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    Cell Structure and Variation

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    Z21 Martensen Abigail
    This document summarizes a student's laboratory exercise observing different types of cells under a microscope. [1] The student provides images and descriptions of prokaryotic cells Bacillus subtilis and Neisseria subflava at 100x magnification. [2] Descriptions and comparisons are given of protist cells including Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp., and Euglena sp. noting their modes of locomotion, nutrition, environments, and special features. [3] Images and descriptions are also provided of plant cells from onion root tips and Elodea leaves, as well as animal cells from human cheek, intestine, and red blood cells.

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    Cell Structure and Variation

    Uploaded by

    Z21 Martensen Abigail
    20 views6 pages
    This document summarizes a student's laboratory exercise observing different types of cells under a microscope. [1] The student provides images and descriptions of prokaryotic cells Bacillus subtilis and Neisseria subflava at 100x magnification. [2] Descriptions and comparisons are given of protist cells including Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp., and Euglena sp. noting their modes of locomotion, nutrition, environments, and special features. [3] Images and descriptions are also provided of plant cells from onion root tips and Elodea leaves, as well as animal cells from human cheek, intestine, and red blood cells.

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    This document summarizes a student's laboratory exercise observing different types of cells under a microscope. [1] The student provides images and descriptions of prokaryotic cells Bacillus subtilis and Neisseria subflava at 100x magnification. [2] Descriptions and comparisons are given of protist cells including Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp., and Euglena sp. noting their modes of locomotion, nutrition, environments, and special features. [3] Images and descriptions are also provided of plant cells from onion root tips and Elodea leaves, as well as animal cells from human cheek, intestine, and red blood cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views6 pages

    Cell Structure and Variation

    Uploaded by

    Z21 Martensen Abigail
    This document summarizes a student's laboratory exercise observing different types of cells under a microscope. [1] The student provides images and descriptions of prokaryotic cells Bacillus subtilis and Neisseria subflava at 100x magnification. [2] Descriptions and comparisons are given of protist cells including Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp., and Euglena sp. noting their modes of locomotion, nutrition, environments, and special features. [3] Images and descriptions are also provided of plant cells from onion root tips and Elodea leaves, as well as animal cells from human cheek, intestine, and red blood cells.

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    LABORATORY EXERCISE 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND VARIATION

    Name: Abigail A. Martensen Block: STEM12-S4

    Instructions: Place your images of the kinds of cells you have observed here. Do not forget to
    include labels of the visible structure and parts and magnification to your images.

    A. Prokaryotic Cells

    Neisseria subflava

    Bacillus subtilis

    Scientific name: Neisseria subflava Scientific name: Bacillus subtillis

    Magnification: x 100 Magnification: x 100


    Questions:
    2. What differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
    All life on Earth consists of either eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes were the
    first form of life. Scientists believe that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes around 2.7
    billion years ago. The primary distinction between these two types of organisms is that
    eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus
    is where eukaryotes store their genetic information. In prokaryotes, DNA is bundled together
    in the nucleoid region, but it is not stored within a membrane-bound nucleus. The nucleus is
    only one of many membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes, on the other hand,
    have no membrane-bound organelles. Another important difference is the DNA structure.
    Eukaryote DNA consists of multiple molecules of double-stranded linear DNA, while that of
    prokaryotes is double-stranded and circular.

    3. What are the shapes of the different bacteria that you have observed?

    - Bacillus subtillis is rod-shaped.

    - Neisseria subflava is coccus-shaped.

    B. Eukaryotic Cells — Protists

    Paramecium sp. Amoeba sp.

    Micronucleus Macronucleus (not visible)


    Nucleus (not visible)
    Pseudopodia
    Cilia

    Contractile vacuole

    Oral groove

    Contractile vacuole (not visible)


    Euglena sp.

    Pellicle (the lines)


    Eyespot

    Chloroplast

    Flagellum

    Find enough information to be able to complete the table below.

    Protist Mode of Nutrition Environment Special Cell


    Locomotion Features
    Amoeboid Freshwater and
    movement salt water, in soil,
    Amoeba sp. (sliding or Holozoic and as It can change
    crawling like parasites in forms.
    form of moist body
    locomotion) parts of animals
    Freshwater
    Viz., metaboly or ponds, pools, 2 nuclei,
    Paramecium sp. body Holozoic ditches, macronucleus
    contortions and streams, lakes, , micronucleus
    by cilia reservoirs and
    rivers
    Whipping its
    flagellum Holophytic, Freshwater and
    Euglena sp. around like a holozoic and Salt Flagellum
    helicopter saprophytic water( ponds
    propeller and ditches)
    C. Eukaryotic Cells — Plant Cells

    Onion Root Tip Cells Elodea Leaf Cells

    Cell wall
    Nucleolus
    Chloroplasts
    Cell membrane
    Cell membrane
    Cytoplasm

    Nucleus Cytoplasm

    Scientific name: Allium cepa Scientific name: Elodea canadensis

    Magnification: x 40 Magnification: x 40

    D. Eukaryotic Cells — Animal Cells

    Human Cheek Cells Human Red Blood Cells

    Cytoplasm

    Cell membrane

    Cytoplasm

    Cell membrane

    Nucleus

    Scientific name: Homo sapiens Scientific name: Homo sapiens

    Magnification: x 40 Magnification: x 40
    Columnar Cells of the Human Small Intestine

    microvilli

    Scientific name: Homo sapiens


    Magnification: x 40

    Questions:
    1. What structures in animals are not found in plants? On the other hand, what structures
    in plants are not found in animals?
    Each eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
    peroxisomes, and in some, vacuoles; however, there are some striking differences between
    animal and plant cells. While both animal and plant cells have microtubule organizing
    centers (MTOCs), animal cells also have centrioles associated with the MTOC: a complex
    called the centrosome. Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant
    cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a
    large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

    2. Define cytoplasmic streaming with respect to your observations in the Elodea leaf. What
    is its purpose?
    Cytoplasmic streaming is the movement of the fluid of substance within a plant or animal
    cell. Its purpose is to transport nutrients, proteins, and organelles within cells.

    3. The mouth is the first site of chemical digestion in a human. Your saliva starts the process
    of breaking down the food you eat. What organelle do you think would be the most
    numerous inside the cells of your mouth?
    Lysosomes

    4. What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?


    It absorbs food and water ingested inside the body.

    5. Why do mammalian red blood cells do not have a nucleus?


    It allows the red blood cell to contain more hemoglobin and, therefore, carry more oxygen
    molecules.

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