Master Plan-Ajnala 2015-16

CHAPTER 4

ASSUMPTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

4.1. PROJECTIONS
 A set of calculations, which attempt to describe what is likely to happen under certain explicit
assumptions about the future as related to the immediate past.
 Planners are concerned with population projections which form the basic framework for
setting targets expected to be achieved within a specified time‐frame, be it for land use,
services or facilities.
4.1.1. METHODS

A. Population Projections

i. Mathematical and Direct Methods:

These are simple or direct methods of estimations based on the past population records. Arithmetic
progression is involved when, past data suggests that, population is changing by a constant rate. The
figures are plotted on plain paper (conventionally with y = population and x = time), which results
in a straight line. This straight line is extrapolated for projecting the future population.
However, mostly population changes according to geometric progression, in such a case semi-
logarithmic paper is to be used to yield a straight line for extrapolation. If the past data does not
follow a definite progression, then a ‘best fit’ equation can be derived by method of least square and
this may be extended to provide projection.
Graphical methods are most useful for short‐term projections, particularly when demographic
changes show stable trends. Hence, these methods should be used for projecting up to 10 years in
stable situations and 5 years where population change is more volatile.
Formula:
P(t) refers to the population at time t and P(t+n) refers to the population n years later:
P(t+n) = P(t) + a × n
Where a is the constant annual increase in the population
a = (P(t+n) − P(t)) ∕ n
ii. Exponential growth
Instead of assuming that the population is growing by a constant amount, the exponential model
assumes that the population is growing at a constant rate. This may be appropriate for expanding
communities unaffected by any constraints.

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If the population is shrinking over time, its growth rate is negative and one can also fit an
exponential model to such data. Constant negative growth is sometimes described as exponential
decay.
In order to project the population forward or backward, one requires an estimate its growth rate.
Once again, a minimum of two estimates of the population for different dates are needed to
calculate this. The model can be fitted to longer time series of estimates of the population by means
of a linear regression of the log of population size on time.
Formula:
P(t+n) = P(t) × ern
( e = base of the natural logarithm )
Where r is the constant annual growth rate:
r = log (P(t+n) ∕ P(t)) ∕ n
iii. The Cohort Survival Methods:
The Cohort‐Survival projection is a method for forecasting what the future population will be,
based upon the survival of the existing population and the births that will occur. This method can be
applied for any period of time but typically it involves five‐year steps. Cohort‐component models
are so‐called because they divide the population into cohorts and model on the demographic
components of change such as fertility, mortality and migration – affecting each of the cohorts.
Cohort indicates the generational group e.g. 0‐ 9, 10‐19 and so forth. The cohort component method
is used when population projections by age and sex are needed for 5 years, 10 years or longer
periods of time. This projection tool allows planners to examine the future needs of different
segments of the population including the needs of children, women in their reproductive years,
persons in the labour force and the elderly. It also allows planners to project the total size of the
population. The results can be used in all aspects of local and regional development plans.
Formula:
P(t+n)= P(t) + B(t) − D(t) + I(t) − E(t)
Where: P(t) is the population at time t
B(t) and D(t) are number of births and deaths occurring between t and t+n. I(t) and E(t) are the
number of immigrants and of emigrants from the country during the period t to t+n.
iv. Migration and Natural increase Method:
As the name implies, this method enables natural and migratory changes to be handled separately.
By examining past data on net migration rates and by attempting to relate these to economic
conditions, particularly to the demand for employment in the study area, it is possible to adopt
varying assumptions about the pattern of future migration. Next, a set of programmes of future
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natural change would be developed either by subjective projection of past maximum and minimum
migration rates or by using migration data from projections produced nationally or regionally. The
essence of the method is to begin with the starting date population, add the estimated migratory
population figure to produce the next figure (A).Natural change in population is then added to the
projected figure (A), thus completing one cycle of the projection giving a figure (B). The process is
then repeated until the end of the projection period giving a figure (C). Cycle of projection could be
any convenient period e.g. 5 years, 10 years or more.
This projection method uses total population, but age & sex structure is not considered. Thus
changes in death and birth rates, which might result from changing age/sex structure cannot be seen
and acted upon. Neither future estimates of school‐age population and numbers of women of
working age can be made. Still migration and natural increase method does reveal the possible
sequence and the main elements of change.

B. Economic Projection
The likely demands of land development rest on various types of economic activities, its scale and
its possible location within a city or a city region and broad relationships between these activities.
The key concerns are addressed by economic projections, which are ultimately relevant for
calculating demand for housing, hospitals, schools and other social facilities

i. Projections by Sectors of Economy:

It is more valuable to have estimates of the future levels of output or employment in the various
sectors of the economy separately. For example, to estimate the possible amount of secondary
activity, the land requirement for different kinds of manufacturing is estimated (such as the floor‐
space needed by wholesaling and retailing and office type employment).
In the simplest case, the forecaster simply extrapolates the past trend in each sector of the economy
e.g. through productivity method. The estimates from different sector forecasts then have to be
summed. Such figure arrived should be cross‐checked with a forecast of total employment derived
from some other source or calculation.
ii. Economic Base Method:
This method is based on the postulate that growth in an area’s economy comes from the expansion
of economic base which is defined as all those ‘basic’ activities which are produced for export
beyond boundaries of local area and which increases its wealth and ability to pay for imports. The
remaining activities, which do not produce for 'export' but which exist to satisfy local needs are
referred to as the 'service' or 'non‐basic' activities.

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The projection of basic activities (produce for export only) of the economy is made by using ratio
method of comparing local to national trends (for each sector of economy separately). Once the
projection of basic activities of each sector of economy has been made in the basic/non‐basic ratios,
the forecasts of basic employment are projected in comparison to total employment estimate.
The problems associated with the method are, definition of the 'local area' and identification of the
basic sector of the economy itself. The shortcomings of the economic base method are: reliance on
employment as the measure ignores the possible effects of changes in productivity; and the
basic/non‐basic ratio is a suspect measure at any given point of time.
iii. Ratio Method:
The method makes use of a similar rational as described in the population projection studies i.e.
local levels of economic activity (either in total or sector wise) bear proportional relationships to
levels of economic activity in successively larger geographical areas.
The ratio method also implies that these relationships may be studied as they change over time and
are extrapolated so that, estimates for the local area may be derived based on the given set of
forecasts for the larger geographical unit (e.g. the nation).

4.1.2. Error
1. The sources through which past trends are checked are not reliable e.g. many people do not
register information regarding deaths in their family
2. As populations grow, their age structure is likely to change and this will affect the birth rate and
death rate. In turn, these fluctuations in vital rates are likely to produce fluctuations in the rate of
population growth.
3. Fertility, mortality and migration – is also a limitation e.g. Inflow of population drastically
increase by coming up of an attractive activity.
4. Manual error: is error which may accrue while calculating.

4.1.3. Calculation

1. Geometric Growth Method

Geometric method has been used as, it considers growth rate, unlike the other methods which
project a constant growth, which is practically not possible due to various factors causing deflection
of growth rate.
Assumptions:
 Present growth rate is 15.5%, as per past trends.

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 It is versioned to increase population in the town and prevent outflow of the population by
increasing the industrial base and creating employment opportunities.
 The government policies in the town for coming up of physical infrastructure [water supply &
sewerage] will make living conditions better in the town and attract population.
 Increase in growth rate in phase 1 = 3.5%, growth rate = 19%. As the proposed activities will
take a minimum time to come on ground and establish.
 Increased growth rate in phase 2 = 9%, Growth rate = 28%. As the proposed activities have
established and are expected to flourish in the next years.
 With the increase in tourism, the employment opportunities in that sector will increase.
 Intermediate public transportation system, such as autos etc will also increase employment.
Projected Population
Formula: Pn = Po (1 + I /100) N
P(2025) = 22407(1+ 19/100) x 1 = 26665
P(2035) = 26665 (1 + 28/100) x 1 = 34,131
Where, I = Growth rate
Pn = Projected population

2. WORK FORCE
Percentage of work force is 33% of the projected population as per norm and standard (Source:
UDPFI), buts been it increased to 36% due to the introduction of industries and promotion of
tourism which will lead to a larger than uniform standard growth.
Projected Population
Number of Workers = Po x 36%
=34,131 x 36/100 = 12,288

 The secondary sector will grow due to proposal of industries, by 39%.

 Tertiary activities such as retail will grow due to growth of population.
 Primary sector will decline due to demand of land for urban purposes, but not at a rapid rate
because agro based industries have been proposed.
Table 4.3 Work Force
Activity 2011 2035
Primary 1889/24% 2089/17%
Secondary 2675/34% 4793/39%
Tertiary 3305/42% 5406/44%
7868 12,288
Source: Calculated Values

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3. LOCAL PLANNING AREA

Table 4.4 Local Planning Area
Year Pop. Incremental
2011 16486 -641
2001 14267 -467
1991 12789
1981 11678
C= 554
Source: Calculated Values

Projected Population
Formula: Pn = Po + N C
P (2025) = 16486+ 1 x 554 = 17040
P (2035) = 17040 + 1 x 554 = 17594

4.2. ASSUMPTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

4.2.1. Landuse Distribution:-

a. Objectives

 To propose mix landuse to reduce travel demand.

 A healthy work place relationship.
 Integration of transportation and landuses.

Table 4.5 Landuse breakup

Standards Total Area In Proposed Total Total
Aspects According To Area 2011 Landuse Area Area ( In
URDPFI 2011 (%) ( Acres) ( In Acres) 2031 (%) Acre)
Residential 45-50 16.01% 118.76
Commercia
2-3 2% 14.83 7.39 22.22
l
Industries 8-10 1% 7.41 6.78 14.19
Public and
6-8 2.64% 19.58 26.476 46.056
semi public
Parks and
12-14 0.4% 2.96 17 19.96
open spaces
Circulation 10-12 5.9% 43.76 3 (assumed) 46.76
Water body - - - 2.5 0.33% 2.5
Agriculture 72.05% 534.48
Total 741.83 741.83
Source: Calculated Values

4.2.2. HOUSING

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Table 4.6 Proposed Households and Family size

  2011 2031

Final Population 21,107 34,131

No of households 4080 6827

Total no of houses 3788 6827

Houseless population 1470 0

Houseless households 294 0

Family size 5 5

D.U.R. 1.5 1.25

Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.7 Proposed no. of families according to Income Group

Income Group Assumed % No of Families

HIG 35 912

MIG 50 1302

LIG 10 378

EWS 5 307
Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.8. Proposed no. of Neighbourhood units

Adopted Total Area

Standards Total Area in
Standard in
(PUDA) (acres)
  (Average) (Sq. Mts)

Existing area under Residential Area 121.03

Proposed area for 2031 141.78

Area of each Neighbourhood unit 30-80 Hec 47.26    

Total No. of Proposed Neighbourhood units 3

Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.9 Proposed Flatted and Plotted Development

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Total
Assumed Plot Assumed Flat No of No of
Income % % Plot
Area Area Plotted Flatted
Group Plotted Flatted Area
(in Sq. mts) (in Sq. mts) Families Families
(Sq. Mt)

HIG 100 0 350 0 912 0 255500

MIG 60 40 200 180 782 520 125200

LIG 0 100 120 80 0 378 0

EWS 0 100 0 25 0 307 0

Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.10 Area of Plots and Blocks

Total Plot Area

Income No. of Total Flat Area Total Area
Area of 1 Total Block Area
Group Blocks (Hec) (Hectares)
(Hec) Block

HIG 25.5 0 0 0 0 25.5

MIG 12.5 864 65 56160 5.61 18.11

LIG 0 384 48 18432 1.84 1.84

EWS 0 120 39 4680 0.46 0.46

Source: Calculated Values

Flats height G+1

Total area (hec.) = 45.91

Mass space relationship 25%

Total area = 45.91 X 25 / 100

= 57.38 hec.

Existing area = 48.9 hec.

b. Assumptions

 The town is visioned to have a high standard of living, thus HIG and MIG income groups have a
greater share of the population.

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 Affordable housing for LIG and EWS as there will be an increase industrial workers due to
coming up of two industries.
 Plot sizes have been assumed as per standards.
 Majority of development has been provided as plotted as Ajnala being a small town has not seen
the trend of flatted population.
 Family size has been assumed as 5 against the standard 5.5 as the family size is expected to
decrease in the future.
4.2.3. Social Infrastructure:-

a. Objectives

 To promote upliftment of women through provision of women educational centre.

 To reduce the acute drug problem in the area.
 To promote recreational activities in the area for channelizing the energy of the youth.
 To reduce the length of travel to access the facilities.
 To reduce the dependency of Ajnala on Amritsar for healthcare, education and employment.
 Medical facility calculation: annual rate of admission as 1 per 50 populations
 Population is 49746: No. of beds required with 80% occupancy: (49746/ 50) x 60% = 597

Table 4.11 Components of social infrastructure

Standard Total
Standards Proposed
Education Existing Required for area area
(urdpfi) in 2031
(acre) (acre)
Nursery school 2 2500 8 3 0.19 0.57
Primary school 5 5000 6 1 0.96 0.96
Senior secondary
5 7500 7 1 2.32 `2.32
school
College ITI 1 1.25 lakh - - 2.08 -
Physically
0 45,000 1 1 1.68 1.68
Challenged Sc.
Women education
0 - - 1 0.8 0.8
centre
Reading room 0 - - 1 0.24 0.24
Medical
General hospital 2.5Lakh
1 - - 14.4 -
(300 B)
Veterinary hospital 1 5 lakh - - 0.49 -
Dispensary 3 15000 4 1 0.21 0.21
Clinics 8 - - - - -

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Intermediate 1 lakh (80

1 - - 2.4 -
hospital - B Beds)
Rehabilitation
0 - 1 1 0.9 0.9
centre
Social facilities
Police station 1 90,000 - - 3.7
Fire station - 2 lakh - 1 1 1
Police chowki 3 - - 3 0.002 0.006
Electric substation 1 15000 2 1 3.7 3.7
Post office 1 15000 2 1 20 sq m 0.01
Cremation ground 3 2.5 lakh - - 3.5
Banks 3 15000 2 - 75 sq m
LPG godown 1 40-50,000 - - -
Telephone
2 50,000 0.48
exchange
Petrol pump 150 ha of
1 2 1 0.07 0.07
G/R/A
Milk Booth 2 10,000 3 1 0.04 0.04
Social cultural
facilities:
Community hall 2 15000 2 - 0.49 -
Old age home - 5 lakh - 1 0.54 0.54
Orphanage/
- 10 lakh - 1 1 1
Children’s Centre
Religious facilities 17 - - - 0.1 -
Sports
Recreational
facilities:
Play area - 15000 2 1 3.6 3.6
Kertan ground 1 - - - (ex)0.93 1.07
Multipurpose
1 25000 1 1 3 3
ground
Town park - - 1 1 5 5
Meditation and
- 1 lakh - 1 1.24 1.24
spiritual Centre
Park - 5000 6 10 1.2 12
Others :
Night shelter 10 lakh 1 0.24 0.24
Dumping site 6Ha. 1.9
cinema 1 - - - -
Public Toilets 0 - - 5 0.116 0.58
Warehouse 1 - - 2 0.4 0.8
43.47
Total
6
Source: Calculated Values

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b. Assumption
Education:
• Town is completely served with secondary school, but one secondary school has been proposed
considering the LPA population.
• The town has sufficient primary schools to serve for the future projected population.
• Upliftment of specially abled and special section of the society and reduce dependency ratio by
providing physically challenged school.
Medical:
• It is visioned to improve the quality of life so the number of people falling sick will reduce there
for no new major medical facility has been proposed.
• The town and lpa area is well served by the current medical facilities like general hospital.
• Because of the persistent drug problem drug rehabilitation has been proposed.
Social:
• Town has no fire station but coming up of industries and another pump increases the risk in the
town.
• Though 2 petrol pumps are required to be proposed but 1 has been proposed as the town is
visioned to be a pedestrianised town with minimum requirement of personal vehicles for
sustainable development.
• To reduce existing crime rate a police chowki has been proposed.
Socio- Cultural:
• To provide facility for all sections of the society old age and orphanage has been provided.
• The town has adequate religious facilities and no additional religious facility has been proposed.
Sports and Recreational:
• To provide recreational facilities and increase tourism play area and spiritual centre has been
provided.
• Two playgrounds are required, but only one play ground has been proposed as a multipurpose
ground has been proposed, which will serve for gathering, mandis and as a play ground when
not in use for these activities.
Others
One night shelter and one cinema have been provided considering the LPA population which will
depend on Ajnala for the same.
4.2.4. Industry:-
a. Objectives
 To improve the economic base of the town.
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 To reduce cost in transportation of raw material.

 To generate employment.
Table 4.12 Industrial Requirements

Industry Existin Average area of industry Proposed Total area

g
Medium scale 3 3.36 acres 2 6.72
Small scale 9 0.01 acres 6 0.06
Source: Calculated Values

b. Assumptions:
• To improve the economic base and provide employment opportunities so industries have been
proposed.
• Due to agricultural production in the town, agro based industry is proposed in the town due to
presence of locally available raw material.
• Due to a medicity coming up in Amritsar, Ajnala has been seen to have a potential as a
pharmaceutical hub, providing medicines to the city.
• The town is visioned to be an eco friendly town, thus handling of wastes will be catered to.
4.2.5. Commercial
a. Objectives
 To prevent encroachments.
 Upgradation if infrastructure in the existing linear market
Table 4.13 Commercial Requirements

Standards
Standard for
Activities according to Proposed Area (in acres)
area
URDPFI
Community centre 25000-1 lakh - - -
Convenience
5,000 2 0.37 0.74
Shopping
Central shopping 15,000 1 1.13 1.13
Informal market 10,000 3 0.24 0.72
Hotels - 1 1 1
Restaurant - 4 0.2 0.8
Loading unloading
- - - 3
space
Total 7.39
Source: Calculated Values

b. Assumptions:

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 It is visioned to enhance the tourism in Ajnala and make it an important destination in the
Punjab tourism circuit, thus hotels and restaurants are required for the same, Hence, one hotel
and 4 restaurants have been proposed.
 The present generation has an “eating out” trend due to which restaurants are required.
 The commercial area is not well planned but the shops are enough to fulfill the requirement of a
population of 30.000 population.
 There is no organized informal market, due to which encroachments a common problem in the
town is, hence an informal bazaar has been proposed.
4.2.6. Water Supply

a. Objectives:-

 Prevention of Loss of water through leakages.

 Revival of the water table.
 Reuse of water.
 Provision of clean water supply to all residents.
 Provision of sanitation and sewerage system to all the residents.
 Treatment of Sewerage before disposal.
 Reduce the negative impacts of the sewerage on the environment.
b. Requirements

i. Residential

Projected Population = 34131

Increase in population = 34131-21107 = 13024

Standard according to Urdpfi = 135- 150 Lpcd

Backlog = 990000 L

Total requirement = 135 x 13024 + Backlog

= 1758240+ 990000

= 2748240 L = 2748.24 Kl

ii. Industrial

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, According to PSIEC standard

1 acre of industrial area requires 400 Kl of water

Proposed Industrial area = 6.78 acres

= 6.78 x 400

= 2712 Kl

Infra Water requirement = 303.43824 Kl

Water requirement = 5496.513 Kl

Losses = 7% = 403.45 Kl

Firefighting = 1% = 57 Kl

Total water Requirement = 6224.12 Kl

Water required for landscaping = 68.47Kl

Total water requirement = 6224.12-68.47= 6155.38 Kl = 6.1 Mld

Sewerage = 80% of water supply = 4979.29 Kl

Table 4.14 Water Requirement

Facilities Units Assumed Norms Total Water

Population Req (L)

Park 10 - 1.41/sq 68475.24

m/day

Neighborhood play 1 100 45 lpcd 4500

area

Multipurpose Ground 1 200 45 lpcd 9000

Orphanage/ Children’s 1 80 135 lpcd 10800

Centre

Old Age Home 1 64 135 lpcd 8646

Electric Station 1 20 45 lpcd 900

Meditation & Spiritual 1 50 45 lpcd 2250

Centre

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Fire Station 1 10 45 lpcd 450

Post Office 1 25 45 lpcd 1125

Petrol Pump 1 15 45 lpcd 675

Night Shelter 1 25 135 lpcd 3375

Dispensary 1 40 350/bed 1430

Rehabilitation Centre 1 50 135 lpcd 6750

Educational Facilities Assumed Norms Total Water Req.

Population

Primary School 1 600 45 lpcd 27000

Nursery School 6 600 45 lpcd 27000

Senior Secondary 3 500 45 lpcd 22500

School

Specially Abled School 1 250 45 lpcd 11250

Women Education 1 800 45 lpcd 36000

Centre

Reading Room 1 80 45 lpcd 3600

Commercial

Hotel 1 150 180 l /bed 27000

Restaurant 6 50 70 21000

Informal Market - 5 lpcd 9712.8

Source: Calculated Values

c. Assumptions

 Losses have been assumed at 7%, against the standard 15%, because leakage loss is visioned
to be eliminated for sustainable water supply practices.
 The water required for landscaping has been eliminated from the total requirement as it is
expected to be fulfilled from recycled grey water.
 Old age home is estimated to have 60 residents as Indian Cultures and Values do not
promote the trend of abandoning the aged.
 Water requirement for agriculture will be met through personalized motors as existing
practice.

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d. Requirement of Water treatment plant

As per URDPFI, 0.19 hectares of land is required for a 10 MLD plant.

Water requirement = 7 MLD

Land required = 0.83 hectares = 1.9 acres.

e. Requirement of Sewerage treatment plant

As per URDPFI,

For 1 MLD of sewerage, 0.15 hectares of land is required.

For 6 MLD = 0.75 hectares = 1.8 acres.

4.2.7. Drainage

a. Objectives

 Reduction of surface runs off.

 Exploitation of rainwater as an alternative source of water for various activities in the town.
 Reduction of water logging in low lying areas.
 Recharge of ground water.
b. Requirements

i. Rainwater Harvesting

Built up under commercial & Institutional = 76812.06 sq m

Built up under residential = 1058986 sq m

Total Built up = 1135798.06

Harvestable water = catchment area x avg. annual rainfall x 0.63

= 1135798.06 x 0.541 m x 0.63

= 387114.05 cubic meters.

Rainwater Harvested = 80% of harvestable water

= 309691.24 cubic meters an year

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Rainwater Harvested per month = 25807 cubic meters.

Greywater per household = 198 liters.

No of households = 6827

Greywater Harvested = 6827 x 198 = 1351746 liters

= 1351.746 cubic meters/day

Greywater in a month = 1351.764 x 30 = 40552.92 cubic meters

Total volume of water harvested = 66359.92 cubic meters a month

Area of Reservoir required

Volume of water body/ reservoir = 66359.92 cubic meters

Length x breadth x height = 66359.92

Area x 8m = 66359.92

Area for reservoir = 8294.99 meters square

= 2.04 acres.

c. Assumptions

20% of the rainwater will be lost as runoff, evaporation and other losses.

4.2.8. Solid Waste

a. Objectives:-
 To reduce negative impact of waste on the environment.
 To provide eco friendly waste management Systems.
 To promote recycling of waste
 To reduce open dumping of waste.
 To utilize waste as a resource.
 To propose efficient waste collection systems.
Table 4.15 Solid waste generated

Inc in population 34131

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Solid waste generated (per day per person in kg) 0.4

Total waste generated (kg) 4418

Bio medical waste (5% of total waste) 221

Total increase in waste (kg) 4639

Present waste (kg) 5909.95

Total Waste 10327.95

Source: Calculated Values

i. Industrial Waste

Waste generated by industry per year = 290 tones

Avg Industrial Waste an year = 0.79 tonnes.

Biodegradable waste = 60%

Waste per day per industry = 0.47 tonnes.

Existing Agro based Industries = 2

Proposed Agro based industries = 2

Total waste generated per day = 0.94 tonnes.

Table 4.16 Types of Waste Generated

Waste Percentage Amount

Organic waste 52.38% 5409.78 kg

Recyclables 16.78% 1733.03 kg

Inerts 30.85% 3186.17 kg

Landfill 60% 1911.70 kg

Divertible 40% 1274.46 kg

Compostable 50% 637.23 kg

Recyclables 50% 637.23 kg

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Source: M.S.W. Manual 2015

ii. Organic Waste: - Requirements for Compost.

Waste per day = 5409 + 637.23 = 6047.01 kg = 6.04 tonnes

According to MSW Manual, 25 square metres of area is required for 1 tonn of solid waste.

Compost area requirement per day:-

25 x 6.04 = 151 square metres

Since organic waste takes 30 days to convert into compost, it cannot be disturbed for 30 days.

Hence, Compost requirement for 30 days:-

30 x 151 = 4530 square meters = 1.1 acres.

b. Assumptions

40% of inert waste will be divertible and 20% of it will be compostable.

c. Requirements of Landfill:-

Waste per day = 2.06 tonnes

Waste per month = 1.06 x 30

Waste per year = 1.06 x 30 x 12

Waste generated in 25 years = 1.06 x 30 x 12 x 25 = 18540 tonnes

Assumed density = 0.85 tonnes/ cu.m.

Volume of waste = 18540/0.85 = 21811.76 cu.m.

Volume of cover = 0.1 x 21811.76 = 2181.17 cu.m.

Volume of linear and cover systems = 0.25 x 21811.76 = 5452.94 cu.m.

Total = 21811.76+2181.17+5452.94 = 29445.87 cu.m.

Height of landfill = 7 metres

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Area of landfill = 29445.87/7 = 4206.5 sq m = 1.03 acres

Additional 15% is to be provided for various operations and other uses, Total area required = 1.18
acres.

d. Requirements of Bio-gas Plant – Industrial Waste

Avg. Industrial Waste per year = 290 tonnes an year

Avg. Industrial Waste per day = 0.79 tonnes.

% of biodegradable, organic waste = 60% = 0.47 tonnes.

No of industries Proposed = 2

No of Industries Existing = 2

Total waste per day = 0.47 x 4 = 0.94 tonnes.

Requirements of Biogas plant

Bio Gas Plant for a capacity of 1 ton/day = 300 square metres.

Area for Biogas Plant required: - 300 sq metres.

e. Assumptions

20% of waste of industries will be recyclable and 20 will be put into the landfill.

 Ajnala’s waste composition co-ordinates with the Average Global Solid Waste composition.
 Agro based Industries such as Animal Husbandry, Dairy; Horticulture will be set up in the
town.
 Efficient segregation of waste will be carried out.
 Biomedical waste will be treated at the source of creation.
Total Area Required = 1.1 + 1.18+ 0.07 = 2.35

4.2.9. Electricity

a. Objectives

 To ensure 24 hour power supply, without compromising the safety.

 The street lights will be completely solar powered.

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i. Residential

The power Consumption work out to be 2KW per Household at town level, This Standard is given
in UDPFI.For the Requirements of electric Substation ,for the population of 15000 persons one
electric substation of 11KW is required as per UDPFI guidelines. Thus for the projected population
of 32,152, 1 electric sub stations of 11KW are required. Solar cells produce 200W in an area of 1m 2
with an efficiency of 20% thus reducing the pressure over the prevailing source of energy by 30%
i.e. 3858KW by providing a power plant of 17,790 m2.

Projected Population = 32152

Standard Family size = 5

Total no of households = 32152/5 = 6430

Solar power Plant

12860/100X30

3858 KW

Power Consumption

1 household = 2KW

6430X2=12860KW

Area for Solar power Plant

3858/200X1000

17790 m2

Table 4.17 Electricity

Projected Population 32,152

Households 6,430

Solar power plant (KW) 3,858

Area of solar power plant (m2 ) 17,790

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Power consumption (KW) 12,860

Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.18 Energy requirements for Commercial

Standard watts Area(in Requirements

Activities Proposed
Per Sq.Yard acres) watts

Community centre 35 - -

Convenience Shopping 35 2 3581.6 125356

Central shopping 35 1 5469.2 191422

Informal market 35 3 3484.8 121968

Hotels 35 1 4840 169400

Restaurant 35 4 3872 135520

Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.19 Energy requirements for Social Infrastructure

Total area (Sq Requirements

Education Std wts Per Sq.Yd Existing
yard) watts

Nursery school 35 2 2758.8 96558

Primary school 35 5 4646 162610

Senior secondary 35
5 11,228.8 393008
school

College ITI 35 1 -

Physically 35
0 8,131.2 284592
Challenged Sc.

Women education 35
0 3,872 135520
centre

Reading room 35 0 1161.6 40656

Medical

General hospital 35 1 -

Veterinary hospital 35 1 -

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Dispensary 35 3 1016.4 35574

Clinics 35 8 -

Intermediate 35
1 -
hospital - B

Rehabilitation 35
0 4,356 152460
centre

Social facilities

Police station 35 1

Sub fire station 35 - 4840 169400

Police Chowki 35 3 29.04 1016.4

Post office 35 1 48.4 1694

Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.20 Energy requirements for Social cultural facilities

Community hall 35 2 -

Old age home 35 - 2,613.6 91476

Orphanage/ Children’s 35
- 4840 169400
Centre

Religious facilities 35 17 -

Sports and Recreational facilities:

Play area 35 - 17,424 609840

Kertan ground 35 1 51,788 181258

Multipurpose ground 35 1 14,520 508200

Night shelter 35 1,161.6 40656

Cinema 35 1
Source: Calculated Values

4.2.10. Tourism

a. Objectives

• To increase the pull factors that can attract tourists like museums and galleries etc

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• Provide all the tourism related infrastructure in the town

• To promote eco tourism.

• To create employment for local public.

Table 4.21 Tourism

Present(2015) 2021 2031

% Increase - 3% of present 6% of 2021

No. of Tourist (yearly) 16095 16578 17573

Overall increase in tourism = 9.2% from the present till 2031

Source: Calculated Values

b. Assumptions

• There is a Kirtan darbar(mela) in Kalghidar Gurdwara yearly which attracts about 15,000
tourist and assuming 3 tourist per day in the town in rest of the year which is 1095

• A museum is proposed in Kaleyan Wala Khu which is a historical place(revolt of 1857)

• We have proposed an artificial water body which can attract tourist for eco tourism

4.2.11. Transportation

Table 4.22 Projections &Assumptions

Name Of Road Existing Existing V/C Projected Pcu Projected

Pcu Ratio (2031) V/C Ratio(2031)
Ajnala – Amritsar 380 .9 455 .95
road
Dera Baba Nanak – 310 .8 360 .9
Ajnala road
Ajnala – Ramdas 233 .65 290 .76
road
Chugawan- Ajnala 190 .59 245 .67

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road
Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.23 For Public transport

Projection Autos Cars NMT’s

Existing 685 4826 1800
Assumed rate 20% 30% 35%
Projected (2031) 910 6531 3200
Parking area
Source: Calculated Values

Table 4.24 Road widened

Total length(m) Width(m) Area (sq.m.)

Pedestrian 4680 1.5 7020*2=14040
Cycle track 4680 2 9360*2=18720
Unpaved boulevard 4680 2 9360*2=18720
Total area 51480sq.m.= 12.72acre
Source: Calculated Values

Assumptions

1. With road widening and introduction of public transport V/C ratio will decrease .

2. Traffic volume and traffic congestion will also reduce with increase in rate of use of public
transport and TSM.

3. In public transport use of NMT , autos will frequently increase as frequency of buses within
the cities is not very high

4. As tourism will increase use of public transport will also increase.

5. Major chunk of traffic congestion in peak hours will be resolved by use of traffic signals.

CHAPTER-?
REJUVINIATION OF SAKKI NALA
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Techniques for the rejuviniation of SakkiNala

The three major steps involved in the rejuviniation of water bodies are :-
1. Removal of floating material and shoreline cleaning.
The entire bankline is divided into sectors in order to enhance level of cleaning and to have
controlling, monitoring & accountability. Separate labour are proposed for a each sector with
competition among the sectors on cleanliness.
i. Removal of floating material in the middle of the nala is by pedal boats and motor boats.
Similarly, hyacinth and algal blooms floating in the water will be handled through motor
boats. .All the material collected will be stocked at convenient intervals and transported
through a coordinated system.
ii. . It is proposed to deploy two vehicles with dumper bins which move continuously around
the lake and collect the waste material and transport to the designated disposal site.
2. Treatment of inflows (I&D’s & STP’s).
All sewage and effluents coming from various sources are stopped by I&D Structures and they are
diverted through sewer lines.
i. STP’s (Sewage Treatment Plants): No untreated sewage will be let into the Nala. The
greywater after treatment from the S.T.P. flows into the nala to maintain a level of water in
the nala at all times.
3. Improvement in quality of lake water.
In order to improve the quality of lake water, the following operations are to be taken up:
i) Dredging of sediments at the mouths of Nalas
ii) Aeration through High Jet Fountains .

Desilting :- It is possible to desilt a water body while cleaning it up, using

the simple “Lake Restorer” technology .The Lake Restorer is essentially
an artificial floating island, simulating the natural mats of dense
vegetation like
cattails, bulrush, sedge and reeds that typically extend outward from
shoreline wetlands and break off during storms. As the water gets deeper, these roots no longer
reach the bottom, so they use the oxygen in their root mass for buoyancy.
This makes the area beneath these floating mats, and the Lake Restorer,
exceptionally rich in aquatic biota.
It is used for the aerations and oxygenation of the water.The Lake
Restorer is a 2-meter band of such vegetation on a platform which
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encloses high-surface-area plastic media within a circular fishnet hanging from the platform which
supports the growth of aquatic plants with long hanging roots. An “airlift” pipe connected to an on-
shore compressor sends ultra-fine air-bubbles up past the media and roots to oxygenate the
biodegrading microbes that are anchored there.

The “airlift” creates a gentle current that lifts lake-bottom sludge up past the roots to provide food
for the microbes and consume the sludge.

Insitu Wastage treatment concept :-

In-situ treatment (IST) in drain does not envisage any major modification of the drain. Such
treatment is simple and easy-to-operate. Microbial consortia used in the treatment, degrade sewage
in flowing conditions without diverting the flow and no additional requirement of land or electrical
Power. Cost-effective and the bioremediation of sewage is accomplished with consortia of
beneficial bacteria isolated from the native site. The consortia of beneficial bacteria are cultured in
bulk and applied to the flowing sewage for further treatment
Case study
MorigateNala, Allahabad project undertaken by Amrit Clean Water technologies has been
identified for demonstrating “In-situ Treatment of Sewage” for MorigateNala, Allahabad (UP).
Technology :- The Technology allows co-existence of different strains of microbes blended together
without outcompeting each other, their by withholding the effects. The Technology adopted is bio-
augmentation i.e, addition of select bacteria in the treatment area to increase the beneficial count
and thus encouraging faster degradation of organic matter.
Targets :-
The target is to achieve the quality of treated sewage effluents as per inland surface water standards
so to achieve BOD=<30mg/l, COD=<250 mg/l, SS=<100mg/l and fecal coliform in the range of
500-2500 MPN/ 100ml

DEVELOPMENT OF BROWN FIELDS:

There are three major ways to develop brown fields:

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i. Bio-remediation: It is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to

remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated
site. According to the EPA, bioremediation is a
"treatment that uses naturally occuring organisms to
break down hazardous substances into less toxic
substances."Uses the natural processes of indigenous
bacteria, microorganisms and fungi to destroy or
neutralise toxins and contaminants.
Bio-remediation may occur on its own or may only effectively occur through the addition of
fertilizers, oxygen, etc., that help encourage the growth of the pollution-eating microbes
within the medium.
ii. Phytoremediation: It refers describes the treatment of environmental problems through the
use of plants that mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the
contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere. It
uses plants to store contaminants in their leaves and
stems (bioaccumulation). Some contaminants such as
heavy metals can be harvested and mined for reuse
(phytomining). With phytoremediation, it is critical
that contaminants do not enter the food chain. With
this in mind, scientists are currently exploring the
value of biofuel and energy crops as
phytoremediators.
a)Phyto Volatilization: Some plants take up Volatilic contaminants and release them into
the atmosphere through transpiration. The contaminants is transformed or degraded within
the the plant to create a less toxic substances before and then released into air.
b)Phyto Stabilization: Some plants can sequester or immobilize contaminants by absorbing
them into their roots and releasing a chemical and then covert the contaminant into less toxic
state. This mechanism limits the migration of contaminants through water erosion, leaching,
wind and soil dispersion.
c)Phyto Degradation: Plants take up and break down contaminants through the release of
enzymes and metabolic processes such as photosynthetic oxidation/reduction. In this process
organic pollutants are degraded and incorporated into the plant or broken down into the soil.

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d)Phyto Extraction: Plants takes contaminants- mostly metals, metaloids and radionuleids-
with their roots and accumulate them in large quantities within their stems and leaves. These
plants need to be harvested and disposed as special waste.

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