Colorings of the plane

Mono-chromatic (1-chromatic) = 1 color is used

Bi- chromatic (2-chromatic) = 2 colors are used

Mono-chromatic segment = a segment that has the endpoints of the same color.

Mono-chromatic triangle = a triangle that has the vertices of the same color.

Mono-chromatic quadrilateral/ polygon = a quadrilateral/ polygon that has the vertices of

the same color.

Uniform mono-chromatic segment = a segment that has all its points of the same color.

Mono-chromatic line/ circle/ plane = a line/ circle/ plane that has all its points of the same
color.
Example of mono- chromatic circle Example of mono- chromatic line
Bi-chromatic line/ plane = a line/ plane that has the points randomly colored with two colors
(at most), each of the points being colored with one single color.

1. Imagine models & configurations

1A. In a bi-chromatic line, any segment is uniform mono-chromatic. Prove that the line is
mono-chromatic.

1B. In a bi-chromatic plane, any line is mono-chromatic. Prove that the entire plane is
mono-chromatic.

1C. In a bi-chromatic plane, any segment is mono-chromatic. Prove that the entire
plane is mono-chromatic.

1D. In a bi-chromatic plane, any circle is mono-chromatic. Prove that there always exists:

a) a mono-chromatic segment of length 1

b) a mono-chromatic equilateral triangle of side 1
c) a mono- chromatic square of side 1
d) an infinity of mono-chromatic n-polygons of side 1
e) the plane is uniform mono-chromatic.

2. 2A. There is a bi-chromatic plane such that any 1-length segment to not be mono-
chromatic?

2B. Is there a 3-chromatic plane- coloring with such that any line is 2-chromatic?

3. In a bi-chromatic circle there are 3 points A,B, C of the same color such that AB=BC.

4. In a bi-chromatic plane, prove that there always exists a mono-chromatic segment of

length 1.

5. In a bi-chromatic plane, prove that there is a right isosceles triangle that is mono-
chromatic.
 Blue Red
Al -12

ant .

'

let AB the line

segment
a on .

'* '
Suppose it is Blue

¥5
.

let C : AC = ZAB AC -
is blue
HI

Pln) : A- An is blue ATB NATI -_

Fon n =/ : AA, =
AB
-

obviously
time

Suppose Pls ) true

&
we P Cnn) is true
prone
.

Choose Ant, : AFI, 6th ATB

l .

M .
nay LA B is blue
Continue then to left
BTI
from . .
. .
. induction

(BA blue
ray
-
at pettine
,

Proof contradiction Suppose that

by
.

conclusion is F F 2 lines Red

& Blue

Case I an b -

{ M)

na
-
M

a-
Regina?!% .

-
it
 Y
Blue ;
Red d

Suppose AB has the

endpoints A B Red
-

A For Med
Fix .

any point
)
AM monochromatic
M is Red
-

A- Red
If

Consider another line (

I d is Red
direction )

through A .

Repeat the
seasoning
ry
.

a is Red allplane -
Red
through
 Bluedd

"

① ooo

"

:*
..

A
 Tat Blue

A•÷
-

t•
E# Be
B

'

B
 2 : Red Blue
colors ,

A b- vertices
• B H
-a• U

5-0.2=2
.

Piggy
vertices
¢
• 3
on same

-
Color
D
( WL OG
¥ 2 vertices
adjacent suppose
C- X A B
,
-
blue vertices
AB=Bc
The 3rd
-

vertex
: A D= BD ✓
fake Adorno
:
✓
similar proof E : AB = AE
 -

4€
. . . . . . . . .
Fine Red
.

prove
that F a
FEI .

segment monochrome

•• •• •

••€

• • •

• 00 •

• •
 6. In a bi-chromatic line, prove that it is always possible to find three points of the same
color with one being the midpoint of the other two.

7. Color 𝑛 points, 𝑛 5 by 2 colors such that no line can separate the point of one color
from the points of the other color.

8. In a bi-chromatic plane, prove that it is always possible to find a mono-chromatic

equilateral triangle.

9. In a bi-chromatic plane, points are colored with red or blue. The set of segments
between the blue points is always blue and the set of segments between the red points
is red. Prove that either the blue points set or the red points set of the plane contains
all the segments of any real positive length.

10. In a bi-chromatic plane, there is a mono-chromatic rectangle.

11. Prove that in any 3-chromatic plane there exists a mono-chromatic segment of length 1.

12. Partitioning the plane by lines. Prove that there is a bi-chromatic coloring such that any
two regions that share a side have different colors.

13. An equilateral triangle of side length n is drawn with sides along a triangular grid
of side length 1. What is the maximum number of grid segments on or inside the triangle that
can be marked so that no three marked segments form a triangle?

14. A circle of radius 1 rolls without slipping on the outside of a circle of radius √2. The
contact point of the circles in the initial position is colored. Any time a point of one circle
touches a colored point of the other, it becomes itself colored. How many colored points
will the moving circle have after 100 revolutions?

15. Let A be a fixed point on a circle. Consider that the point A is colored in red and all
the other circle points in black. Let be any irrational number of degrees. Show that
there exists a positive integer 𝑛 such that if you go around the circle with an angle of
𝑛 degrees and you color all the endpoints of the arcs in red , you will find a red
point that is within 1/2020 of the starting point A. Generalization.
 RB
pt .• .
a.

nd
2

• a •
Boo ••

D A B C
 A

length ATA
¥r÷= ,
=
Az

2%1=2 it T
Ik 41
.
.

R 2kt
Ciramaf big ①
2T
-

= .

AOAT 6 AoI=65
LAOAT 45
=
= 25 L ,
,

-
- -

.
.
L Aottn = 2nF
 Aottioo →
it lolpaeoidnts

Ea
"

;* •

Ai
positive

integer
Challenge ?
could be

Question Aj -_
AKI
LAo§
281T
. -

-
LATA* =p ZEIT
2. KIT = 2h25
p .

j =
pre
to pto
striping
integer inaepge? irrational

So lol points .