influenced by the jointed dip angle.
The above results provide an important theoretical basis for how to correctly calculate end resistance for a cast-in-place concrete
pile.
fissures on mechanical properties and crack coalescence of a numerical model to evaluate bearing capacity of strip
rock. Compared with previous experiments, they found five footing rested on anisotropic discontinuous rock mass. And
types of cracks, including wing cracks, quasi-coplanar sec- the results show that the failure mechanism of rock mass
ondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane tensile depended on both geometrical parameters of joint sets and
cracks, and out-of-plane shear cracks and ten types of crack strength parameters of rock mass.
coalescence. Gao and Kang [11] demonstrated a numerical In order to study the relationship between jointed dip
analysis using a discrete element method simulation for the angles and the end bearing characteristics of a single pile,
jointed rock masses. And the numerical results indicate that we use discrete element models to simulate the mechanical
fracture intensity has no significant influence on the residual characteristics of jointed bedrock with different inclination
strength of jointed rock masses, independent of confining angles. The laboratory model tests are designed to analyze
conditions. Cao et al. [12] combined similar material testing the failure modes, cracking mechanism, and variations in the
and discrete element numerical method (PFC2D) to study the ultimate end bearing capacity when the jointed dip angles and
peak strength and failure characteristics of rock-like materials jointed numbers are changed. The results obtained from the
with multifissures. The failure mode can be classified into model tests are compared with the numerical analysis results
four categories: mixed failure, shear failure, stepped path to verify the correctness of the related theory of the failure
failure, and intact failure. And the results show that the mechanism of the jointed rock mass.
peak strength and failure modes in the numerically simulated
and experimental results are in good agreement. Yang et al. 2. Numerical Analysis of the Failure Mode
[13] studied the relationship between the 3D morphological
characteristics and the peak shear strength for jointed rock. 2.1. The Theoretical Basis of Discrete Element Method. The
And a new peak shear strength criterion for rock joints failure modes of the jointed rock foundation are simulated
was proposed using two 3D morphological parameters. Fur- with different jointed dip angles according to the discrete
thermore, the calculated peak strengths using the proposed element method. Discrete element method (DEM) was firstly
criterion match well with the observed values. Huang et al. proposed by Cundall in 1971. This method is based on
[14] did a series of uniaxial compression tests to research the the discrete characteristics of material itself to establish
effects of preexisting fissures on the mechanical properties numerical model. It shows great superiority in simulating
and crack coalescence process for rock-like material with discrete material.
two unparallel fissures. And the strength and deformability The discrete element program PFC (particle flow code),
characteristics of rock with preexisting fissures are governed which can simulate circular particle movement and inter-
by cracking behavior. action, is adopted to simulate the failure. The interactional
Although the above research results could be applied force of particles is calculated according to Newton’s second
to a jointed rock mass, the results are different from the law and the contact law of force. Discrete element analysis
jointed rock foundation of a pile end that supports the considers the following interactional forces: (1) the force of
vertical load from the pile and thus produces different failure gravity; (2) the contact force between particles and between
modes. Kulhawy and Goodman [15] put forward that the particles and walls; (3) the frictional force between particles
spacing of horizontal and vertical joints is the essential factors and between particles and walls. The calculated results are
in the ultimate pile end resistance. Benmokrane et al. [16] compared to the experimental results in order to verify the
conducted a rock-socketed pile model test and illustrated that correctness of the theoretical analysis.
when weak intercalated layers exist within the rock mass, the The basic motion equation of the discrete element is built
ultimate end bearing capacity is influenced by the different by dynamic relaxation method as
jointed dip angles. Maghous et al. [17] assessed the load 𝑚𝑥̈ (𝑡) + 𝑐𝑥̇ (𝑡) + 𝑘𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑓 (𝑡) , (1)
bearing capacity of rock foundations resting on a regularly
jointed rock and considered the rock matrix and the joints where 𝑚 is the quality of a unit; 𝑥(𝑡) is the displacement
separately. They then compared the obtained results with of a unit; 𝑡 is the time; 𝑐 is the viscous damping coefficient;
those derived through considering the jointed rock mass as 𝑘 is the stiffness coefficient; 𝑓(𝑡) is the external load of a
a homogenized medium. Sutcliffe et al. [18] analyzed the unit. Equation (1) can be changed into the following form as
bearing capacity of rock masses containing one to three equation (2) by using the central difference method.
sets of closely spaced joints. Halakatevakis and Sofianos [19] 𝑚 [𝑥 (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 2𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑥 (𝑡 − Δ𝑡)]
used a distinct element code to analyze a series of jointed (Δ𝑡2 )
rock samples containing one to three joint sets with various (2)
spacing and dip angles and concluded that the strength of 𝑐 [𝑥 (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝑥 (𝑡 − Δ𝑡)]
the models was independent of the joint spacing. Yu [20] + = 𝑓 (𝑡) ,
(2Δ𝑡2 )
proposed the extended finite element method (XFEM), a
numerical method for analyzing discontinuous rock masses where 𝑡 is the calculating time step and (3) can be obtained
that is very convenient for preprocessing. In this model, by changing (2):
discontinuities, such as joints, faults, and material interfaces, 𝑥 (𝑡 + Δ𝑡)
are contained in the elements, so the mesh can be generated
{(Δ𝑡2 ) 𝑓 (𝑡) + (𝑐Δ𝑡/2 − 𝑚) 𝑥 (𝑡 − Δ𝑡) + [2𝑚 − 𝑘 (Δ𝑡)2 ] 𝑥 (𝑡)} (3)
without taking into account the existence of discontinuities. = .
Hossein et al. [21] used distinct element method to build (𝑚 + 𝑐Δ𝑡/2)
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3
(a) The intact rock model (b) The jointed rock model
The velocity and acceleration of the particles in the time Table 1: The model parameters of pile particles and soil particles.
of 𝑡 can be obtained by bringing 𝑥(𝑡 + Δ𝑡) into the following
Rock Joints Pile
two equations: Parameters
particles particles particles
Friction coefficient 0.7 0.3 0.7
[𝑥 (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝑥 (𝑡 − Δ𝑡)]
𝑥̇ (𝑡) = , Normal contact stiffness
2 (Δ𝑡) (MPa/m)
1200 100 2000
(4)
[𝑥̇ (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 2𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑥 (𝑡 − Δ𝑡)] Shear contact stiffness
400 100 2000
𝑥̈ (𝑡) = .
(Δ𝑡)2 (MPa/m)
Parallel-bond normal
4𝑒4 2𝑒4 1𝑒8
stiffness (MPa/m)
So it can be seen that the central difference method is used
Parallel-bond shear
in discrete element method. It is an explicit solution which 2𝑒4 1𝑒4 1𝑒8
stiffness (MPa/m)
does not require the solution of a large matrix and saves the
computing time. And this method can be used to solve some Density (kg/m3 ) 2650 2650 2650
nonlinear problems. Normal bond stress (MPa) 500 500 1000
Shear bond stress (MPa) 500 500 1000
2.2. Setup Simulation Models and Determination of the Basic
Parameters. The model is made up of an end-closed cylin-
drical container filled with well-compacted round particles The following assumptions are made to simulate the
and a pipe-shaped model pile. The soil model with a width process of pressing the pile: (1) the particle unit is considered
of 10𝐵 (W) and a height of 10𝐵 is used, where 𝐵 is the pile elastomer; (2) the contact points between particles allow a
diameter and is equal to 50 mm. And the pile length is 20 mm. certain amount of “overlap”; (3) compared with the particle
The roughness of the pile surface can be set up to simulate the size of itself, the “overlap” is very small; (4) the particles
friction coefficient. of rock mass are spherical unit. The boundary condition of
The relative parameters of particles are shown in Table 1 rock mass is built through the “wall” module. The functions
obtained by general triaxial test of particle flow code. A set of the wall include the following two aspects: (1) to reach
of parameters, which can reflect the macroscopic mechanical the specified initial confining pressure or axial pressure; (2)
behavior of rock mass, are obtained by constantly adjusting to maintain a certain confining pressure. The rock model
the microparameters. And this set of parameters could reflect is shown in Figure 1. And the crack distribution, the load
the strength and deformation characteristics of the rock transfer path, and the displacement field can be obtained
materials. The rock models, which are composed of balls with from the results of numerical simulation.
the diameters uniformly varying between 2 mm and 3 mm,
contained intact rock models and the jointed rock models 2.3. Crack Distribution. It can be seen from Figure 2(a) that
with the dip angles of 0∘ , 10∘ , 30∘ , 45∘ , 60∘ , 75∘ and 90∘ , in intact rock the crack distribution is basically symmetrical
respectively. under upper loading. As loading continues, a compaction
4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Figure 2: The crack distributions of single-jointed rock mass with different dip angles.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5
The numbers Material ratios (sand : cement : water) Pile diameters (mm) Jointed dip angles Jointed numbers
Group A 2 : 1 : 0.6 50 0 10∘ 30∘ 45∘ 60∘ 75∘ 90∘
∘
1
Group B 3 : 1 : 0.6 50 0∘ 10∘ 30∘ 45∘ 60∘ 75∘ 90∘ 1
Group C 2 : 1 : 0.6 50 0∘ 10∘ 30∘ 45∘ 60∘ 75∘ 90∘ 3
region like a cone will be generated at the pile end, and a cast-in-place concrete pile to obtain the data regarding
the cracks next to the compaction region are in a radial different jointed distributions, the ultimate bearing capacity,
distribution. When the jointed dip angles are 0∘ and 10∘ , as and the 𝑄-𝑆 curves of a single pile.
shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c), the cracks are distributed
mainly above the jointed layer which reduces the end bearing 3.1. The Determination of Experimental Materials. In this
capacity. When the jointed dip angle is 30∘ , as shown in test, the pile body is simulated using a solid steel bar with
Figure 2(d), the cracks are still distributed mainly above the the elastic modulus 𝐸 of 2.1𝑒5 MPa, which ensures that the
jointed layer. When the value of the angle increases, as shown pile will not be destroyed before the destruction of the
in Figures 2(e), 2(f), and 2(g), the phenomenon becomes bedrock. Considering the feasibility of the model test and the
more pronounced. It indicates that the cracks in the rock are limitation of the site, the test uses as the model materials sand,
distributed mainly in the rock where the loading from the pile cement, and water mixed to a specific ratio to form a mortar.
end is applied directly and the stress of the bedrock is uneven. Mixed ratios of similar materials are obtained by making
The rock is thus identified as anisotropic due to the existence standard test blocks and measuring the stress-strain curves to
of the joints. ensure that stress-strain curves similar to natural rock could
be adopted. In order to determine the most suitable mixed
2.4. Load Transferring Path. Figure 3 shows that the existence ratios, different ratios were created. At the end, two ratios
of the joints, which have a filtering effect on the stress in the were selected as most suitable for the test because of their
bedrock, changes the load transfer path inside the bedrock at similarity to natural rock (sand : cement : water = 2 : 1 : 0.6 and
the pile end. In order to maintain the stability of the bedrock 3 : 1 : 0.6). The uniaxial compressive strength of the prepared
and avoid dislocation of the joints, the stress used to resist materials after 28 days is 6 MPa, the unconfined compressive
the upper load is reduced, which changes depending on the strength (𝜎𝑐 ) of the simulated rock material is 6 MPa, and the
jointed dip angle. When the dip angle is small (0∘ –30∘ ), the elastic modulus Er is 608 MPa.
stress delivered from the pile end continues downward at the
jointed position, and the stress distribution in the rock mass 3.2. The Experimental Design
is the regional average. When the jointed dip angle increases
to 45∘ to 75∘ , part of the stress is transferred to restrain the 3.2.1. The Loading Devices. Taking into consideration the
mutual movement of the jointed surfaces in order to ensure influence of pressing the pile into the bedrock, the size of the
the stability of the rock mass. The load at the pile end is experimental model was determined to be 500 mm ∗ 500 mm
still mainly borne by the rock mass above the joint, but it is ∗ 500 mm (length ∗ width ∗ height). So the loading box size
more obvious for the jointed dip angle of 45∘ to 75∘ . When was 520 mm ∗ 520 mm ∗ 520 mm (length ∗ width ∗ height).
the jointed dip angle is 90∘ , the stress is distributed evenly to Four steel plates’ size of 490 mm ∗ 490 mm was used around
the two parts by the joint, the distribution of the stress and the testing block to constrain the horizontal displacement.
displacement is symmetrical, and there is no obvious effect The thickness of the steel plates was 20 mm, and they were
on the bearing capacity. fixed by the mutual pulling of long high-strength screws
and solid steel squares to provide lateral confinement. The
3. Model Testing size of the bottom steel plate was 600 mm ∗ 600 mm with a
thickness of 20 mm. In order to reduce the friction between
The spacing of joints in rock mass is usually in meters so the loading box and the testing block, a lubricant was used
that the volume unit becomes very large. Because large-scale between the plates and the rock. The loading system is shown
mechanical testing is difficult to carry out in rock, it is not in Figure 4 with a maximum measuring range of 200 t as the
realistic to directly measure the mechanical properties of loading device, and the loading box is shown in Figure 5. The
the rock. On the other hand, in situ testing of rock masses designing parameters of the modeling pile and the rock are
has greater ability to produce discreteness in results, so shown as in Table 2.
laboratory testing with similar materials could be conducted
systematically in order to control the parameters and obtain 3.2.2. The Making of the Jointed Testing Blocks. The jointed
reasonable mechanical properties. Thus, laboratory testing testing blocks were created using a cutting method. The
is widely used for studying the strength, deformation, and positions of the joints were marked on the testing surfaces
failure mechanism of jointed rock masses. In order to analyze before cutting. After cutting the joints of the blocks, rubber
the stress, deformation, and failure mechanism of the jointed membranes and rubber bands were used to hold up them
bedrock more intuitively, a laboratory test was created for in order to ensure the overall stability. Then the rock model
6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Figure 3: The displacement distributions of single-jointed rock mass with different dip angles.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7
Figure 7: The testing crack distributions of single-jointed rock mass with different dip angles.
as the jointed inclination angle increases and the shape of by 10%. However, the pile diameters in this model test are
the wedge is asymmetrical, which is caused by the uneven extremely small, and the calculated value is less than 9 mm.
distribution of the shear stress at the end of the pile. Given that the model pile is different from the pile in practical
engineering, the final loading value of the pile top is used
4.3. Force-Displacement Curves (𝑄-𝑆 Curves). In general, to represent the bearing capacity of a single pile. In the
the ultimate end bearing capacity is determined when the early stage of loading, the joints of the rock experienced the
displacement of the pile top corresponds to the pile diameter process of closure regardless of the size of the dip angle.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9
Sector
Shear regions
regions
Annular cracks Crushed rock Cone-shaped regions
Radial cracks
(a) (b)
Thus the curves of the load and displacement have shown a The test can also help obtain the relationship between the
nearly linear relationship and gradually change to a nonlinear different jointed dip angles and the end bearing capacity of
relationship as the rock becomes deformed, and there are the rock. As the jointed dip angles increase from 0∘ to 90∘ , the
obvious turning points in the 𝑄-𝑆 curves as shown in Figures settlement for the pile end first increases and then decreases
10 and 11. under the same load. For example, when the load is 200 KN
The deformation of the jointed rock mass can be divided the settlements of the pile end for the jointed bedrock models
roughly into the following four phases: (1) structural adjust- of group A, as shown on Figure 10, are 3.6 mm, 3.8 mm,
ment and jointed closure: the original cracks and the joints 3.9 mm, 4.3 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.3 mm, and 6.1 mm and 4.0 mm.
are closed, and the rock is compressed to format the early The results indicated that the existence of the joints made
nonlinear deformation. (2) Elastic deformation and crack the settlement of the pile end. And the phenomenon is more
stable development: the curve of this phase is similar to obvious when the jointed dip angles are 45∘ , 60∘ , and 75∘ as
the linear phase, and, according to the deformation mech- seen in Figures 10(e), 10(f), and 10(g). In fact, the increments
anism, it can be subdivided into the elastic phase and the of jointed bedrock include two parts: the compression of rock
stable developing phase of micro cracking. (3) Unstable and the slip of joint surface. When the jointed dip angles are
development: the strength of the joint reaches the ultimate 45∘ , 60∘ , and 75∘ , the increments caused by the slip of joined
strength, and relative sliding occurs at the jointed surfaces surface are increased. And the 𝑄-𝑆 curves of Figure 11 show
and microcracks continue to develop. Due to the effect of the the same phenomenon as in Figure 10. But when the jointed
stress concentration caused by the cracking process, cracking dip angles are 90∘ the existence of the joints has no obvious
will continue to develop even if the external load remains influence on the settlement of pile end.
constant. (4) Destruction: when the bedrock reaches the From Figures 10 and 11, it can be found that the settle-
ultimate bearing capacity, its internal structure is destroyed. ments of three-single-joint rock are larger than that of a joint
In this phase, cracks develop rapidly and form macroscopic rock when the load is same. The deformation characteristics
cracks. At this point, rock deformation manifests mainly of the jointed rock mass can be obtained by comparing the
in the relative sliding of rock blocks along the surface of 𝑄-𝑆 curves such as a single joint of 45∘ (Figure 10(e)) and
the macro cracks, and the bearing capacity decreases as three joints of 45∘ (Figure 11(e)). The shapes of the 𝑄-𝑆 curves
deformation increases. Even so, the load value is never before reaching the peak strength are approximately the same
reduced to zero, since it is clear that the jointed rock mass still for the single joint bedrock and the single set of multiple
has some bearing capacity. As seen from the entire curve, for joints bedrock, but the slope for the single-jointed rock is
example, of Figure 10(f), the rock mass reaches the ultimate larger than that for the three-jointed rock, which shows that
load relatively slowly, but the failing rock mass retains some the deformation capacity of the single-jointed rock mass is
residual stress because of the structural effect. better than that of the single set of jointed rock mass. This
10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Q (kN) Q (kN)
−50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 −50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10
S (mm)
10
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
No joints 𝛼 = 0∘
(a) No joints (b) 0∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
−50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
𝛼 = 10∘ 𝛼 = 30∘
∘
(c) 10 (d) 30∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8
8
10
10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12
12
14
14
16
18 16
20 18
22 20
24 22
𝛼 = 45∘ 𝛼 = 60∘
∘
(e) 45 (f) 60∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 −50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
𝛼 = 75 ∘
𝛼 = 90∘
∘
(g) 75 (h) 90∘
also indicates that the ultimate bearing capacity of the single- joints on the strength of the rock is not accidental; rather, it
jointed rock mass is much better than that of the three-jointed can be attributed to the friction and the binding effect of the
rock mass. jointed surface.
In addition, the 𝑄-𝑆 curves for intact bedrock are shown Comparing the different strengths of the bedrock in
as in Figure 12(a) and the 𝑄-𝑆 curves for jointed bedrock with group A and group B, the rock strength clearly has an
the dip angle of 45∘ are shown as in Figure 12(b). The 𝑄-𝑆 influence on the end bearing capacity, namely, that the
curves show that the simulating results are in good agreement ultimate end bearing capacity increases as the rock strength
with the testing results. It also shows that the discrete element increases when the jointed dip angle is determined. It can
method can simulate the end bearing behavior of the jointed be seen from Figure 13 that no matter how much the jointed
bedrock. dip angle is the end bearing capacity of group A is greater
than that of group B. The reason is that the increasing of
4.4. Load-Bearing Characteristic rock strength could increase the ability of the bedrock to
resist upper load to a certain extent. But when the jointed
4.4.1. The Effect of the Rock Strength on the Ultimate End angles of the bedrock are 45∘ , 60∘ , and 75∘ , the end bearing
Bearing Capacity. In order to determine the relationship capacity does not improve significantly with the increasing
between the ultimate end bearing capacity of the pile and of rock strength, which indicates that the jointed dip angles
the rock strength the data obtained in the test were plotted, of bedrock are the main influence factor to the end bearing
as shown in Figure 13, where the whole curve shows a “V” capacity.
shape. And the order for end bearing capacity of the jointed
rock mass of group A from being high to low is those with 4.4.2. The Effect of the Jointed Number on the Ultimate End
the dip angles of 90∘ , 0∘ , 30∘ , 45∘ , 60∘ , and 75∘ , respectively; Bearing Capacity. Figure 14 shows that the ultimate bearing
the order for end bearing capacity of the jointed rock mass of capacity of the pile end differs when the rock has the same
group B from being high to low is those with dip angles of 0∘ , jointed dip angles, but different jointed numbers. And the
90∘ , 30∘ , 45∘ , 60∘ , and 75∘ , respectively. The comparison of the order for bearing capacity of the jointed rock mass of group
bearing behavior of the pile end with the intact bedrock shows C from being high to low is those with dip angles of 0∘ , 90∘ ,
that the existence of joints reduces the end ultimate bearing 30∘ , 45∘ , 60∘ , and 75∘ , respectively. The curves show that the
capacity regardless of the arrangement of the joint dip angles. same trend exists between single-jointed rock and multiple-
The ultimate end bearing capacity of the intact rock is 415 KN jointed rock, which still exhibits a “V” shape. But the end
from the test result. And the ultimate end bearing capacity of bearing capacity decreases as the jointed numbers increase.
jointed rock at a 45∘ angle is 268 KN, which is a reduction of The reduction in strength is obvious when the number of
35.4%. These results also indicate that the existence of joints in joints increases from 1 to 3, that is, from the rock with
the rock foundation leads to significant anisotropy. Moreover, a single joint to the rock with multiple joints. The reason
the strength of the rock decreases in the presence of joints is that the increasing of the joints number of leads to the
even if the jointed surface is perpendicular to the direction of destruction of integrity of the bedrock. Furthermore, the
maximum principal stress. However, the effect of horizontal anisotropy becomes more significant.
12 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Q (kN) Q (kN)
−50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 −50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
S (mm)
10
S (mm)
10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
No joints 𝛼 = 0∘
(a) No joints (b) 0∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
𝛼 = 10∘ 𝛼 = 30∘
∘
(c) 10 (d) 30∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
∘
𝛼 = 45 𝛼 = 60∘
(e) 45∘ (f) 60∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 −50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
𝛼 = 75 ∘
𝛼 = 90∘
∘
(g) 75 (h) 90∘
Q (kN) Q (kN)
−50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−2 −2
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
S (mm)
S (mm)
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
24 24
26 26
Figure 12: The 𝑄-𝑆 curves of the testing results and the simulating results.
For the research work, Jingwei Cai and Xinsheng Yin con-
380 ceived and designed the experiments; Jingwei Cai, Xiaxin
360 Tao, and Shibo Tao performed the experiments and analyzed
the data; Xinsheng Yin and Aiping Tang contributed the test
340 materials and analysis tools; Jingwei Cai wrote the paper.
320
300 Acknowledgments
280 This work was supported by a grant from National Natural
260 Science Foundation of China (51178205).
240
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 References
The jointed dip angles (∘ )
[1] A. Serrano and C. Olalla, “Ultimate bearing capacity of an
Group A
anisotropic discontinuous rock mass. Part I: basic modes of
Group B
failure,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining
Figure 13: The curves for the ultimate bearing capacity of single pile Sciences, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 301–324, 1998.
under different rock strength. [2] A. Serrano and C. Olalla, “Ultimate bearing capacity of an
anisotropic discontinuous rock mass part II: determination
procedure,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining
420 Sciences, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 325–348, 1998.
[3] X.-L. Yang and J.-H. Yin, “Upper bound solution for ultimate
400
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