SPIRAL CURVE

V
I
Ts Ts
Es

SC
Z CS
P ST
P
Lc
TS
Rc
Rc Rc
Ic
s s
I

EQUATIONS TO REMEMBER:
Lc
1. Z
2
2. i=
3
y
3. P= c
4
L2 Lc
4. C
2L cR c 2R c
2
L3 Lc
5. y= y yc
6L c Rc 6Rc
3
L5 Lc
6. x L 2 2
xc Lc 2
40L c R c 40R c
Ts Z
7. tan Ts (Rc P) tan Z
2 Rc P 2
Rc P Rc P
8. cos Es Rc
2 R c Es Cos
2
v2 16.48v 3
9. e Lc
9R gR

TS= tangent to spiral

ST= spiral to tangent
SC= spiral to circular
CS = circular to spiral
Ts = tangent distance of the spiral
Es = external distance of the spiral
Rc = radius of the new circular curve
Ic = central angle of new circular curve
c = spiral angle
P = length of throw
y = perpendicular offset from tangent to any point on the spiral
yc = perpendicular offset from tangent to S.C.
x = distance. along tangent from TS to any point on the spiral
xc = dist. Along tangent from TS to S.C.
1. The tangents of a simple curve has azimuths 240 and 300 respectively. The radius of simple curve is 300 m. Without changing the
direction of the two tangents and the point of tangency shall remain the same, the simple curve is to be replaced by another curve having
100m spirals at its end. Find the following:
a. The radius of the new circular curve
b. The length of throw of the S.C.
c. The central angle of the circular curve
d. The external distance of the S.C.
e. The deflection angle at the end point of the spiral easement curve.
f. The offset from tangent at the end point of the spiral
g. The offset from tangent at the first quarter point of the spiral
h. The distance along tangent from TS to end point of the spiral
i. The distance along tangent at the midpoint of the spiral.
j. Short Tangent
k. Long Tangent
EARTHWORKS
1. The cross section notes shown below are for a ground excavation for a 10 m roadway
Station 25 + 100 Station 25 + 150
7.85 0 8 .45 9 .35 0 10.7
1.90 3.2 2 .30 2 .90 2. 6 3.80
What is the volume of excavation between the two stations using
a. Volume by end area method
b. Volume by prismoidal formula
c. Volume by prismoidal correction ( assume slope of 2:1 )
H2
a) Volume by End Area

2 V2 b) Volume by Prismoidal Formula

H1

c) Volume by Prismoidal Correction

L Formula
1

@ 25 +100
7.85 0 8.45
A1 36.58
1.9 3.2 2.3
5
MEAN AREA
8. 6 0 9.575
AM 39.98
2. 4 2.9 3.05
@ 25+150
9.35 0 10.7
A2 42.815
2.9 2.6 3.8

a) L 50
Ve A1 A2 36.58 42.815 1984.875m 3
2 2
L 50
b) Vp A1 4A M A2 36.58 4 39.98 42.815
6 6
1994.29m3
c) Vcp Ve Cp

CL
A1 = 36.58

3.2

5m 5m
7.85 m 8.75 m

2V1 10 m 2V1

A1 = 36.58 1
2
10 m

10 10 4 V1
A1 36.58 V1
2
2 36.58 4V12 V1

0 4 V12 20V1 73.16

V1 2.45m
H1 19.8m

SECOND CROSS SECTION:

 0 4V22 20V2 2 42.815
V2 2.76m
H2 21.04m

50
CP 2.45 2.76 19.8 21.04
12
1.60m3
V CP 1984.875 1.6 1,383.275 m 3
2. A 60 x 60 square lot is to be divided into 9 square sections. Determine the volume of the earthworks excavated if the ground surface is to be
leveled to elevation 10m. The following data are the elevations of the ground surface.

AI = 13.3 BI = 12.6 CI = 12.2 DI = 12.2

AII = 12.9 BII = 14.2 CII = 15.2 DII = 11.2
AIII = 15.8 BIII = 15.6 CIII = 14.4 DIII = 14.6
AIV = 11.8 BIV = 13.8 CIV = 11.9 DIV = 13.9

3.3 2.6
A B C D 4.2
2.9
10 m
I
13.3 12.6 12.2 12.2
20 m 20 m x 20 m

II
12.9 14.2 15.2 11.2
20 m
III
15.8 15.6 14.4 14.6
20 m 9
IV
11.8 13.8 11.9 13.9
3@20 m = 60 m

3. From station 10+100 with center heights of 2m in fill, the ground line makes a uniform slope of 4.8% to station 10+150 whose center heights
is 1.2 m in cut.
a. Determine the slope of a new road way.
b. Determine the distance from station 10 +150 will the excavation extend
c. Determine the area of fill 10 m from 10+100 IF b = 8 M, SS = 1:2

10+100 10+150
New a.) S new = x 100% = 1.6%
10 m x
a y1 b.) 0.048 = y1 = 0.048x
0.8 m 1.2 m
z y2
4.8%
1.2 m b Existing 1.2 m 0.016 = y1 = 0.016x

but 1.2 = y1 + y2 = 0.048x + 0.016x

50 m x = 18.75m from 10 + 150

c.) 2 = a + z + b
a
but 0.016 = a = 0.16
10
b
0.048 = b = 0.48
10
2 = 0.16 + z + 0.48
z = 1.36

AREA OF FILL @ Sta 10 + 110

8 9.36
A= 1.36 = 11.8 m2
2
 8m

2 1.36 m
1

0.68 m 8m 0.68 m
9.36 m
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
4. The area bounded by the water line of a reservoir and the contours with a contour interval of 3.5m, are as follows. Find the volume of the
reserviour.
A1 = 935m2 A2 = 915m2
A3 = 875m2 A4 = 832m2 A5 = 746m2 A6 = 687m2

d
AT = z h1 hn 2 hint

d A1 A
VT = n 2 A int
z
3.5 935 687
VT = 2 2 915 875 832 746

VT = 14,626.5 m3

5. The left and right water edges of a river are 2.75 m and 62.45m respectively from an initial reference point. Verticals are located at
distances of 11.25m, 19.25m, 26.75m, 34.45m, 40.95m, 46.95m, and 54.45 m respectively from the reference point. The
corresponding depths of verticals are 5.0, 9.6, 9.8, 10.0, 10.4, 10.0 and 4.8 meters. Mean velocities in the verticals are 0.16, 0.60,
0.75, 0.92, 0.97, 0.98 and0.65 m/sec.
a. Disregarding the end sections, determine the cross sectional area of the river
b. Assuming that the discharge in the end sections of the river to be zero or negligible, determine the total discharge of the river
c. Determine the average velocity of the river flow.
19.25
11.25 8 7.5 7.7 6.5 6 7.5 8

2.75 8.5

Neglect
5m
0.16 m/s 10 4.8
9.6 9.8 10.4
0.92 10 0.65
0.60 0.75 0.97 0.98

8.5 8 8 7.5
A1 5 41.25 0.16 6.6m 3 / s A 2 9.6 74.4 0.6 44.64
2 2 2 2

7.5 7. 7 7.7 6. 5
A3 9.8 74.48 0.75 55.86 A4 = 10 = 71 0.92 = 65.32
2 2 2 2

6. 5 6
A5 = 10.4 = 65 0.97 = 63.05
2 2

6 7.5
A6 = 10.0 = 67.5 0.98 = 66.15
2 2

A7 = 7 . 5 8 4.8 = 37.2 0.65 = 22.18

2 2

AT = 430.83 m3
3
QT = 325.74 m s

Q T 325.74 m
vmean = = = 0.76
AT 430 .83 s