Distribution Substation For Industrial Plant

4.
Distribution Substation for

Industrial Plant
What is Transmission And What is Distribution?
By Function:
• Transmission: Transmission of bulk power
• Distribution: includes utilization voltage and sources for these including transformer &
their source.
By voltage Class:
• Transmission: 66 kV -1100kV
• Distribution: 33kV and below (some country up to 132 kV categorized as distribution.)
By Configuration:
• Transmission: often designed and operates in network
• Distribution: often designed and operates radially.
By Designer prospective:
• Transmission: grid status mainly the power and distance
• Distribution: Consumers demand and location
4.1 Introduction:
• Substations serve as sources of energy supply for the local
areas of distribution in which these are located.
• Main function:
• To receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating
stations
• Reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution
• Provide facilities for switching
4.2 Classification
• On the basis of
1. Nature of duties
2. Service rendered
3. Operating voltage
4. Importance
5. Design
1. Classification of substation on the basis of Nature of duties:
• Classified into the following 3 categories:
1. Step-Up or Primary Substation:
• Associated with generating station
• Generating voltage (3.3, 6.6, 11 or 33 KV) is stepped up to
primary transmission voltage ( 66-11000KV) so that huge
blocks of power can be transmitted over long distances to the
load centers economically.
2. Primary Grid Substation:
• Located at suitable load centers long the primary transmission
• Primary transmission voltage is stepped down to different
secondary voltage.
3. Step – Down or Distribution Substations:
• Located at the load centers, where the sub-transmission/primary
distribution voltage is stepped down to secondary distribution
voltage ( 380 V/ 220 V)
• Feed the consumers through distribution network and service lines
2. Classification of substation on the basis of Service rendered
1. Transformer Substation:
• Installed on such substation to transform the power from one
voltage to another level as per needs,
2. Switching Substation:
• Switching operation of power lines without transforming the
voltage.
• Different connections are made between various transmission line
3. Converting Substation:
• Either converting ac to dc or vice versa.
3. Classification of substation on the basis of operating voltage:
1. High voltage substation (HV substation):
• Includes voltage between 11 KV and 66 KV
2. Extra High voltage substation (EHV substation):

• Includes voltage between 132 KV and 400 KV
3. Ultra High voltage substation (UHV substation):

• Includes voltage above 400 KV.
4. Classification of substation on the basis of importance :
1. Grid Substation
• From where bulk power is transmitted from one point to another
point in the grid.
• Important because any disturbance in these substation may cause
failure of the grid.
2. Town Substation
• Step-down the voltages at 33/11 KV for further distribution in the
towns
• Any failure in such substations results in the failure of supply for
whole of the town.
5. Classification of substation on the basis of design:
1. Indoor type substation:
• Equipment of substation is installed within the substation building
• Usually for a voltage upto 11 KV but can be erected for the 33 KV
and 66 KV when the surrounding atmosphere is contaminated with
impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive
dust etc.
• Switchgear on supply or primary side will consist of circuit
breaker.
• From the bus bar various feeders emerge out.
• The panel for each feeder consists of an isolator and circuit breaker,
the panel is provided with the measuring instruments.
• The auxiliaries of the indoor substations are
i. Storage batteries:
Used for operation of relay, emergencies lighting in
substations in case of failure of supply.
ii. Fire extinguishers
Such as water bucket, fire extinguishers etc.
2. Outdoor substation:
• Further classified as:
1. Pole mounted substation
2. Foundation mounted substation
1. Pole mounted substation:

• Erected for mounting distribution transformers of capacity upto
250 KVA.
• Cheapest, simple and smaller of substations.
• All the equipment is of outdoor type and mounted on the
supporting structure.
• HT fuse unit is installed for protection of HT side.
• To control LT side iron clad low tension switch of suitable
capacity with fuses is installed.
• Lightning arrestors are installed over the HT line to protect the
transformer from the surges.
• Earthed at two or more places.
• Generally 2 pole structure or 4 pole structure is used depending
upon the strength of pole and capacity of transformer.
• Maintenance cost is low.
• Large number of such substation is used in town for domestic
consumer power supply.
2. Foundation mounted substation:
• Build entirely in the open
• Used for primary and secondary transmission and for secondary
distribution (above 250 KVA)
• Equipment require for such substation is heavy, therefore site
selected for these substations must have a good access for heavy
transport.
• There should be good access path for installed equipment in the
substation for maintenance, inspection and cleaning purpose.
Advantages of outdoor substation over indoor substation:
1. All the equipment is within view and therefore fault location
is easier.
2. The extension of the installation is easier, if required.
3. The smaller amount of building materials (steel- concrete) is
required.
4. Repairing work is easy
5. There is practically no danger of a fault which appears at one
point being carried over to another point in the installation
because the apparatus of the adjoining connections can be
spaced liberally, without any appreciable increase in costs.
Disadvantages of outdoor substation over indoor substation:
1. The various switching operations with the isolators, as well as
supervision and maintenance of the apparatus is to be
performed in open air during all kinds of weather.
2. More space is required for the substation.
3. Protection devices are required to be installed for protection
against lightning surges.
4. The length of control cables require is more
5. The influence of rapid fluctuation in ambient temperature and
dust and dirt deposits upon the outdoor substation equipment
makes it necessary to install apparatus specially designed for
outdoor service and therefore more costly.
Selection and location of site:
The following factors are considered making site selection for
a substation:
1. Type of substation:
• Step up substation close to the generating station as possible to
minimize transmission line.
• Step down substation should be located nearer to the load center to
reduce transmission losses, cost of distribution system and better
reliability of supply
2. Availability of suitable and sufficient land:
• The land proposed for a substation should be normally level and
open from all sides.
• Should not be water logged particularly in rainy season.
• Approach of transmission lines and their take off can be easily
possible without any obstruction.
3. Communication facility:
• Suitable communication facility is desirable at proposed substation
both during and after its construction.
• Better to select site where existing road to facilatate an easier and
cheaper transportation.
4. Atmospheric pollution:
• Atmospheric around factories, which, may produce metal corroding
gases, air fumes, conductive dust etc., and nearer sea coasts, where
air may be more humid and may be salt loaden.
5. Availability of Essential Amenities to the staff:

• The site should be such where staff can be provided essential
amenities like school, hospital, drinking water, housing etc.
6. Drainage Facility:
• Should have proper drainage arrangement or possibility of making
effective drainage arrangement to avoid pollution of air and growth
of micro-organisms detrimental to equipment and health.

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4.

Distribution Substation for

2. Extra High voltage substation (EHV substation):

3. Ultra High voltage substation (UHV substation):

1. Pole mounted substation:

5. Availability of Essential Amenities to the staff:

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