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    Progress in Leak Detection Research: El-Zahab and Zayed Smart Water (2019) 4:5 Page 4 of 23

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    Raakze Movi
    1) The document discusses the challenges of differentiating leak signals from other pipeline noises in leak detection systems and the need for an identification phase to determine if detected signals actually indicate a leak. 2) It outlines the growth of leak detection research over time, with increasing publications since the 1980s as water conservation and scarcity concerns rose. 3) A bibliometric analysis found over 900 scholarly articles on leak detection, with the most research coming from the US, UK, and Canada.

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    Progress in Leak Detection Research: El-Zahab and Zayed Smart Water (2019) 4:5 Page 4 of 23

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    Raakze Movi
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    1) The document discusses the challenges of differentiating leak signals from other pipeline noises in leak detection systems and the need for an identification phase to determine if detected signals actually indicate a leak. 2) It outlines the growth of leak detection research over time, with increasing publications since the 1980s as water conservation and scarcity concerns rose. 3) A bibliometric analysis found over 900 scholarly articles on leak detection, with the most research coming from the US, UK, and Canada.

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    Leak detection in water distribution4

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    LDS WD-1_3

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    1) The document discusses the challenges of differentiating leak signals from other pipeline noises in leak detection systems and the need for an identification phase to determine if detected signals actually indicate a leak. 2) It outlines the growth of leak detection research over time, with increasing publications since the 1980s as water conservation and scarcity concerns rose. 3) A bibliometric analysis found over 900 scholarly articles on leak detection, with the most research coming from the US, UK, and Canada.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views1 page

    Progress in Leak Detection Research: El-Zahab and Zayed Smart Water (2019) 4:5 Page 4 of 23

    Uploaded by

    Raakze Movi
    1) The document discusses the challenges of differentiating leak signals from other pipeline noises in leak detection systems and the need for an identification phase to determine if detected signals actually indicate a leak. 2) It outlines the growth of leak detection research over time, with increasing publications since the 1980s as water conservation and scarcity concerns rose. 3) A bibliometric analysis found over 900 scholarly articles on leak detection, with the most research coming from the US, UK, and Canada.

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    El-Zahab and Zayed Smart Water (2019) 4:5 Page 4 of 23

    development of leak detection systems and approaches. The challenge lies in differenti-
    ating the signs of leaks from other aspects such as pumps or an open hydrant. This
    problem is vivid in acoustic noise loggers and accelerometers and other wireless sensor
    devices that are used in leak detection. Sensors would pick up any form of signs and
    signals similar to those of leaks and end up providing false alarms. False alarms create
    an expenditure of workforce and funds for the bodies monitoring the respective net-
    works (El-Zahab et al. 2016; Khulief et al. 2012; Stoianov et al. 2007a, 2007b). There-
    fore, a new phase of leak detection is proposed, and that is the identification phase. As
    described in Table 1, the identification phase works towards determining if the signs
    detect and the signals derived indicate a leak in the network of pipelines or not and
    how to differentiate between leaks and other factors affecting the network. Subse-
    quently, the leak detection phases can now be summed up as ILLP, identify-localize-
    locate-pinpoint. It is highly possible to merge locating and pinpointing due to the 10-
    cm difference between the two phases. This approach helps in creating three distinct
    and unambiguous phases. Thus, another approach would be the ILP approach,
    identification-localization-pinpointing. Where the first step identifies the existence of a
    leak, the second phase identifies the segment where the leak is, and finally, the third
    phase would determine the exact location of the leak with a certain accuracy.

    Progress in leak detection research


    The advances in leak detection research have grown remarkably in recent years, but
    the field of leak detection is not a new field of research. The damages created by leaks
    in pipeline networks presented researches with the curiosity of developing reliable and
    immediate solutions to fight the leakage epidemic. In a survey performed on the Web
    of Knowledge database, 941 scholarly articles about the topic of leak detection in pipe-
    lines were found. A timeline analysis was conducted for the most referenced papers in
    the field of leak detection using the CitNetExplorer software for bibliometric analysis
    (Van Eck and Waltman 2014). The results of this analysis are illustrated in Fig. 2, The
    first paper found by this survey existed in the year 1968 by Zielke as displayed in Fig. 2,
    who suggested the study of wall shear stress in laminar pipe flow along with the mean
    velocity of the flow and the changes in the velocity can aid in detecting any anomalies
    within the pipeline. The figure further displays that the research in the field of leak de-
    tection started booming further in the mid-1980s. Beyond that point, the research field
    started gaining more and more attention especially after 1994. After the year 2000, re-
    search in leak detection saw numerous publications and contributions with the rise of
    the importance of water conservation and water scarcity and the abundance of novel
    technologies that are capable of facilitating and automating the leak detection process.
    The dataset was further studied using another bibliometric analysis software that is
    named VOSviewer (Van Eck and Waltman 2010). Figure 3 was established using the
    software. The figure aims to establish the countries with the most interest in research-
    ing the field of pipeline leak detection and to provide a sense of the number of publica-
    tions provided by those countries. In the figure, the countries with at least 25
    publications in the field of pipeline leak detection are displayed. Starting with Germany
    with 25 publications in the field within the Web of Knowledge database and moving all
    the way up to Canada with 58 publications in the field, then England with 74 publica-
    tions in the field, exceeded by the United States of America with a sum of 144

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