RELATIONS FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

MATH10
ALGEBRA

Functions and Their Graphs(Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2nd Edition, page 225-322)
 Week 8 Day 1
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
At the end of the chapter the students are expected to:

• Determine whether a relation is a function.

• Use function notation.
• Find the domain and range of a function.
• Perform operations on functions.
• Sketch the graphs of common functions.
• Classify function as odd even, or neither.
• Determine whether functions are one-to-one.
• Find the inverse of a function.
FUNCTIONS
 TODAY’S OBJECTIVE Week 8 Day 1

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Determine whether a relation is a function.

• Determine whether an equation represents a function.
• Use function notation.
• Find the value of a function.
• Determine the domain and range of a function.
• Evaluate the difference quotient for a function.
 Week 8 Day 1
DEFINITION

RELATION

  A relation is a correspondence between two sets where each

element in the first set called the domain, corresponds to at least
one element in the second set, called the range.
 It is a set of ordered pairs.
 The domain is the set of the first components of the ordered
pairs and the range is the set of all the second component of the
ordered pairs.
 A relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to
exactly one element in the range is a function.
 Week 8 Day 1
DEFINITION

FUNCTION

 A function is a correspondence between two sets where each

element in the first set , called the domain, corresponds to exactly
one element in the second set, called the range.

It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the same first
element.
 Week 8 Day 1

Example 1:

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

{(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10)}

one - to-one
 Week 8 Day 1

Example 2:

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

{(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4), (5,4)}

many-to-one
Example 3:
A good example that you can “relate” to is that students in our
algebra class this term are set A. The grade you’ll earn out of this
class is set B. Each student must be assigned a grade and can only
be assigned ONE grade, but more than one student can get the
same grade (we hope so---we want lots of 1’s). The example shown
on the previous screen had each student getting the same grade.

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

{(1,2), (2,4), (2,10), (3,8), (4,6),(5,4)}

NOT a function . It is, however a relation.
2 was assigned both 4 and 10, therefore one-to-many or the element in the domain
corresponds to more than one element in the range
 One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

3
y x 1 y  sin x 

and

Each value of x maps to only one Each value of x maps to only one
value of y . . . value of y...
and each y is mapped from only BUT many other x values map to
one x. that y.
 One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

y x 1 3 y  sin x 

and

3
y  x 1 is an example of y  sin x  is an example of
a one-to-one function a many-to-one function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is however a relation.

 Week 8 Day 1

Example 5:

Determine whether the following relations are functions :

a.   1,2  ,  3,2 ,  5,6  ,  7,6  
b.   1,2  ,  1,3 ,  5,6  ,  7,8  
c.  11 : 00AM,830 F, 2 : 00PM,89o F, 6 : 00PM,85o F
Your Turn page 227
 Below is a sample of 2008 cars listed from less expensive to
more expensive, with corresponding gas consumption in miles
per gallon MPG
DOMAIN RANGE
MODEL MPG (CITY)

25
• Kia Rio
• 24
Ford Focus
• Toyota Corolla 27

• Honda Civic 21
• 48
Toyota Prius
• Nissan Altima (H) 35

• Ford Mustang 17
• 13
Dodge Viper
• Hummer H2 11

• Aston Martin DB9 11

Is this relation a function?

Example 6: A) YES B) NO
 Below is a sample of 2008 cars listed from less expensive to more expensive,
with corresponding gas consumption in miles per gallon MPG

RANGE DOMAIN
model & make MPG (city)

25
Kia Rio
24
Ford Focus
27
Toyota Corolla
21
Honda Civic
48
Toyota Prius
Nissan Altima (H) 35
17
Ford Mustang
Dodge Viper 13

Hummer H2 11

Aston Martin DB9

Is this relation a function?
A) YES B) NO
Example 7:
 Week 8 Day 1

All of the examples discussed are discrete sets in that they

represent countable set of distinct pairs (x,y). A function can
also be defined algebraically by equations.
 Week 8 Day 1

FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY EQUATIONS

An equation assigns to each x-value exactly one corresponding y-value.
Example : Given the equation y  x 2  3x
x y Ordered Pair
1 -2 (1,-2)
5 10 (5,10)
-2/3 22/9 (-2/3,22/9)
1.2 -2.16 (1.2,-2.16)
 x is the independent variable ,first element in the ordered pair
(domain)
 y is the dependent variable, second element in the ordered pair
(range)
 Week 8 Day 1

Any equation which describes how the elements of the domain and
range of any relation are paired is called the rule of correspondence of
that relation.

It should be made clear that the equation is not the relation.

The relation is the set of ordered pairs which consists of all possible
parings of the elements of the domain and range according to the rule
or the equation which describes the relation.
 Week 8 Day 1

Example 1:
Determine whether the following equations define a function.
a. x  y 2
b. x 2  y 2  1
c. x  y
d. y  x2
e. y x
f. y  x3
Example page 228  229
 Week 8 Day 1
VERTICAL LINE TEST

Given the graph of an equation, if any vertical line that can

be drawn intersects the graph at no more than one point,
the equation defines a function of x. This test is called the
vertical line test.
 Week 8 Day 1
Use the vertical line test to determine whether the
graphs of equations define functions of x

y y

x x

# 19 page 239 # 22 page 239

 Week 8 Day 1
In summary , a function can be expressed in one of
the four ways:
1. Verbally
2. Numerically
3. Algebraically
4. Graphically
This is sometimes called the Rule of 4.
Example: Expressing a Function
Verbally Numerically Algebraically Graphically

Every real y

number has a    1,1 ,  0,0  ,  1,1  y x

corresponding
absolute value x
 Week 8 Day 1
FUNCTION NOTATION
Functions are denoted by letters, the most common of which are
f,g,h, F,G ,H, etc.

Given the equation y=2x+5 which is a function because it’s graph is

a non vertical line and thus passes the vertical line test.
If we give the said function a name, say, “f”, then we can use
function notation : f(x)=2x+5

The symbol f(x) is read : “f evaluated at x” or “f of x” and represents

the y-value that corresponds to a particular x-value. In other words,
y=f(x).
 Week 8 Day 1

Input Function Output Equation

x f f(x) f(x)=2x+5
Independent Mapping Dependent Mathematical
variable variable rule
(or the
argument)

Domain Range
Function
x f(x)=2x+5
x=0 f f(0)=5
f
x=1 f(1)=7
f
x=2 f(2)=9
The function f maps some value of x in the domain to some value f(x)
in the range.
 Week 8 Day 1
EXAMPLE
1. Let f  x   x 4  x  1
Compute : a. f  - 1 b. - 2f  1
Classroom Ex.3.1.3 page 232

4
y
2. a. Find f  - 3
3
b. Find f  2
2
c.Find x such that f  x   0 (4,1)
1
Classroom Ex.3.1.4 page 232
-10 -8 -4 4 8 x
-1 (2,-1)
-2

-3
 Week 8 Day 1

3. Let g x   x 2  2x  3 6. Given the function G t   3t  4 ,

Evaluate g x  1 Evalaute : a. G t - 2 b. G t   G 2
YourTurn page 233 G(1) 1
c. d. G 
G(3) 3
4. Let f  x   2  x 2 .
YourTurn page 234
Compute : a. f  x  1
b. f  x   f  1 7. Evaluate the difference quotient
ClassroomEx.3.1.6 page 233 for f  x   x 2  1
YourTurn page 235
5. Let f  x   3  x  2x 2 .
8. If f  x   x - 2 and g x   2x2 3x  5
Compute : - f  - x 
Find : a. f  g x   b. g f  x  
Classroom Ex.3.1.7 page 233
 DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT

f  x  h  f  x 
The expression , where h  0,
h
is called the difference quotient.
 Week 8 Day 1
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
All the possible values of x is called the domain and all the possible
values of y is called the range. In a set of ordered pairs, the set of
first elements and second elements of ordered pairs is the domain
and range, respectively.
EXAMPLE: Write the answers in set notation and
interval notation.
1. Find the domain and range of the functions.
x 1
a. f  x   2 b. f  x   3  9  3x
2x  32
x - 1 3
x
c. f  x   3 d. f  x   2
x x 1
Classroom Ex.3.1.10 page 237
 Week 8 Day 1
2. Find the domain and range of the functions.
1
a. f  x   x  3 b. f  x   2
x 4
YourTurn Page 237
3. Find the domain and range of the functions.
a. f  x   x 2  2x  5 and find the values of x
that correspond s to g x   0
1
  2t
2
b. f  x   x  16
2 2 d. Q  t  
t3
x2
c. P x   # s 97, 91, 88,70 page 241
25  x 2

e. y  x
 TODAY’S OBJECTIVE Week 8 Day 2

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Recognize and graph common functions.

• Classify functions as even, odd, or neither.
• Graph piecewise-defined function.
• Graph greatest integer function.
• Add, subtract, multiply and divide functions.
• Evaluate composition of functions.
• Determine the domain of functions resulting from operations on
and composition of functions.
• Find the inverse of a function
 Week 8 Day 2

KINDS OF FUNCTIONS AND ITS GRAPHS

 Week 8 Day 2
DEFINITION

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
• If f(x) is a function, then its graph is the set of all points (x,y) in the
two-dimensional plane for which (x,y) is an ordered pair in f(x).

• One way to graph a function is by point plotting.

• We can also find the domain and range from the graph of a
function.
 Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the following functions and state
the domain and range in interval notation.
NAME FUNCTION
1. Linear f  x   3x  5
2.Constant f x   6
3. Identity f x   x
4.Square f x   x2  5
5.Cube f  x   2x 3
6.Square root f  x   16  x 2
7.Cube root f x   3 x
8.Absolute value f  x   2x  5
9.Reciprocal 1
f x   2
x  25
 Week 8 Day 2

EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

• The term even is used to describe functions that are symmetric with
respect to the y-axis or vertical axis.
• The term odd is used to describe functions that are symmetric with
respect to the origin.

Function Symmetric wrt On replacing x with -x

Even y-axis or vertical axis f(-x)= f(x)
Odd origin f(-x)=-f(x)
 Week 8 Day 2

EXAMPLE

Determine if these functions are even, odd or neither.

a. f  x   3x 3  x 5 
c. f  x    3x 3  x 5 
b. f  x   3x 3  x 5 d. f  x   3x 3  x 5  1

e. f  x   3x  x
3

5 2

Classroom Ex. 3.2.1

 Week 8 Day 2

PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS

A piecewise defined function is defined by different formulas on

different parts of its domain.

EXAMPLE: Graph the piecewise-defined function, and state the

domain and range in interval notation.

x 2 x  1  x x  -1
 
1. G x   1 - 1  x  1 2. f  x    2 -1  x  1
x x 1  x x 1
 
Example #5 page 254 Your Turn page 256
 Week 8 Day 2

0 t  0
3. H t   
1 t  0
Example page 256
 GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION Week 8 Day 2

The greatest integer function is defined by

 x   greatest integer less than or equal to x
Example:
 0  0 1.1  1  3.4  3
 0.1  0 1.2  1   3.4  -4
 0.3  0 1.9  1
  0.9  -1
 0.9  0  2  2
1  1
 2.1  2
 LEAST INTEGER FUNCTION Week 8 Day 2

The least integer function is defined by

 x   least integer greater than or equal to x
EXAMPLE:
 1.1  2
 3.4   4
 0  0
 0.1  1  1.2  2
  3.4   -3
 0.3  1  1.9  2
  0.9  0
1
 
0.9   2  2

 1  1  2.1  3
EXAMPLE: Graph the greatest integer function f  x    x  .
 Week 8 Day 2

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
AND
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
 Week 8 Day 2
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION NOTATION DOMAIN

Sum  f  g  x   f  x   g x  D f  Dg

Difference D f  Dg
 f  g  x   f  x   g x 
Product
 f  g  x   f  x   g x  D f  Dg

Quotient
f f x  Df  Dg   g x   0
   x  
g g x 
 Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE

1. Let f  x   1  23 x and g x   -4 3 x
f
Compute : f  g , f - g , f  g , and .
g
State the domains.
Classroom Ex. 3.4.1 page 280

2. Let f  x   3 x and g x   3 x - 6
f
Compute : and state the domains.
g
Classroom Ex. 3.4.2 page 281
 Week 8 Day 2
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

NOTATION WORDS DEFINITION DOMAIN

f  g x  
f composed The set of all real numbers x
f g in the domain of g such that g(x)
with g is also in the domain of f.

g f  x  
The set of all real numbers x
gf g composed
in the domain of f such that f(x)
with f is also in the domain of g.
 Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE
1. Let f  x   2 x and g x   -x 2  4
Compute : f  g and g  f , and state the domain.
Classroom Ex. 3.4.3 page 282
1 1
2. Let f  x   and g x  
x 1 x
determine f  g and state its domain.
Example #4 page 283
3. Let f  x   x 2 - 7 and g x   5  x 2
evaluate a. f  g 1  b. f  g - 2 
c. g f  3  d. g f  - 4  
Example #6 page 284
 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

If f is a one-to-one function determined by the set of ordered pairs

(x,y), then there is a function f –1 , called the inverse function of f, such
that its set consists of the ordered pairs (y,x) defined by
x = f –1 (y) if and only if y = f (x)
The domain of f –1 is the range of f and the range of f –1 is the domain of
f.
 Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE
1. Verify that f -1   x  1 3  2
is the inverse of f  x   3 x  2  1
Classroom Ex. 3.5.4 page 293

2. Determine the inverse of the following

functions and state the domain and range
a. f  x   1 - 3x b. g x    2  x  1
Classroom Example 3.5.7 page 297
 Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE

3. a. Find the inverse of the function

f  x   x if it exists.
Example #8 page 298
4
b. The function g x   ,x  1
x 1
is a one - to - one function.
Find its inverse
Your Turn page 297
 5x  1
Find the inverse of f ( x ) 
1  5x


x 1
y
A) f ( x ) 
1

5( x  1) 4
1
fx
x 1 2
B) f ( x ) 
1

5( x  1)
0 x
1
C) f  1 ( x )  2 f ( x)
5
D) Not a one - to - one function.  4
4 2 0 2 4
SUMMARY