CLIMATOLOGY (RAR -309)

INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE
WEEK -1
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 Identify the place and climate.....

Nairobi, Kenya, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Zurich, Switzerland,

AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE

Chicago, US, Karnataka, India, Dubai, UAE

Finland
NORTH AMERICA ASIA ASIA
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Finland India Dubai
 Is planet EARTH not
sufficient.....
....or do we need to
introspect

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 CLIMATE and Human.....

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 CLIMATE and Building.....

BUILDING

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HUMAN COMFORT
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5
 CLIMATE and WEATHER.....

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 CLIMATE and WEATHER.....

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 Difference between CLIMATE and WEATHER

•Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically •Weather is the condition of atmosphere at a
averaged over a period of 30 years. particular place and specific time.
•Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly •Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere,
measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric just below the stratosphere. Weather is driven by air
pressure, wind, and precipitation. pressure (temperature and moisture) differences
• The climate of a location is affected by between one place and another.
its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water •These pressure and temperature differences can
bodies and their currents. occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot,
which varies by latitude from the tropics.

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 EARTH & ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE

Latitude is your position north or south of the Equator. Lines, or parallels, are drawn around the Earth at intervals. The North Pole is
assigned the latitude 90º north and the South Pole latitude 90º south
Lines of longitude, or meridians, are drawn a little differently. The line of longitude corresponding to 0º, which passes through
Greenwich in London, is called the Prime (or Greenwich) Meridian. Longitude lines run along the Earth’s surface in a north–south
direction, and unlike latitude lines, they divide the globe into segments like those of an orange, rather than regular strips

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 EARTH & ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE

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 FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
Altitude - Height above sea level
In mountain areas, there are major climatic differences from the bottom to the top
Latitude - Distance north or south of As air rises, it loses the ability to hold heat
the equator
• Low - Warm to hot Snow Cap
• Middle - Seasonal
• High - Polar (cool to cold) Tree Line
Sea Level
* Altitude impacts if over 5,000 ft*

Mountain Barriers – creating different conditions on sides

• Moisture carrying winds must
rise to get over mountains.
• Air cools as it rises, losing
ability to hold water causing
rain on the windward side
• This leaves no moisture for the
leeward side creating a desert.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
Relief : Height & Aspect of region: • They assume
• Aspect is the compass direction that a slope faces. the temperature
of the water
• The aspect of a slope influences on its that they pass
local climate (microclimate). Mountain slopes facing over and carry
sun are warmer than that which are not that
temperature.
• Concentration of heat being more on the gentle • Wind passing
slopes, raises the temp. above them. Steeper slopes over the current
have less concentration and lower temperature. must pass near
the land mass to
have an impact.

Ocean Currents- Ocean currents act much like a

conveyer belt, transporting warm water and
precipitation from the equator toward the poles and
cold water from the poles back to the tropics.
Thus, currents regulate global climate, helping to
counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation
reaching Earth's surface.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
Cloud Cover
With Cloud Cover: Days are cooler, as
clouds reflects sun’s energy back to
space. And Nights are warmer as clouds
prevent heat radiated from grounds
from escaping.
Without Cloud Cover: Days are warmer as
large amount of Sun’s energy reached
earth surface, but nights are cooler as
more heat radiated for ground to space.

Prevailing winds :
winds that blow predominantly from a single
Distance from the Sea general direction over a particular point on the
A large body of water tends to cause a mild Earth's surface. The dominant winds are the trends
or moderate climate. A body of water heats in direction of wind with the highest speed over a
up and cools down slower than a land mass. particular point on the Earth's surface.
Wind assumes the temp. of the surface it Wind blows because Air over warm land rises
passes over and carries that temp. with it. Cooler air moves in from surrounding areas to replace rising air
The cool air is heated and process repeats
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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
• TEMPERATURE • HUMIDITY
• PRESSURE • PRECIPITATION
• WIND • SOLAR RADIATION/INSOLATION
Analysis of these elements can provide the basis for forecasting weather and defining its climate.

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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE _ TEMPERATURE
Thermometer come in all shapes and sizes and dates all
the way back to 1714. The mercury, bimetal, and digital
thermometer are the 3 most commonly used instruments
for measuring ambient temperature.
A traditional thermometer consists of mercury,
red spirit or green spirit in a glass tube and
operates on the principle that the liquid
expands more than the glass does when heated.
1. Dry Bulb Temperature
2. Wet Bulb Temperature
3. Maximum Temperature
4. Minimum Temperature.
Temperature is a measurement of the amount of kinetic
energy present in the air, which manifests itself 5. Stevenson Screen
physically through the experience of heat or cold.
Instrument: Stevenson Screen
A standard shelter for housing four types of
The scales typically used to measure temperature, is thermometers: dry, wet, maximum and
Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The thermometer is the minimum. The screen shields the instruments
instrument used to measure temperature. from direct sunlight.

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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE _ PRESSURE
The weigh of the particles in the air creates pressure due to the
gravitational force of the Earth. Since more air is present above the air
close to the ground, air pressure is the highest on the planet's surface and
decreases as altitude increases.

The barometer is the instrument used to

measure air pressure. Evangelista Torricelli
developed the first device in 1643.
Like the thermometer, the barometer also comes
in different forms. Some examples include
mercury, water, aneroid, and digital barometers.

Air Pressure is the result of the pressure

created by the weight of the air in the An aneroid barometer, one of the most common
Earth's atmosphere. It is also called a types, uses a sealed can of air to detect changes in
atmospheric pressure. As the atmospheric
barometric pressure, named after the
pressure goes up, it pushes in on the can, and the
instrument used to measure air pressure. can is slightly reduced in volume, moving an
indicator needle towards higher pressure. If the
Pressure is shown on a weather map, atmospheric pressure goes down, the can expands
often called a synoptic map, with lines slightly and the needle indicates lower pressure.
called isobars.
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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE _ HUMIDITY
The barometer is the instrument used to
measure air pressure. An instrument
used to measure the humidity, or amount
of water vapour in the atmosphere. The
sensing mechanism of the instrument can
1. RELATIVE HUMIDITY be hair (hair hygrometer), a plate coated
2. ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY with carbon (electrical hygrometer), or an
infrared sensor (infrared hygrometer).
Humidity is the amount of moisture present in Psychrometer composed of two
similar thermometers. The bulb of
the air. It is expressed as percentage. Relative
one thermometer is kept wet (by
Humidity is the ration of the mass of water means of a thin, wet cloth wick) so
vapour in a certain volume of a moist air at a that the cooling that results from
given temperature to the mass of a water evaporation makes it register a lower
vapour in the same volume of saturated air at temperature than the dry-bulb
Thermo-hygrograph thermometer. When readings are
the same temperature. An instrument which
Water vapor is nothing more than water in a taken simultaneously, it is possible
records the environmental
state of gas. Humidity and its effects can temperature and humidity (with the use of psychrometric tables)
at the same time, usually to determine the relative humidity
usually be felt, it is invisible to the naked eye. and dew-point temperature of the air.
both continually.
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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE _ WIND
The anemometer is the instrument used to measure
wind speed. Consisting of 3-4 half-cups on arms
rotating around a central axis, you can typically find it
on top of a weather station or at an elevated position.

A wind vane (or weather

vane) is the instrument used to
measure wind direction. It is a
flat-shaped object that spins
freely on an axis. Very often in
Wind is the movement of air masses, the shape of an arrow or
especially on the Earth's surface. cockerel, you can also find it on
top of a weather station or
Wind is the large-scale movement of air
highly elevated objects.
from an area of high to an area of low
pressure in the atmosphere. Wind Sock is the instrument used to
The speed and strength of wind are measure wind direction. A light, flexible
determined by the distance between cylinder or cone mounted on a mast to
the low-pressure and high-pressure show the direction and strength of the
areas, as well as the difference in air wind. Wind sock is commonly used at an
pressure. airport or chemical plant.
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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE _ PRECIPITATION
A rain gauge is the instrument used to measure
rainfall. It is essentially a measured container that
captures rain and measures the amount that falls over a
set period of time.
An instrument that measure the amount of rain that falls
during a given time interval usually in millimetres or
inches.
The standard rain gauge takes the form of a collector
above a funnel leading to a receiver with some sort of
Precipitation includes water in its all forms rain, snow, measuring device. Sometimes the amount of rain is
hail, fog, dew etc. it is measured in mm. Precipitation is poured carefully into a measuring cylinder or dip rods or
primarily the result of evaporation and condensation a ruler dipped into the receiver to determine the amount.

Precipitation is water in all its different states, which

formed after condensation turned water vapor into its
solid form, which falls to the ground after it becomes too
heavy to stay suspended in the air. Precipitation can take
the form of rain, snow, hail, or graupel.

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 ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE _ SOLAR RADIATION
CAMPBELL-STOKE SUNSHINE RECORDER:
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the
amount of sunshine at a given location. The results
provide information about the weather and climate
as well as the temperature of a geographical area.
This information is useful in meteorology, science,
agriculture, tourism, and other fields.

A PYRANOMETER is a type
Solar Radiation is the radiant energy received of actinometer used for measuring solar
irradiance on a planar surface and it is
from the sun. Expressed in Intensity of sunrays designed to measure the solar radiation flux
falling per unit time per unit area, Unit-W/sq.m. density (W/m2) from the hemisphere above
The amount of sunshine the Earth receives within a wavelength range 0.3 to 3 μm.
greatly influence other elements of the weather
like ambient temperature, and more indirectly
humidity and air pressure. A PYRHELIOMETER is an instrument for
Sunshine duration is the length of time the measurement of direct beam solar irradiance.
Earth's surface is directly exposed to solar Sunlight enters the instrument through a
window and is directed onto a thermopile
radiation. It is also referred to as sunlight
which converts heat to an electrical signal
hours and measure the amount of exposure that can be recorded.
over a set period of time
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 Credits and References
• https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/flat-africa-flora-and-fauna-map-constructor-vector-16054036
• https://people.uwec.edu/ivogeler/w111/climate.htm
• https://blog.beamex.com/temperature-units-and-temperature-unit-conversion
• https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-humidity
• http://elamaaraeen97.blogspot.com/2013/08/atmospheric-pressure.html
• https://phys.org/news/2017-10-stilling-global.html
• https://ownyourweather.com/elements-of-the-weather-and-climate/
• http://www.weather.gov.dm/resources/weather-elements-and-instruments-used-for-measurement

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