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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS

Unit of Competency: Apply Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

Module No.: 4 Module Title: Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

0
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

How to Use this Module ................................................................................................ i

Introduction................................................................................................................. ii
Technical Terms ......................................................................................................... iii

Learning Outcome #1 ................................................................................................ 1

 Learning Experiences/Activities............................................................... 2
 Information Sheet 1 ................................................................................. 2
 Self-Check 1 ............................................................................................ 4
 Operation Sheet #1 .................................................................................. 5
Learning Outcome 2 .................................................................................................. 6
 Learning Experiences/Activities............................................................... 7
 Information Sheet 1 ................................................................................. 7
 Self-Check .............................................................................................. 9
 Assessment Sheet …………………………………………………………………….9
Learning Outcome 3 ………………………………………………………………………………..10
 Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………………………… 11
 Information Sheet 1 …………………………………………………………….… 13
 Self-Check …………………………………………………………………………… 13
 Operation Sheet 1…………………………………………………………………… 14
 Assessment Sheet ……………………………………………………………………15
 Operation Sheet #2 ………………………………………………………………… 16
Learning Outcome 4 ……………………………………………………………………………… 17
 Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………………………17
 Information Sheet #1 ………………………………………………………………18
 Answer Key…………………………………………..……………………………… 23

1
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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module ―Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive”. This

module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency ―Apply Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive” contains the

knowledge, skills and attitudes required for an Automotive Servicing NC 1 course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets and Activity
Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of
each learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in
this module because you have:
been working for some time
already completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular
skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t
have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of
Competency from previous trainings show it to your trainer. If the skills you
acquired are still current and relevant to this module, they may become part of the
evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your
skills, discuss this with your trainer.

After completing this module ask your trainer to assess your competency.
Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the
learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own pace.

Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may
have more than one learning activity.

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in

receiving and relaying information. This will be the source of information that will
enable you to acquire the knowledge and skills in Arabic Language and Values
Education independently at your own pace or with minimum supervision or help
from your instructor.
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Program/Course AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING

Unit of Competency Apply Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

Module Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

INTRODUCTION:

This module contains information and suggested learning activities on

Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive. It includes instructions and procedure
on Applying appropriate sealant/adhesive.

Completion of this module will help you better understand the succeeding
module Use and Application of Lubricant/Coolant.

This module consists of four (4) learning outcomes. Each learning outcome
contains learning activities supported by instruction sheets. Before you perform the
instructions, read the information sheets and answer the self-check and activities
provided to ascertain to yourself and your instructor that you have acquired the
knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion of the particular learning outcome.

Upon completing this module, report to your teacher for assessment to check
your achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of this module. If you pass the
assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

LO1. identify appropriate sealant/adhesive;

LO2. prepare surface for sealant/adhesive;

LO3. apply sealant/adhesive; and

LO4. store/dispose of sealant/adhesive.

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TECHNICAL TERMS

Pliable Sealant Referred to as one-part sealants and are supplied ―ready for use‖
as package.

Drying Sealant Set and cured by evaporation of the solvent

Curing Sealant Catalyst-cured sealants have an advantage over drying sealants

because they are transformed from a fluid or semi state into a
solid by chemical reaction rather than by evaporation of a
solvent.

Volatility A measure ease with which a liquid vaporizes; has a direct

relationship to the flammability of a fuel.

Viscosity The resistance to flow exhibited by liquid. A thick oil has greater
viscosity than thin oil.

Catalyst A material in the catalytic converter that causes a chemical

change with being a part of the chemical reaction.

Aerobic gasket Room –temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicon rubber that cures

material only in the presence of air; use on surface that flex or vibrate.

Anaerobic A material that cures or hardens only in the absence of air such
Sealant as when squeezed tightly between two surfaces.
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Program/Course AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING

Unit of Competency Apply Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive
Module Applying Appropriate/Sealant

Learning Outcome # 1: Identify Appropriate Sealant / Adhesive

Identify appropriate sealant/adhesive

Assessment Criteria:

1. Sealant/adhesive is selected in line with job requirement and fits manufacturer’

specification.
2. Sealant/adhesive checking is performed to ensure that is fit for use.

Resources:

Modern Automotive Service and System

James E. Duffy

Basic Automotive Service and System

Jay Webster

Automotive Mechanics
10th Edition
William Crouse and Donald Anglin

Manufacturer’s Manual
Toyota Corporation
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Identify appropriate sealant/adhesive

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. State the different types of Read information sheet no. 1 topic no. 1
sealant/adhesive. Types of sealant/adhesive.

2. Discuss the uses of sealant/adhesive Read information sheet no. 1 topic no. 2
Uses of sealant/adhesive.
3. Enumerate the types of surface
materials Read information sheet no. 1 topic no. 3
Types of surface materials.
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INFORMATION SHEET NO.1

LO1. Identify appropriate sealant/adhesive

TOPIC 1. TYPES OF SEALANTS

The physical conditions surrounding the seal govern the type of sealant to be used.
Some sealants are exposed to extremely high or low temperatures. Other sealants
contact fuels and lubricants. There-fore, it is necessary to use a sealant that has
been compounded for the particular condition. Sealants are supplied in different
consistencies and cure rates. Basic sealants are classified in three general
categories—pliable, drying, and curing.

Pliable Sealants

Pliable sealants are referred to as one-part sealants and are supplied "ready for use"
as packaged. They are solids and change very little during or after application.
Solvent is not used with pliable sealants. Therefore, drying is not necessary. Except
for normal aging, they remain virtually the same as when they were packaged. They
easily adhere to metal, glass, and plastic surfaces. Pliable sealants are used around
access panels and doors and in areas where pressurization cavities must be
maintained.

Drying Sealants

Drying sealants set and cure by evaporation of the solvent. Solvents are used in these
sealants to provide the desired application consistency. Consistency or hardness may
change when this type of sealant dries, depending on the amount of solvent it
contains. Shrinkage during the drying process is an important consideration. The
degree of shrinkage also depends upon the amount of solvent it contains.

Curing Sealants

Catalyst-cured sealants have an advantage over drying sealants because they are
transformed from a fluid or semi fluid state into a solid by chemical reaction rather
than by evaporation of a solvent. A chemical catalyst or accelerator is added and
mixed just prior to sealant applications. Heat may be employed to speed up the
curing process. When you use a catalyst, you should accurately measure and
thoroughly mix the two components to ensure a complete and even cure.
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TOPIC 2: Uses Of Sealant/Adhesive

The adhesive and sealants includes two

chemically similar but functionally different
groups of formulated products, adhesive and sealants.

1. Adhesive products are used to bond between two different or similar

materials.

2. Sealants are used to create an impenetration barrier to gas or moisture.

TOPIC 3: Types of surface materials

Surface Materials:

1. Glass
2. Stone
3. Wood
4. Metals

The epoxy and polyurethane systems are most oftenly used in the reactive sector.
Urethanes is used with flexible materials in high impact applications, while
epoxies are known for their hardness and are used with more rigid substances.

SELF-CHECK #_1_

LO 1. Identify appropriate sealant/adhesive

Directions:

Multiple Choice: Select the best answer that corresponds to the statement.

1. Referred to as one-part sealants and are supplied ―ready for use‖ as

Packaged.
a. Curing sealant
b. Pliable sealant
c. Drying sealant
d. All of the above
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2. Set and cure by evaporation of solvent.

a. Curing sealant
b. Pliable sealant
c. Drying sealant
d. Aerobic sealant

3. Catalyst-cured sealants have an advantage over drying sealants because

they are transformed from fluid or semi fluid state into a solid by chemical
reaction rather than by evaporation of a solvent.
a. Drying sealant
b. Curing sealant
c. Aerobic sealant
d. Pliable sealant

4. Glass, stone, wood and metals are types of _________.

a. sealants
b. adhesive
c. epoxy
d. surface materials

5. It is used to create an impenetration barrier to gas or moisture.

a. sealant
b. adhesive
c. urethane
d. epoxy

6. A product which use to bond between two different or similar materials.

a. Sealants
b. Adhesives
c. Urethane
d. Epoxy

7. It is added and mixed just prior to sealant application.

a. chemical catalyst
b. Adhesive
c. Epoxy
d. Urethane

8. Supplies that are known for their hardness and are used with more
substances.
a. Epoxies
b. Urethanes
c. Sealants
d. Adhesives

9. Supplies used for flexible materials in high impact applications.

a. epoxy
b. urethanes
c. sealants
d. adhesive

10. Once the sealant has been applied, the parts must be
a. joint
b. torque
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c. rivets
d. all of the above

Program/Course: Automotive Servicing

Unit of Competency: APPLY APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE

Module Title: Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

Learning Outcome 2: Prepare surface for sealant/adhesive

assessment criteria

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Surface materials are identified as per construction
2. Surface is cleared and free from moisture, dust and other foreign matters to
ensure maximum adhesive or seal

Resources

 Automotive Mechanics, 10th edition

By: Crouse/ Anglin

 Modern Automotive Technology

By: James E. Duffy

 Manufacturer’s Manual
Toyota Corporation
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 2 : Prepare surface for sealant/adhesive assessment criteria

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Perform the procedures in Read operation sheet no. 1 Preparing

preparing surface for surface for sealant / adhesive.
sealant/adhesive
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OPERATION SHEET NO.1

LO 2. Preparing surface for sealant/adhesive.

Title: Prepare surface for sealant/adhesive

Objective: Follow instruction in preparing surface for sealant/adhesive

Materials, Tools and Equipment:

 Sealant/adhesive
 Rags
 Sand paper
 Cleaning solvent
 Scraper
 Steel Brush

Procedure:

Preparing surface for sealant/adhesive

1. Prepare tools and materials.

2. Clean surface with scraper, steel brush and cleaning solvent.
3. Wipe with clean and dry well.

Note: Surface is cleared and free of moisture, dust and other foreign
matters to ensure maximum adhesive/sealant.

ASSESSMENT PERFORMANCE

POINT
LO 2: Preparing surface for sealant / adhesive. S

WORKMANSHIP/PERFORMANCE
A. QUALITY OF WORK WITH APPLICATION OF SAFETY
MEASURES

35 - EXEMPLARY

25 - ADEQUATE

10 - NEED IMPROVEMENT
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B. ACCURARY OF PERFORMANCE UNDER SPECIFIED

TIME LIMIT

30 - ALL WORK IS COMPLETE AND CORRECT

20 - MINOR MISTAKE OR ERROR

10 - SOME OF THE WORK MAYBE
INCOMPLETE/MISDIRECTED
C. PROPER USE OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT WITH SAFETY
MEASURES

35 - SELECT/USE PROPERLY OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

25 - WRONG HANDLING OF TOOLS

10 - TOOLS IS NOT SUITABLE FOR THE JOB

TOTAL
SCORES

INFORMATION SHEET NO.2

LO 2. Preparing Surface for sealant/Adhesive assessment criteria

Topic 1: Identifying health hazards associate in handling sealant/adhesive

A growing number players in the adhesive and sealant industry have

expressed a desire to move away from the used of primers adhesive system
because of their flammability and volatility.

Topic 2: Proper Storage/disposal of sealant/adhesive

Sealant/adhesive must be stored in refrigerated storage

or cool area. Big companies installed equipment to recapture and recycle, or
properly incinerate, solvent and are less likely to change to solvent less
products.
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SELF-CHECK NO. 1

LO 2. Prepare surface for sealant/adhesive assessment criteria

Directions:

Fill in the blank: Read the statement carefully and fill the blanks with
the correct answer.

1. To remove the excess sealant/adhesive use _____________.

2. After removing the excess sealant/adhesive wipe with clean rags and
___________________.
3. Sealant/adhesive must be stored in ______________________.
4. Sealant industry have expressed a desire to move away from the used
of primer adhesive system because of their __________ and _________.
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Program/Course: Automotive Servicing

Unit of Competency: APPLY APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE

Module Title: Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

Learning Outcome 3: Apply Sealant/Adhesive Evenly

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Sealant/adhesive is applied evenly on the surface in line with

manufacturer’s specification.
2. Excess sealant/adhesive is removed by sanding or scrapping.
3. Tools and equipment used to apply sealant/adhesive are appropriate to
job requirements.
4. Safety is observed and PPE are worn in accordance with industry SOP.
5. Hazards associated with the used of sealant/adhesive are identified

Resources

 Automotive Mechanics, 10th edition

By: Crouse/ Anglin

 Modern Automotive Technology

By: James E. Duffy

 Manufacturer’s Manual
Toyota Corporation
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome No. 3: Apply sealant/adhesive

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Enumerate the procedures in See information sheet no.1 topic 1

applying sealant/adhesive Procedure in applying sealant/adhesive.

See information sheet no.1 topic 2

2. Discuss proper usage of tools Proper usage of tools

Read information sheet no.1 topic 3

3. Apply the safety measures in Safety measures in applying sealant
applying sealant/adhesive and adhesive

Read information sheet no. 1 topic 4

4. Identify health hazards Identify health hazards associated in
associated in handling handling sealant/adhesive
sealant/adhesive.
Read operation sheet no. 1 Applying
5. Perform the procedures in sealant/adhesive
applying sealant/adhesive
Read operation sheet no. 1 Removing
6. Perform the procedures in excess sealant/adhesive
removing excess
sealant/adhesive
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INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1

LO 3. Applying Sealant/Adhesive evenly

Topic 1: Procedures in applying sealant/adhesive

Application of sealant – Various applications of sealants various

according to time, tools required and the methods.

The following restrictions are applied to all sealant applications.

2. Sealant should be used with in the application time limits

specified by the sealant manufacturer.

3. Sealant should be discarded immediately when it becomes too stiff

to apply or work. Stiff or partially cured sealant will not wet the
surface to which it is to be applied as fresh material and,
consequently, will not have satisfactory adhesion.

4. Sealant should not be applied to metal that is colder than 700 F.

Better adhesion is obtained and applied sealant will have less
tendency to flow while curing if the metal is warmed to a
temperature between 900F and 1000F before the sealant is applied.

5. Sealant should not be used for faying surface application unless it

has just been removed from refrigerated storage or freshly mixed.

Topic 2: Proper usage of tools

Injection sealing is the pressure filling of openings or voids with a sealant

injection gun. Joggles should be tilled by forcing sealant into the opening until
it emerges from the opposite side. Voids and cavities are filled by starting with
the nozzle of the sealant injection gun at the bottom of the space and filling as
the nozzle is withdrawn.

Note: A joggle is a joint between two pieces of material formed by notch and a
fitted projection.
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Topic 3: Safety measures in applying sealant/adhesive

RTV sealant can be used on surface that flexes or vibrates slightly, such
as the engine valve cover. Never use RTV sealant around high temperature and
pressure, such as for head gaskets. The mating surface must be thoroughly
cleaned before RTV or anaerobic sealant is applied. Sealants cannot be sealed to
dirty, greases, or oily surface.

Note: On engine with an oxygen sensor, use only RTV sealant that says ―sensor
safe‖ on the level. Fumes from some RTV sealant can damage the oxygen
sensor. This may cause excessive exhaust emissions and poor fuel economy.

Topic 4: Identify health hazards associated in handling sealant/adhesive

A growing number of players in the adhesive and sealant industry have

expressed a desire to move away from the use of primers adhesive system
because of their flammability and volatility.
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SELF-CHECK NO. 1

LO 3. Apply sealants/adhesive evenly

Directions:

Fill in the blanks: Read the statement carefully and fill the blanks with
the correct answer.

1. Sealant should be used within ___________________.

2. Sealant should not be applied to metal that is colder than __________.
3. Before the sealant is applied, the metal warmed to a temperature
between ________________.
4. _________________ is the pressure filling of openings or voids.
5. The joint between two pieces of material formed by a notch and tilled
projection is called ___________________.
6. Sealant should be discarded immediately when it becomes
___________.
7. Sealant should not be used for faying surface applications unless it
has been removed from __________________.
8. Never use RTV sealant around high temperature and pressure, such
as for_______________________.
9. On engine with an oxygen sensor, use only _____________________ that
says ―sensor safe‖ on the level.
10. Sealants cannot be _________ to dirty, greases, or oily surface.
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OPERATION SHEET NO.1

LO 3. Apply sealant/adhesive evenly

Title: Procedure in applying sealant/adhesive

Materials, Tools and Equipment:

 Sealant/adhesive
 Rags
 Sand paper
 Cleaning solvent
 Scraper
 Steel Brush

Procedure:

Applying sealant/adhesive

1. Prepare tools and materials

2. Clean surface with steel brush and sandpaper.
3. Wipe surface with rags and cleaning solvent.
4. Apply sealant/adhesive evenly.
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ASSESSMENT PERFORMANCE

LO 3: Apply Sealant / Adhesive evenly POINTS

WORKMANSHIP/PERFORMANCE
A. QUALITY OF WORK WITH APPLICATION OF SAFETY
MEASURES 35

35 - EXEMPLARY

25 - ADEQUATE

10 - NEED IMPROVEMENT
B. ACCURARY OF PERFORMANCE UNDER SPECIFIED
TIME LIMIT 30

30 - ALL WORK IS COMPLETE AND CORRECT

20 - MINOR MISTAKE OR ERROR

10 - SOME OF THE WORK MAYBE
INCOMPLETE/MISDIRECTED
C. PROPER USE OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT WITH SAFETY
MEASURES 35

35 - SELECT/USE PROPERLY OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

25 - WRONG HANDLING OF TOOLS

10 - TOOLS IS NOT SUITABLE FOR THE JOB

TOTAL
SCORES 100
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OPERATION SHEET NO.2

LO 3: Apply sealant/Adhesive evenly

Title: Removing of excess sealant/adhesive

Objective: Follow instructions in removing excess sealant/adhesive

Materials, Tools and Equipment:

 Sealant/adhesive
 Rags
 Sand paper
 Cleaning solvent
 Scraper
 Steel Brush

Procedure:

Removing excess sealant/adhesive

1. Prepare tools for scraping.

2. Scrape excess sealant/adhesive by the use of scraper or spatula.
3. Wipe with rags with cleaning solvent for final clean up.
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ASSESSMENT PERFORMANCE

LO 3: Apply Adhesive / Sealant evenly POINTS

WORKMANSHIP/PERFORMANCE
A. QUALITY OF WORK WITH APPLICATION OF SAFETY
MEASURES 35

35 - EXEMPLARY

25 - ADEQUATE

10 - NEED IMPROVEMENT
B. ACCURARY OF PERFORMANCE UNDER SPECIFIED
TIME LIMIT 30

30 - ALL WORK IS COMPLETE AND CORRECT

20 - MINOR MISTAKE OR ERROR

10 - SOME OF THE WORK MAYBE
INCOMPLETE/MISDIRECTED
C. PROPER USE OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT WITH SAFETY
MEASURES 35

35 - SELECT/USE PROPERLY OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

25 - WRONG HANDLING OF TOOLS

10 - TOOLS IS NOT SUITABLE FOR THE JOB

TOTAL
SCORES 100
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Program/Course: Automotive Servicing

Unit of Competency: APPLY APPROPRIATE SEALANT/ADHESIVE

Module Title: Applying Appropriate Sealant/Adhesive

Learning Outcome 4: Store/Dispose Sealant/Adhesive

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Sealant/adhesive is stored as per prescribed procedure
2. Waste is disposed as per workshop standard operating procedure (SOP)

Resources

 Automotive Mechanics, 10th edition

By: Crouse/ Anglin

 Modern Automotive Technology

By: James E. Duffy

 Manufacturer’s Manual
Toyota Corporation
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 4 : Store/dispose of sealant/adhesive

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Discuss waste disposal system Read information sheet no.1 Waste

disposal system
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INFORMATION SHEET NO.1

LO 4. Store/Dispose of Sealant/Adhesive

Title: Proper storage/disposal of sealant/adhesive

Sealant/adhesive must be stored in refrigerated storage or cool

area. Big companies installed equipment to recapture and recycle, or
properly incinerate, solvent and are less likely to change to solvent less
products.

SPILLAGE & WASTE DISPOSAL

Spillages of any type should be attended to immediately. Water-

based products can be washed away with water before they dry, provided
it is permissible to discharge this type of effluent into the drains. An
alternative method is to soak up the Spillage with an inert material,
which can be placed in a suitably closed container for disposal. This
technique is particularly appropriate for solvent based adhesives using
either sand, clay or powdered limestone as the absorbent material.

Care should be taken in the disposal of full or empty containers for

solvent-based adhesives in order to avoid a latent explosion and/or fire
hazard. The empty containers should be either carefully punctured or left
open to ensure that no
solvent vapor is trapped under pressure, taking the usual precautions
concerning flammable materials.

Note: Aerosol packages are pressurized and must

not be punctured unless all internal pressure has
been relieved.
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STORAGE

The storage of adhesives and sealants should be restricted to 'NO

SMOKING' areas since even for non-flammable adhesives there is a risk that
vapors can be given off which will be converted by pyrolysis to toxic products by
a burning cigarette. All flammable adhesives should be stored in suitable
flameproof areas according to the requirements of the appropriate authorities.
All adhesives and sealants should be stored in dry conditions and reasonable
temperatures, eg. preferably between 50C-300C. Warm drums of solvent-based
adhesives should be opened slowly and carefully to allow gradual release of
internal pressure. To ensure that the useful shelf life of adhesive products is
not exceeded, strict rotation of stock should be observed and possible safety
hazards from aging avoided. In all cases, the manufacturer's instructions and
directions printed on the label should be observed.
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ANSWER KEYS

LO 1.

Multiple Choice
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. d

LO 3

Fill in the blanks

1. Application time
2. 700F
3. 900F – 1000F
4. Injection sealing
5. Joggle
6. Too Stiff
7. Refrigerated storage
8. head gasket
9. RTV sealant
10. seal
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Copyright Department of Education 2008

First Published May 2008

This draft was prepared at the Competency-Based Learning Materials

Development Workshop conducted at the Development of the Philippines on
May 5-10, 2008.

This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel:

Technology Teachers:

TEAM LEADER: GEORGE CALLANTA

Members : ROBERT DOMINGO

JOHN DIEGO

LINO OLIT

ROMEO IBLOGUIN

NELSON SENEDO

ENGLISH : BELEN TADO

Facilitator: Beatriz Adriano

This work was produced with funding provided by the Department of

Education.
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REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING:

Modern Automotive Service and System

James E. Duffy

Basic Automotive Service and System

Jay Webster

Automotive Mechanics
10th Edition
William Crouse and Donald Anglin

Manufacturer’s Manual
Toyota Corporation