Algebra II

Vocabulary Word Wall Cards

Mathematics vocabulary word wall cards provide a display of mathematics content words and associated
visual cues to assist in vocabulary development. The cards should be used as an instructional tool for teachers
and then as a reference for all students.

Table of Contents
Expressions and Operations Difference of Squares (model)
Real Numbers Factoring (sum and difference of cubes)
Complex Numbers Factor by Grouping
Complex Number (examples) Divide Polynomials (monomial divisor)
Absolute Value Divide Polynomials (binomial divisor)
Order of Operations Prime Polynomial
Expression Square Root
Variable Cube Root
Coefficient nth Root
Term Simplify Radical Expressions
Scientific Notation Add and Subtract Radical Expressions
Exponential Form Product Property of Radicals
Negative Exponent Quotient Property of Radicals
Zero Exponent
Product of Powers Property Equations and Inequalities
Power of a Power Property Zero Product Property
Power of a Product Property Solutions or Roots
Quotient of Powers Property Zeros
Power of a Quotient Property x-Intercepts
Polynomial Coordinate Plane
Degree of Polynomial Literal Equation
Leading Coefficient Vertical Line
Add Polynomials (group like terms) Horizontal Line
Add Polynomials (align like terms) Quadratic Equation (solve by factoring and
Subtract Polynomials (group like terms) graphing)
Subtract Polynomials (align like terms) Quadratic Equation (number of solutions)
Multiply Binomials Inequality
Multiply Polynomials Graph of an Inequality
Multiply Binomials (model) Transitive Property for Inequality
Multiply Binomials (graphic organizer) Addition/Subtraction Property of Inequality
Multiply Binomials (squaring a binomial) Multiplication Property of Inequality
Multiply Binomials (sum and difference) Division Property of Inequality
Factors of a Monomial Absolute Value Inequalities
Factoring (greatest common factor) Linear Equation (standard form)
Factoring (perfect square trinomials) Linear Equation (slope intercept form)
Factoring (difference of squares) Linear Equation (point-slope form)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary

Equivalent Forms of a Linear Equation  Vertical translation
Slope  Dilation (a>0)
Slope Formula  Dilation/reflection (a<0)
Slopes of Lines  Horizontal translation
Perpendicular Lines Multiple Representations of Functions
Parallel Lines Inverse of a Function
Mathematical Notation Continuity
System of Linear Equations (graphing) Discontinuity (asymptotes)
System of Linear Equations (substitution) Discontinuity (removable or point)
System of Linear Equations (elimination) Discontinuity (removable or point)
System of Linear Equations (number of solutions) Arithmetic Sequence
System of Equations (linear-quadratic) Geometric Sequence
Graphing Linear Inequalities
System of Linear Inequalities Statistics
Dependent and Independent Variable
Direct Variation
Dependent and Independent Variable (application)
Inverse Variation
Graph of a Quadratic Equation
Joint Variation
Vertex of a Quadratic Function
Fundamental Counting Principle
Quadratic Formula
Permutation
Permutation (formula)
Relations and Functions Combination
Relations (definition and examples) Combination (formula)
Functions (definition) Statistics Notation
Function (example) Mean
Domain Median
Range Mode
Increasing/Decreasing Summation
Extrema Variance
End Behavior Standard Deviation (definition)
Function Notation Standard Deviation (graphic)
Parent Functions z-Score (definition)
 Linear, Quadratic z-Score (graphic)
 Absolute Value, Square Root Empirical Rule
 Cubic, Cube Root Elements within One Standard Deviation of the
 Rational Mean (graphic)
 Exponential, Logarithmic Scatterplot
Transformations of Parent Functions Positive Linear Relationship (Correlation)
 Translation Negative Linear Relationship (Correlation)
 Reflection No Correlation
 Dilation Curve of Best Fit (linear)
Linear Function (transformational graphing) Curve of Best Fit (quadratic)
 Translation Curve of Best Fit (exponential)
 Dilation (m>0) Outlier Data (graphic)
 Dilation/reflection (m<0)
Quadratic Function (transformational graphing)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary

 Real Numbers
The set of all rational and irrational
numbers

Natural Numbers {1, 2, 3, 4 …}

Whole Numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …}

Integers {… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …}

the set of all numbers that can be
written as the ratio of two integers
Rational Numbers with a non-zero denominator
3 13
(e.g., 2 , -5, 0.3, √16 , )
5 7
the set of all nonrepeating,
Irrational Numbers nonterminating decimals
(e.g, √7 , π, -.23223222322223…)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 1

 Complex Numbers

Imaginary
Real Numbers
Numbers

The set of all real and

imaginary numbers

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 2

 Complex Number
(Examples)
a ± bi
a and b are real numbers and i = √1

A complex number consists of both

real (a) and imaginary (bi) but either
part can be 0

Case Examples
2i
a=0 -i, 0.01i,
5
b=0 √5, 4, -12.8
a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 39 – 6i, -2 + πi

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 3

 Absolute Value
|5| = 5 |-5| = 5

5 units 5 units

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The distance between a number

and zero

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 4

 Order of Operations
Grouping () √
{} | |
[]
Symbols
Exponents an

Multiplication Left to Right

Division
Addition Left to Right
Subtraction

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 5

 Expression
A representation of a quantity that
may contain numbers, variables or
operation symbols
x

 54 4

1
3  2m
2

4 8
3(y + 3.9) –
9
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 6
 Variable
2 3y

9 + log x = 2.08

d = 7c - 5

A=r 2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 7

 Coefficient

(-4) + 2 log x
1
7y 3

2 1
ab –
3 2

πr 2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 8

 Term
3 log x + 2y – 8
3 terms

2
-5x – x
2 terms

a
2
 
 3
1 term
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 9
 Scientific Notation
n
a x 10
1 ≤ |a| < 10 and n is an integer

Examples:
Standard Notation Scientific Notation
17,500,000 1.75 x 107
-84,623 -8.4623 x 104
0.0000026 2.6 x 10-6
-0.080029 -8.0029 x 10-2
(4.3 x 2) (105 x 10-2) =
(4.3 x 105) (2 x 10-2)
8.6 x 105+(-2) = 8.6 x 103
6 6.6 106 6−3
6.6 × 10 × = 3.3 × 10 =
2 103
2 × 103 3.3 × 103

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 10

 Exponential Form
exponent

n
base
a = a∙a∙a∙a… , a0

n factors

Examples:
3
2∙2∙2=2 =8
4
n∙n∙n∙n=n
3 2 2
3∙3∙3∙x∙x = 3 x = 27x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 11

 Negative Exponent
-n 1
a = , a0
an

Examples:
1 1
4-2 = =
42 16

x4 x4 x4 y2
= 1 = ∙ =x y 4 2
y-2 1 1
y2
1
(2 – a)-2 = 2 , a≠2
(2 – a)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 12

 Zero Exponent
0
a = 1, a  0
Examples:
0
(-5) = 1
0
(3x + 2) = 1
2 -5 8 0
(x y z ) = 1
0
4m = 4 ∙ 1 = 4
0
2
  1
3

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 13

 Product of Powers
Property
m n m+n
a ∙a =a

Examples:
4 2 4+2 6
x ∙x =x =x
a3 ∙ a = a3+1 = a4
1 1 1 1 7

w w  w 3 4 3 4
w 12

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 14

 Power of a Power
Property
m n m·n
(a ) = a

Examples:
8
  1 18

y   y y
4 41 2

 
2 -3 2∙(-3) -6
1
(g ) = g =g =
g6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 15

 Power of a Product
Property
m m m
(ab) = a · b
Examples:
1 1 1
(9a b )   9    a  b 
1
4 6 2
2
4 2 6 2

2 3
3a b

1 1 1
3
 3 3
 3
(2 x) 2 x 8 x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 16
 Quotient of Powers
Property
a m
=a m–n
, a 0
an
Examples:
3
3 1 2
x 5 
1
x 5 5
x 5

x 5

y-3 -3 – (-5) 2
= y =y
y-5
a4 4-4 0
=a =a =1
a4

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 17

 Power of Quotient
Property
a m am
(b) = m , b0
b
Examples:
y 4 y4 y
(3) = 34 =
81

1
5 -3
5-3 1 t 3
t 3
t 3
53
(t) = = 1 = 3∙ = =
t-3 5 1 5 3
125
t3

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 18

 Polynomial
Example Name Terms
7
monomial 1 term
6x
3t – 1
3 4 binomial 2 terms
12xy + 5x y
2x2 + 3x – 7 trinomial 3 terms

Nonexample Reason
variable
5mn – 8
exponent
negative
n-3 + 9
exponent
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 19
 Degree of a
Polynomial
The largest exponent or the
largest sum of exponents of a
term within a polynomial

Polynomial Degree of Degree of

Each Term Polynomial
-7m3n5 -7m3n5 → degree 8 8
2x → degree 1
2x + 3 3 → degree 0
1
6a3 → degree 3
6a3 + 3a2b3 – 21 3a2b3 → degree 5 5
-21 → degree 0

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 20

 Leading Coefficient
The coefficient of the first term of a
polynomial written in descending
order of exponents

Examples:

3 2
7a – 2a + 8a – 1
3 2
-3n + 7n – 4n + 10

16t – 1

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 21

 Add Polynomials
(Group Like Terms –
Horizontal Method)
Example:
h(g)  2g  6g  4; k(g)  g  g
2 2

h(g)  k(g) (2g2 + 6g – 4) + (g2 – g)

= 2g2 + 6g – 4 + g2 – g
(Group like terms and add)

= (2g2 + g2) + (6g – g) – 4

h(g)  k(g)  3g2 + 5g – 4

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 22

 Add Polynomials
(Align Like Terms –
Vertical Method)
Example:
h(g)  2g  6g  4; k(g)  g  g  3
3 2 3

h(g)  k(g)  (2g3 + 6g2 – 4) + (g3 – g – 3)

(Align like terms and add)

2g3 + 6g2 –4
+ g3 –g–3
h(g)  k(g) 3g3 + 6g2 – g – 7

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 23

Subtract Polynomials
(Group Like Terms -
Horizontal Method)
Example:
f (x)  4 x  5; g(x)  2 x  4 x  7
2 2

f (x)  g(x)  (4x2 + 5) – (-2x2 + 4x -7)

(Add the inverse)
= (4x2 + 5) + (2x2 – 4x +7)
= 4x2 + 5 + 2x2 – 4x + 7
(Group like terms and add.)
= (4x2 + 2x2) – 4x + (5 + 7)
f (x)  g(x)  6x 2
– 4x + 12

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 24

 Subtract Polynomials
(Align Like Terms -
Vertical Method)
Example:
f (x)  4 x  5; g(x)  2 x  4 x  7
2 2

f (x)  g(x)  (4x2 + 5) – (-2x2 + 4x -7)

(Align like terms then add the inverse
and add the like terms.)

4x2 +5 4x2 +5
–(-2x2 + 4x – 7) + 2x2 – 4x + 7
f (x)  g(x)  6x2 – 4x + 12

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 25

Multiply Binomials
Apply the distributive property.
(a + b)(c + d) =
a(c + d) + b(c + d) =
ac + ad + bc + bd
Example: (x + 3)(x + 2)

= (x + 3)(x + 2)
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x2 + 5x + 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 26

 Multiply Polynomials
Apply the distributive property.

(a + b)(d + e + f)

(a + b)( d + e + f )
= a(d + e + f) + b(d + e + f)

= ad + ae + af + bd + be + bf

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 27

 Multiply Binomials
(Model)
Apply the distributive property.

Example: (x + 3)(x + 2)
x+3 Key:

x2 =

x+2
x=
1=

x2 + 2x + 3x + = x2 + 5x + 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 28

 Multiply Binomials
(Graphic Organizer)
Apply the distributive property.

Example: (x + 8)(2x – 3)
= (x + 8)(2x + -3)
2x + -3
x 2x2 -3x
+
8 16x -24

2x2 + 16x + -3x + -24 = 2x2 + 13x – 24

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 29

 Multiply Binomials
(Squaring a Binomial)
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
Examples:
(3m + n)2 = 9m2 + 2(3m)(n) + n2
= 9m2 + 6mn + n2

(y – 5)2 = y2 – 2(5)(y) + 25
= y2 – 10y + 25

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 30

 Multiply Binomials
(Sum and Difference)
(a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2

Examples:
(2b + 5)(2b – 5) = 4b2 – 25

(7 – w)(7 + w) = 49 – w2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 31

 Factors of a
Monomial
The number(s) and/or variable(s) that are
multiplied together to form a monomial

Examples: Factors Expanded Form

5b2 5∙b2 5∙b∙b

6x2y 6∙x2∙y 2∙3∙x∙x∙y

-5p2 q3 -5 2 3 1
∙p ∙q ·(-5)∙p∙p∙q∙q∙q
2 2 2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 32

 Factoring
(Greatest Common Factor)
Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of all
terms of the polynomial and then apply the
distributive property.

Example: 20a4 + 8a
2∙2∙5∙a∙a∙a∙a + 2∙2∙2∙a
common factors

GCF = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ a = 4a

20a4 + 8a = 4a(5a3 + 2)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 33

 Factoring
(Perfect Square Trinomials)
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2

Examples:
x2 + 6x +9 = x2 + 2∙3∙x +32
= (x + 3)2

4x2 – 20x + 25 = (2x)2 – 2∙2x∙5 + 52

= (2x – 5)2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 34

 Factoring
(Difference of Squares)

a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

Examples:

x2 – 49 = x2 – 72 = (x + 7)(x – 7)

4 – n2 = 22 – n2 = (2 – n) (2 + n)

9x2 – 25y2 = (3x)2 – (5y)2

= (3x + 5y)(3x – 5y)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 35

 Difference of Squares
(Model)
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
2 2
a
a –b

b
b
a(a – b) + b(a – b) (a + b)(a – b)
a a+b

a–b
a–b

a–b

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 36

 Factoring
(Sum and Difference of
Cubes)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)

Examples:

27y3 + 1 = (3y)3 + (1)3

= (3y + 1)(9y2 – 3y + 1)

x3 – 64 = x3 – 43 = (x – 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 37

 Factoring
(By Grouping)
For trinomials of the form
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Example: 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4

ac = 3  4 = 12
Find factors of ac that add to equal b
12 = 2  6 2+6=8

3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4 Rewrite 8𝑥
as 2𝑥 + 6𝑥

(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) + (6𝑥 + 4) Group factors

𝑥(3𝑥 + 2) + 2(3𝑥 + 2) Factor out a

common

(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) binomial

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 38

 Divide Polynomials
(Monomial Divisor)
Divide each term of the dividend by
the monomial divisor
Example:
f (x)  12 x  36 x  16 x; g(x)  4 x
3 2

f (x)
 (12x3 – 36x2 + 16x)  4x
g( x )
12x3 – 36x2 + 16x
=
4x

12x3 36x2 16x

= – +
4x 4x 4x
f (x)
 3x2 – 9x + 4
g( x )

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 39

 Divide Polynomials
(Binomial Divisor)
Factor and simplify
Example:
f (w)  7w  3w  4; g(w)  w  1
2

f (w)
 (7w2 + 3w – 4)  (w + 1)
g(w)
7w2 + 3w – 4
=
w+1
(7w – 4)(w + 1)
=
w+1
f (w)
 7w – 4
g(w)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 40
 Prime Polynomial
Cannot be factored into a product of
lesser degree polynomial factors
Example
r
3t + 9
x2 + 1
5y2 – 4y + 3

Nonexample Factors
x2 – 4 (x + 2)(x – 2)
3x2 – 3x – 6 3(x + 1)(x – 2)
x3 x⋅x2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 41

 Square Root
√x 2
radical symbol
radicand or argument

Simplify square root expressions.

Examples:

√9x2 = √32 ∙x2 = √(3x)2 = 3x

2
- (x – 3) = -(x – 3) = -x + 3
√

Squaring a number and taking a square

root are inverse operations.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 42
 Cube Root
index
3 3
√x
radical symbol radicand or argument

Simplify cube root expressions.

Examples:
3 3 3
√
√64 = 4 = 4
3
3
√ 3
√-27 = (-3) = -3
3
√x3 = x
Cubing a number and taking a cube root
are inverse operations.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 43

 th
n Root
index
n m
m
√x = x n

radical symbol radicand or argument

Examples:

5 3
5 3
√
√64 = 4 = 4 5

6 3
6
√729x y
9 = 3x y
2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 44

Simplify Radical Expressions
Simplify radicals and combine like terms
where possible.
Examples:

1 3 11
+ √−32 − − √8
2 2
10 3
= − − 2 √4 − 2√2
2
3
= −5 − 2 √4 − 2√2

3
√18 − 2√27 = 2√3 − 2(3)
= 2 √3 − 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 45

 Add and Subtract Radical
Expressions
Add or subtract the numerical factors of
the like radicals.
Examples:

2√𝑎 + 5√𝑎
= (2 + 5)√𝑎 = 7√𝑎

6 3√𝑥𝑦 − 4 3√𝑥𝑦 − 3√𝑥𝑦

3 3
= (6 − 4 − 1) √𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥𝑦
4 4
2 √𝑐 + 7√2 − 2 √𝑐
4
= (2 − 2) √𝑐 + 7√2 = 7√2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 46

 Product Property of
Radicals
The nth root of a product equals
the product of the nth roots.
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
√𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 ∙ √𝑏
a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0
Examples:

√4x = √4 ∙ √x = 2√x
√5a3 = √5 ∙ √a3 = a√5a
3 3 3 3 3
√16 = √8∙2 = √8 ∙ √2 = 2 √2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 47

 Quotient Property
of Radicals
The nth root of a quotient equals the
quotient of the nth roots of the numerator
and denominator.
𝑛
𝑛 𝑎 √𝑎
𝑛 √𝑏 =
√𝑏
a ≥ 0 and b ˃ 0
Examples:
5 √5 √5
√ y2 = = ,y≠0
√y2 y
√25 5 5√3 √3
= ∙ =
√3 √3 √ 3 3

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 48

 Zero Product
Property
If ab = 0,
then a = 0 or b = 0.
Example:
(x + 3)(x – 4) = 0
(x + 3) = 0 or (x – 4) = 0
x = -3 or x = 4
The solutions or roots of the
polynomial equation are -3 and 4.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 49
 Solutions or Roots
2
x + 2x = 3
Solve using the zero product property.

x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x+3=0 or x–1=0
x = -3 or x = 1

The solutions or roots of the

polynomial equation are -3 and 1.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 50

 Zeros
The zeros of a function f(x) are the values of
x where the function is equal to zero.
f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3
Find f(x) = 0.

0 = x2 + 2x – 3
0 = (x + 3)(x – 1)
x = -3 or x = 1

The zeros of the function f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3

are -3 and 1 and are located at the
x-intercepts (-3,0) and (1,0).

The zeros of a function are also the solutions

or roots of the related equation

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 51

 x-Intercepts
The x-intercepts of a graph are located
where the graph crosses the x-axis and
where f(x) = 0.

f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3

0 = (x + 3)(x – 1)
0 = x + 3 or 0 = x – 1
x = -3 or x = 1

The zeros are -3 and 1.

The x-intercepts are:
 -3 or (-3,0)
 1 or (1,0)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 52

 Coordinate Plane

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 53

 Literal Equation
A formula or equation that consists
primarily of variables

Examples:
Ax + By = C
1
A = bh
2
V = lwh
9
F = C + 32
5
A = πr2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 54

 Vertical Line
x=a
(where a can be any real number)

Example: x = -4
y
4

0 x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1

-2

-3

-4

Vertical lines have undefined slope.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 55

 Horizontal Line
y=c
(where c can be any real number)

Example: y=6
y
7

0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

Horizontal lines have a slope of 0.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 56

 Quadratic Equation
2
ax + bx + c = 0
a0
Example: x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
Solve by factoring Solve by graphing
Graph the related
x2 – 6x + 8 = 0 function f(x) = x2 – 6x + 8.
y

(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0
(x – 2) = 0 or (x – 4) = 0
x = 2 or x = 4

Solutions (roots) to the equation are 2 and 4;

the x-coordinates where the function crosses the
x-axis.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 57
 Quadratic Equation
(Number/Type of Solutions)
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
Graph of the Number and Type
Examples
related function of Solutions/Roots

2 distinct Real
x2 – x = 3 roots
(crosses x-axis twice)

1 distinct Real
root with a
x2 + 16 = 8x multiplicity of
two (double root)
(touches x-axis but
does not cross)

0 Real roots;
1 2
x – 2x + 3 = 0 2 Complex
2
roots

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 58

 Inequality
An algebraic sentence comparing two
quantities
Symbol Meaning
< less than
 less than or equal to
 greater than
 greater than or equal to
 not equal to

Examples:
-10.5 ˃ -9.9 – 1.2
8 > 3t + 2
x – 5y  -12
r3

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 59

 Graph of an
Inequality
Symbol Examples Graph

<; x<3

; -3  y

 t  -2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 60

 Transitive Property of
Inequality
If Then
a  b and b  c ac
a  b and b  c ac

Examples:
If 4x  2y and 2y  16,
then 4x  16.

If x  y – 1 and y – 1  3,
then x  3.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 61

 Addition/Subtraction
Property of Inequality
If Then
a>b a+c>b+c
ab a+cb+c
a<b a+c<b+c
ab a+cb+c

Example:
d – 1.9  -8.7
d – 1.9 + 1.9  -8.7 + 1.9
d  -6.8

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 62

 Multiplication
Property of Inequality
If Case Then
a<b c > 0, positive ac < bc
a>b c > 0, positive ac > bc
a<b c < 0, negative ac > bc
a>b c < 0, negative ac < bc

Example: If c = -2
5 > -3
5(-2) < -3(-2)
-10 < 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 63

 Division Property of
Inequality
If Case Then
a b
a<b c > 0, positive <
c c
a b
a>b c > 0, positive >
c c
a b
a<b c < 0, negative >
c c
a b
a>b c < 0, negative <
c c

Example: If c = -4
-90  -4t
-90 -4t

-4 -4
22.5  t

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 64

 Absolute Value
Inequalities
Equivalent
Absolute Value
Compound
Inequality
Inequality

x 5 5  x  5
“and” statement
x  7 or x  7
x 7
“or” statement

Example: 2x  5  8
2 x  5  8 or 2 x  5  8
2 x  3 or 2 x  13
3 13
x   or x 
2 2
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 65
 Linear Equation
(Standard Form)
Ax + By = C
(A, B and C are integers; A and B cannot both equal
zero)
y
Example: 6
5
4
3

-2x + y = -3 2
1
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

The graph of the linear equation is a straight line

and represents all solutions (x, y) of the equation.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 66

 Linear Equation
(Slope-Intercept Form)
y = mx + b
(slope is m and y-intercept is b)

-4
Example: y= x+5
3

(0,5)
-4
m= -4
3

3
b=5

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 67

 Linear Equation
(Point-Slope Form)

y – y1 = m(x – x1)
where m is the slope and (x1,y1) is the point

Example:
Write an equation for the line that passes
through the point (-4,1) and has a slope of
2.
y – 1 = 2(x – -4)
y – 1 = 2(x + 4)
y = 2x + 9

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 68

 Equivalent Forms of a
Linear Equation

Forms of a
3𝑦 = 6 – 4𝑥
Linear Equation
4
Slope-Intercept y=− 𝑥+2
3

4
Point-Slope 𝑦 − (−2) = − (𝑥 − 3)
3
Standard 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 69

 Slope
A number that represents the rate of change
in y for a unit change in x

3
2
2 Slope =
3

The slope indicates the

steepness of a line.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 70

 Slope Formula
The ratio of vertical change to
horizontal change
y

x2 – x1 B
(x2, y2)
y2 – y1
A
(x1, y1)
x

slope = m =

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 71

 Slopes of Lines
Line p
has a positive slope.

Line n
has a negative
slope.

Vertical line s has an

undefined slope.

Horizontal line t
has a zero slope.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 72

 Perpendicular Lines
Lines that intersect to form a right angle

Perpendicular lines (not parallel to either of

the axes) have slopes whose
product is -1.
Example:
1
The slope of line n = -2. The slope of line p = .
2
1
-2 ∙ = -1, therefore, n is perpendicular to p.
2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 73

 Parallel Lines
Lines in the same plane that do not intersect
are parallel.
Parallel lines have the same slopes.
y

b a

Example:
The slope of line a = -2.
The slope of line b = -2.
-2 = -2, therefore, a is parallel to b.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 74

 Mathematical
Notation
Equation or
Set Notation Interval Notation
Inequality

0<x3 {x|0 < 𝑥 ≤ 3} (0, 3]

y ≥ -5 {y: y ≥ -5} [-5, +∞)

z<-1 or z ≥ 3 {z| z<-1 or z ≥ 3} (-∞,-1) ∪ [3, +∞)

x < 5 or x > 5 {x: x  5} (-∞, 5) ∪ (5, +∞)

Empty (null) set

{ } ∅
∅
All Real {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥  }
(-∞,∞)
Numbers {All Real Numbers}

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 75

 System of Linear
Equations
(Graphing)
-x + 2y = 3
2x + y = 4

The solution,
(1, 2), is the
only ordered
pair that
satisfies both
equations
(the point of
intersection).

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 76

 System of Linear
Equations
(Substitution)
x + 4y = 17
y=x–2
Substitute x – 2 for y in the first equation.
x + 4(x – 2) = 17
x=5
Now substitute 5 for x in the second equation.
y=5–2
y=3
The solution to the linear system is (5, 3),
the ordered pair that satisfies both equations.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 77

 System of Linear
Equations
(Elimination)
-5x – 6y = 8
5x + 2y = 4

Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable.

-5x – 6y = 8
+ 5x + 2y = 4
-4y = 12
y = -3
Now substitute -3 for y in either original equation to
find the value of x, the eliminated variable.
-5x – 6(-3) = 8
x=2
The solution to the linear system is (2,-3), the ordered
pair that satisfies both equations.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 78

 System of Linear
Equations
(Number of Solutions)
Number of Slopes and Graph
Solutions y-intercepts
y

One
Different slopes x
solution
y

Same slope and

No solution different -
intercepts x

y
Infinitely Same slope and
many same y- x

solutions intercepts

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 79

 System of Equations
(Linear – Quadratic)
y=x+1
y = x2 – 1

The solutions,
(-1,0) and (2,3),
are the only
ordered pairs
that satisfy
both equations
(the points of
intersection).

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 80

 Graphing Linear
Inequalities
Example Graph
y

yx+2

x
y > -x – 1

The graph of the solution of a linear inequality is a half-plane

bounded by the graph of its related linear equation. Points on the
boundary are included unless the inequality contains only < or >.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 81
 System of Linear
Inequalities
Solve by graphing:
yx–3
y  -2x + 3
y

The solution region

contains all ordered
pairs that are solutions
to both inequalities in
the system. x

(-1,1) is one solution to

the system located in
the solution region.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 82

 Dependent and
Independent Variable
x, independent variable
(input values or domain set)

y, dependent variable
(output values or range set)

Example:
y = 2x + 7

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 83

 Dependent and
Independent Variable
(Application)
Determine the distance a car will
travel going 55 mph.
d = 55h
independent h d dependent
0 0
1 55
2 110
3 165

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 84

 Graph of a Quadratic
Equation
2
y = ax + bx + c
a0
Example: 13
y

y = x2 + 2x – 3 12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
line of symmetry 4
3
2
1
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
0 1 2 3 4 x
-2
-3

vertex -4
-5

The graph of the quadratic equation is a curve

(parabola) with one line of symmetry and one vertex.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 85

 Vertex of a Quadratic
Function
For a given quadratic y = ax2+ bx + c,
the vertex (h, k) is found by computing
−𝑏
h = and then evaluating y at h to find k.
2𝑎
Example: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
−𝑏 −2
ℎ= = = −1
2𝑎 2(1)
𝑘 = (−1)2 + 2(−1) − 8
= −9
The vertex is (-1,-9).

Line of symmetry is 𝑥 = ℎ.
𝑥 = −1

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 86

 Quadratic Formula
Used to find the solutions to any quadratic
equation of the form,
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

√ 2
-b ± b - 4ac
x=
2a
Example: 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3

−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(2)(−3)

𝑥=
2(2)
2 + √10 2 − √10
𝑥= ,
2 2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 87

 Relation
A set of ordered pairs
Examples:
x y
-3 4
0 0
1 -6
2 2
Example 2
5 -1
Example 1

{(0,4), (0,3), (0,2), (0,1)}

Example 3

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 88

 Function
(Definition)
A relationship between two quantities in which
every input corresponds to exactly one output
2 10
x y
domain range
4 7
6 5
8 3
10
A relation is a function if and only if each
element in the domain is paired with a unique
element of the range.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 89

 Functions
(Examples)

x y
3 2
2 4
0 2 Example 2
y

-1 2
Example 1

{(-3,4), (0,3), (1,2), (4,6)}

Example 3
x

Example 4

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 90

 Domain
the set of all possible values of the
independent variable

Examples:
f(x)
10 y g(x)
9

4 x
3

0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

-2
1
g(x) = if x<-1
f(x) = x2 𝑥
|x| if x-1
The domain of f(x) is
all real numbers. The domain of g(x) is
all real numbers.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 91
 Range
the set of all possible values of the
dependent variable

Examples: f(x)
10 y
g(x)
9
8
7
6
5
4
x
3
2
1
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2

The range of g(x) The range of f(x) is all

is all real numbers real numbers greater
greater than -1. than or equal to zero.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 92

 Increasing/
Decreasing
A function can be described as increasing,
decreasing, or constant over a specified
interval or the entire domain.
Examples:
y y

f(x) is constant over

the entire domain
because the values of
f(x) is increasing over f(x) remain constant as
{x|−∞ < 𝑥 < 0} because the the values of x
values of f(x) increase as the increase.
values of x increase.
f(x) is decreasing over
f(x) is decreasing over {x|0 <
the entire domain
𝑥 < +∞} because the values
because the values of f(x)
of f(x) decrease as the values
decrease as the values of
of x increase.
x increase.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 93

 Extrema
The largest (maximum) and smallest (minimum) value of
a function, either within a given open interval (the
relative or local extrema) or on the entire domain of a
function (the absolute or global extrema)
Example:
y

relative
maximum
x

relative
absolute and
minimum
relative minimum

 A function, f, has an absolute maximum located at x = a if f(a) is the largest

value of f over its domain.
 A function, f, has a relative maximum located at x = a over some open
interval of the domain if f(a) is the largest value of f on the interval.
 A function, f, has an absolute minimum located at x = a if f(a) is the
smallest value of f over its domain.
 A function, f, has a relative minimum located at x = a over some open
interval of the domain if f(a) is the smallest value of f on the interval.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 94
 End Behavior
The value of a function as x approaches positive or
negative infinity

Examples:

As the values of x approach−∞,

f(x) approaches +∞.

As the values of x approach +∞,

f(x) approaches +∞.

As the values of x approach −∞,

f(x) approaches 0.

As the values of x approach +∞,

f(x) is approaches +∞.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 95

 Function Notation
f(x)
f(x) is read
“the value of f at x” or “f of x”
Example:
f(x) = -3x + 5, find f(2).
f(2) = -3(2) + 5
f(2) = -6 + 5
f(2) = -1

Letters other than f can be used to name

functions, e.g., g(x) and h(x)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 96

 Parent Functions
(Linear, Quadratic)
y
4

Linear 3

f(x) = x
1

0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

-3

-4

yy
9

Quadratic
8

2
f(x) = x 5

0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 97

 Parent Functions
(Absolute Value, Square Root)

Absolute Value
f(x) = |x|

Square Root

f(x) = √x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 98

 Parent Functions
(Cubic, Cube Root)

Cubic
3
f(x) = x

Cube Root
3
f(x) = √x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 99

 Parent Functions
(Rational)

1
f(x) =
x

1
f(x) =
x2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 100

 Parent Functions
(Exponential, Logarithmic)
Exponential
x
f(x) = b
b>1

Logarithmic
f(x) = logb x
b>1

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 101

 Transformations of
Parent Functions
(Translation)
Parent functions can be transformed to
create other members in a family of graphs.
g(x) = f(x) + k
Translations

k units up when k > 0.

is the graph of
f(x) translated
vertically – k units down when k < 0.

g(x) = f(x − h) h units right when h > 0.

is the graph of
f(x) translated
horizontally – h units left when h < 0.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 102

 Transformations of
Parent Functions
(Reflection)
Parent functions can be transformed to
create other members in a family of graphs.
Reflections

g(x) = -f(x)
is the graph of reflected over the x-axis.
f(x) –

g(x) = f(-x)
is the graph of reflected over the y-axis.
f(x) –

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 103

 Transformations of
Parent Functions
(Dilations)
Parent functions can be transformed to
create other members in a family of graphs.
vertical dilation (stretch)
g(x) = a · f(x) if a > 1.
STRETCHES AWAY from X-AXIS
is the graph of
Dilations

f(x) – vertical dilation

(compression) if 0 < a < 1.
COMPRESSES TOWARD the X-AXIS
horizontal dilation
g(x) = f(ax) (compression) if a > 1.
COMPRESSES TOWARD the Y-AXIS
is the graph of
f(x) – horizontal dilation
(stretch) if 0 < a < 1.
STRETCHES AWAY FROM the Y-AXIS

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 104

 Linear Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Translation
g(x) = x + b
y
8

Examples: 6

f(x) = x 4

t(x) = x + 4 2

h(x) = x – 2 -4 -3 -2 -1
0

-1
0 1 2 3 4
x

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

Vertical translation of the parent function,

f(x) = x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 105

 Linear Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Vertical Dilation (m>0)
g(x) = mx
6 y
5

Examples: 4

f(x) = x 2

t(x) = 2x -4 -3 -2 -1
0
0 1 2 3 4 x
-1
1
h(x) = x -2

2 -3

-4

-5

-6

Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) of the

parent function, f(x) = x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 106

 Linear Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Vertical Dilation/Reflection (m<0)
g(x) = mx
y

Examples:
f(x) = x
t(x) = -x x

h(x) = -3x
1
d(x) = - x
3

Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) with a

reflection of f(x) = x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 107

 Quadratic Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Vertical Translation
h(x) = x2 + c
y
11

10

Examples: 8

f(x) = x2 6

g(x) = x2 + 2 4

t(x) = x2 – 3 2

0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

-3

-4

Vertical translation of f(x) = x2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 108

 Quadratic Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Vertical Dilation (a>0)
f(x) = x2
g(x) = a∙f(x)
Examples:
y
2
f(x) = x g(x)
g(x) = 2∙f(x) STRETCHES AWAY
FROM THE X-AXIS

g(x) = 2x2
1
t(x) = ∙ f(x) t(x)
COMPRESSES
3 TOWARD THE
1 2 x
t(x) = x X-AXIS
x
3

Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) of

f(x) = x2
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 109
 Quadratic Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Horizontal Dilation (a>0)
f(x) = x2
g(x) = f(b∙x)
Examples:
f(x) = x2 y
h(x)
h(x) = f(2∙x) COMPRESSES
TOWARD THE
h(x) = (2x)2= 4x2 Y-AXIS

1
r(x) = f( ∙ x) r(x)
2 STRETCHES

1 2 1 AWAY FROM
2 THE Y-AXIS
r(x) = ( 𝑥) = 𝑥 x x

2 4

Horizontal dilation (stretch or compression)

of f(x) = x2
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 110
 Quadratic Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Vertical Dilation/Reflection (a<0)
h(x) = ax2
9 y
8
7

Examples: 6
5
4
2
f(x) = x 3
2

g(x) = -2x2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
1
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x

1 2 -2
t(x) = - x -3

3 -4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) with

a reflection of f(x) = x2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 111

 Quadratic Function
(Transformational Graphing)
Horizontal Translation
h(x) = (x + c)2
y
9

Examples: 7

2
f(x) = x 6

g(x) = (x + 2)2 4

t(x) = (x – 3)2 2

0 x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1

Horizontal translation of f(x) = x2

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 112

 Multiple
Representations of
Functions
Equation
y x
Table Graph
𝑥 𝑦
-2 2
-1 1
0 0
1 1
2 2

Words
y equals the absolute value of x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 113
 Inverse of a Function
The graph of an inverse function is the
reflection of the original graph over the line,
y = x.
Example:
f(x) = √x
Domain is
restricted to
x ≥ 0.

f -1(x) = x2
Domain is
restricted to
x ≥ 0.

Restrictions on the domain may be necessary to ensure

the inverse relation is also a function.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 114

 Continuity
a function that is continous at every point in
its domain

Example:
y

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 115

 Discontinuity
(e.g., asymptotes)
Example:
1
f(x) =
x+2

f(-2) is not
defined, so
f(x) is
discontinuous.

horizontal vertical asymptote

asymptote x = -2
y=0

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 116

 Discontinuity
(e.g., removable or point)

Example:
x2 + x – 6
f(x) =
x–2
f(2) is not defined.

x f(x)
-3 0
-2 1 x2 + x – 6
f(x) =
-1 2 x–2
0 3 (x + 3)(x – 2)
1 4 =
x–2
2 error = x + 3, x  2
3 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 117

 Discontinuity
(e.g., removable or point)
Example:
f(-2) is not defined

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 118

 Direct Variation
y
y = kx or k =
x
constant of variation, k  0
y
Example: 7

6
y
y = 3x or 3 = 5

x 4

3
x y 2
-2 -6 1
-1 -3 0 x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 -1

1 3 -2

2 6 -3

-4
−6 −3 3 6
3= = = = -5

−2 −1 1 2 -6

-7

The graph of all points describing a direct

variation is a line passing through the origin.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 119

 Inverse Variation
k
y= or k = xy
x
constant of variation, k  0
y
7

Example: 6
5

3 4

y= or xy = 3 3
x 2
1
0 x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

The graph of all points describing an inverse

variation relationship are two curves that are
reflections of each other.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 120

 Joint Variation
z
z = kxy or k =
xy
constant of variation, k  0

Examples:
Area of a triangle varies jointly as its length
of the base, b, and its height, h.
1
A = bh
2

For Company ABC, the shipping cost in

dollars, C, for a package varies jointly as its
weight, w, and size, s.
C = 2.47ws

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 121

 Arithmetic Sequence
A sequence of numbers that has a common
difference between every two consecutive
terms
Example: -4, 1, 6, 11, 16 …
+5 +5 +5 +5
y
common 20
Position Term difference
x y 15

1 -4 +5 10
1
2 1 +5 1
5
5
3 6 5
+5
4 11 0 x
+5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 16
-5

The common difference is the

slope of the line of best fit.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 122

 Geometric Sequence
A sequence of numbers in which each term
after the first term is obtained by multiplying
the previous term by a constant ratio

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 123

 Fundamental
Counting Principle
If there are m ways for one event to occur
and n ways for a second event to occur,
then there are 𝑚 ∙ 𝑛 ways for both events
to occur.

Example:
How many outfits can Joey make using
3 pairs of pants and 4 shirts?

3 ∙ 4 = 12 outfits

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 124

 Permutation
An ordered arrangement of a group
of objects

is different from
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Both arrangements are included in possible
outcomes.
Example:
5 people to fill 3 chairs (order matters).
How many ways can the chairs be filled?
1st chair – 5 people to choose from
2nd chair – 4 people to choose from
3rd chair – 3 people to choose from
# possible arrangements are 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 = 60

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 125

 Permutation
(Formula)
To calculate the number of permutations

n and r are positive integers, n ≥ r, and n is the

total number of elements in the set and r is the
number to be ordered.

Example: There are 30 cars in a car race. The first-,

second-, and third-place finishers win a prize.
How many different arrangements (order matters)
of the first three positions are possible?

30! 30!
30P3 = = = 24360
(30-3)! 27!

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 126

 Combination
The number of possible ways to select or
arrange objects when there is no repetition
and order does not matter

Example: If Sam chooses 2 selections from

triangle, square, circle and pentagon. How
many different combinations are possible?
Order (position) does not matter so
is the same as

There are 6 possible combinations.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 127

 Combination
(Formula)
To calculate the number of possible
combinations using a formula

n and r are positive integers, n ≥ r, and n is the total

number of elements in the set and r is the number
to be ordered.

Example: In a class of 24 students, how

many ways can a group of 4 students be
arranged (order does not matter)?

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 128

 Statistics Notation

Symbol Representation
𝒙𝒊 𝑖 th element in a data set
𝝁 mean of the data set
𝟐
𝝈 variance of the data set
standard deviation of the
𝝈 data set
number of elements in the
𝒏 data set

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 129

 Mean
A measure of central tendency
Example:
Find the mean of the given data set.
Data set: 0, 2, 3, 7, 8

Balance Point
4 4
2 3
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Numerical Average

0  2  3  7  8 20
  4
5 5

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 130

 Median
A measure of central tendency

Examples:
Find the median of the given data sets.

Data set: 6, 7, 8, 9, 9

The median is 8.

Data set: 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12

The median is 8.5.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 131

 Mode
A measure of central tendency
Examples:
Data Sets Mode
3, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 10, 11, 14 6

0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 none

5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0 5.2

1, 7
1, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 11, 12
bimodal

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 132

 Summation stopping point
upper limit

summation sign typical element

index of starting point

summation lower limit

This expression means sum the values of x,

starting at x1 and ending at xn.

= x1 + x2 + x3 + … + xn

Example: Given the data set {3, 4, 5, 5, 10, 17}

6

∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 17 = 44
𝑖=1

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 133

 Variance
A measure of the spread of a data set

The mean of the squares of the differences

between each element and the mean of
the data set

Note: The square root of the variance is equal

to the standard deviation.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 134

 Standard Deviation
(Definition)
A measure of the spread of a data set

The square root of the mean of the

squares of the differences between each
element and the mean of the data set or
the square root of the variance

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 135

 Standard Deviation
(Graphic)
A measure of the spread of a data set

Smaller
Larger


Comparison of two distributions with same mean ()
and different standard deviation () values

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 136

 z-Score
(Definition)
The number of standard deviations an
element is away from the mean

where x is an element of the data set, μ is the mean

of the data set, and σ is the standard deviation of the
data set.

Example: Data set A has a mean of 83 and a

standard deviation of 9.74. What is the z-score for
the element 91 in data set A?

91-83
z= = 0.821
9.74

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 137

 z-Score
(Graphic)
The number of standard deviations an
element is from the mean

z = -3 z = -2 z = -1 z=0 z=1 z =2 z=3

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 138

 Empirical Rule

Normal Distribution Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7 rule)– approximate percentage of

element distribution
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 139
Elements within One Standard
Deviation (σ) of the Mean (µ)
(Graphic)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 140

 Scatterplot
Graphical representation of
the relationship between two
numerical sets of data
y

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 141

 Positive Linear
Relationship
(Correlation)
In general, a relationship where
the dependent (y) values increase
as independent values (x) increase
y

x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 142
 Negative Linear
Relationship
(Correlation)
In general, a relationship where
the dependent (y) values decrease
as independent (x) values
increase.
y

x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 143
 No Correlation
No relationship between the
dependent (y) values and
independent (x) values.

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 144

 Curve of Best Fit
(Linear)

Equation of Curve of Best Fit

𝑦 = 11.731x + 193.85

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 145

 Curve of Best Fit
(Quadratic)

Equation of Curve of Best Fit

𝑦 = -0.01x2 + 0.7x + 6

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 146

 Curve of Best Fit
(Exponential)
Bacteria Growth Over Time

Equation of Curve of Best Fit

y  20.512 1.923
x

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 147

 Outlier Data
(Graphic)

Virginia Department of Education 2018 Algebra II Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 148