Chemical Technician Review PDF

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
I. UNITS MEASUREMENTS SCIENTIFIC METHODS

 UNITS MEASUREMENTS SCIENTIFIC METHODS
 UNITS MEASUREMENTS SCIENTIFIC METHODS
 SCIENTIFIC METHODS
 WORK ETHICS
 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 CONCEPT OF ACCURATE AND PRECISION
II. ELEMENTS, PERIODIC TABLE, COMPOUNDS
PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODIC TRENDS
METALS, NONMETALS, METALLOIDS
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
VALENCE ELECTRON
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ISOTOPE
CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL REACTION
BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTION
BASIC STOICHIOMETRY
BASIC STOICHIOMETRY
BASIC STOICHIOMETRY
BASIC STOICHIOMETRY
BASIC CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
II. SOLUTION MIXTURES
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
III. ACIDS AND BASES
II. ACIDS AND BASES
II. ACIDS AND BASES
II. ACIDS AND BASES
II. ACIDS AND BASES
II. ACIDS AND BASES
II. ACIDS AND BASES
IV. GASES
IV. GASES
IV. GASES
IV. GASES
IV. GASES
IV. GASES
IV. GASES
V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
IV. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
V. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
VII. PHYSICOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS
pH
pH
pH
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
DENSITY
DENSITY
CONDUCTIVITY
CONDUCTIVITY
BASIC LABORATORY OPERATIONS
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
REAGENTS USED USES
Iodine Reagent indicator for redox titrations
Fehling Solution used to differentiate between water-soluble

carbohydrate and ketone functional groups,
and as a test for reducing sugars and non-
reducing sugars, supplementary to the
Tollens' reagent test.
Molisch Reagent for the presence of carbohydrates
Tollens Reagent Silver mirror test
Phenophthalein Solution Indicator for acid-base titration
Starch Solution Indicator for iodine test
Millons Reagents used to detect the presence of soluble

proteins.
Grignard Reagents Used in preparation alkyl or alkenyl halides
INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSES
 Spectrophotometer-
 A spectrophotometer is an instrument that
measures the amount of light absorbed by a
sample.
 Spectrophotometer techniques are mostly used to
measure the concentration of solutes in solution
by measuring the amount of the light that is
absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the
spectrophotometer.
 Scientist Arnold J. Beckman and his colleagues at
the National Technologies Laboratory (NTL)
invented the Beckman DU spectrophotometer in
1940.
 Spectrophotometer-
Instrumentation of Spectrophotometer
The essential components of spectrophotometer instrumentation
include:
1.A table and cheap radiant energy source
•Materials which can be excited to high energy states by a high voltage
electric discharge (or) by electrical heating serve as excellent radiant
energy sources.
2.A monochromator, to break the polychromatic radiation into
component wavelength (or) bands of wavelengths.
•A monochromator resolves polychromatic radiation into its individual wavelengths
and isolates these wavelengths into very narrow bands.
PRISMS:
•A prism disperses polychromatic light from the source into its constituent
wavelengths by virtue of its ability to reflect different wavelengths to a different extent
•Two types of Prisms are usually employed in commercial instruments. Namely,
600 cornu quartz prism and 300 Littrow Prism.
Instrumentation of Spectrophotometer
GRATINGS:
•Gratings are often used in the monochromators of
spectrophotometers operating ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions.
3.Transport vessels (cuvettes), to hold the sample
•Samples to be studied in the ultraviolet (or) visible region are usually
glasses (or) solutions and are put in cells known as “CUVETTES”.
•Cuvettes meant for the visible region are made up of either ordinary
glass (or) sometimes Quartz.
4.A Photosensitive detector and an associated readout system
•Most detectors depend on the photoelectric effect. The current is then
proportional to the light intensity and therefore a measure of it.
•Radiation detectors generate electronic signals which are proportional
to the transmitter light.
•These signals need to be translated into a form that is easy to
interpret.
•This is accomplished by using amplifiers, Ammeters, Potentiometers
and Potentiometric recorders.
Principle of Spectrophotometer
The spectrophotometer technique is to measure light intensity as a
function of wavelength. It does this by diffracting the light beam into a
spectrum of wavelengths, detecting the intensities with a charge-
coupled device, and displaying the results as a graph on the detector
and then on the display device.
1.In the spectrophotometer a prism (or) grating is used to split the

incident beam into different wavelengths.
2.By suitable mechanisms, waves of specific wavelengths can be

manipulated to fall on the test solution. The range of the wavelengths
of the incident light can be as low as 1 to 2nm.
3.The spectrophotometer is useful for measuring the absorption

spectrum of a compound, that is, the absorption of light by a solution at
each wavelength
Applications of Spectrophotometer
Some of the major applications of spectrophotometers include the
following:
•Detection of concentration of substances
•Detection of impurities
•Structure elucidation of organic compounds
•Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine
ecosystems
•Characterization of proteins
•Detection of functional groups
•Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals
•Molecular weight determination of compounds
•The visible and UV spectrophotometer may be used to identify
classes of compounds in both the pure state and in biological
preparations.
PRINCIPLE OF COLORIMETRY
COMPONENTS OF COLORIMETRY
APPLICATION OF COLORIMETRY
PRINCIPLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
High Performance Liquid

Gas Chromathography
Chromathography
Thin Layer Chromathography

Paper Chromathography
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
RELEVANT LAWS AND REGULATION ON CHEMICAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Republic Act/AO Title
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act
RA 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Control Act
RA 9275 Clean Water Act
RA 8749 Clean Air Act
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE DISPOSAL PROCEDURE
WASTE MANAGEMENT
SEGREGATION OF WASTE
GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS)
 Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
• defines and classifies the hazards of chemical
products, and communicates health and safety
information on labels and safety data sheet.
• GHS is a 'non-binding' system of hazard
communication.
• The purpose of classification under the GHS is to
provide harmonized information to users of
chemicals with the goal of enhancing protection of
human health and the environment. Many countries
already have regulatory systems in place for chemical
classification and hazard communication.
SAFETY DATA SHEET
SAFETY DATA SHEET
SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT
- In US safety standards, precautionary
statements are sentences providing information on
potential hazards, and proper procedures. They are
used in situations from consumer products on labels
and manuals, to descriptions of physical activities.
Various methods are used to bring focus to them, such
as setting apart from normal text, graphic icons,
changes in text's font and color. Texts will often clarify
the types of statements and their meanings within the
text.
Conditions for
Code General Precautionary Statement Hazard Class (GHS Chapter) Hazard Category
Use
Obtain special
Unstable
P201 instructions before Explosives (Chap. 2.1)
explosive
use.
HAZARDS STATEMENT
-Hazard statements form part of the GHS. They are intended to form a set
of standardized phrases about the hazards of chemical substances and
mixtures that can be translated into different languages. As such, they serve
the same purpose as the well-known R-phrases, which they are intended to
replace.
Hazard statements are one of the key elements for the labelling ofcontainers
under the GHS, along with:an identification of the product
• one or more hazard pictograms (where necessary)
• a signal word – either Danger or Warning – where necessary
• Precautionary statement indicating how the product should be handled to
minimize risks to the user (as well as to other people and the general
environment)
• the identity of the supplier (who might be a manufacturer or importer).
Hazard
Code Health hazard statement Hazard Class (GHS Chapter)
Category
Acute toxicity, oral (chapter
H300 Fatal if swallowed 1, 2
3.1)

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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

I. UNITS MEASUREMENTS SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Iodine Reagent indicator for redox titrations

Fehling Solution used to differentiate between water-soluble

Tollens Reagent Silver mirror test

Phenophthalein Solution Indicator for acid-base titration

Starch Solution Indicator for iodine test

Millons Reagents used to detect the presence of soluble

1.In the spectrophotometer a prism (or) grating is used to split the

2.By suitable mechanisms, waves of specific wavelengths can be

3.The spectrophotometer is useful for measuring the absorption

High Performance Liquid

Thin Layer Chromathography

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