A monograph includes :

- name of the ingredient or preparation

- definition
- packaging, storage, labeling requirements, & specification

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY Specifications

- test procedures and acceptance criteria
Pharmacy b. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States of
- an art and science America
- preparing from natural and synthetic sources c. Philippine Pharmacopoeia
(ex: willow bark – aspirin, senna- senokot) d. Philippine National Drug Formulary
- suitable materials for distribution e. British Pharmacopoeia
- use in the treatment and prevention of diseases f. European Pharmacopoeia
g. Japanese Pharmacopoeia
Pharmacy embraces the knowledge of : h. Any official compendium or any supplement to the
o identification and selection mentioned references
o pharmacological action
o preservation 2. Articles used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment,
o analysis and standardization of drugs and medicines or prevention of disease in man or other animals
3. Articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure
Pharmacy includes : or any function of the body of man and animals
o proper and safe distribution or use 4. Articles intended for use as a component of any article
o dispense of prescription specified in (1), (2) and (3) but does not include devices, or
o sell directly to patients components, parts or accessories

Pharmacists Devices
- indispensable and knowledgeable member of the health - instruments, apparata, contrivances, components
team licensed to dispense medicines
5. Herbal or traditional drugs
Philippine Pharmacy Act (RA 10918) - as defined in RA 9502 in the Universally Accessible
- an act regulating and modernizing the practice of Pharmacy Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008
in the Philippines - are articles of plant or animal origin used in folk medicine
- repealing RA 5921 (The Pharmacy Law) which are : (RA 9502, Sec. 4)

Drug o Recognized in the Philippine National Drug Formulary

- pharmakon (Greek) o Intended for used in the treatment, or cure, or
- pharmaceutical products mitigation of disease symptoms, injury or body defects
- chemical compounds/biological substances, other than food in humans
- used in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease in o Other than food, intended to affect the structure or
humans or animals (RA 10918, Art. 1, Sec. 5) any function of the human body
o In finished or ready-to-use dosage form; and
1. Articles recognized in the official : o Intended for use as a component of any of the articles
a. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) / specified in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv)
National Formulary (NF)
- book of public pharmacopeial standards Medicine
- standards for medicines, dosage forms, drug substances, - drug as the active ingredient; excipients
excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements - formulated into a suitable dosage form with complete
packaging
USP - monographs of :
o drug substances and preparations
o dietary supplements and ingredients in a separate
section
NF - excipient monographs

Dale Ellivera | Page 1

Fields of Pharmaceutical Services 5. Drug Wholesaling
- provides products of hundreds of manufacturers in a
1. Community Pharmacy single store
- botica, drugstore, pharmacy, retail pharmacy - saves the retailer from contacting each supplier
individually saving him correspondence, stock handling,
o Independent Drugstore record keeping, and bill paying
- vary in size and merchandise
o Chain Drugstore / Multiple Pharmacy 6. Pharmaceutical Education
- profitable, more than 2 branches; 1996 - most important field of Pharmacy
- responsible for nurturing the future pharmacists
2. Industrial Pharmacy
7. Research
o Research (R & D) - discover new drugs
- formulation; reformulation - development and improvement of existing drug products
- drug-excipient compatibility testing
- determine proper route of administration of drug; to o Clinical Research
be given orally, injected, inhaled, or rubbed - branch of healthcare science that determines the
- product’s stability including the proper packaging safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medication
material; innovations - involves human participants and helps translate basic
o Production research (done in labs) into new treatments and
- conversion of raw materials to finished products information to benefit patients
- supervises the operation, CGMP must be observed,
planning for production o Cosmetics Industry
o Quality Control - companies that make and sell things like makeup,
- raw materials, intermediate and finished product lotion, shampoo, and nail polish
- packaging components - regulated by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - to
- qualitative and quantitative tests ensure the ingredients of beauty products are safe for
- assay (confirming label claim) humans
o Marketing / Drug Distribution
- market through detailmen; preferably men 8. Pharmaceutical Journalism
- contact potential prescribers regarding their - serves as writer, editor and publisher of drug and health
company’s products related magazines, brochures and newsletters
o Regulatory affairs officer / Liaison - drug manufacturers usually publish a variety of
- participates in the development and implementation magazines, brochures, and newsletters which are
of regulatory strategy scientific, but with sales appeal
- assembles a regulatory file / dossier
- monitors product files in the developmental phase 9. Government Service
- conducts regulatory monitoring of approved
products o FDA as drug inspector, licensing of pharmaceutical
- provides counselling to internal and external clients establishment and registration of new drugs
with regulatory issues o DOH and DOST as researchers
o NBI and DDB to help in the prevention and
3. Hospital Pharmacy rehabilitation of drug dependents
- drug consultant to doctors, nurses, patients and other o PRC as board examiners
hospital personnel
- compounding prescriptions in a hospital setting 10. Organizational Management
- member of the Pharmacy Therapeutic Committee - serves as officers of national and provincial associations
- hospital pharmacist assumes all responsibility for the of pharmacists
drug control system in the hospital
o PPhA - Philippine Pharmacists Association
4. Clinical Pharmacy o IPAP - Industrial Pharmacists Assoc. of the Philippines
- patient-oriented o PAPVI - Philippine Association of Pharmacists in the
- makes the rounds with the doctor Veterinary Industry
- monitors drug therapy o PACOP - Philippine Association of Colleges Pharmacy
- advises the patient on drug use, side effects, and drug o PSHP - Philippine Association of Hospital Pharmacy
interactions o CPAP - Community Pharmacists Assoc. of the Phils.
o PAPPI - Philippine Association of Pharmacists in the
Philippine Industry
Dale Ellivera | Page 2
11. Medical Communications o Many of the medicinal plants included are still recognized
- computer handling of medical data, creation of reference in Pharmacy practice today :
materials, and research, evaluate, assemble, and package
info specifically for the end-user Podophyllum laxative
- perform drug interaction review for prescriptions with Rhubarb laxative
more than one drug antioxidant ;
Ginseng
for erectile dysfunction
12. Institutional Pharmacy anti-cough ;
- non-pharmaceutical establishments (ex: Supreme Court, Stramonium
bronchial asthma
San Miguel Corp., GSIS, Proctor & Gamble) vehicle of medicaments ;
Cinnamon bark
solubilizing agent
CHAPTER 2 : EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY anti-cough ;
Ma huang or Ephedra
bronchial asthma
Before the Dawn of History
o Lao Tzu (500 BC)
Beliefs - Taoist and natural philosopher
o Sickness was caused by evil forces - author of The Way
o Punishment from the gods - promotes concept of health and prosperity through
awareness and observance of natural cosmic cycles
Remedies
o Offer sacrifices like food and prayers o Qi (energy)
o Use of natural resources like cool water, leaf, dirt, or mud - balance of Yin and Yang
as his first soothing application
o Eventually, he applied his knowledge to improve his Ancient Egypt
remedies for the benefit of others - known for the most important pharmaceutical record :

Antiquity o Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC)

- ancient past, specifically period before Middle Ages - 21 yards (60 ft.) long
- collection of 800 prescriptions, containing 700 drugs
Ancient Babylonia - recorded formulas for gargles, suppositories, inhalations,
- Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia poultices, lotions, and ointments
- cradle of civilization
- earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary o Biblical Records (1200 BC)

o Practitioners of healing (2600 BC) Book of Sirach

- were priests, pharmacists, and physicians, all in one - creation of medicines by God

o Shamans Genesis
- quack doctors - myrrh as astringent, carminative, and protectant

o Clay tablets (800) Exodus

- medical texts - olibanum (frankinscence)
- were used to record the first symptoms of illness, - aromatic resins (frants’-in-sense)
prescription, and directions for compounding and
invocation to the gods Ancient Greece

Ancient China o Hippocrates (460 BC)

- practice of Pharmacy originated from Shen Nung in early - Father of Medicine
2000 BC - sought the rationalization of treatment
- shows the fundamentals of scientific method
o Shen Nung (2000 BC)
- Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics o Theophrastus (300 BC)
- emperor who searched for and experimented on the - known as the Father of Botany
medicinal application of herbs - Greek philosoper and natural scientist
- wrote the first Pen T’sao (The Botanical Basis of - made use of the ability to change the character of plants,
Pharmacy), or native herbal, recording 365 drugs by cultivation and transforming, like wild mint
(menthrastrum) to tame mint (menthe)

Dale Ellivera | Page 3

Ancient Turkey Latin Compilations

o Mithridates VI (about 100 BC) o Antidotaria

- King of Pontus, Father of Toxicology - similar to dispensatories
- known as the Royal Toxicologist
- found time to practice not only the art of poisoning, but o Receptaria
also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning - more modest formularies
- used himself and his prisoners as “guinea pigs” on which
to test poisons and antidotes Damian and Cosmas
- patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Mithridatum - twinship of the health professions
- his popular formula of alleged pan-antidotal power - Arabian descent
- was known for over a thousand years as an antidote - their careers were cut short in the year 303 by martyrdom
against all kinds of poisons - after canonization, they became the patron saints of
- semi-mythical remedy; 65 ingredients (antidote for Pharmacy and Medicine
poisoning)
o Damian - the apothecary
Ancient Mediterranean o Cosmas - the physician

o Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) Monastic Pharmacy

- one of the first therapeutic agents to bear a trademark / - practice of Pharmacy and Medicine passed from lay
means of identification and of gaining customers’ practitioners to the clerics
confidence - translation of Greek books into Latin by the monks
- clay tablet originating from the Mediterranean island of
Lemnos before 500 BC o Monasteries (5th-12th Century)
- one day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian - center of intellectual life
hillside in the presence of governmental and religious - preserved western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine
dignitaries
- washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness o Monks
- the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an - collected and cultivated medicinal plants
official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried - distilled aromatic and cordial waters (non-alcoholic
- the tablets were then widely distributed commercially concentrated syrup, fruit flavoured)

Middle Ages Famous manuscripts :

Pedianos Discorides (1st AD) o De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs Used by the People)
- Father of Pharmacology - Abbot Odo in France
- his texts were considered basic science as late as the 16th
century o Causae et Curae
- Abbess Hildegard in Germany (exploration of the human
o De Materia Medica body)
- 600 plants & 90 minerals
- recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules The Arabs (980-1037 AD)
for collection of drugs, their storage and use (The Herbal) - separated the arts of apothecary and physician
- treaties were more influential and authoritative in Europe
Clausius Galen (130-200 AD) - more refined and elegant way of administering drugs
- first Pharmacist / Botanist
- practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome o Established in Bagdad (late 8th century) the 1st privately
- his principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled owned drugstore
in the Western world for 1,500 years
- his medical writings were basis of treaties on simple drugs o Ibn Sina
- the “Persian Galen”
o Galenicals - known as Avicenna by the Western world
- class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical - pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, diplomat
means - his pharmaceutical teachings contributed to the sciences
of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Cold cream
- originator of the formula (Galen’s cerates)
Dale Ellivera | Page 4
Magna Carta of 1240 AD French Pharmacists
- separation of Pharmacy and Medicine
o Bernard Courtois - iodine in algae, bromine (sea water)
o Issued by Frederick II, head of the Holy Roman Empire o Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier - quinine (used against
o Edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch of malaria), caffeine
public welfare service o Pierre Robiquet - codeine
o Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in Sicily and o Henri Moissan - fluorine by electrolytic methods
southern Italy
o Limitation of the numbers of pharmacies German Pharmacists
o Fixed the prices of remedies
o Required official supervision to pharmaceutical practice o Frederick Serturner - morphine
o Made the use of prescribed formulary compulsory o Johannes Buchner - salicin from willow bark, nicotine from
tobacco; aspirin and nicotinic acid production
The First Official Pharmacopoeia o Rudolf Brandes & Philipp Geiger - hyoscyamine & atropine

o Originated in Florence, Italy 20th Century Scientists

o The Nuovo Receptario written in Italian
o Published and became the legal standard for the city-state o Paul Ehrlich - chemoTx, Arsphenamine (syphilis)
in 1498 o Frederick Banting & Charles Best - insulin
o Savonarola o Gerhardt Domagk - Prontosil (Sulfa drug), for hemolytic
- powerful Dominican monk and political leader streptococci
- gave official advice and guidance o Alexander Fleming - penicillin
o Selman Waksman - streptomycin
Modern Age (Modern Europe) o Jonas Salk - injectable vaccine for polio
o Albert Sabin - oral vaccine for polio
Paracelsus (1493-1541 AD)
- revolutionalized Pharmacy - Society of Apothecaries of
Francis Bacon
London
o Introduced medicinally active “quintessences” from - established an apothecary shop
natural resources; led to important discoveries in drug in Philadelphia
- pioneered pharmaceutical
therapy Christopher Marshall
enterprise
o Transformed pharmacy from botanical science to chemical - practical training school for
science pharmacists
Jonathan Roberts - first hospital pharmacist
The Society of Apothecaries of London John Morgan - advocated prescription writing
- formed by Francis Bacon in 1617 - discovered oxygen, chlorine,
Carl William Scheele
glycerin
o Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the - America’s 1st apothecary general
Apothecaries of the City of London Andrew Craigie - developed wholesaling and
o First organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon World manufacturing business of drugs
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam
- isolated morphine, an alkaloid
Serturner
Italy - cradle of European professional Pharmacy
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier & - discovered quinine used against
st
Joseph-Bienaime Caventou malaria
1. 1 professional European apothecary shop
2. 1st post-antique antidotary Pharmacy in USA
3. 1st pharmacopoeia
4. 1st real botanical garden o In New England, the settler often had to serve as his own
physician and pharmacist; there were limited number of
o Ricettario Florentino stores selling remedies made by the Indians or imports /
- 1st official pharmacopoeia of the European world imitations of the popular ones in England
Modern Age (18th Century) Parkinson & J. Gerards
- English herbalists
o William Withering - digitalis, digoxin - taught the colonial cultivation and use of medicinal plants
o Karl Scheele - arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids
o Edward Jenner - eradication of small pox

Dale Ellivera | Page 5

Druggist 1871
- imported drugs; developed small-scale manufacturing, - the first educational institution of the Pharmacy was founded
operated a dispensing shop and distributed drugs wholesale to in the Philippines
physicians and to general stores at country crossroads - UST started offering the courses B.S. Pharmacy and
Licentiate in Pharmacy
1820
- the 1st United States Pharmacopeia was accepted in USA as Don Leon Ma. Guerrero
the 1st book of drug standards - first Filipino to study Pharmacy
- considered as the Father of Philippine Pharmacy
The Shakers - 1st US industry in medicinal herbs
- 1st President of the American Escuela de Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia (1879)
Daniel B. Smith
Pharmaceutical Association - remedy to the lack of Pharmacists for the people
William Proctor Jr. - Father of American Pharmacy - was for 4 semesters, after which a student will undergo a
- introduced use of medicine dropper general examination
- development of apparatus for
Stanislas Limousin
administration of oxygen
- invented the glass ampules Practitioner of Pharmacy
Behring & Roux - discovered the diphtheria antitoxin - 3 semesters of drugstore practice were needed
Ernest Francois Auguste
- development of Chemotherapy Peninsulares – Spanish pharmacists
Fourneau

Pharmacy in the Philippines Germans

- controlled local sale of chemicals, medicines, dyes, and
3 Recognized group of native healers by Spaniards laboratory equipment which were manufactured in Hamburg

a. Mediquillos – diminutive for medicos October 10, 1879

b. Curanderos – curers - Governor General was given the right to admit graduates of
c. Herbolarios – curers using herbs Pharmacy from other countries; with proper credentials + 6
years of professional practice
o Registered pharmacists and physicians, brought in for the
Spanish army and navy, hardly had enough free time to Dominican Fathers
devote to the natives - put up the 1st College of Pharmacy

o European-trained civilian physicians were assigned to the Franciscans (1577)

cabezeras of the provinces; most of the sick in the town - Hospital de San Juan de Dios and Hospital de San Lazaro
and barrios were attended to by the local "physician-
pharmacist” (mediquillos, curanderos, herolarios) Missionaries
- gave attention to local Philippine medicinal plants
Facultativos
- doctors and pharmacists that came to the Philippines to a. Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, O.P.
practice their profession - studied plants and applied them to the sick in the most
scientific way possible
o The medical malpractice of the natives have been found - wrote a book called Medicinas Caseras
more necessary at the time due to lack of qualified
personnel b. Fr. Manuel Blanco, O.S.A. – Flora de Filipinas

1843 c. Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios

- Governor Francisco Alcala de la Torre officially gave - 1st to make a written record of his findings on plants
recognition to the local practitioners, but were only allowed to
treat the natives

Botiquines
- opened by unqualified persons to serve and dispense simple
medicines, but not to compound prescriptions

Farmaceutico de segunda clase

- government-granted license gained by virtue of practical
training and after passing an examination

Dale Ellivera | Page 6

CHAPTER 3 : PHARMACY EDUCATION Other Scholarships

The Philippine Pharmacy Act (RA 10918) a. UST Faculty of Pharmacy Alumni Association and
- one of its objectives is the regulation and standardization of Scholarship Foundation, Inc. (3rd or 4th Year ; 10 scholars)
Pharmacy Education in the country b. Josephine Sarau Scholarship
c. Mercury Drug Foundation, Inc. Scholarship
Technical Committee on Pharmacy Education (TCPE) d. Daewong Pharma Scholarship
- responsible for the regulation of pharmacy education in the e. DOST Scholarship
country
- its purpose is to develop and prescribe minimum standards Pharmacy Curriculum
for colleges of Pharmacy - BS Pharmacy is currently offered as a 4-year program
- the last year is comprised of a 1200-hour internship or
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervised pharmacy practice expertise
- carries out the implementation of pharmacy education
Course Requirements
Mission Statement o General Education Courses (47 units)
- the main concern of the Pharmacy Education is to provide o Professional Courses (131 units)
the country with pharmacists who are scientifically competent o Internship (30 units)
to deliver the full spectrum of pharmaceutical services
required in health care delivery system Philippine Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (page 50)
- has 34 members, including UST
At the end of the program, the student should have acquired
and developed the knowledge, skills, aptitude, and Schools with Associate Membership (page 52) – 7
competencies in :
Non-PACOP Member Schools (page 52) – 50
1. Practicing Pharmacy in a professional and ethical manner
2. Providing pharmaceutical care Internship Requirements
3. Conducting relevant research and disseminating findings - a total of 1200 hours in the last year of the curriculum
4. Applying managerial and entrepreneurial skills
5. Communicating and facilitating learning effectively Institutional Pharmacy 120 hrs
Public Health and Regulatory Pharmacy 180 hrs
Scholarships Community Pharmacy 300 hrs
Hospital Pharmacy 300 hrs
UST Scholarship Programs Industrial Pharmacy 300 hrs

a. Santo Tomas Scholarship Pharmacy Board Examination

- academic, for batch Valedictorians and Salutatorians - twice a year, March and August

b. Santo Domingo de Guzman Scholarship (Special) Qualifications for the Licensure Examination
- for those inclined in arts, music, and sports (RA 10918, Art III, Sec 14)
- rules set by the Institute of Physical Education and
Athletics (IPEA) 1. Citizen of the Philippines or of a foreign country that has a
law/policy on reciprocity for the practice of the pharmacy
c. San Martin de Porres Scholarship (Equity) profession
- for the poor but academically deserving 2. Of good moral character and reputation
3. Degree holder of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy or its
d. San Lorenzo Ruiz Scholarship (Service) equivalent degree conferred by an HEI in the Philippines,
- financial assistance to those willing to render assistance or an institution of learning in a foreign country duly
for 20-30 hours per week to the university recognized by the CHED

Scholarships from Professional Organizations o In order to be registered and licensed as a pharmacist, a

candidate must obtain a general weighted average of 75%
a. Philippine Pharmacists Association Scholarship (4th Year) with no rating lower than 50% in any of the courses
b. Philippine Association of the Colleges of Pharmacy
Scholarship (4th Year ; two students)
c. Colegio Medico Farmaceutico de Filipinas, Inc Scholarship
and Study Grant (4th Year with Pharmacist/Doctor parent)

Dale Ellivera | Page 7

Pharmacy Board Examination - recent composition of modules Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Baltimore, MD; Williams and Wilkins
Pharmaceutical Chemistry 20% - leading research journal in Pharmacology since 1909
Pharmacology 15% - provides broad coverage of all aspects of interactions of
Practice of Pharmacy 17.5% chemicals with biological systems
Pharmacology-Pharmacokinetics 15%
Pharmaceutics 17.5% Pharmaceutical Research
Quality Assurance Quality Control 15% - New York, NY; Kluwer Academic Publishers
- an official journal of the American Association of
License Requirements Pharmaceutical Scientists
- license is renewable every 3 years subject to the latest - publishes papers w/c describe innovative research covering
requirements the entire spectrum of drug discovery, development,
evaluation, and regulatory approval
1. Certificate of Good Standing from the Accredited
Professional Organization Journals that specialize in a particular disease / in drug therapy
2. Proof of completion of the Continuing Professional
Development requirements American Journal of Health System Pharmacy (1965)
- official publication of the American Society of Health-System
Admission of Women in the University of Santo Tomas Pharmacists (ASHP)
- started in 1924; the College of Pharmacy had 3 applicants - publishes peer-reviewed scientific papers on contemporary
drug therapy and pharmacy practice innovations in hospitals
Pharmacy Botanical Garden and health systems
- co-founded by Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez on October 10, 1932
- the second one was inaugurated on December 7, 1948 after Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA)
the first was destroyed during WWII - Washington, DC; official peer-reviewed journal of the APhA
- provides info on pharmaceutical care, drug therapy, diseases
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and other health issues
- pursuant to Resolution no. 2019, 1146 of the Professional - publishes original research, reviews, experiences, and
Regulatory Board, effective March 1, 2019 opinion articles that link science to contemporary pharmacy
- all pharmacists who wish to renew their professional license practice to improve patient care
should have attended 15 CPD units offered by an accredited
CPD provider The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
- Chicago, Illinois; int’l peer-reviewed general medical journal
CHAPTER 4 : INFORMATION RESOURCES - its key objective is to promote the science and art of
medicine and the betterment of public health
Pharmacy Literature
- reference sources that contain information that relates to Circulation
pharmaceutical services - Dallas, Texas, American Heart Association
- has been divided into three major components - publishes original research manuscripts, review articles, and
other content related to cardiovascular health and disease
Primary Literature
- firsthand / direct source of information Journals on Pharmacy Administration
- record of original reports of scientific, clinical, technological,
and administrative research projects and studies Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
- multidisciplinary journal devoted to solving the problems
Journal in Medicinal Chemistry inherent in management and marketing of pharmaceutical
- Eaton, PA; American Chemical Society; ACS Publications products and services
- most authoritative, comprehensive, and indispensable
provider of chemistry-related info Pharmacoeconomics
- the benchmark journal for peer-reviewed, authoritative, and
Journal of Natural Products practical articles on the application of Pharmacoeconomics
- Washington, DC: ACS & American Society of Pharmacognosy and quality-of-life assessment to optimum drug therapy and
- publishes papers that make substantial and scholarly health outcomes
contributions to the area of natural products research
- articles may be related to chemistry and/or biochemistry of
naturally occurring compounds, or biology of living systems

Dale Ellivera | Page 8

Social Science and Medicine Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (Amsterdam; Elsevier)
- provides an international and interdisciplinary forum for - provides a forum for the critical analysis of advanced drug
dissemination of social science research on health and gene delivery systems and their applications in human
- publishes material relevant to any aspect of health from a and veterinary medicine
wide range of social science disciplines; and material relevant
to social sciences from any of the professions concerned with B. Databases
physical and mental health, health care, clinical practice, and - allow access to original research articles
health policy and organization - most common databases used for pharmaceutical,
clinical, and therapeutic topics are listed below :
Journals on Pharmacy Education
- produced by the Nat’l Center for
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education PUBMED Biotechnology Information at the US Nat’l
Library of Medicine
- official scholarly publication of the American Association of - produced by US Nat’l Library of
Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) MEDLINE
Medicine; available to the public
- its purpose is to document and advance pharmaceutical - produced by Elsevier in Amsterdam,
education in the US and internationally Netherlands
EMBASE
- covers European lit. more in depth than
(Evidence-Based
MEDLINE and more in drug information &
Journal of Pharmacy Testing Medicine Databases) biological sciences that are related to
- originally published by Informa Healthcare (1990-2008), then human medicine
offered to the public for free by CLOCKSS (May 2011) - provides access to systematic reviews,
conducted on all RCTs (randomized
- produced 14 volumes highlighting new methods in pharmacy EBM
controlled trials) on a particular topic that
teaching for the professional pharmacology community (Evidence-Based are subjected to meta-analysis and the
Medicine Databases) evidence of which is used for clinical
o Printed Journals decisions
- produced by the American Society of
- accessed through printed indexes and abstracts available
Health-system Pharmacists (ASHP)
in libraries; online indexes are available through internet - covers pharmacy trade magazines, state
IPA pharmacy journals, meeting abstracts of
o Online Journals (International pharmacy-related associations that are
- some may require paid individual / institutional Pharmaceutical not found in other databases
Abstracts) - the best database for articles on
subscriptions pharmacy administration, drug laws and
legislation, pharmacy ethics, and
o Packaged Medical Collections pharmaceutical manufacturing
- provide access to collections of textbooks, databases, and - world’s largest scientific database;
produced by the ACS’s Chemical
other materials Abstracts Service (CAS)
- e.g. Stat!Ref, MDConsult, UpToDate - most important database for drug
development; contains abstracts from
Secondary Literature journals, patents, technical reports,
Chemical Abstracts
books, conference proceedings, and
- includes groups of heterogenous information sources that (CAplus or CA Search) dissertations
function as a guide to information that has been published in CAS Registry System
the primary literature - designates code numbers to chemical
- includes review articles, systematic reviews, and meta- substances that serve as an identifier for
each substance regardless as to how
analyses, and bibliographic databases
many names this substance has
- online version of Biological Abstracts
A. Reviews / Systematic Reviews and BioResearch Index produced by
BIOSIS Philadelphia, PA
BIOSIS Previews
Reviews (review article) - includes literatures of life sciences, pre-
clinical toxicity and carcinogenicity
- summary of info from different studies taken from a studies
primary literature TOXLINE and TOXNET - from the US National Library of
Databases Medicine
Systematic Reviews SciVerse Scopus
- contains data from EMBASE database
- organized manner of evaluating individual articles from w/c gives access to researches to articles
(Elsevier) that cited seminal article
primary literature; most common method is meta-analysis

Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Amsterdam; Elsevier)

- official peer-reviewed journal of the School of Pharmacy-
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- publishes original research in pharmaceutical fields;
scheduled to appear quarterly
Dale Ellivera | Page 9
Tertiary Reference D. Drug Information on Prescription Products
- this general reference source presents information derived E. Drug Information on Compounded Preparations
from the vast primary literature in a condensed and compact F. Drug Information on Non-prescription Products
format G. Herbal Medicines and Natural Products
H. Drug Interactions and Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
A. Textbook I. Poisoning and Toxicology
- major function is to present a topic in a manner in which J. Formulation and Manufacturing
it can be used as the basis for instruction in a particular K. Product Identification
subject area L. Consumer Drug Information
- gives introduction to key research findings and concepts M. Personalized Medicine
N. Professional Associations
Examples :
Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms & Drug Delivery Systems 10th Ed. #NoWayButUp
Goodman and Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis
Quality Control Training Manual : Comprehensive Training Guide for API
Pharmaceutics : The Design and Manufacture of Medicines

B. Nomenclature
- contains comprehensive info of a drug

o To search for a drug, the nonproprietary name or

generic name is used

o For naming conventions, the two resources usually

utilized are USP Dictionary of USAN and International
Drug Names and the World Health Organization’s
International Nonproprietary Names (INN)

Other sources include :

1. American Drug Index

- published yearly and contains over-the-counter-drugs
or their combination and are currently available in the
United States

2. Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and

Biologicals
- includes chemical, nonproprietary and generic names,
chemical structures and formula, and CAS Registry
Numbers
- also provides a cross index to the individual
monographs

3. Index Nominum : International Drug Directory

- resource for foreign drug substances including the
therapeutic category and manufacturer

C. Pharmacopeias and Resources for Drug & Excipient

Standards
- pharmacopeia as described in Remington Pharmaceutics;
a list of drugs and drug products that describes the purity,
strength, method of preparation, and other information

Examples :
United States Pharmacopeia (USP/NF)
Japanese Pharmacopeia
British Pharmacopeia

Dale Ellivera | Page 10