ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

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 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

❖ 1. General rules of electrical installation design

❖ 2. Connection to the MV distribution network
❖ 3. Connection to the LV distribution network
❖ 4. MV & LV architecture selection
❖ 5. LV Distribution
❖ 6. Protection against electric shocks and fires
❖ 7. Sizing and protection of Conductors
❖ 8. LV switchgear
❖ 9. Overvoltage protection
❖ 10. Energy efficiency
❖ 11. Power Factor Correction
❖ 12. Harmonic management
❖ 13. Characteristics of particular sources and loads
❖ 14. PV installation

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 1. General rules of electrical installation design
Regulations
• E.g IEC 60364: Low-voltage electrical installations.
Standards
• The safety principles of IEC 60364 series, IEC 61140, 60479 series and IEC
61201 are the fundamentals
• Quality and safety of an electrical installation
• The design has been done according to the latest edition of the appropriate
wiring rules
• The electrical equipment comply with relevant product standards
• The initial checking and testing of conformity of the electrical installation
with the standard and regulation has been achieved.
• The periodic checking of the installation recommended is respected

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Periodic check-testing of an installation

The following tests should be performed:

• Verification of RCD effectiveness and
adjustments
• Appropriate measurements for providing safety
of persons against effects of electric shock and
protection against damage to property against
fire and heat.
• Confirmation that the installation is not damaged
• Identification of installation defects.

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Internal
 power loads Characteristics

The examination of actual values of apparent-power

required by each load enables the establishment of:
• A declared power demand which determines the
contract for the supply of energy
• The rating of the MV/LV transformer
• Levels of load current at each distribution board.
• Inductive Motor—starting current
• Resistive load---lamp, heating
• LED lamps

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 Power loading of an installation

Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand

Diversity factor / Coincidence factor (ks)

• The determination of ks factors is the responsibility of the designer
(non simultaneous operation of all appliances of a given
group)
• ku Utilization factor (e.g. an electric motor is not
generally operated at its full-load capability, etc.)
• Motor-0.75
• Lamp-1
• Socket—depend on users
The values given are based on experience and on records
taken from actual installations.
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Diversity factor for an apartment block

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Internal
 Choice of transformer rating

The possibility of improving the power factor of the

installation. ( capacitor bank)
Anticipated future extensions to the installation
Installation constraints (e.g. temperature)
Standard transformer ratings. E.g. 50kva, 100, 150, 200,
315, 500, 750, 1000 etc
The factor of maximum utilization (ku)
The diversity factor (ks)

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2. Connection to the MV utility
distribution network

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 Layout and arrangement drawings of the proposed
substation

• Situation of the substation with regard to traffic lane

• Location of the substation
• Arrangement drawings showing clearly the location of the
electrical equipment (MV Switchboard, transformers,
Metering panel,…)
• Routing of MV cables
• Single line diagram and type of protections
• Main characteristics of electrical equipment
• Power factor correction
• Earthing system

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Protection against electrical hazards, faults and mis-
operations in electrical installations

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 MV/LV transformer protection with circuit
breaker
• MV/LV transformer protection with circuit-breaker is usually used in
large Commercial, Industrial and Building applications and
especially when the transformer power exceeds 500 kVA.
• In these applications, switchboards made of modular units provide
high flexibility.
• The protection chain of each unit may include self powered relays
bringing a high level of safety and optimized CTs
• This solution provides;
• The maintenance
• The improvement of protection of the transformer
• The improvement of the selectivity with the LV installation (ACB)
• The insensitivity to the inrush currents (a natural phenomenon and
the protection should not operate).
• The detection of low earth fault current
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 Functions of a substation with LV metering

Connection to the MV network

• By a single service cable or overhead line,
• By dual parallel feeders via two
mechanically interlocked load-break
switches
• Via a ring main unit including two load-
break switches

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 MV/LV Transformer
• Oil-immersed for transformer preferably
located outside premises
• Dry-type, cast-resin preferred for
transformers located inside premises such
as buildings receiving the public.

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 Metering
• Most of the LV metering and billing principles take into
account the MV/ LV transformer losses.
• The characteristics and the location of the VT’s and CT’s
dedicated to the metering must comply with the utility’s
requirements.
• The metering current transformers are generally installed
in the LV terminal box of the power transformer,
alternatively they can be installed in a dedicated
compartment in the main LV switchboard.
• The compartments housing the metering VT’s and CT’s
are generally sealed by the utility.
• The meters are mounted on a dedicated panel
accessible by the utility at any time
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 Capacitors
• Capacitors are intended to maintain the
power factor of the installation at the
contractual value specified by the utility.
The capacitor banks are connected on the
main LV switchboard and can be fixed or
adjustable by means of steps controlled by
a regulator.

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 Metal-enclosed switchgear
• AIS (Air Insulated Switchgear)
• SIS (Solid Insulated Switchgear)
• GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear)
• 2SIS (Shielded Solid Insulated
Switchgear)

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 Choice of MV/LV transformer
Rated power: the apparent-power in kVA Frequency:
50 Hz or 60 Hz
Rated primary voltage:
Rated secondary voltage:
Transformer ratio:
Rated insulation levels:
Off-load tap-Changer switch: transformer ratio within the
range ± 2.5 % and ± 5 %.
Winding configurations: Star, Delta Dyn11:
Phase shifting between the primary and the secondary voltage: 30°

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 Parallel operation of
transformers
• Same voltage ratio
• Same rated power
• Same short circuit impedance.
• Same coupling symbol of windings as for
example D yn 11
• Same impedances of the LV links between
the transformers and the main LV
switchboard where the paralleling is
realized.
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 Medium Voltage Transformer
ODT – Oil Distribution Transformer MPT – Medium Power Transformer

CRT – Cast Resin Transformer SPT - Special Transformer

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Equipment at switching stations
Current transformers Surge arresters

110kV circuit breaker Transformer bushings

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Internal
 Major causes of faults in the transformer are:

• Insulation Breakdown.
• Over heating due to over excitation.
• Oil contamination and leakage.
• Reduced Cooling.
• Phase to phase and Phase to Ground Fault.
• Turn to Turn Fault.
• Transformer Overload.

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 Switchgear
• Switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect
switches and circuit breakers used to control, protect and
isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to
de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to
clear fault downstream.
• The switches, fuses, circuit breaker, isolator, relays,
current and potential transformer,
• indicating instrument, lightning arresters and
• control panels are examples of the switchgear devices.

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MV 11kV Switchgear

➢ Withdrawal Vacuum Circuit

Breaker
➢ Type Tested Panel
➢ High mechanical and
electrical endurance
➢ Optimal operating safety
➢ Monitoring and Control

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Internal
3. Connection to the LV utility distribution network

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 The two principal limiting
parameters of a distributor
• The maximum current which it is capable
of carrying indefinitely,
• The maximum length of cable which, when
carrying its maximum current, will not
exceed the statutory voltage-drop limit

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 Large loads
• (e.g. > 300 kVA) require correspondingly large cables, so
that, unless the load centre is close to the substation,
this method can be economically unfavourable
• Many utilities prefer to supply loads exceeding 200 kVA
(this figure varies with different suppliers) at medium
voltage For these reasons, dedicated supply lines at LV
are generally applied (at 220/380 V to 240/415 V) to a
load range of 80 kVA to 250 kVA.
• Consumers normally supplied at low voltage include:
• Residential dwellings
• Shops and commercial buildings
• Small factories, workshops and filling stations
• Restaurants
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• LV consumers are normally supplied
according to the TN or TT system.
• The installation main circuit breaker for a
TT supply must include a residual current
earth-leakage protective device.
• For a TN service, overcurrent protection
by circuit breaker or switch-fuse is
required

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 Quality of LV supply voltage

• Compliance with statutory limits of magnitude and

frequency
• Freedom from continual fluctuation within those limits
• Uninterrupted power supply, except for scheduled
maintenance shutdowns, or as a result of system faults
or other emergencies.
• Preservation of a near-sinusoidal wave form

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 Power quality
• To supply a clean and stable power flow as a constantly
available power supply.
• The power flow should have a pure sinusoidal wave
form and it should remain within specified voltage and
frequency tolerances.
• A voltage fluctuation is a regular change
in voltage that happen when devices or equipment
requiring a higher load are used.

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 LV Metering
• Most of the LV metering and billing principles take into account the
MV/ LV transformer losses.
• The characteristics and the location of the VT’s and CT’s dedicated
to the metering must comply with the utility’s requirements.
• The metering current transformers are generally installed in the LV
terminal box of the power transformer, alternatively they can be
installed in a dedicated compartment in the main LV switchboard.
• The compartments housing the metering VT’s and CT’s are
generally sealed by the utility.

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Power Monitoring
Dual Source Energy Meter

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4. MV & LV architecture selection guide for buildings

• Residential buildings
• Commercial buildings
• Industry buildings
• Infrastructure buildings
(the transport and utility operation)

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 Different categories

• Single storey building,

• Multi-storey building,
• Multi-building site,
• High-rise building

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 Objectives

• Layout--- the electrical equipment in the building:

• Service reliability
• Maintainability
• Installation flexibility---- during the pre-project
summary stage, Flexibility of design:, extension,
changing usage.
• Evolution
• Disturbance sensitivity---- overvoltages, voltage
harmonic distorsion, voltage drop, voltage imbalance
• Indication

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 List of equipments to consider
• MV/LV substation,
• Transformers,
• LV switchboards,
• Busway,
• UPS units,
• Power factor correction and filtering equipment.
• Generators

Criteria to consider

• Service conditions (presence of moisture, water, dust, etc.),

• Power availability, including service index for LV switchboards,
• Safety (for people using or operating the installation),
• Local regulations,
• Previous architecture choices.

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Internal
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Internal
 5. General Structure of LV Distribution

Level 1 General LV
= incomer Switchboard

Level 2
= MSB
ACBs
feeders

Distribution
Level 3 Switchboard
= power or motor
distribution control
MCCB

Level 4
MCBs
Final
= final distribution switchboards

E62649
distribution

Loads
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• Earthing

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Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
 TT system:

• Technique for the protection of

persons: the exposed conductive parts
are earthed and residual current devices
(RCDs) are used
• Operating technique: interruption for the
first insulation fault

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 TN system
• Technique for the protection of persons:
• Interconnection and earthing of exposed
conductive parts and the neutral are mandatory
• Interruption for the first fault using overcurrent
protection (circuit breakers or fuses)
• Operating technique: interruption for the first
insulation fault.

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The installation system
Panel board ( form)

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 Cables and busway

Busway
An innovative solution to transport & distribute energy
a prefabricated electric distribution system consisting of
busbars in a protective enclosure, including straight
lengths, fittings, devices and accessories

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 The Importance of Busway

• Safe and reliable power distribution system to ensure the

electricity continuity and human and equipment safety

Transformer + Switchboard Heart

Busway Blood Vessel

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 Typical application of busway trunking system

1. Power distribution

room

2. Factory workshop

3. Riser application

4. Office & parking area

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 Cable Busway

Centralized
Decentralized
More circuits, more fault
Less circuits, less fault points
points
Protected by circuit breaker on
No breaker protection
tap-off unit
Less type test on cable,
Prefabricated and Pretested as
quality depend on the
per IEC61439-6 (25 verifications)
workmanship of worker
Routine tests need to be done
More installation on the
before ex-factory
job site

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Safety – Fire aspect
Cable Busway

Insulation – PVC (Polyvinyl

Chloride) Polyester film or Epoxy, no PVC

Contain Halogen Halogen free

Generate smoke, reduced visibility No smoke

Toxic gas emission No toxic emission

PVC - Not Incinerated or recyclable All materials can be recycled

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 Performance
Cable Busway
Lower than Verified as per IEC, up
Short circuit busway, no short to 150KA
circuit test Metal enclosure

IP rating no definite value Up to IP66

IK rating no definite value Up to IK10

Temperature Lower, better heat

Higher
Rise dissipation

Voltage Drop Higher Lower, lower resistance

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 Flexibility
• Easy design
Design of Cable Design of I-LINE II Busway

Need to know the exact layout beforehand. (e.g. Design of I-LINE busway can be flexibly varied according
size of the panel, cable tray, cable lengths to actual site conditions

1 load = 1 cable length & 1 rating One run can cover whole area with arrangement of PIOs

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 Flexibility - Installation

Installation of Cable Installation of Busway

• Have to pull out the old cable and use a new • Easy to change the load position, adding a
cable new load
• Moving or adding a load = Whole lines • Moving or adding a load = No interruption of
power off the line: PIU up to 400A can even be handled
while power on

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 Flexibility – Easy and fast installation

Installation of Cable Installation of Busway

•Connection on switchboard •Connection on switchboard

•Cut the cables •Insert the elbow
•Curve the cables •Tighten only 2 bolts
•Crimp the connectors
•Insulate the connections
•Bolt the cables on the switchboard busbar

Many workers necessary for cable pulling Only 2 workers necessary for busway installation

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 Compact
Installation of Cable Installation of Busway

90°

•More Space •Less space

•Large radius for bending and turning •Same as straight length, no extra space required

•More cables required for same amount of power

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Environmental Friendly
Cable Busway

Insulation not Recyclable Fully Recyclable

Not reusable reusable

Life cycle 15 years Life cycle more than 30 years

Halogen
Contain Halogen
RoHS compliant

Not efficient as busway Energy saving, green

leaf certificate

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 Cost Calculation
Compared with cable, investment of cable will be higher than
busway in 30 years, since cable need to be totally replaced every
15 years according to common application

Replacement cost

Maintenance

Installation cost

Tap-off box

Cable tray & Support

Material cost
Cable Busway

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Internal
 Harmonic current
The electronic loads ---- generating harmonic currents.
(non-linear loads:)

• Industrial equipment (Soldering machines, Induction furnaces,

bridge rectifiers and battery chargers)
• Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) with AC or DC motors
• (UPS)
• Information Technology Equipment (computers, monitors, servers,
copiers, printers, etc.)
• Domestic equipment (TV sets, microwave ovens, fluorescent lamps,
light dimmers, etc.).

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6. Protection against electric shocks and
electrical fires
• An electric shock is the pathophysiological
effect of an electric current through the
human body
• Electrical fires are caused by overloads,
short circuits and earth leakage currents,
but also by electric arcs in cables and
connections

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Internal
 danger
• When a current exceeding 30 mA passes near
the heart of a human body, the person
concerned is in serious danger if the current is
not interrupted in a very short time.
• The protection of persons against electric shock
in LV installations must be provided in conformity
with appropriate national standards, statutory
regulations, codes of practice, official guides and
circulars etc.

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Internal
Internal
 TN
• If the protection is to be provided by a
circuit breaker, it is sufficient to verify that
the fault current will always exceed the
current-setting level of the instantaneous
or short-time delay tripping unit (Im)

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 Types of RCD
• Type AC RCD are suitable for general use and cover most of the
applications in practice.
• Type A In addition to the detection characteristics of type AC RCDs,
Type A RCDs detect pulsating DC residual current. for single phase
electronic loads.
• Type F RCD In addition to the detection characteristics of type A
RCDs,type, F RCDs are specially designed for circuit protection where
single phase variable speed drivers could be used. (washing machine,
air conditioner, …) . Type F also has enhanced disturbance withstand
characteristics (non-tripping on surge current).
• Type B RCD to be used for loads with three-phase rectifier, such as
variable speed drives, PV system, EV charging station and medical
equipment.

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Internal
 Choice of characteristics of a
residual-current circuit breaker
• The rated current of a RCCB is chosen
according to the maximum sustained load
current it will carry.
• If the RCCB is connected in series with, and
downstream of a circuit breaker, the rated
current of both items will be the same,
• If the RCCB is located upstream of a group of
circuits, protected by circuit breakers. (Ku Ks)

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Internal
 RCCB
Protection
• Level 1: RCD time-delayed (setting III)
• Level 2: RCD time-delayed (setting II)
• Level 3: RCD time-delayed (setting I) or
type S
• Level 4: RCD instantaneous

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7. Sizing and protection of conductors
Method of installation

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Internal
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 The current-carrying capacities of cables in the air are
based on an average air temperature equal to 30 °C. For
other temperatures,

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The current-carrying capacities of cables in the
ground are based on an average ground
temperature equal to 20 °C.

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Number of circuit

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Installation method

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Voltage drop

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Earth conductor

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Earth cable size of Transformer
to MDB

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 The neutral conductor
• depend on several factors,
• The type of earthing system, TT, TN, etc.
• The harmonic currents
• method of protection against indirect
contact hazards.

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 Sizing the neutral conductor
• TT and TN-S
• Single-phase circuits or those of c.s.a. 16 mm2 (copper) 25 mm2
(aluminium): the c.s.a. of the neutral conductor must be equal to that of
the phases.
• Three-phase circuits of c.s.a. > 16 mm2 copper or 25 mm2 aluminium:
the c.s.a. of the neutral may be chosen to be:
Equal to that of the phase conductors, or
Smaller, on condition that: - The current likely to flow through the
neutral in normal conditions.
The influence of harmonics

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neutral cross section = 1.5 x phase cross section

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 Breaking of the neutral
conductor
• In TN-C
• The neutral conductor must not be open-
circuited under any circumstances since it
constitutes a PE as well as a neutral
conductor.
• In TT, TN-S
• In the event of a fault, the circuit breaker
will open all poles, including the neutral
pole, i.e. the circuit breaker is omnipolar
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 8. LV switchgear
The main functions of switchgear are:
• Electrical protection
• Electrical isolation of the electrical installation, circuits or
individual equipment
• Local or remote switching

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 Electrical protection
• The elements of the installation or circuits (cables, wires,
switchgear…)
• Persons and animals
• Equipment and appliances supplied from the installation.
The protection of circuits:
Against overload;
Against short-circuit currents due to complete failure of insulation
between conductors of different phases or between a phase an neutral
conductor or between a phase an PE or earth.

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 Electrical Distribution Network
(EDN) - Calculation
Loads

Transformer Rating

Cable Size

Fault Calculation

Discrimination &
Cascading

Communication

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

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 Types of faults

Overload L

L-N
Short circuit L-L
L-L-L

Earth Fault L-E

Generally, Which Fault is the basis for

design of electrical distribution network?

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Internal
 Over load
This is the scenario when load current exceeds the
current carrying capacity of wire/cables.

2.5mm2 cable current carrying capacity = 24A

Total Load Current 12A 12A 12A

LOAD LOAD LOAD
= IL1 + IL2 + IL3
(3) (2) (1)
= 12 + 12 + 12
= 12
24
= 36A

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 Over load
Causes:
➢Overloading of equipments.
➢Improper rating selection of wires
and cables.
➢Unplanned expansion of electrical
installation

Consequences:
➢Heating of wire
➢Degradation of insulation
➢Decreasing wire life
➢May cause FIRE
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 Short circuit
This is the scenario when Phase and Phase/Neutral
conductors are connected with very low resistance path,
which results in flow of very high current through the
installation.

2.5mm2 cable current carrying capacity = High current A

12A
If=V/R LOAD
= 230/.01 (1)

=23000A

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 Short circuit
Causes:
➢Poor quality insulation
➢Insulation failure due to heating
➢Insulation failure due to damage
during wire pulling through conduit
➢Insulation failure due to ageing
➢Improper wiring
➢Damage to insulation
Consequences:
➢May cause FIRE
➢Irrevocable installation damage

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 Earth Fault
This is the scenario when Phase and Earth conductors are
connected with least resistance path, which results in flow
of fault current through the installation.

2.5mm2 cable current carrying capacity = 50A

12A
LOAD
(1)
If=V/R
= 12 = 230/R
Fault Current = Fault Current

= 38A

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 Earth Fault
Causes:
➢Poor quality insulation
➢Insulation failure due to heating
➢Insulation failure due to ageing
➢Accidental contact with live part

Consequences:
➢Main cause for FIRE
➢Irrevocable installation damage
➢Human life

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 Theory on Earth fault
• Earth Leakage – Current flowing to earth, from the live parts of the installation , in
the absence of an insulation fault
• Earth Fault – Current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault.
– Causes of occurrence of residual current faults are:
• Ageing of the installation which results in:
– less effective insulation
– the risk of very small leakage currents
Presence of humidity
– Effects of currents, when allowed to pass through the conductive parts: -
• When a 30mA current passes through a human body, there is a probability
of heart fibrillation.
• 300mA current is sufficient to cause fire when allowed to leak through the
insulation.
• 30A current may cause material destruction.

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 Circuit breaker
The fundamental characteristics of a
circuit breaker are:
• Its rated voltage Ue- normal condition
• Its rated current In-- Max
• Its tripping-current-level adjustment ranges for overload protection
(Ir or Irth) and for short-circuit protection (Im) -10 times.
• Its short-circuit current breaking rating (Icu for industrial CBs; Icn for
domestic-type CBs).
• Rated insulation voltage (Ui)
• Rated impulse-withstand voltage (Uimp)
• rated short-time withstand current (Icw)
• Rated making capacity (Icm)
• Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity (Ics)

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 Parameters influencing the
ageing
• Temperature
• vibration
• relative humidity
• salt environment
• dust
• corrosive atmospheres.
• percent load
• current harmonics
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 9. Overvoltage protection
• lightning protection
• The system for protecting a building
against the effects of lightning must
include:
• protection of structures against direct
lightning strokes;
• protection of electrical installations against
direct and indirect lightning strokes.

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 The role of the building
protection system
• to protect it against direct lightning strokes. The system
consists of:
• the capture device: the lightning protection system;
• down-conductors designed to convey the lightning
current to earth;
• links between all metallic frames (equipotential
bonding) and the earth leads. When the lightning
current flows in a conductor, if potential differences
appear between it and the frames connected to earth
that are located in the vicinity, the latter can cause
destructive flashovers.

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 The electrical installation
protection system
• one or more SPDs depending on the building
configuration;
• the equipotential bonding: metallic mesh of exposed
conductive parts

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 The Surge Protection Device
(SPD)
• The Type 1 SPD is recommended in the specific
case of service-sector and industrial buildings,
• Type 2 SPD is the main protection system for all
low voltage electrical installations. Installed in
each electrical switchboard ( without LA scope)
• Type 3 SPDs have a low discharge capacity.
They must therefore mandatorily be installed as
a supplement to Type 2 SPD and in the vicinity
of sensitive loads.

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• number of poles in SPD;
• voltage protection level Up;
• operating voltage Uc.

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Internal
 Installation of SPDs
• SPD to the loads should be as short as possible in order to
reduce the value of the voltage protection level (installed
Up)
• The total length of SPD connections to the network and the
earth terminal block should not exceed 50 cm.(4 mm²(Cu))
)))for connection of Type 2 SPD;

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Solar inverter

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 10. Energy efficiency in
electrical distribution
• Monitoring of electrical installation

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 Savings can be made by:

• Replacing an oversized old motor with an

appropriate high-efficiency motor
• Operating the motor cleverly
• Choosing an appropriate motor starter/
controller
• Lighting control

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• The method for starting/controlling a motor
should always be based on a system-level
analysis, considering several factors such
as variable speed requirements, overall
efficiency and cost, mechanical
constraints, reliability, etc

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Power monitoring

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11. Power Factor Correction
Value of PF

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 Power Factor

• The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of

the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit
• Low power factor load will draw more current, this higher current increase
the energy lost in the distribution system, and so require large wires

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 Power Factor Correction

• Why to improve the power factor?

• Reduction of losses (P, kW) in cables
• Losses in cables are proportional to the current squared, and are measured by the
• kWh meter of the installation. Reduction of the total current in a conductor by 10%
• for example, will reduce the losses by almost 20%.
• Reduction of voltage drop
• Power factor correction equipment reduce or even cancel completely the
• (inductive) reactive current in upstream conductors, thereby reducing or eliminating
• voltage drops.
• Note: Over compensation will produce a voltage rise at the equipment level.
• Increase in available power
• By improving the power factor of a load supplied from a transformer, the current
• through the transformer will be reduced, thereby allowing more load to be added.
• In practice, it may be less expensive to improve the power factor than to replace
the transformer by a larger unit.

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 Why to improve the power
factor?
• Improvement of the power factor of an installation presents several
technical and economic advantages, notably in the reduction of
electricity bills
• Power factor improvement allows the use of smaller transformers,
switchgear and cables, etc. as well as reducing power losses and
voltage drop in an installation
• Reduction of cable size
• The installation of a capacitor bank can avoid the need to
change a transformer in the event of a load increase
• Where metering is carried out at the MV side of a transformer, the
reactive-energy losses in the transformer may need to be
compensated.

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 How to improve the power
factor?
• Improving the power factor of an
installation requires a bank of capacitors
which acts as a source of reactive energy.
This arrangement is said to provide
reactive energy compensation

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Non-linear load

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 12. Harmonic management
the main risks linked to harmonics:
• Overload of distribution networks due to the increase of r.m.s.
currents,
• Overload of neutral conductors, which current can exceed the phase
currents,
• Overload, vibration and premature ageing of generators,
transformers and motors as well as increased transformer hum,
• Overload and premature ageing of Power Factor Correction
capacitors,
• Distortion of the supply voltage that can disturb sensitive loads,
• Disturbance in communication networks and telephone lines

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Harmonic current

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 A number of indicators
• Power factor
• Crest factor---ratio of voltage at peak current and
rms voltage
• Harmonic spectrum
• R.m.s. value

Internal
 Usefulness of the various indicators
• THDu is an indicator of the distortion of the voltage wave.
• 5%: normal situation, no risk of malfunctions,
• 5 to 8%: significant harmonic distortion, some malfunctions are
possible,
• u 8%: major harmonic distortion, malfunctions are probable.. THDi is
an indicator of the distortion of the current wave.
• the THDi current
• 10%: normal situation, no risk of malfunctions,
• 10 to 50%: significant harmonic distortion with a risk of temperature
rise and the resulting need to oversize cables and sources,
• 50%: major harmonic distortion, malfunctions are probable. In-depth
analysis and the installation of mitigation devices are required.

Internal
 effect
• Losses in conductor, machines, transformers,
capacitors
• Overload in Generators, (UPS), Transformers
• Distortion of the supply voltage can disturb the
operation of sensitive devices:
• Computer hardware
• Control and monitoring devices (protection
relays) , phone signal
• Service life reduce

Internal
Solutions to mitigate harmonics
• Modifications in the installation
• Special devices in the supply system
• Filtering

Position the non-linear loads upstream in

the system
Group the non-linear loads

Internal
 Suitable earthing
• TNS system
• This system is recommended if harmonics are
present. The neutral conductor and the
protection conductor PE are completely separate
and the potential throughout the distribution
network is therefore more uniform.
• asynchronous machines must be supplied with a
voltage having a THDu not exceeding 10%.

Internal
13. Characteristics of particular sources and loads
Generator parallel

Internal
 The UPS solution
• The solution between the utility and the sensitive loads, providing
voltage that is:
• Free of all disturbances present in utility
• Available in the event of a utility outage, within specified tolerances
UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) satisfy these requirements in
terms of power availability and quality by:
• Supplying loads with voltage complying with strict tolerances,
through use of an inverter
• Providing an autonomous alternate source, through use of a battery
• Stepping in to replace utility power with no transfer time, i.e. without
any interruption in the supply of power to the load, through use of a
static switch

Internal
UPS

Internal
LED and circuit breaker

Internal
 Outdoor LED installation
protection
• Surge protection devices must be used in order to
protect public outdoor LED lighting installation.
• An entire range of surge arresters is thus available:
modular arresters for mounting on a symmetrical rail,
arresters that can be installed in a main low voltage
board or in luminaire enclosures.
• They must be adapted for two low-current lines without
common potential used in public lighting. The input
current must not exceed 300 mA

Internal
 Asynchronous motors
• air handlers,
• chillers,
• elevators,
• fans and blowers,
• fire pump,
• centrifugal pumps,
• compressors,
• lifts and cranes,
Internal
The consequence of a motor failure
due to an incorrect protection or inability of control circuit to operate can
include the following:
For persons:
• due to the blockage of motor ventilation
• due to insulation failure in the motor
• Accident due to non stopping of the motor following a control circuit
failure
For the driven machine and the process:,
• Shaft couplings, axles, driving belts, … damaged due to a stalled
rotor
• Delayed manufacturing
For the motor itself:
• Motor windings burnt out due to stalled rotor
• Cost of repair
• Cost of replacement
Internal
14. Photovoltaic installations
What is a Solar Panel?
• Solar Panels are commonly called Photovoltaic
Panels (PV Panels)
• Photo means light and voltaic means electricity.
• Photovoltaic panels are made from Silicon which is
the same material that makes up sand.
• Silicon is heated to extremely high temperatures at a
factory, and then formed into very thin layers
• When the sunlight hits the PV panel, it moves around
tiny particles of silicon called electrons.
• The silicon electrons travel though the wires that are
built into the PV panel to create energy.

Internal
Internal
Internal
 PV types
• Single-crystal silicon (monocrystalline)
– 16–18% efficient, typically
– More expensive to make (grown as big crystal)
– Because the cell is composed of a single crystal,
the electrons that generate a flow of electricity have
more room to move.
• Poly-crystalline silicon (multi-crystalline)
– 12–14% efficient, slowly improving
– cheaper to make (cast in ingots)
– there is to less freedom for the electrons to move.
• Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline)
– 6–8% efficient
– cheapest per Watt
– called “thin film”, easily deposited on a wide
range of surface types

140

Internal
 Design
Sizing components of a solar
system
• sufficient to meet the power needs of a client
based on weather data, demand and sizing
knowledge.
• time consuming process that can be carried out
by specialists
• initial investments is a major component
• Unnecessary large system (Over sizing) has a
detrimental effect on the price of the system
• Under sizing has an effect on supply reliability

Internal
 Components of a rooftop
solar PV system
• (i) on- or off-grid option,
• (ii) site analysis
• (iii) solar resource assessment,
• (iv) shading, (If even one photovoltaic cell is shaded, it
can impact the energy generated by its neighbour
cells. This is because it acts as a resistor.)
• (v) array configuration,
• (vi) solar PV module selection,
• (vii) mounting system design,
• (viii) inverter selection,
• (ix) wiring design

Internal
The three classifications of solar
installation
• Off-Grid/Stand-Alone systems can be installed anywhere under
the sun. This is also similar to solar streetlights with all components
necessary for its full operation without the grid. Among the three
types, this is the most expensive with all the capacity requirement of
the load has to be met by the solar installation.
• Hybrid System is a practical type of solar installation that has the
flexibility of using the grid whenever it is available and having the
solar panels to reduce the consumption at night. With the battery,
the system can provide back-up power during power outages and
can store excess solar generation to be used at night or during
power outages.
• On-Grid System is the cheapest type of solar installation with
very few components. It also has the shortest payback based on
the savings on electricity. However, this type of system needs
alternative back-up power during brownouts and long outages after
major disasters before the grid is restored.

Internal
 solar site survey

• Gather customer information (the address, how much

• electricity they use,)
• Use satellite or aerial data (the roof’s orientation, slope, and
• shading. house, street, and entry gate)

• Take roof measurements (accurate measurements of the roof’s

dimensions.)
• Perform a shade analysis (shading on the roof.)
• Evaluate the electrical system (may need to upgrade the system to ensure it meets the
necessary requirements.)
• Determine the solar panel location and layout ( 1 to 5 )
• Create a system design and proposal
• Provide the homeowner with the proposal

Internal
 The additional losses
Due to:
• Sunlight not striking the solar panel
straight on (5%)
• Not receiving energy at the maximum
power point (10%)
• Dirt on solar panels (5%)
• PV panels aging and below specification
(10%)
• Temperature above 25°C (15%)
Internal
 Finding the number of
Panels needed
• To find the peak-watt capacity that will be needed in a system follow
these steps:
• Step 1. Calculate the watt-hours per day for each appliance used.
• Step 2. Add the watt-hours needed for each of the appliances to find the
total watt-hours per day needed by the appliances.
• Step 3. Multiply the total appliance watt-hours per day by 1.3 (30% loses
considered) to find the total watt-hours per day that the panels must
provide
• Step 4. Divide the total watt-hours per day by the Panel Generation
Factor for your climate (e.g in average 5 sunshine hours per day)
• Step 5. Divide the total peak-watt capacity by the peak watts of the
panels available to you.
• This will give you the exact number of panels needed.

Internal
 Load Calculation

NO LOAD NAME LOAD (W) NO. OF LOAD TOTAL LOAD(W) OPERATION HOURS(h) TOTAL ENERGY(Wh)

1 LED light 10 5 50 6 300

2 Tube Light 18 4 72 5 360
3 Television 40 2 80 10 800
4 Ceiling Fan 50 4 200 8 1600
5 Refrigerator 175 1 175 10 1750
TOTAL POWER 577 TOTAL ENERGY 4810Wh

Internal
 Solar panel array
configuration plan
A solar panel array is a string of solar panels connected in series. To increase the
current, N-number of PV modules are connected in parallel. Such a connection of modules in a
series and parallel combination is known as “Solar Photovoltaic Array” or “PV Module Array”.
technical specifications for a string inverter.
Max input DC voltage
Min input DC voltage
Max input current
PV technical specifications
Short-Circuit Current (ISC):
Open-Circuit Voltage (VOC):
Maximum power point (MPP):
How many module per string

Internal
 Solar Inverter String Design
Calculations
• The voltage/current of the system will always be at it’s highest in
the coldest conditions.
• we need to know how many solar panels you intend to wire in
series.
• Voltage Sizing:
• 1. Max panel’s voltage =Voc*(1+(Min.temp-25)*temperature
coefficient(Voc)
2. Max number of Solar panels=Max. input voltage / Max panel’s
voltage
• Current Sizing:
• 1. Min panel’s current =Isc*(1+(Max.temp-25)*temperature
coefficient(Isc)
2. Max number of strings=Max. input current / Min panel’s
current

Internal
 Example:

• I am ready to install one 5KW three phase inverter,

• the using solar panel model is 330W module,
• the minimum surface temperature is -3℃ and the
maximum temperature is 35℃, ( condition of site)
• PV Isc = 9.22 A
• Voc is 45.5V,
• Vmpp is 37.8V,
• the inverter MPPT voltage range is 160V-950V,
inverter Isc=12.5A
• and the maximum voltage can withstand 1000V.
(Vmpp is max power point voltage)

Internal
Most solar PV modules have a temperature coefficient of
around -0.3% / °C to -0.5% / °C.

Internal
• A. (1) Calculation of the Open Circuit Voltage Volt at -3℃:
• Voc (-3℃)= 45.5*(1+(-3-25)*(-0.33%)) = 49.7
• 2) Calculation of N the maximum number of modules in each string:
• N = Max input voltage (1000 V)/49.7 Volt = 20.12 (always round down)
• The number of solar PV panels in each string must not exceed 20 modules
• 3) Calculation of the maximum Power Voltage VMPP at 35℃:
• Vmpp (35℃)=45.5*(1+(35-25)*(-0.33%))= 44 Volt
• 4) Calculation of the minimum number of modules M in each string:
• M = Min MPP voltage (160 V)/ 44 Volt = 3.64(always round up)
• The number of solar PV panels in each string must be at least 4 modules.
• B) Current Sizing
• The short circuit current Isc of the PV array must not exceed the allowed maximum Input
current of the solar power inverter:
• 1) Calculation of the maximum Current at 35℃:
• Isc (35℃) = 9.22*(1+(35-25)*(-0.06%))= 9.16 A
• 2) Calculation of the maximum number of strings:
• P = Maximum input current (12.5A)/9.16 A = 1.36 strings (always round down)

Internal
 Conclusion:
• 1. The PV generator (PV array) consists of one string, which is connected to
the three phase 5KW inverter.
• 2. In each string the connected solar panels should be within 4-20 modules.
• Mono crystal panel Best MPPT Voc =Best MPPT voltage x 1.2=630×1.2=756V
• N = Best MPPT Voc / Voc (-3°C) = 756V/49.7V=15.21
• So for three phase inverter, the recommended input solar panels are 16
modules, and just need to be connected one string 16x330W=5280W.
• (Inverter input No: of solar panels it depends on cell temperature and
temperature coefficient. )
• Remark:
• Since the best MPPT voltage of three phase inverter is around 630V (best
MPPT voltage of single phase inverter is around 360V), the working efficiency of
the inverter is the highest at this time. So it is recommended to calculate the
number of solar modules according to the best MPPT voltage:

Internal
A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller also works similarly
with the PWM controller but operates on a wider and higher input voltage from the
solar modules. A 12V battery can be charges with 60-cell or 72-cell solar modules
using the MPPT charge controller.

Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Solar system connection layout

Internal
Internal
 Controller Size
• to have enough ampere capacity to pass the
maximum current that the system can provide /
consume.
• Eg. a controller connected to a 100 W panel
should have a charging capacity of at least 100 ÷
12 = 8.33 A. ( safety factor) 8.33 × 1.2 = 10A
• The minimum DC ampere capacity of a
controller = the amperes from all appliances
× 1.5 + the amperes from all appliances with
motors × 3.
Internal
 Inverters
• Solar modules and batteries operate with DC. The mains electricity,
however, is AC. Many electrical appliances, devices and accessories are
only available for AC.
• An inverter transforms low-voltage DC supplied by a solar system into
high-voltage AC. The input of an inverter is designed for 12 V (24
V, 48 V, etc.), depending on the type.
• At the output it produces 230 V AC. Inverters are designed for stand-
alone as well as for grid-connected systems.
• Inverter size =Total power consumed by AC Loads*Safety Factor
=110*1.5 =165w
Safety Factor =1.5

Internal
Internal
 Low-frequency inverters more than high-
frequency inverter
peak power capacity and reliability.
• Low-frequency inverters have much greater peak power capacity to
handle large loads with power spikes than high-frequency inverters. In
fact, low-frequency inverters can operate at the peak power level
which is up to 200% of their nominal power level for several
seconds, while high-frequency inverters can operate at 150% power
level for a small fraction of a second. (electric motors like power tools,
washing machines, and air conditioners.)
• low-frequency inverters operate using powerful transformers, which
are more reliable and sturdy than the high-frequency inverter’s
• low-frequency inverters can sustain verse grid inputs conditions, like
voltage fluctuations, high voltage spikes, and lightning. But high-
frequency inverters cannot sustain the same.
• Low frequency ---- suitable solar power system,
• get reliable backup power solution
• completely replace conventional electricity with the same quality power
supply.

Internal
 Types of Solar Batteries

LITHIUM LEAD ACID SEALED AGM GEL

Cost High Low Moderate High
Cost per kWh cycle Lowest Low Low to moderate Moderate
Expected Lifespan 10+ years 3-5 years 4-5 years 5-6 years
Max recommended 80% 50% 50% 50%
DoD

Regular Maintenance None Watering, equalizing, None None

cleaning

Best Applications All renewable Full time residences Part-time Part-time

energy systems with committed, hands- residences with residences without
on owners willing to do intermittent use many high-surge
regular maintainance loads
and replacement

Worst Applications Projects on a tight Part-time residences Systems requiring Systems requiring
budget with intermittent use deep discharges high amperage
charging and
discharging

Internal
 Battery capacity
• large enough to store enough energy to operate the appliances at
night and on cloudy days.
• for the battery for long life time, it should not be discharged too
much or too often.
• Remember; battery life depends on how much discharge takes
place before a recharge.
• The rule for battery size is to install a battery that has at least
five times as much capacity as will be needed to operate the
appliances for one day.

• Battery capacity = Total Energy need * Days of Autonomy

Voltage of the system * (DoD)

= 990wh*2 =33Ah
12v*(50%)

Internal
 Sizing of the Batteries
• Let us consider we have batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah with
DOD of 70%. Thus, the usable capacity of the is 100
Ah × 0.70 = 70 Ah. Therefore, the charged capacity
that is required is determined as follows;
• Required charge capacity = 3000 Wh/ 24 V = 125
Ah
• No. of batteries required = 125 Ah / (100 × 0.7) =
1.78 (round off 2 batteries)
• Thus, 2 batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah are required. But
due to round off 140 Ah instead of 125 Ah is required.
• Required charge capacity = 2 × 100Ah × 0.7 = 140 Ah
• So, in total there will be four batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah.
Two connected in series and two connected in
parallel.

Internal
• Charging efficiency = charge used by the load / charge used to
recharge the battery back to the original charge
• Example 80% charging efficiency 0.8 of the charge into the battery is
recovered during discharge.
• a cycle Discharging and then charging back up to the state of charge
at the start.
• Depth of discharge (DoD) in one cycle not always down to 0% state
of charge.
• Cycle life = number of cycles obtained from a battery before capacity
is reduced to 80% of its value when new.
• Number of cycles depends on: DOD, discharge current and
temperature.
• Increasing the depth of discharge decreases cycle life.
• Increasing the number of cycles performed per year decreases cycle
life.
• (Charging current should be 1/10 of batteries Ah)
200Ah x (1/10) = 20A
• Charging Time required for Battery
Charging Time of battery = Battery Ah / Charging Current

Internal
 Sizing of the Cables

• Routes (minimum utilization of cables and

lower voltage drop in cables.)
• Cables The voltage drop between the PV
array and the inverter must be calculated
and this must not exceed 3% for nominal
current.
• The DC cables used should be double-
insulated single wire cables

Internal
 MAIN HAZARDS during
installation and operation
• PV Modules produce electricity during daylight and cannot be
turned off.
• live modules and a high risk of direct or indirect contact with
electricity.
• proper insulating materials (e.g. gloves, insulated shoes,
proper harness , and etc.) to minimize the risk of electric shock.
• short circuit current being not much higher than the
operating current into a fire hazard.
• affected by high wind may increase the risk of flying objects.
• Electric shock from PV Modules, cables, combiner boxes,
and termination points.
• DC insulation fault could be more dangerous as arc has less
chance to extinguish by itself as it does in AC.

Internal
 safety during all the life cycle of
the installation
• Enclosure integrity (Double isolation IP level)
• Switchgears operating condition and integrity
• to evaluate if any overheating has occurred
• to examine switchgears for the presence of dust,
moisture…
• Visual check of electrical connections
• Functional test of equipment and auxiliaries
• Insulation resistance test

Internal
 DC PLUG AND SOCKET
CONNECTORS
• MC3 or MC4 connectors) Such connectors
provide a secure, durable, and effective
electrical contact. They also simplify and
increase the safety of installation works.
• DC Plugs and socket connectors shall
comply with the requirements of BS EN
50521. ‘Do not disconnect DC plugs and
sockets under load’. Cable connectors
shall not be used as the means for DC
switching or isolation under load since
arcing can cause permanent damage to
some connectors.

Internal
 FIRE PREVENTION
CONSIDERATION
• Specifying and installing the proper DC overcurrent
protection.
• Ensuring the correct ratings are used for the DC cables,
combiner boxes and switch disconnectors etc.
• Ensuring all connections are tightened and torqued in
accordance with manufacturer specifications.
• Ensuring that used inverters have a built in DC arc
detection capabilities.
• Ensuring that double insulated cables are used throughout
the DC circuit to greatly minimize the risk of parallel arcs
between conductors, or via an earth path.
• Minimize as much as possible the length of the DC cables
from the inverters and avoid installing DC cables in walls or
hidden in the building structure.

Internal
RESIDUAL CURRENT(RCD) PROTECTION

• Where an electrical installation includes a PV

power supply system that cannot prevent DC
fault currents from entering the AC side of the
installation, and where an RCD is needed to
satisfy the general requirements of the electrical
installation in accordance with BS 7671, then the
selected RCD should be a Type B RCCB as
defined in IEC 62423.
• If the inverter manufacturer has provided written
confirmation that no smooth DC residual current
can occur because of the use of his PV inverter, a
Type A RCCB may also be sufficient.

Internal
 Protection of PV modules
against reverse current
• There is no risk of reverse current when there is only one string
• This occurs if the open-circuit voltage of one string is significantly different from
the open voltage of parallel strings connected to the same inverter.
• Reverse current can lead to dangerous temperature rises and fires in the
PV module. PV module withstand capability should therefore be tested in
accordance with IEC 61730-2 standard.
• 15A integrated anti-reverse current diode in solar inverter.

Internal
EARTHING AND EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING

Internal
 Testing
• The verification sequence contained within BS EN
62446 includes.
• Continuity test of protective earthing and/or
equipotential bonding conductors (if fitted)
• Polarity test
• String open circuit voltage test
• String short circuit current test
• Functional tests
• Insulation resistance of the DC and AC circuits
• Measurement of earth resistance
(Testing for PV systems larger than 10 kW
shall be carried by an independent third-party
inspector/qualified engineer. )
Internal
 Solar Operations &
Maintenance services
• any dust, bird’s nature calls or gum resins can directly have an impact
of about 15% on efficiency of the system.
• Every three months, you should examine the modules to see whether
there has been an occurrence of fungus on & around the array.
• Make sure that no shading of the array has occurred because of the
growth of trees in the surrounding area.
• You can use a garden hose to clean the solar panels.
• Never spray cold water when they are hot; it can cause a lot of
damage.
• No using a metal brush to clean the surface of the solar panel, and
never use detergents.
• Confirm that the panels and supporting frames are absolutely
secured.
• Ensure that the fittings and cables at the panels and the inverter.

Internal
 Maintenance Of The Inverter
• The inverter must be placed in a neat, dry, and
ventilated area which is isolated from the battery
bank.
• Some operational checks can be performed, such as
inspecting the inverters visually, scanning
connections for resistive joints.
• always trying to check the inverter input DC voltage.
• ensuring that all the cooling vents are free of debris,
• checking that the LED lights are functioning
appropriately,
• wipe out the dust using a dry cloth and also assure
that there is enough free space around the units for
cooling intentions.

Internal
 SOC
Once a month, the cleaning of the batteries must be done.

Internal
 Basic objectives of system
protection
(i) Reliability: assurance that the protection will perform
correctly. System operate properly
– Security: Don’t trip when you shouldn’t
– Dependability: Trip when you should
ii) Selectivity: maximum continuity of service with
minimum disconnection.
iii) Speed of operation: minimum fault duration
iv) Simplicity: minimum protective equipment
v) Economics: maximum protection at minimum total cost

180
Internal
 Calculation Principles
• Rated current of protections
• Cross sectional area of cables
• Size of enclosure systems and busbars
• Size of power sources

Main Criteria
• Location of loads in building
• Optimization of MDB location
• Right of transformer size
• Power factor correction
• CAPEX/OPEX

181
Internal
 Ecodial
Ecodial is used for the calculation of fault current, sizing of the conductors,
choice of equipment etc. The steps involved are as follows: -

➢ General characteristics
- definition of the global parameters (voltage, earthing, …)
➢ Drawing
- definition of the network layout
➢ Definition of circuit characteristics
- definition of the terminal load, and all the cable lengths
➢ Power sum
- calculation of the required power, and current in the distribution circuits
➢ Calculation
- sizing of cable, calculation of short circuit currents, choice of equipment, …
➢ Results
- printout of the input / output used for the calculations

Internal
Selection criteria for circuit breakers
Rating

Number of poles

Type of loads to be protected (cable, busbar, generator, motor,

direct current devices)

Types of trip unit (Thermal Magnetic , mP based protection)

Breaking Capacity – Icu, Ics & Icw (1sec)

Type of metering required

Level of communication required

Fixed/Withdrawable type

Manual/Electrically operated

Accessories required
Internal
 Main LV switchboard
➢ Very high nominal current (thousands of amps)
➢ High level of short circuit
➢ Continuity of service
● selectivity
● possibility of maintenance
● draw-out choice
➢ Gen-set synchronization
➢ Interlocking
➢ Network monitoring

Internal
Main LV switchboard

This is the "air circuit breaker" field

Internal
 Sub distribution board

➢ Medium nominal current (hundreds Amps, 40°C)

➢ High level of short-circuits (up to 150kA)

➢ Limitation of the effects of the electrical faults

➢ Frequent operations

➢ No need of maintenance

➢ Additional functions (auxiliaries/accessories)

➢ Selectivity

Internal
Sub distribution board

This is the "moulded

case circuit
breaker" field
Internal
 Final distribution board
Level 3: requirements

➢ Device shall comply with domestic and industrial standards

➢ Low current (up to 125 A , 20°, 30°, 40°C)

➢ Limitation of the effects of the electrical faults

➢ From low level to Medium level of short-circuits (from 3 to 50

kA)

➢ No need of maintenance additional functions (as auxiliaries

and accessories)

➢ Selectivity not required

Internal
Final distribution board

This is the
"miniature
circuit
breaker"
Internal
 What is discrimination?
◼ Total discrimination ◼ No discrimination

CB1 CB1
CB1 and CB2
trip

Only CB2 trips

CB2 CB2

The power supply The power supply

to the other to the other
feeders is still feeders is no
ensured longer ensured

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Internal
 Discrimination
◼ Total discrimination ◼ Partial discrimination

C C C no intersection
C C C
B3 B2 B1 B3 B2 B1

CB1

CB2

CB3
intersection
I threshold (selectivity
CB2 and CB3 limit current)

trip

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Internal
 Discrimination

Partial discrimination Total discrimination

If the selectivity limit current is If the selectivity limit current is
lower than the short-circuit higher than the maximum short-
current that can occur on the circuit current that can occur on
circuit protected by the the circuit protected by the
downstream protective device, downstream protective device,
discrimination is said to be discrimination is said to be total
partial. for the given installation.

Internal
 Masterpact NT Other
parameters
● Number of poles : 3 and 4
● Circuit breaker version : fixed and draw out
● Draw out Version : manual and electrical
● Rated operational voltage (V AC 50/60Hz) : 690V
● Rated current (A) at 500C : 630-1600A
● Break time : 25ms
● Closing time : < 70ms
● Impulse withstand voltage (kV) : 12
● Rated insulation voltage : 1000
● Degree of pollution (IEC 60664-1) :3
● Single frame (800-1600A) : Yes

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Internal
 The Compact NSX 100 to 630 range
● LV circuit breaker or switch ( 690 V)
● Fixed ,Plug In or withdrawable
● 2 sizes, 5 ratings
➢ 100/160/250 A: 2P, 3P, 4P
➢ 400/630 A: 3P, 4P
● 6 levels of performance
➢ 25, 36, 50, 70, 100, 150 kA (415 V)
● 3 types of tripping devices Version fixed
➢ Thermomagnetic up to 250 A
➢ Electronic
➢ Advanced electronic incorporating measurement and
communication
● Switchboard display unit
● Accessories and auxiliaries
Version Plug In Version drawout

Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Surge Protection Device

SPD

1P/1PN/3P/3PN
Imax 20kA
Type 2
IEC 61643 - 11

Internal
 Parameters influencing the Circuit Breaker ageing

• temperature
• vibration
• relative humidity
• salt environment
• dust
• corrosive atmospheres.
• percent load
• current harmonics.

Internal
 Earth Fault
Causes:
➢Poor quality insulation
➢Insulation failure due to heating
➢Insulation failure due to ageing
➢Accidental contact with live part

Consequences:
➢Main cause for FIRE
➢Irrevocable installation damage
➢Human life

Internal
 Fault current calculation
methods
➢ Detailed Calculation using impedance
method
➢ Thumb rule & Charts
➢ Software - Ecodial

Internal
Internal
Internal
Internal
Mid-size From grid to floor space, we ensure
building operational efficiency
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Security Management Building Management Power Management Automation
Analytics
Energy HVAC
controllers,
sensors,
Busways and valves, and
actuators
enclosures

Circuit breakers Power factor

and contactors correction and
(ACB, MCCB, FD) power meters

Smart
Switches and space
Sockets controls

Voice data image

Software &
Analytics

Energy Automation

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Page 205

Internal
Internal
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 Two types of preventive maintenance:

• Periodic maintenance
• For each type of product, maintenance recommendations have to be
formalized in a dedicated document by the technical department. These
verification procedures,
• intended to maintain systems or their subassemblies in correct operating
condition over the targeted service life, must then be carried out according
to the time intervals stipulated in this document.
• Conditional maintenance
• To a certain extent, conditional-maintenance operations are a means to
reduce (but not eliminate) the recommended periodic-maintenance
operations (thus limited to the strict minimum) that require an annual
shutdown of the installation.
• Electronic trip units in power circuit breaker can propose such functions.
• Conditional maintenance is the means to optimise installation
maintenance.

Internal