Lab-Manual: 8EE06 Electrical Drive & Control Lab

LAB-MANUAL
IV Year VIII SEM EE
8EE06
ELECTRICAL DRIVE &
CONTROL LAB
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-0

INDEX
S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. RTU syllabus
2. Do’s and Don’ts
3. Instructions to the Students
4. Lab PEO
5. Lab Plan
Exp-1. Study and test the firing circuit of three phase half
6.
controlled bridge converter.
Exp-2 Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled

7.
bridge converter with R and RL loads.
Exp-3 Study and test the firing circuit of 3-phase full controlled
8.
bridge converter.
Exp-4. Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled
9.
bridge converter with R and RL loads.
10. Exp-5 Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
Exp-6 Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled

11. bridge converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed
characteristic.
Exp-7 Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled
12. bridge converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed
characteristic.
13 Exp-8 Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable

stator voltage mode using 3-phase AC voltage regulator.

Exp-9 Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage
14.
regulator.
15. Exp-10 Study 3-phase dual converter.
Exp-11. Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual

16.
converter.
Exp-12 Study three-phase cycloconverter and speed control of
17.
synchronous motor using cycloconverter.
18. Exp-13 Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable

frequency V/f constant mode using 3-phase inverter

Time Table
Session: 2019-2020
Faculty: Mr. RAVI SHARMA
PERIOD/
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
DAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURADAY
Mr. RAVINDER SINGH MAAN

Assot. Prof. & Head ,
Deptt. of EE

Detailed Syllabus
Class: VIII Sem. B.Tech. Evaluation

Branch: E.E Examination Time = Three (3) Hours
Schedule per Week Maximum Marks = 100
Practical Hrs : 2 hr/week [Sessional (60) & End-term (40)]
S. No. List of Experiments as per RTU Syllabus

Exp-1. Study and test the firing circuit of three phase half controlled bridge
1.
converter.
Exp-2 Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled bridge

2.
converter with R and RL loads.
Exp-3 Study and test the firing circuit of 3-phase full controlled bridge
3.
converter.
Exp-4. Study and obtain waveforms of 3-phase full controlled bridge
4.
converter with R and RL loads.
5. Exp-5 Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
6. Exp-6 Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled bridge

converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
7. Exp-7 Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase full controlled bridge
converter. Plot armature voltage versus speed characteristic.
8. Exp-8 Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator voltage
mode using 3-phase AC voltage regulator.
9. Exp-9 Control speed of universal motor using AC voltage regulator.
10. Exp-10 Study 3-phase dual converter.
11. Exp-11. Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual converter.
Exp-12 Study three-phase cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous
12.
motor using cycloconverter.

13 Exp-13 Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable frequency V/f
constant mode using 3-phase inverter
DO’S AND DONT’S
DO’S
1. Student should get the record of previous experiment checked before starting the new
experiment.
2. Read the manual carefully before starting the experiment.
3. Before starting the experiment, get circuit diagram checked by the teacher.
4. Before switching on the power supply, get the circuit connections check ed.
5. Get your readings checked by the teacher.
6. Apparatus must be handled carefully.
7. Maintain strict discipline.
8. Keep your mobile phone switched off or in vibration mode.
9. Students should get the experiment allotted for next turn, before leaving the lab.
DONT’S
1. Do not touch or attempt to touch the mains power supply Wire with bare hands.
2. Do not overcrowd the tables.
3. Do not tamper with equipments.
4. Do not leave the without permission from the teacher.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS
General Instructions
 Maintain separate observation copy for each laboratory.

 Observations or readings should be taken only in the observation copy.
 Get the readings counter signed by the faculty after the completion of the
experiment.
 Maintain Index column in the observation copy and get the signature of the
faculty before leaving the lab.
Before Entering the Lab
 The previous experiment should have been written in the practical file, without
which the students will not be allowed to enter the lab.
 The students should have written the experiment in the observation copy that they
are supposed to perform in the lab.
 The experiment written in the observation copy should have aim, apparatus
required, circuit diagram/algorithm, blank observation table (if any), formula (if
any), programmed (if any), model graph (if any) and space for result.
When Working in the Lab
 Necessary equipments/apparatus should be taken only from the lab assistant by

making an issuing slip, which would contain name of the experiment, names of
batch members and apparatus or components required.

 Never switch on the power supply before getting the permission from the faculty.
Before Leaving the Lab
 The equipments/components should be returned back to the lab assistant in good

condition after the completion of the experiment.
 The students should get the signature from the faculty in the observation copy.
 They should also check whether their file is checked and counter signed in the
index.

PROGRAM EDUCATION OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
2019-2020
Subject Name/Code: 8EE6 Electrical Drives & Control Lab

Class: B. Tech. IV Yr VIII Sem. Electrical Engineering Practical: 2 hrs/week
External Marks: 40
Internal Marks: 60 Total Marks: 100
(1). Program Description: To offer high quality education in the field of Electrical
Engineering and to prepare students abreast of latest global industrial and research requirements
and fulfill responsibility towards community.
(2). Program Objective:
I. Preparation: To pursue graduate studies in Electrical Engineering and the crucial task to
identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design of the electrical system in
order to produce a successful result, not enough to build a technically successful product
but also to meet further energy requirements. playing an important role in maintaining
ethical standards of professionalism with a broad-based education in core areas of
Electrical Engineering, including theoretical foundations, experimentation and technical
implementation, with an appropriate blend of theory and practical’s so that the student is
able to comprehend and pinpoint problems in the fields of Electrical Engineering.
II. Core competence: To provide students the creative application of scientific principles to
design or develop structures, machines, apparatus or works and utilizing them in present
day scenario of fields related to electricity such as generation, transmission and
distribution and construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design or to
forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions in core areas of Electrical
Engineering. Student will be able to employ necessary techniques, hardware, and tools

for modern engineering applications and student can solve problems through analytical
thinking in their own or related fields.
III. Breadth: To train students with good scientific and technical breadth so as to embody
inventions and put his ideas in concrete terms and design something that promotes and
helps in fulfilling the ever expanding energy requirements. To develop any device,
gadget, material, method, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an
improvement on what is existing in the present electrical system.
IV. Professionalism: To inculcate in students professional and ethical attitude,
Communication Skills, teamwork Skills, computer programming skill and an ability to
relate engineering issues to broader social context. To develop in the students their
learning interaction and tacit knowledge transfer influenced by individual and collective
thinking styles and mental depositions. The cognitive style of electrical engineering and
technically knowledgeable issues for the new systems of innovation in his field.
V. Learning Environment: To provide the excellent learning environment, which can
enhance the learning ability of student to generate awareness of surrounding,
attentiveness to details, experimental thoroughness and practicality that are the hallmarks
of tasks requiring a conglomeration of concrete information and abstract concept to help
individuals, complete society and nation?
(3)Program Outcomes:
A. Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of advanced mathematics, science and electrical
engineering with the ability to apply the theoretical knowledge and concepts to the
disciplines of electrical engineering.
B. Graduates will demonstrate an ability to identify, formulate, pinpoint and solve Electrical
engineering problems keeping in view the present day power and energy requirement and
its future prospect.
C. Graduate will demonstrate an ability to design electrical and power electronic circuits and
conduct experiments that serve as the blue print for the complex electrical circuitry

associated with our day to day electricity transmission and protection process related with
power systems, analysis, protection and distribution.
D. Graduates will demonstrate an ability to design study and analyze the digital and analog
systems and components that serve as the fundamental components of the power
engineering methods being increasingly used with the new technological advances.
E. Graduates will demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and Identify the
theoretical models as predictors of real world behavior. This may include evaluating,
establishing of validating a relationship between data and underlying physical principles.
F.
Graduate will demonstrate skills to use modern engineering tools, software, equipment to
design, protect or assemble the system using specific methodologies with the help of
appropriate tools to satisfy requirements.
G. Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of professional and computer language skills that
will eventually develop them into skilled researchers in an atmosphere that is technically
advanced and conductive.
H. Graduate will be able to communicate effectively in both verbal and written form. They
will develop a better presentation skill on academic and personal grounds that will enhance
their personality in all aspects.
I. Graduate will understand the impact of engineering solutions on the society and also be
aware of contemporary issues relating to the exhausting resources and alternatives to
continue uninterrupted power supply.
J. Graduate will develop confidence, self motivation, positive belief, consistency,
perseverance and team work.
K. Graduate will be able to participate and succeed in campus placements and competitive
examinations like Public sector, GATE, GRE etc.

(4) Mapping of Program Objective with Program Outcome
Program Program Outcomes
Objective A B C D E F G H I J K
I √ √ √ √ √ √
II √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
III √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
IV √ √ √ √ √ √ √
V √ √ √ √ √ √
(5) Course Objective

After studied Power Electronics-III in their graduation plan, student will be able to
1. The course gives a deep view of all power device used in industries and also gives the
reason for their use in particular application. The subject also helps in monitoring of a
particular circuitry by studying its switching characteristics.
2. The course gives an overview about the different forms of inverters & rectifiers & also
explains their use in industries for a particular application.
3. The course describes about different forms of power supplies like ups, smps high
frequency electronic ballast etc. course also gives the reason that why a particular supply
is better for a specific application.
4. The course consists of study of various power drives & also includes various types of
circuitries for controlling power drives. Here controlling means various factors associated
with drive like its speed.

5. The course also covers the study of various types of stepper motors with their specific
application like variable reluctance type, permanent magnet & reluctance type & hybrid.
(6) Course Outcomes:-

The course tends to improvise the students and provides the basic and deep knowledge and
development of a strong building block of Power Electronics.
I. Power Electronics engineering is an interdisciplinary field so engineering personnel’s my
find difficulties in industrial terminology & vice –versa. So the learners will be able to
understand either engineering terminology in industrial environment.
II. Learners will also be able to understand about the various electronic devices used in
industries.
III. After studying the devices, the learner will be able to analyze the application of each
device.
IV. The learners will also be able to find that why these devices are eligible to use in
industries.
V. Students will also get that what makes these devices to be used in industrial environment
by studying its structure.
VI. After study of all the devices learners will also be able to understand the circuitry
associated with these devices.
VII. Learners will also be able to understand the mechanism/instrumentation involved in
particular circuit.
VIII. Learners will also be able to understand the use of different types of power supplies used
in industrial environment.
IX. Learners will be able to get the idea about different types of stepper motors & also able to
understand the mechanism to control the parameters associated with Controller.

X. Learners will also be able to know the applications of different forms of rectifier,
choppers & inverters & different configurations associated with them.
(7) Mapping of Course Objective with Course Outcome
Program Program Outcomes

Objective I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.
I √ √ √ √ √ √
II √ √ √ √ √ √ √
III √ √
IV √ √
V √ √ √ √ √ √
(8) Course Objective Contribution to Program Outcomes

Students who have successfully completed this course will have full understanding of following
concepts.
COURSE OBJECTIVE PROGRAM OUTCOME

1. A. Graduates will demonstrate knowledge Cof advanced
ourse gives a deep view of all mathematics, science and electrical engineering with the
ability to apply the theoretical knowledge and concepts
power device used in industries
to the disciplines of electrical engineering.
and also gives the reason for B. Graduates will demonstrate an ability to identify,
their use in particular formulate, pinpoint and solve Electrical engineering
problems keeping in view the present day power and
application. The subject also
energy requirement and its future prospect.

helps in monitoring of a C.
particular circuitry by studying raduate will demonstrate an ability to design electrical
and power electronic circuits and conduct experiments
its switching characteristics.
that serve as the blue print for the complex electrical
circuitry associated with our day to day electricity
2. transmission and protection process relatedT with power
systems, analysis, protection and distribution.
he course gives an overview
D.
about the different forms of raduates will demonstrate an ability to design study and
inverters & rectifiers & also analyze the digital and analog systems and components
that serve as the fundamental components of the power
explains their use in industries
engineering methods being increasingly used with the
for a particular application. new technological advances.
E.
raduates will demonstrate an ability to visualize and
3. work on laboratory and Identify the theoretical
T models
as predictors of real world behavior. This may include
he course describes about
evaluating, establishing of validating a relationship
different forms of power supplies between data and underlying physical principles.
like ups, smps high frequency F.
raduate will demonstrate skills to use modern
electronic ballast etc. course also
engineering tools, software, equipment to design,
gives the reason that why a protect or assemble the system using specific
particular supply is better for a methodologies with the help of appropriate tools to
specific application. satisfy requirements.
G.
raduates will demonstrate knowledge of professional
4. and computer language skills that will T eventually
he course consists of study of develop them into skilled researchers in an atmosphere
that is technically advanced and conductive.
various power drives & also
H.
includes various types of raduate will be able to communicate effectively in both
circuitries for controlling power verbal and written form. They will develop a better
presentation skill on academic and personal grounds that
drives. Here controlling means
will enhance their personality in all aspects.
various factors associated with I. Graduate will understand the impact of engineering
drive like its speed. solutions on the society and also be aware of
contemporary issues relating to the exhausting resources

5. The course also covers the study and alternatives to continue uninterrupted power supply.
of various types of stepper J. Graduate will develop confidence, self motivation,
positive belief, consistency, perseverance and team
motors with their specific
work.
application like variable K.
reluctance type, permanent raduate will be able to participate and succeed in
campus placements and competitive examinations like
magnet & reluctance type &
Public sector, GATE, GRE etc.
hybrid.
(9) Course Objective to Program Outcomes mapping.
COURSE Program Outcomes

OBJECTIVE A B C D E F G H I J K
I √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
II √ √ √ √ √ √ √
III √ √ √ √ √
IV √ √ √ √ √ √ √
V √ √ √ √ √ √
(10) Topics Covered Beyond the Curriculum:-Along-with the above stated topics allotted in
the syllabus we covered following topics in this subject which are important for the Circuit
Analysis & Synthesis:
Unit Beyond Syllabus topic Source
Study and obtain the waveforms for voltage-commutated

I Study Through Manual
chopper.
Study and obtain the waveforms for current-commutated Study Through Manual
II
chopper.

(11) Text and Reference Books:-
1. Text books:
1 Electrical Drives & Their Control
By G.K. Dubey
2 Power Electronics
By J.S Chitode
3 Power Electronics
4 Power Electronics
By M. H. Rashid
2. Reference books:-
 Fundamentals of power electronics

By Robert Warren Erickson, Dragan Maksimović
 Power electronics: converters, applications, and design
By Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland
 Power electronics: principles and applications
By Joseph Vithayathi
(12) Instructional Methods:-
1. Direct Instructions:
I Black board presentation
II PowerPoint presentation
III Multimedia like video lectures

2. Interactive Instruction:
I Think, pair, share
3 .Indirect Instructions:
I Social networking
4. Independent Instructions:
I Assigned questions
(13) Learning Materials:-

1. Text/lecturer notes/ lecturer PPT
2. Multimedia material (videos, text with animations)
3. Lab Manuals
(14) Web Resources :-

1. www. nptel.iitm.
2. www.youtube.com
3. ieeexplore.ieee.org
(15) Assessment Of Outcomes:-

1. Sessional tests (two in each semester and assessment is done on the basis of average of
marks.)
2. End term exam (Conducted by RTU, KOTA)
3. Surprise Quiz/ Tests.
4. Presentation by students.
5. Daily class room interaction.
6. Assignments.
(16) Outcomes will be achieved through following:-

1. Class room teaching (through chalk and board and PPT).
2. Discussion on case- studies.

3. Expert lectures from industries/ Academies.
4. Suggested research papers.
5. Video lectures through NPTEL.
EXPERIMENT # 1
OBJECT: Study and test the firing angle circuit of three phase half controlled bridge converter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of Apparatus Type Range Quantity
3-phase Half
1 controlled bridge 415V, 20Amp, 50Hz 1
converter kit
2 CRO 230V, 350mA, 50Hz 1
As per
3 Connecting Leads -
requirement
4 CRO Probe 1
THEORY:
Introduction
The proper design of firing circuits yields precise, reliable and stable operation of the system.
Simplicity, small size, minimum number of components and lower cost are generally the most
important factors that determine a good design. Different methods are commonly used to
construct firing circuits for triggering thyristers. Each method has advantages and disadvantages.
The firing circuit that is introduced in does not meet with all requirements for good
design. Minimum components and synchronized control are used in circuit but the disadvantage

of this circuit is that it uses a single chip as decoder so that any damage in the decoder will make
the circuit fail to supply firing pulses, as well as the firing angle is not vary linearly with the dc
control voltage. The proposed controller for thyrsiter control, which is produced in, is in
agreement with the requirements for good design, but it is used for single-phase circuit.In this
work good circuit design is introduced where less components are used, linear relationship
between triggering angle and the control voltage, besides synchronized with the supply voltage.
The firing circuit is designed, assembled, and tested. The firing angle can be varied from 0 to 180
by changing the control voltage from 0 to 70 mv.
Firing Circuit Description And Design
The main object of the converter circuit under consideration is to deliver three gate pulses
separated by 1200 to the thyristers gates with sufficient width time in order to turn on, also
synchronism with the supply voltages, and can be varied along the positive half cycle of the
thyrister anode cathode voltages. Fig. (1) illustrates the block diagram of the firing circuit, it
mainly consists of five stages. Square wave generator, ramp generator, voltage comparator, pulse
splitter, and pulse isolator. The schematic of the complete firing circuit is shown in fig. (2), with
its typical waveforms for different stages shown in Fig. (3).The square wave generator comprises
three step-down transformers connected as shown in Fig.(2),in order to get reference voltages at
a,b,c.The firing pulses to th1 will be explained below in details. The secondary voltage of
transformer vag is compared with zero level voltage using IC741 op amp. The output of this
comparater i.e. point (d) is fed to stage two ramp generator, it consists of RC integrator with pnp
transistor switch across capacitor for sharp discharge. Values of R and C must be chosen large
enough to give approximately linear rise for the ramp. However with larger values of R and C
the maximum value of capacitor voltage will be low during the charging interval which is taken
10 msec width. The output ramp function at point (e) is fed to stage three i.e. voltage comparator
in order to permits variation of firing angle with respect to controlled voltage V R. In stage four
the output pulses at point (f) is frequency modulated using pulse splitter IC7411 and IC555 timer
to generator pulses at frequency 2kh z .The aim of injecting high frequency pulses is to make the
firing signal exists for a time enough to ensure realizable turn on and without excessive gate
power desperation. Finally the frequency-modulated pulses at point (g) is applied to the thyrister
gate through an opto-coupler IC CNY48 in stage six. 3-Experimental Results The firing circuit
shown in Fig.(2) is assembled and tested. Waveforms are photographed for different positions.
Fig.(4) illustrates the waves at points(a,d) while Fig.(5) shows the waves at points(d,e).Fig.(6)
shows combination of all the waveforms at different points of the firing circuit. It is easy to
compare the relative phase difference between the different waveforms. This firing circuit is
tested for a three phase half controlled bridge rectifier to control the speed of dc motor. The
firing angle can be varied from (0-1800) by adjusting the control voltage V R from (0-70) mV.
Fig.(7) shows the experimental firing angle verses the control voltage curve .Fig.(8) illustrates
the firing angle verses motor speed characteristics of the dc motor.
Conclusion
The firing circuit for three-phase thyrister bridge rectifier have been designed and controlled in
laboratory. The firing angle can be varied from (0-1800) according to change in control voltage

of the comparator. Various waveforms of the firing circuit are obtained in laboratory and
oscillagraphed.
Wave form output for different stages of firing

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the firing circuit by connecting leads.
2. Connect the CRO at output terminals.
3. Switch On the supply.
4. Take the output waveform for different types of firing circuits.
RESULT: Thus we have studied and observed the waveform output for different firing circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. No loose connection is allowed.
2. Switch on the Supply after checking the connections by faculty/Lab assistant.
3. Take the observation carefully.
4. Don’t touch any live part or wire, it may be dangerous.

VIVA QUIZ
1. What do you mean by the term firing?

2. What will be on state voltage drop across SCRs of 3-phase half controlled bridge converter?
3. What is reverse blocking mode?

4. What is the difference between the firing circuit of three phase half controlled converter and
three phase full controlled converter?
5. How do you provide firing to SCR?
6. What is the importance of firing circuit?
7. What will be the circuit turn off time of three phase half controlled converter?
8. What is the difference between R and RC firing circuit?

9. What is the difference between the firing circuit of three phase half controlled converter and
single phase half controlled converter?
10. What is forward conduction mode?
11. What is RC firing circuit?
12. What is the alternate of firing?
13. How many types of firing circuit we have?
14. What do you understand by PWM?
15. What is firing angle delay?

16. What is the order of leakage current in SCR?
----------------------------------

EXPERIMENT # 2
OBJECT: Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of Apparatus Type Range Quantity

3-phase Half
converter kit
2 CRO 230V, 350mA, 50Hz 1
As per
requirement
4 Multi meter Digital
5 CRO Probe 1
THEORY:
Three phase fully controlled converters are very popular in many industrial applications
particularly in situations where power regeneration from the dc side is essential. It can handle
reasonably high power and has acceptable input and output harmonic distortion. The
configuration also lends itself to easy series and parallel connection for increasing voltage and
current rating or improvement in harmonic behavior. However, this versatility of a three phase
fully controlled converters are obtained at the cost of increased circuit complexity due to the use
of six thyristors and their associated control circuit. This complexity can be considerably reduced
in applications where power regeneration is not necessary. In those case three thyristors of the
top group or the bottom group of a three phase fully controlled converter can be replaced by
three diodes. The resulting converter is called a three phase half controlled converter. Replacing
three thyristors by three diodes reduces circuit complexity but at the same time prevents negative

voltage appearing at the output at any time. Therefore the converter cannot operate in the
inverting mode.
The three phase half controlled converter has several other advantages over a three phase
fully controlled converter. For the same firing angle it has lower input side displacement factor
compared to a fully controlled converter. It also extends the range of continuous conduction of
the converter.
It has one serious disadvantage however. The output voltage is periodic over one third of
the input cycle rather than one sixth as is the case with fully controlled converters. This implies
both input and output harmonics are of lower frequency and require heavier filtering. For this
reason half controlled three phase converters are not as popular as their fully controlled
counterpart.
Although, from the point of view of construction and circuit complexity the half
controlled converter is simpler compared to the fully controlled converter, its analysis is
considerably more difficult. In this lesson the operating principle and analysis of a three phase
half controlled converter operating in the continuous conduction mode will be presented.
Circuit Diagram of Three phases half controlled Bridge Converter

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit of 3-phase half controlled bridge converter by connecting leads.
2. Connect the load terminals with R or RL load as per required.
3. Connect the CRO with kit to get the result waveform.

4. Switch On the supply carefully.
5. Find and trace the output waveform on trace paper for different firing angles by varying
the firing angle knob.
RESULTS:
Output is obtained on CRO
(i) Connecting with Resistive load

(ii) Connecting with RL load

PRECAUTIONS:
VIVA QUIZ:
1. What do you understand by the term half controlled converter?
2. What will be the output voltage in case of 3 phase half controlled converter?
3. What is the difference between R and RL bridge circuit?

4. During the negative half cycle of AC supply o/p current will available or not?
5. What is the effect of inductive load when connected in circuit?
6. What is the difference between three phase half controlled converter and three phase full
controlled converter?
8. How many diodes and SCRs are used in 3-phase full controlled bridge converter?
9. What will be on state voltage drop across SCRs of 3-phase half controlled bridge converter?
10. What are the applications of half wave controlled converter?
11. What is the current rating for SCRs used in half controlled converter?
12. How a half controlled single phase converter is different from three phase controlled converter?
13. What will be the effect on efficiency of bridge converter on replacing the diodes with SCR?
14. What are the draw backs of half controlled converter?
15. What are the advantages of half controlled converter?
--------------------------------

EXPERIMENT # 3
OBJECT: Study and test the firing angle circuit of three phase full controlled bridge converter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3-phase full
converter kit
2 CRO 230V, 350mA, 50Hz 1
As per
requirement
4 CRO Probe 1
THEORY:
Introduction
The proper design of firing circuits yields precise, reliable and stable operation of the system.
Simplicity, small size, minimum number of components and lower cost are generally the most
important factors that determine a good design. Different methods are commonly used to
construct firing circuits for triggering thyristers. Each method has advantages and disadvantages.
The firing circuit that is introduced in does not meet with all requirements for good
design. Minimum components and synchronized control are used in circuit but the disadvantage
of this circuit is that it uses a single chip as decoder so that any damage in the decoder will make
the circuit fail to supply firing pulses, as well as the firing angle is not vary linearly with the dc
control voltage. The proposed controller for thyrsiter control, which is produced in, is in
agreement with the requirements for good design, but it is used for single-phase circuit.In this
work good circuit design is introduced where less components are used, linear relationship
between triggering angle and the control voltage, besides synchronized with the supply voltage.
The firing circuit is designed, assembled, and tested. The firing angle can be varied from 0 to 180
by changing the control voltage from 0 to 70 mv.
Firing Circuit Description and Design

The main object of the converter circuit under consideration is to deliver three gate pulses
separated by 1200 to the thyristers gates with sufficient width time in order to turn on, also
synchronism with the supply voltages, and can be varied along the positive half cycle of the
thyrister anode cathode voltages. Fig. (1) illustrates the block diagram of the firing circuit, it
mainly consists of five stages. Square wave generator, ramp generator, voltage comparator, pulse
splitter, and pulse isolator. The schematic of the complete firing circuit is shown in fig. (2), with
its typical waveforms for different stages shown in Fig. (3).The square wave generator comprises
three step-down transformers connected as shown in Fig.(2),in order to get reference voltages at
a,b,c.The firing pulses to th1 will be explained below in details. The secondary voltage of
transformer vag is compared with zero level voltage using IC741 op amp. The output of this
comparater i.e. point (d) is fed to stage two ramp generator; it consists of RC integrator with pnp
transistor switch across capacitor for sharp discharge. Values of R and C must be chosen large
enough to give approximately linear rise for the ramp. However with larger values of R and C
the maximum value of capacitor voltage will be low during the charging interval which is taken
10 msec widths. The output ramp function at point (e) is fed to stage three i.e. voltage
comparator in order to permits variation of firing angle with respect to controlled voltage VR. In
stage four the output pulses at point (f) is frequency modulated using pulse splitter IC7411 and
IC555 timer to generator pulses at frequency 2kh z .The aim of injecting high frequency pulses is
to make the firing signal exists for a time enough to ensure realizable turn on and without
excessive gate power desperation
Wave form output for different stages of firing
Voltage waveform for stage-1

Voltage waveform for stage-2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the firing circuit by connecting leads.
2. Connect the CRO at output terminals.
3. Switch On the supply.
4. Take the output waveform for different types of firing circuits.
RESULT: Thus we have studied and observed the waveform output for different firing circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:

VIVA QUIZ
1. What do you understand by the term firing of SCR?

2. What is resistance firing circuit?
3. What is holding current?

4. What is forward blocking mode?
5. What is firing angle delay?
6. What is the order of leakage current in SCR?
8. What will be the average output voltage in case of three phase full controlled converter?
9. What will be on state voltage drop across SCRs of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter?
10. What is the difference between the firing circuit of three phase full controlled converter and
single phase full controlled converter?
11. What is range of angle control in resistance firing circuit?
12. What do you understand by UJT firing circuit?
13. Which type of firing is most suitable?
14. What is the importance of firing circuit?
15. What do you know about RC firing circuit?

EXPERIMENT # 4
OBJECT: Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase full controlled bridge converter with R and
RL loads.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3-phase full
converter kit
2 CRO 230V, 350mA, 50Hz 1
As per
requirement
4 Multi meter Digital
5 CRO Probe 1
THEORY:
The three phase fully controlled bridge converter has been probably the most widely used power
electronic converter in the medium to high power applications. Three phase circuits are
preferable when large power is involved. The controlled rectifier can provide controllable out put
dc voltage in a single unit instead of a three phase autotransformer and a diode bridge rectifier.
The controlled rectifier is obtained by replacing the diodes of the uncontrolled rectifier with
thyristors. Control over the output dc voltage is obtained by controlling the conduction interval
of each thyristor. This method is known as phase control and converters are also called “phase
controlled converters”. Since thyristors can block voltage in both directions it is possible to
reverse the polarity of the output dc voltage and hence feed power back to the ac supply from the
dc side. Under such condition the converter is said to be operating in the “inverting mode”. The
thyristors in the converter circuit are commutated with the help of the supply voltage in the
rectifying mode of operation and are known as “Line commutated converter”. The same circuit

while operating in the inverter mode requires load side counter emf. for commutation and are
referred to as the “Load commutated inverter”.
In phase controlled rectifiers though the output voltage can be varied continuously the
load harmonic voltage increases considerably as the average value goes down. Of course the
magnitude of harmonic voltage is lower in three phase converter compared to the single phase
circuit. Since the frequency of the harmonic voltage is higher smaller load inductance leads to
th
continuous conduction. Input current wave shape become rectangular and contain 5 and higher
order odd harmonics. The displacement angle of the input current increases with firing angle.
The frequency of the harmonic voltage and current can be increased by increasing the pulse
number of the converter which can be achieved by series and parallel connection of basic 6 pulse
converters. The control circuit become considerably complicated and the use of coupling
transformer and / or inter phase reactors become mandatory.
Circuit Diagram of Three phases Full controlled Bridge Converter
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit of 3-phase full controlled bridge converter by connecting leads.
2. Connect the load terminals with R or RL load as per required.
3. Connect the CRO with kit to get the result waveform.
4. Switch On the supply carefully.

5. Find and trace the output waveform on trace paper for different firing angles by varying
the firing angle knob.
RESULTS:
Output is obtained on CRO
PRECAUTIONS:


VIVA QUIZ
1. How many SCRs are used in 3-phase full controlled bridge converter?
3. What are filter?
4. How the output voltage of half wave controlled converter gets affected when the R load is
replaced with R-L load?
5. What will be the output voltage of half wave controlled converter for R load?
6. Which type of input is applied to the gate terminal of the controlled converter?
7. Is there any harmonics content available in output obtained in full controlled converter?
8. Which type of input is applied to the gate terminal of the controlled converter?
9. What is the use of firing angle in the three phase full controlled converter?
10. What is the difference between three phase half controlled converter and three phase full
controlled converter?
11. What are the draw backs of full controlled converter?
12. Why should we use full controlled converter while we have half controlled converter?
13. For full controlled converter which component is used whether diode or SCRs?
14. What are the advantages of full controlled converter?
15. What is the difference between three phase full controlled converter and three phase full wave
converter?
-------------------------------

EXPERIMENT # 5
OBJECTIVE: Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. AC voltage Regulator kit 415V, 50Hz 1
2. Auto-Transformer 3-phase 0-400V 1
3. Lamp-Load 10W 3
4. As per
Connecting Leads -
requirement
5. Multi meter Digital
THEORY:
Three-phase AC Regulators
There are many types of circuits used for the three-phase ac regulators (ac to ac voltage
converters), unlike single-phase ones. The three-phase loads (balanced) are connected in star or
delta. Two thyristors connected back to back, or a triac, is used for each phase in most of the
circuits as described.
Three-phase, AC Voltage Regulator with Balanced Resistive Load
The circuit of a three-phase, three-wire ac regulator (termed as ac to ac voltage converter) with
balanced resistive (star-connected) load is shown. It may be noted that the resistance connected
in all three phases are equal. Two thyristors connected back to back are used per phase, thus
needing a total of six thyristors. Please note the numbering scheme, which is same as that used in
a three-phase full-wave bridge converter or inverter, described in module 2 or 5. The thyristors
are fired in sequence), starting from 1 in ascending order, with the angle between the triggering
of thyristors 1 & 2 being (one-sixth of the time period (°60T) of a complete cycle). The line
frequency is 50 Hz, with fT/1==20 ms. The thyristors are fired or triggered after a delay of α
from the natural commutation point. The natural commutation point is the starting of a cycle with

period, (6/60T=°) of output voltage waveform, if six thyristors are replaced by diodes. Note that
the output voltage is similar to phase-controlled waveform for a converter, with the difference
that it is an ac waveform in this case. The current flow is bidirectional, with the current in one
direction in the positive half, and then, in other (opposite) direction in the negative half. So, two
thyristors connected back to back are needed in each phase. The turning off of a thyristor occurs,
if its current falls to zero. To turn the thyristor on, the anode voltage must be higher that the
cathode voltage, and also, a triggering signal must be applied at its gate.
Three-phase Four wire AC voltage regulator

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the voltage regulator circuit by connecting leads.
2. Connect the star connected three lamps at the load terminals.
3. Connect the multi-meter as voltmeter.
4. Switch On the supply through 3-phase Auto-Transformer.

5. Measure the voltage variation with changing the firing angle control.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No Firing Angle Terminal Voltage

V (Volts)
1
2
3
4
RESULTS: Thus we have studied AC voltage regulator and measured the voltage variation with
firing angle control.
PRECAUTIONS:

VIVA QUIZ
1. What do you mean by voltage regulator?

2. Why we use AC voltage regulator?
3. Can we have DC voltage regulator?
4. How does AC voltage regulator works?
5. What are the fields of its application?
6. What is the working principle of AC voltage regulator?
7. How does it different from cycloconverter?
8. How many circuit configurations available for AC voltage regulator?

9. What is the difference between the output of half controlled & full controlled voltage regulator?
10. What is the difference between circuit configuration of single phase and three phase voltage
regulator?
11. How the voltage does vary in voltage regulator?
12. What type of output is obtained by AC voltage regulator?
13. Can we have single phase AC voltage regulator?
14. What are the types of three phase AC voltage regulator?
15. Which type of voltage regulator is best?
-------------------------------------

EXPERIMENT #6
OBJECT: Study speed control of DC motor using 3-phase half controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed curve.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Half controlled
1 converter- Motor 200V, 15Amp, 50Hz 1
control kit
As per
requirement
3 Multi meter Digital 1
4 Techo-meter Digital 1
5 DC motor shunt 230V, 1500rpm, 2.3Amp 1
6 Auto-Transformer 3-phase 0-400V 1
THEORY:
Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motors
The speed of a shunt motor can be changed by
 flux control method
 armature control method
 voltage control method.
The first method (i.e. flux control method) is frequently used because it is simple and
inexpensive
1. Flux control method

It is based on the fact that by varying the flux f, the motor speed (N µ 1/f) can be changed and
hence the name flux control method.
Advantages
(i) This is an easy and convenient method.
(ii) It is an inexpensive method since very little power is wasted in the shunt field rheostat due to
relatively small value of Ish.
(iii) The speed control exercised by this method is independent of load on the machine.

Disadvantages
(i) Only speeds higher than the normal speed can be obtained since the total field circuit
resistance cannot be reduced below Rsh—the shunt field winding resistance.
(ii) There is a limit to the maximum speed obtainable by this method. It is because if the flux is
too much weakened, commutation becomes poorer.
Note. The field of a shunt motor in operation should never be opened because its speed will
increase to an extremely high value.
2. Armature control method

This method is based on the fact that by varying the voltage available across the armature, the
back e.m.f and hence the speed of the motor can be changed. This is done by inserting a variable
resistance RC (known as controller resistance) in series with the armature.
Disadvantages
(i) A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance since it carries full armature
current Ia.
(ii) The speed varies widely with load since the speed depends upon the voltage drop in the
controller resistance and hence on the armature current demanded by the load.
(iii) The output and efficiency of the motor are reduced.
(iv) This method results in poor speed regulation.
3. Voltage control method

In this method, the voltage source supplying the field current is different from that which
supplies the armature. This method avoids the disadvantages of poor speed regulation and low
efficiency as in armature control method. However, it is quite expensive. Therefore, this method
of speed control is employed for large size motors where efficiency is of great importance.
Half controlled converter

Three phase fully controlled converters are very popular in many industrial applications
particularly in situations where power regeneration from the dc side is essential. It can handle
reasonably high power and has acceptable input and output harmonic distortion. The
configuration also lends itself to easy series and parallel connection for increasing voltage and
current rating or improvement in harmonic behavior. However, this versatility of a three phase
fully controlled converters are obtained at the cost of increased circuit complexity due to the use
of six thyristors and their associated control circuit. This complexity can be considerably reduced
in applications where power regeneration is not necessary. In that case three thyristors of the top

group or the bottom group of a three phase fully controlled converter can be replaced by three
diodes. The resulting converter is called a three phase half controlled converter. Replacing three
thyristors by three diodes reduces circuit complexity but at the same time prevents negative
voltage appearing at the output at any time. Therefore the converter cannot operate in the
inverting mode.
Speed control of DC motor by half controlled converter

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the motor control circuit by connecting leads.
2. Connect the DC shunt motor at the load terminals.
5. Measure the motor speed using Techo-meter for different voltages by varying the firing
angle knob.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Voltage Motor Speed

S. No. (V) rpm
1
2
3
RESULT:
Thus we have performed the speed control operation of DC shunt motor by using half controlled
converter.
PRECAUTIONS:

VIVA QUIZ:
1. Is it possible to obtain speeds above rated speed by the armature voltage control method?
2. Is it possible to obtain a reversal in speed by either the armature resistance or field control
method?
3. In D.C. shunt motors for speed control the resistance is inserted in armature circuit. Why?
4. What is harmonics? How it introduces in the DC output of converter?

5. How the harmonics are minimized during the conversion process of AC to DC?
6. What do you understand by the term filter? Filters are of how many types?
7. What is the difference between speed control and speed regulation of a motor?
8. How many SCRs are used in 3-phase half controlled bridge converter?
9. Which method of speed control provides constant horse power derive?
10. Which method of speed control provides constant torque derive?
11. What are the methods of speed control of DC motor?
12. Which parameter is varied in bridge converter method?
13. What is the shape of speed torque curve for DC shunt motor?
14. Which type of motor can be controlled by bridge converter method?
15. Can we control self-excited dc motor by using this method?

EXPERIMENT # 7
OBJECT: Study speed control of DC motor using 3-phase full controlled bridge converter. Plot
armature voltage versus speed curve.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Full controlled
1 converter- Motor 200V, 15Amp, 50Hz 1
control kit
As per
requirement
5 DC motor shunt 230V, 1500rpm, 2.3Amp 1
THEORY:
inexpensive


Advantages
Disadvantages
Note. The field of a shunt motor in operation should never be opened because its
speed will increase to an extremely high value.

Disadvantages
(i) A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance since it Carries full armature
current Ia.

Full controlled converter

The three phase fully controlled bridge converter has been probably the most widely used power
electronic converter in the medium to high power applications. Three phase circuits are
preferable when large power is involved. The controlled rectifier can provide controllable output

dc voltage in a single unit instead of a three phase autotransformer and a diode bridge rectifier.
The controlled rectifier is obtained by replacing the diodes of the uncontrolled rectifier with
thyristors. Control over the output dc voltage is obtained by controlling the conduction interval
of each thyristor. This method is known as phase control and converters are also called “phase
controlled converters”. Since thyristors can block voltage in both directions it is possible to
reverse the polarity of the output dc voltage and hence feed power back to the ac supply from the
dc side. Under such condition the converter is said to be operating in the “inverting mode”.
PROCEDURE:
7. Connect the DC shunt motor at the load terminals.
angle knob.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Voltage Motor Speed

S. No. (V) rpm
1
2

3
4
RESULT:
Thus we have performed the speed control operation of DC shunt motor by using full controlled
converter.
PRECAUTIONS:
VIVA QUIZ:
1. How many SCRs are used in 3-phase full controlled bridge converter?
3. What are filter?

4. Why is it necessary to give excitation to field before giving supply to armature in a separately
excited motor?
5. Which method of speed control provides constant torque derive?
6. Can a D.C. starter be used for speed control?
7. What is the difference between speed control and speed regulation of a motor?
8. Explain why the speed changes with load?
9. Which method of speed control provides constant horse power derive?
10. In the armature voltage control method, Is the graph for armature voltage Vs. speed linear?
11. Which type of bridge converter is more efficient?
12. Why should we use full controlled converter while we have half controlled converter?
13. Which type motor has good controlling of speed?
14. Where this method is is applicable?
15. Which method should be used for controlling of compound motor?

------------------------
EXPERIMENT # 8
OBJECT: Speed control of a 3-phase induction motor in variable stator voltage mode using 3-
phase AC voltage regulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Induction Motor
1 415V, 3Amp, 50Hz 1
control kit
As per
requirement
5 Induction Motor Slip Ring 415V, 1440rpm, 3HP 1
THEORY:
We can see that the torque depends on the square of the applied voltage. The variation of speed
torque curves with respect to the applied voltage is shown in fig. 27. These curves show that the
slip at maximum torque ˆs remains same, while the value of stall torque comes down with
decrease in applied voltage. The speed range for stable operation remains the same.
Further, we also note that the starting torque is also lower at lower voltages. Thus, even if
a given voltage level is sufficient for achieving the running torque, the machine may not start.
This method of trying to control the speed is best suited for loads that require very little starting
torque, but their torque requirement may increase with speed. Curve also shows a load torque

characteristic — one that is typical of a fan type of load. In a fan (blower) type of load, the
variation of torque with speed is such that T / !2.
Here one can see that it may be possible to run the motor to lower speeds within the range ns to
(1 − ˆs)ns. Further, since the load torque at zero speed is zero, the machine can start even at
reduced voltages. This will not be possible with constant torque type of loads. One may note that
if the applied voltage is reduced, the voltage across the magnetizing branch also comes down.
This in turn means that the magnetizing current and hence flux level are reduced. Reduction in
the flux level in the machine impairs torque production

Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
2. Connect the 3-phase Induction motor at the load terminals.

angle knob.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Voltage Motor Speed

S. No. (V) rpm
1
2
3
4
RESULT:
Thus we have performed the speed control operation of Induction motor by using AC voltage
regulator.
PRECAUTIONS:
VIVA QUIZ
1. How does the speed of induction motor depend on stator voltage?

4. How does the voltage regulator connected with induction motor?

5. Give the formula for speed of induction motor?
6. Which parameter other than voltage is responsible for speed variation of IM?
7. What is working principle of Induction motor?
8. How many circuit configurations available for AC voltage regulator?

9. What are the methods of speed control of induction machine?
10. Which factor affects the speed of induction motor most?
11. How many types of induction machine are available?
13. What type of output is obtained by AC voltage regulator?
14. Is there harmonics problem present in output of AC voltage regulator?
16. Which type of induction motor is controlled by AC voltage regulator?

EXPERIMENT # 9
OBJECT: Control the speed of Universal motor using AC voltage regulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Universal Motor
1 415V, 3Amp, 50Hz 1
control kit
As per
requirement
5 Motor Universal 1
THEORY:
An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic
fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force. The reverse process, producing
electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or
a dynamo; some electric motors can also be used as generators, for example, a traction motor on
a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to
as electric machines.
Universal AC Motors:
Universal ac motors operate with nearly equivalent performance on direct current or alternating
current up to 60 Hz. AC motors differ from a dc motors due to the winding ratios and thinner
iron laminations. DC motors runs on ac, but with poor efficiency. Universal ac motors can
operate on dc with essentially equivalent ac motor performance, but with poorer commutation
and brush life than for an equivalent dc motor.
An important characteristic of universal ac motors is that it has the highest horsepower-per-

pound ratio of any ac motor because it can operate at speeds many times higher than that of any
other 60-Hz electric motor. When operated without load, universal ac motors tend to run away,
speed being limited only by windage, friction, and commutation. Therefore, large universal ac
motors are nearly always connected directly to a load to limit speed. On portable tools such as

electric saws, the load imposed by the gears, bearings, and cooling fan is sufficient to hold the
no-load speed down to a safe value.
With a universal ac motor, speed control is simple, since electric motor speed is sensitive to both
voltage and flux changes. With a rheostat or adjustable autotransformer, ac motor speed can be
readily varied from top speed to zero
Ac voltage Regulator:-
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the
design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and
central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In
an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along
distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is
drawn from the line.

PROCEDURE:
2. Connect the Universal motor at the load terminals.
angle knob.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Voltage Motor Speed

S. No. (V) Rpm
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
Thus we have performed the speed control operation of universal motor by using AC voltage
regulator.
PRECAUTIONS:

VIVA QUIZ:
1. What is working principle of universal motor?
3. Give the formula for speed of universal motor?
4. How does the voltage regulator connected with universal motor?
5. How does the speed of universal motor depend on voltage?
6. Which parameter other than voltage is responsible for speed variation of universal?

9. What are the methods of speed control of universal machine?
10. Which factor affects the speed of universal motor most?
11. Here we use single phase regulator or three phase regulator?
12. Universal motor works on AC supply or DC supply system?
13. Can we use frequency control method to control speed of universal motor?
14. What should we do to change the direction of rotation of universal motor?
------------------------------------

EXPERIMENT # 10
OBJECT: Study of 3-phase dual converter.

THEORY:
Dual Converter is an Electronic Device or Circuit made by the combination of two bridges. One
of them works as Rectifier (Converts A.C. to D.C.) and other bridge works as Inverter (converts
D.C. into A.C.). Thus an electronic circuit or device, in which two processes take place at same
time, is known as Dual Converter.
A dual converter may be single phase or 3 phase device. The simple diagram given above
is of single phase dual converter.
The difference between single phase and three phase dual converter is just that in Three
phase we uses three phase rectifier at first stage, while in single phase dual converter we make
use of single phase rectifier circuit at first bridge.
Single Phase Dual Converter:

As explained above that in single phase dual converter we uses single phase rectifier circuit for
converting single phase A.C. into steady D.C. Bridge No. 1 consists of Rectifier. Then the
rectified D.C. fed to a filter which removes pulses from rectified D.C. and converts it to a pure
D.C. by filtering. After that, this pure D.C. is fed to load and from load it is given to inverter
circuit which converts this D.C. to A.C. and finally this A.C. of inverter taken as output.
Three Phase Dual Converter:

In three phase dual converter, we make use of three phase rectifier which converts 3 phase A.C.
supply to D.C. The rest of the process is same and same elements are used. The output of three
phase rectifier is fed to filter and after filtering the pure D.C. is fed to load. At last the supply
from load is given to last bridge that is inverter. It does the Invert process of rectifier and
converts D.C. into 3 phases A.C. which appears at output.

Output wave form of three phase dual converter
Applications of Dual Converter:

Dual converters are mostly used at industries where we require reversible D.C. Generally
Dual Converters are used for Speed Control of D.C. Motors etc.

RESULTS: Thus we have studied the working operation, output and applications of three phase
dual converter
VIVA QUIZ:
1. What do you mean by dual converter?
2. Why we use dual converter?
3. How does a dual converter works?

4. Can we use the dual converter as an inverter?
5. What are the fields of its application?
6. What is the working principle of dual convertor?
7. Does we have single phase dual converter?
8. How many circuit configurations available for dual converter?

9. How does it work as rectifier and inverter both?
10. Can we use dual convertor in DC system?

11. What is the difference between circuit configuration of single phase and three phase dual
converter?
12. What type of output is obtained by three phase dual converter?
13. Can we have single phase dual converter?
14. Which type of dual converter is best?
15. What is the use of firing circuit in dual converter?
16. What is effect of firing in operation of dual converter?
--------------------------

EXPERIMENT # 11
OBJECT: Study speed control of DC motor using 3-phase dual converter.
THEORY:
inexpensive

Advantages
Disadvantages
Note. The field of a shunt motor in operation should never be opened because its
speed will increase to an extremely high value.


Disadvantages
(i) A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance since it Carries full armature
current Ia.

Dual Converter is an Electronic Device or Circuit made by the combination of two bridges. One
of them works as Rectifier (Converts A.C. to D.C.) and other bridge works as Inverter (converts
D.C. into A.C.). Thus an electronic circuit or device, in which two processes take place at same
time, is known as Dual Converter.
A dual converter may be single phase or 3 phase device. The simple diagram given above
is of single phase dual converter.
The difference between single phase and three phase dual converter is just that in Three
phase we uses three phase rectifier at first stage, while in single phase dual converter we make
use of single phase rectifier circuit at first bridge.
Three Phase Dual Converter:

In three phase dual converter, we make use of three phase rectifier which converts 3 phase A.C.
supply to D.C. The rest of the process is same and same elements are used. The output of three
phase rectifier is fed to filter and after filtering the pure D.C. is fed to load. At last the supply
from load is given to last bridge that is inverter. It does the Invert process of rectifier and
converts D.C. into 3 phases A.C. which appears at output.
Speed control of DC motor using 3 phase Dual converter

RESULT:
Thus we have performed the speed control operation of DC shunt motor by using three phase
Dual converter.
VIVA QUIZ:
1. How does a dual converter applicable in speed control of dc motor?

2. Why should we use dual converter in speed control of a motor?
3. What are the methods of speed control of DC motor?

4. Can we use the dual converter as an inverter?
5. How a dual converter does is applicable in speed control of motor in inverting mode?
6. What is the working principle of dual convertor?
7. Can we use single phase dual converter in speed control of motor?
8. What do you mean by dual converter?
9. How does it work as rectifier and inverter both?
10. Can we use dual convertor in DC system?

11. What are the important conditions in speed control of dc motor?
12. Which parameter is varied in speed control of dc motor?
13. Why should we three phase dual converter instead of single phase converter?
14. Does a dual can control the speed of motor in both directions?
15. What parameters are used to control the speed of a dc motor?

EXPERIMENT # 12
OBJECT: To study cycloconverter and speed control of synchronous motor using
cycloconverter.
THEORY:
In industrial applications, two forms of electrical energy are used: direct current (dc)
and alternating current (ac). Usually constant voltage constant frequency single-phase or three-
phase ac is readily available. However, for different applications, different forms, magnitudes
and/or frequencies are required. There are four different conversions between dc and ac power
sources. These conversions are done by circuits called power converters. The converters are
classified as:
1-rectifiers: from single-phase or three-phase ac to variable voltage
dc 2-choppers: from dc to variable voltage dc
3-inverters: from dc to variable magnitude and variable frequency, single-phase or three-
phase ac
4-cycloconverters: from single-phase or three-phase ac to variable magnitude and
variable frequency, single-phase or three-phase ac
The first three classes are explained in other articles. This article explains what cycloconverters
are, their types, how they operate and their applications.
Traditionally, ac-ac conversion using semiconductor switches is done in two different ways: 1- in
two stages (ac-dc and then dc-ac) as in dc link converters or 2- in one stage (ac-ac)
cycloconverters (Fig. 1). Cycloconverters are used in high power applications driving induction
and synchronous motors. They are usually phase-controlled and they traditionally use thyristors
due to their ease of phase commutation.

AIETM/ Department of Electrical
Engineering/EDTC Lab pg.-66
There are other newer forms of cycloconversion such as ac-ac matrix converters and high
frequency ac-ac (hfac-ac) converters and these use self-controlled switches. These converters,
however, are not popular yet.
Some applications of cycloconverters are:

 Cement mill drives 

 Ship propulsion drives 


 Rolling mill drives 


 Scherbius drives 


 Ore grinding mills 


 Mine winders 
1. Operation Principles:
The following sections will describe the operation principles of the cycloconverter starting from
the simplest one, single-phase to single-phase (1-1) cycloconverter.
1.1. Single-phase to Single-phase (1-1) Cycloconverter:
To understand the operation principles of cycloconverters, the single-phase to single-phase
cycloconverter (Fig. 2) should be studied first. This converter consists of back-to-back
connection of two full-wave rectifier circuits. Fig 3 shows the operating waveforms for this
converter with a resistive load.
The input voltage, vs is an ac voltage at a frequency, fi as shown in Fig. 3a. For easy
understanding assume that all the thyristors are fired at =0 firing angle, i.e. thyristors act like
diodes. Note that the firing angles are named as P for the positive converter and N for the
negative converter.

Consider the operation of the cycloconverter to get one-fourth of the input frequency at
the output. For the first two cycles of vs, the positive converter operates supplying current to the
load. It rectifies the input voltage; therefore, the load sees 4 positive half cycles as seen. In the
next two cycles, the negative converter operates supplying current to the load in the reverse
direction. The current waveforms are not shown in the figures because the resistive load
Current will have the same waveform as the voltage but only scaled by the resistance. Note that
when one of the converters operates the other one is disabled, so that there is no current
circulating between the two rectifiers.
Single-phase to single-phase cycloconverter

Single-phase to single-phase cycloconverter waveforms
a) input voltage
b) output voltage for zero firing angle
c) output voltage with firing angle /3 rad.
d) output voltage with varying firing angle
Three-Phase to Three-Phase (3-3) Cycloconverter:

If the outputs of 3 3-1 converters of the same kind are connected in wye or delta and if the output
voltages are 2/3 radians phase shifted from each other, the resulting converter is a three-phase to
three-phase (3-3) cycloconverter. The resulting cycloconverters are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 with wye
connections. If the three converters connected are half-wave converters, then the new converter is
called a 3-3 half-wave cycloconverter. If instead, bridge converters are used, then the result is a 3-
3 bridge cycloconverter. 3-3 half-wave cycloconverter is also called a 3-pulse cycloconverter or an
18-thyristor cycloconverter. On the other hand, the 3-3 bridge cycloconverter is also called a 6-
pulse cycloconverter or a 36-thyristor cycloconverter. The operation of each phase is explained in the
previous section.
3-3 half-wave cycloconverter

3-3 bridge cycloconverter
The three-phase cycloconverters are mainly used in ac machine drive systems running three-
phase synchronous and induction machines. They are more advantageous when used with a
synchronous machine due to their output power factor characteristics. A cycloconverter can supply
lagging, leading, or unity power factor loads while its input is always lagging. A synchronous
machine can draw any power factor current from the converter. This characteristic operation
matches the cycloconverter to the synchronous machine. On the other hand, induction machines can
only draw lagging current, so the cycloconverter does not have an edge compared to the other
converters in this aspect for running an induction machine. However, cycloconverter are used in
Scherbius drives for speed control purposes driving wound rotor induction motors.
RESULTS: Thus we have studied about the cycloconverter and its use in speed control operation
of cycloconverter.

VIVA QUIZ:
1. What is the function of a cycloconverter?
2. What is the basic working principle of cycloconverter?

3. A cycloconverter works on AC or DC supply?
4. Is the frequency change in output of cycloconverter?
5. How does the frequency change in output of cycloconverter?
6. What is difference between a single phase and a three phase cycloconverter?
7. How does it used for speed control of synchronous motor?
8. What other methods are available for speed control of synchronous motor?
9. What are the other applications of three phase cycloconverter?
10. What is the speed formula of synchronous motor?

11. How does the speed of a synchronous motor depend on frequency?
12. How many types of synchronous motor are there?
13. Which type of synchronous motor is controlled by cycloconverter?
14. How does a synchronous motor connected with a cycloconverter?
15. Cycloconverter feeds the synchronous motor at stator or rotor?
16. Which type of supply is given to the rotor of a synchronous motor?
---------------------------

EXPERIMENT # 13
OBJECT: To study the speed control of 3-phase Induction motor in variable frequency V/f
constant mode using 3-phase inverter.
THEORY:
Induction Machines, the most widely used motor in industry, have been traditionally
used in open-loop control applications, for reasons of cost, size, reliability, ruggedness,
simplicity, efficiency, less maintenance, ease of manufacture and its ability to operate in dirty or
explosive conditions. However, because the induction machine requires more complex control
methods, the dc machine has predominated in high performance applications. With
developments in Micro-processors/DSPs, power electronics and control theory, the induction
machine can now be used in high performance variable-speed applications.
The induction motor speed variation can be easily achieved for a short range by either
stator voltage control or rotor resistance control. But both of these schemes result in very low
efficiencies at lower speeds. The most efficient scheme for speed control of induction motor is
by varying supply frequency. This not only results in scheme with wide speed range but also
improves the starting performance.
If the machine is operating at speed below base speed, then v/f ratio is to be kept constant
so that flux remains constant. This retains the torque capability of the machine at the same value.
But at lower frequencies, the torque capability decrease and this drop in torque has to be
compensated for increasing the applied voltage.
AIET/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab/72

Speed Torque Characteristics of Induction Motor with frequency variation
The above curve suggests that the speed control and braking operation are available from
nearly zero speed to above synchronous speed. It is noted that V is kept constant above base
speed and freq. is increasing. The variable frequency control provides good running and transient
performance because of the following features:
voltage and frequency variation in VSI fed Induction motor
(a) Speed control and braking operation are possible from zero to above base speed.
(b) During transients (starting, braking and speed reversal), the operation can be carried out at
the maximum torque with reduced current giving good dynamic response.
(c) Copper losses are reduced, efficiency and power factor are high as the operation is in between
synch. speed and max. torque point at all frequencies.
(d) Drop in speed from no load to full load is small.
Above fig shows the block diagram of a V/f control of VSI fed three phase induction
motor drive. In this according to the reference speed input command (N r*) the reference
frequency (f*) and reference voltage (V*) commands are calculated such that V/f ratio maintained
to be constant. The reference commands V* and f* are given to the SPWM generator to generate
6-PWM pulses to the three-phase voltage source inverter which drives the three-phase induction
motor.

Block Diagram Schematic of V/f control of VSI fed 3-phase Induction Motor drive
Modes of operation and variation of is, ωsl,, T and Pm with per unit frequency K .
RESULT:

Thus we have studied the speed control operation of Induction motor in variable frequency mode
using 3-phase inverter.
VIVA QUIZ:
1. How does the speed of induction motor depend on stator voltage?
2. Which factor affects the speed of induction motor most?

3. Which parameter other than voltage is responsible for speed variation of IM?
4. Why should we keep v/f ratio constant?
5. Give the formula for speed of induction motor?
6. How does the speed of induction motor depend on frequency?
7. What is working principle of Induction motor?
8. What do you mean flux density?

9. What are the methods of speed control of induction machine?
10. How an inverter does is used in speed control?

11. How many types of induction machine are available?
12. Which type of induction motor is controlled by varying the frequency?
13. Can we use separate supply system for rotor?
14. Is there harmonics problem present in output of inverters?
15. In which mode the IM works for higher frequency reduction?
16. What do you mean by slip speed of an induction motor?
----------------------------------

Lab-Manual: 8EE06 Electrical Drive & Control Lab

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LAB-MANUAL

IV Year VIII SEM EE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-0

S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

Exp-2 Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled

10. Exp-5 Study and test 3-phase AC voltage regulator.

Exp-6 Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled

13 Exp-8 Control speed of a 3-phase induction motor in variable

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-1

15. Exp-10 Study 3-phase dual converter.

Exp-11. Study speed control of dc motor using 3-phase dual

18. Exp-13 Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor in variable

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-2

Mr. RAVINDER SINGH MAAN

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-3

Class: VIII Sem. B.Tech. Evaluation

S. No. List of Experiments as per RTU Syllabus

Exp-2 Study and obtain waveforms of 3 phase half controlled bridge

6. Exp-6 Control speed of dc motor using 3-phase half controlled bridge

10. Exp-10 Study 3-phase dual converter.

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-4

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-5

 Maintain separate observation copy for each laboratory.

 Necessary equipments/apparatus should be taken only from the lab assistant by

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-6

Before Leaving the Lab

 The equipments/components should be returned back to the lab assistant in good

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-7

Subject Name/Code: 8EE6 Electrical Drives & Control Lab

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-8

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-9

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-10

Program Program Outcomes

(5) Course Objective

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-11

(6) Course Outcomes:-

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-12

(7) Mapping of Course Objective with Course Outcome

Program Program Outcomes

(8) Course Objective Contribution to Program Outcomes

COURSE OBJECTIVE PROGRAM OUTCOME

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-13

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-14

(9) Course Objective to Program Outcomes mapping.

COURSE Program Outcomes

Unit Beyond Syllabus topic Source

Study and obtain the waveforms for voltage-commutated

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-15

1 Electrical Drives & Their Control

 Fundamentals of power electronics

(12) Instructional Methods:-

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-16

(13) Learning Materials:-

(14) Web Resources :-

(15) Assessment Of Outcomes:-

(16) Outcomes will be achieved through following:-

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-17

AIETM/ Department of Electrical Engineering /EDTC Lab pg.-18