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Psychology - Article 11

Cognitive psychology studies mental processes like perception, memory, problem-solving, and language. It views the mind as an information processor. Starting in the 1950s, cognitive psychology emerged as a reaction against behaviorism, adopting experimental methods to study mental representations and their link to brain structure/function. Social learning theory also contributed by showing how the environment shapes behaviors through observation. Technological advances further fueled cognitive psychology by allowing comparisons between human and artificial information processing. Today, cognitive biases continue to be a popular area of research.

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52 views1 page

Psychology - Article 11

Cognitive psychology studies mental processes like perception, memory, problem-solving, and language. It views the mind as an information processor. Starting in the 1950s, cognitive psychology emerged as a reaction against behaviorism, adopting experimental methods to study mental representations and their link to brain structure/function. Social learning theory also contributed by showing how the environment shapes behaviors through observation. Technological advances further fueled cognitive psychology by allowing comparisons between human and artificial information processing. Today, cognitive biases continue to be a popular area of research.

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9/15/2020 Psychology - Wikipedia

because it generated successful practical applications.[85] Edward C. Tolman advanced a hybrid


"cognitive behaviorial" model, most notably with his 1948 publication discussing the cognitive maps
used by rats to guess at the location of food at the end of a modified maze.[90]

The Association for Behavior Analysis International was founded in 1974 and by 2003 had members
from 42 countries. The field has been especially influential in Latin America, where it has a regional
organization known as ALAMOC: La Asociación Latinoamericana de Análisis y Modificación del
Comportamiento. Behaviorism also gained a strong foothold in Japan, where it gave rise to the Japanese
Society of Animal Psychology (1933), the Japanese Association of Special Education (1963), the Japanese
Society of Biofeedback Research (1973), the Japanese Association for Behavior Therapy (1976), the
Japanese Association for Behavior Analysis (1979), and the Japanese Association for Behavioral Science
Research (1994).[91] Today the field of behaviorism is also commonly referred to as behavior
modification or behavior analysis.[91]

Cognitive

Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying Green Red Blue
mental activity. Perception, attention, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, Purple Blue Purple
memory, learning, language, and emotion are areas of research. Classical
cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as
cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of Blue Purple Red
mental function, informed by functionalism and experimental psychology. Green Purple Green

Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques developed by Wundt,


James, Ebbinghaus, and others re-emerged as experimental psychology The Stroop effect refers
became increasingly cognitivist—concerned with information and its to the fact that naming
processing—and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider cognitive the color of the first set
science.[92] Some called this development the cognitive revolution because it of words is easier and
rejected the anti-mentalist dogma of behaviorism as well as the strictures of quicker than the second.
psychoanalysis.[92]

Social learning theorists, such as Albert Bandura, argued that


the child's environment could make contributions of its own to
the behaviors of an observant subject.[93]

Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states


and representations. English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington
and Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb used experimental
methods to link psychological phenomena with the structure
and function of the brain. The rise of computer science,
cybernetics and artificial intelligence suggested the value of Baddeley's model of working memory
comparatively studying information processing in humans and
machines. Research in cognition had proven practical since
World War II, when it aided in the understanding of weapons operation.[94]

A popular and representative topic in this area is cognitive bias, or irrational thought. Psychologists (and
economists) have classified and described a sizeable catalogue of biases which recur frequently in human
thought. The availability heuristic, for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of
something which happens to come readily to mind.[95]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology 11/47

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