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    GEOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    Sonia Sharma

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    GEOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    Sonia Sharma
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    GEOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    Sonia Sharma

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    PROBLEMS

    SECTION I
    A New Twist on Familiar Topics

    1. Congruence and Parallelism

    The problems in this section present applications of several topics


    that are encountered early in the formal development of plane Euclidean
    geometry. The major topics are congruence of line segments, angles,
    and triangles and parallelism in triangles and various types of quadri-
    laterals.

    1-1 In any ~ABC, E and D are interior points of AC and BC,


    respectively (Fig. I-I). AFbisects LCAD, and BFbisects LCBE.
    Prove mLAEB + mLA DB = 2mLAFB.

    Challenge 1 Prove that this result holds if E coincides with C.

    Challenge 2 Prove that the result holds if E and D are exterior points
    on extensions of AC and BC through C.
    c

    A&-----------------~~B
    2 PROBLEMS

    1-2 In 6.ABC, a point D is on AC so that AB = AD (Fig. 1-2).


    mLABC - mLACB = 30. Find mLCBD.

    c~.
    1-3 The interior bisector of LB, and the exterior bisector of LC of
    6.ABC meet at D (Fig. 1-3). Through D, a line parallel to CB
    meets AC at Land AB at M. If the measures oflegs LC and MB
    of trapezoid CLMB are 5 and 7, respectively, find the measure of
    base LM. Prove your result.
    Challenge Find LM if 6.ABC is equilateral.
    1·3 A

    D~--------~----~~

    ----~~--------------------~~B

    1-4 In right 6.ABC, CF is the median to hypotenuse AB, CE is the


    bisector of LACB, and CD is the altitude to AB (Fig. 1-4).
    Prove that L DCE:::: LECF.
    Challenge Does this result hold for a non-right triangle?
    B

    14

    ~--------------------~A

    1-5 The measure of a line segment PC, perpendicular to hypotenuse


    AC of right 6.ABC, is equal to the measure of leg Be. Show BP
    may be perpendicular or parallel to the bisector of LA.
    Congruence and Parallelism 3

    1-6 Prove the following: if, in l:::..ABC, median AM is such that


    mLBAC is divided in the ratio I :2, and AM is extended through
    M to D so that LDBA is a right angle, then AC = ~ AD
    (Fig. 1-6).
    Challenge Find two ways of proving the theorem when mLA = 90.

    B~------Tu------~C

    ____________________
    A
    ~
    ~
    B
    1-7 In square ABCD, M is the midpoint of AB. A line perpendicular
    to MC at M meets A D at K. Prove that LBCM::: LKCM.
    Challenge Prove that l:::..KDC is a 3-4-5 right triangle.

    1-8 Given any l:::..ABC, AE bisects LBAC, BD bisects LABC,


    CP .L BD, and CQ .L AE (Fig. 1-8), prove that PQ is parallel to
    AB.
    Challenge Identify the points P and Q when l:::..ABC is equilateral.

    1-9 Given that ABCD is a square, CF bisects LACD, and BPQ is


    perpendicular to CF (Fig. 1-9), prove DQ = 2PE.
    Q A r------.....,B

    1·9 1-10

    A ----------'" D""""'"-----~C

    1-10 Given square ABCD with mLEDC = mLECD = 15, prove


    l:::..ABE is equilateral (Fig. 1-10).
    4 PROBLEMS

    1-11 In any t::,.ABC, D, E, and F are midpoints of the sides AC, AB,
    and BC, respectively (Fig. 1-11). BG is an altitude of t::,.ABC.
    Prove that LEGF""" LEDF.
    Challenge 1 Investigate the case when t::,.ABC is equilateral.
    Challenge 2 Investigate the case when AC = CB.
    c
    c

    A'-------~--------~B A~------------~----------~~--~B

    1-12 In'right t::,.ABC, with right angle at C, BD = BC, AE = AC,


    EF..l BC, and DG..l AC (Fig. 1-12). Prove that DE = EF + DG.

    1-13 Prove that the sum of the measures of the perpendiculars from
    any point on a side of a rectangle to the diagonals is constant.
    Challenge If the point were on the extension of a side of the rectangle,
    would the result still hold?

    1-14 The trisectors of the angles of a rectangle are drawn. For each
    pair of adjacent angles, those trisectors that are closest to the
    enclosed side are extended until a point of intersection is estab-
    lished. The line segments connecting those points of intersection
    form a quadrilateral. Prove that the quadrilateral is a rhombus.
    Challenge 1 What type of quadrilateral would be formed if the
    original rectangle were replaced by a square?
    Challenge 2 What type of figure is obtained when the original figure
    is any parallelogram?
    Challenge 3 What type of figure is obtained when the original figure
    is a rhombus?

    1-15 In Fig. 1-15, BE and AD are altitudes of t::,.ABC. F, G, and K


    are midpoints of AH, AB, and BC, respectively. Prove that
    LFGK is a right angle.
    Congruence and Parallelism 5

    BL-----~----~------------~C

    1-16 In parallelogram ABCD, M is the midpoint of BC. DT is drawn


    from D perpendicular to KiA as in Fig. 1-16. Prove that CT =
    CD.
    Challenge Make the necessary changes in the construction lines, and
    then prove the theorem for a rectangle.

    "'.'~D
    1-17 Prove that the line segment joining the midpoints of two opposite
    sides of any quadrilateral bisects the line segment joining the
    midpoints of the diagonals.

    1-18 In any ~ABC, XYZ is any line through the centroid G (Fig. 1-18).
    Perpendiculars are drawn from each vertex of ~ABC to this
    line. Prove C Y = A X + BZ.
    c c

    1-19 In any ~ABC, CPQ is any line through C, interior to ~ABC


    (Fig. 1-19). BP is perpendicular to line CPQ, AQ is perpendicular
    to line CPQ, and M is the midpoint of AB. Prove that MP = MQ.
    6 PROBLEMS

    Challenge Show that the same result holds if the line through C is
    exterior to 6.ABC.

    1-20 In Fig. 1-20, ABCD is a parallelogram with equilateral triangles


    ABF and ADE drawn on sides AB and AD, respectively. Prove
    that 6.FCE is equilateral.
    F

    1·20

    1-21 If a square is drawn externally on each side of a parallelogram,


    prove that
    (a) the quadrilateral determined by the centers of these squares
    is itself a square
    (b) the diagonals of the newly formed square are concurrent with
    the diagonals of the original parallelogram.
    Challenge Consider other regular polygons drawn externally on the
    sides of a parallelogram. Study each of these situations!

    2. Triangles in Proportion
    As the title suggests, these problems deal primarily with similarity
    of triangles. Some interesting geometric proportions are investigated,
    and there is a geometric illustration of a harmonic mean.
    Do you remember manipulations with proportions such as: if
    a c a-b c-d
    b = d then - b - = -d- ? They are essential to solutions of many
    problems.

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