KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Characteristics

 Multicellular
 Eukaryotic organisms
 Exhibit heterotrophic nutrition
 Have nervous coordination and muscular system (for respond quickly to environmental
stimuli) except for sponges
 Extraordinarily diverse in their shape and functions
 Most can reproduce sexually, and are invertebrates (without backbone)
 Only 1% of this kingdom is vertebrates

(I) Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

 Sessile (means fixed permanently in one place)

 Mainly marine organisms which filter feed by passing a current of water through pores in
their bodies
 Doesn’t have nervous coordination and muscular system like animals
 Commonly shaped like a vase
 Shape varies with the direction and force of water currents
 Unique body water canal system which for filter feeding
 Asymmetrical body (No regular body shape)
 Reproduce asexually because of its high capacity for regeneration
 Has 3 classes : Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae

Structure of sponges
 1. Spongoecoel  central cavity of sponge
2. Body perforated with holes or spores called as ostia
3. The body consists of 2 layers of cells separated by gelatinous protein-rich region mesohyl
4. The outer layer made up of epidermal/epithelial cells, the cells are modified to form
porocytes which control size of pores and regulate water flow
5. Inner layer made up of collar cells/choanocytes (specialised flagellated cells)
6. Mesohyl contains amoebocytes which function for: digestion(phagocytosis), transportation,
secretion of spicule (fine needle CaCO3), production of reproductive cells

Sexual Reproduction of Sponges

Normally the sponges will reproduce asexually, but some can reproduce sexually. This is because of
Amoebocytes can produce male and female gametes but at different time. The egg will remain in
mesohyl but the sperms are carried out by water currents. The fertilisation will occur in mesohyl and
zygote develops into free-swimming larva.

Class Calcarea Hexatinellida Demospongiae

Feature  CaCO3 spicules  Six-Rayed  Variable
 Large Spicules skeleton
choanocytes  Small (spongin
choanocytes fibres/silica
spicules or
both)
 Small, round
choanocytes
Example  Sycon ,  Euplectella ,  Cliona ,
 Leucosolenia Hyalonema Euspongia

(II) Phylum Cnidarian

 are diploidblastics (means has 2 cell layers which are endoderm and ectoderm, both are
separated by gel-like layer called as mesogloea)
 have nematoblasts (stinging cells)
 radially symmetrical
 have tentacles
  have nerve cells that interconnect with contractile(muscle) and gland cells
 possess both reproduction: 1. Asexualbudding and regeneration
2. Sexualgamete production and fertilisation

Structure of Cnidarians

1. cell layers which are endoderm and ectoderm, both are separated by gel-like layer called as
mesogloea
2. Cnidocytes which contain nematocyst(capsule) which has nematoblasts within it. Located
abundantly in outer epidermis)
3. When a cnidocil is triggered, the nematocyst is discharged and paralyse/kills the prey or
predator (like pushing recoil of gun for firing)
4. Extracellular digestion, inner cell layers secrete enzymes to digest food partially in
gastrovascular cavity(enteron) and the digested food particles taken up by endodermal cells
by endocytosis
5. Flagellated endodermal cells help to circulate nutrients inside the enteron
6. Undigested material expelled through mouth which also functions as anal
7. SHAPE OF BASIC BODY : can be POLYP, MEDUSA, or POLYMORPHIC(both)

1.Polyp Shape
2.Medusa Shape

Class Hydrozoa Sc

Characteristics 1. Mostly marine

and colonial
2. Polymorphic

Example 7. Hydra, Obelia Au

picture above showing an example of

Hydrozoa: Obelia and its life cycle

III) Phylum Platyhelminths (flatworms)

1. Are flat, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical (only single line/plane that divide the body
into equal halves)
2. Are triploblastic (has 3 layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
 3. Have mouth except cestodes, but no anus
4. Usually hermaphrodites (has both male and female organs) with complex reproductive
system
5. Acoelamate which means without coelom2nd body cavity
6. Has 3 classes: Turbellaria, Trematoda And Monogenea, Cestoda

Class Turbellaria Trematoda And Cestoda

Monogenea
Characteristics  Free-living  Parasitic  Parasites of vertebrae
 Ciliated  Posseses  Enteron absent
body surface suckers for  Complex life history
 Typically attachment to
carnivorous host
 Enteron  Enteron
present present
 Simple life  Complex life
history history

Examples  Planaria  Liver fluke  Tapeworm(Taenia)

Fasiola

Structure Of Planaria

 Its head at its anterior end with pair of simple eyes

 Has chemoreceptors on lateral lobes
 Has clearly defined CNS –central nervous system
 Its braindense clusters of nerve cells , connected with a pair of nerve cords
 Together, both sensory organs and nerves made up nervous system
LIFE CYCLE OF TAENIA(TAPEWORM)

Firstly, the mature proglottids will be expelled along with faeces (in Chinese: 粪)

SECONDLY, THE EGGS (WHICH PRODUCED BY PROGLOTTID) INGESTED BY INTERMEDIATE

HOST (EXP.COW) WHEN CONSUMING CONTAMINATED VEGETATION

THEN, INSIDE THE GUT, THE EGG WILL HATCH INTO HOOKED LARVA AND TRANSPORTED
INTO THE BLOOD SYSTEM

EVENTUALLY THE LARVA WILL TRAVEL TO THE MUSCLE TISSUE AND THE CYCLE IS
COMPLETED WITH FORMING CYSTICERCI ..

HOWEVER, IN HUMAN, THE CYSTICERCI WILL DEVELOP IN 2 MONTHS, AND RESIDE INSIDE
THE SMALL INTESTINE BY USING THEIR SCOLEX (HOOK),BECOMING MATURE TAPEWORMS
AND LIFE CYCLE IS COMPLETED.
IV) Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

 Triploblastic
 Bilaterally-symmetrical
 Have unsegmented bodylack of coelom
 Pseudocoelamate
 Have mouth and anus
 Don’t have cilia and flagella
 Have separate sexes
 Life cycle as same as Taenia(tapeworm)
 Have 2 classes: Aphasmida, Phasmida

Class Aphasmida Phasmida

Presence of phasmid - √

Development of Excretory Poor Well

System

No. of copulatory Spicules 1 2

Example Trichuris, Capillaria Ascaris, Ancylostoma,

Wuchereria
Diagram below shows an exp. From
Phasmida, wuchereria which causes
elephantiasis
  Growth of Ascaris lumbricoides

V) Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worm)

 Triploblastic
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Have metameric segmentation for facilitate locomotion and modification into different
organs
 Have repeating units called segments which separated by septa, and with paired chaeta
/setae
 Has 3 classes: Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinea

Class Oligochaeta Polychaeta Hirudinea

Characteristi  few chaetae per  Lots of chaetae  No chaetae
cs segment per segment  Non-Distinct head
 Non-Distinct  Distinct head  Normally live in
head  Live in marine freshwater
 Live in ectoparasitic
freshwater or
damp earth

Examples  Lumbricus  Nereis  Hirudo (medicinal

(earthworm) (ragworm) leech)
Structure Of Annelids

1. 3 types of body cavity: Acoelomate, Eucoelomate, Pseudocoelomate

2. Posseses coelom in fluid-filled form which helps to i)act as hydrostatic skeleton

 ii)provide space for emplacement and
enlargement of internal organs, product storage

iii)allow body and alimentary canal

operate independently

iv)may act as circulatory medium

3. Have digestive system pharnyx, oesophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine

4. Have circulatory system  blood vessels(pump)contain haemogoblin
5. Have excretory system  funnel-shaped tubules called nephridia remove waste and
eliminate them through pores in the body wall

VI) Phylum Anthropoda (segmented appendages + exoskeleton)

 Triploblastic
 Bilaterally-symmetrical segmented
 Chitinous exoskeleton
 Display high degree of cephalisation
 Has open circulatory system (like spm, ostia and haemocoel(spaces)
 Gaseous exchange in 1.aquatic anthropod (gills)
2.normally insect (tracheal tubes)
3.terestial anthropod (book lungs)
 WHY ANTHROPODS ARE MOST SUCCESSFUL AMONG ANIMALS??

Because of:

1. strong, rigid exoskeleton

2. various locomotion
3. mouth adaptation for obtaining variety of foods
4. High reproductive capacity
5. Metamorphosis life cycle reduces the competition in population
6. Have diverse defensive mechanism exp. Stinger, poison claw, camouflage
7. Has 6 major classes: Insecta, Arachinda, Crustacea, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Merostomata

Effects Of Anthropods On Human Activites

 POSITIVE biological control, pollination, nutrient recycle, provide food

source(zooplankton) for fishes
 NEGATIVEdisease vector, pest to algricultural crops, food spoilage, building/clothes
damage

CLASS INSECTA
 Most got 2 pairs of wings attached to thr]oracic segment, but some convert wings to
balancing organs (halteres)
 Its life cycle characterised by several moults, gap between 2 moults called instar
 Holometabolous insect possesses complete metamorphosis
 Hemimetabolous insect possesses incomplete metamorphosis
 In complete metamorphosis, there are 4 distinct stages : egglarvapupaimago
 In incomplete metamorphosis, there are 4 distinct stages too:
eggnymphinstaradult
 Example of hemimetabolous insect: Periplaneta Americana(cockroach)[ORDER
DICTYOPHERA]
CLASS ARACHNIDA
 Has no antennae (but its function replaced by numerous sensory hairs around body
 2 body parts composed by cephalothorax(head+thorax not separated), and abdomen
 Has 1 pair of appendages(palps), 1 pair for capturing prey, and 4 pairs for walking
 Example: Spider which belongs to order Araneida , diagram below showing anatomy of
spider without legs and Scropion;
 The anterior and small appendages can be modified into poison fangs, pincers called as
Chelicera

stucture/anatomy of Scorpion

(based on resources from

http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/rsfoximages3/scorpion40La_x550_x_503x.gif)
CLASS CRUSTACEA
 Have cephalothorax
 Have 2 pairs of antenna, 3 pairs of jaws, 5 pairs for walking, 5 pairs for swimming
 Lack waterproof exoskeleton (that’s why when prawn is soaked inside spices, it absorbs the
flavour of spices too)

 Normally carry its fertilised egg inside its body. The egg will follow hemimorphosis
 Example : Penaeus (prawns) [ORDER DECAPODA]

CLASS CHILOPODA normally refer to centipedes

1. Carnivorous
2. Have distinct head
3. Have 1 pair of antenna
 1 pair of jaws

4. Similar legs along body length, one pair each segment

5. Example: Lithobius

CLASS DIPLOPODA normally refer to millipedes

1. Herbivorous
2. Have 1 pair of antenna and jaws; as same as chilopoda
3. Numerous similar limbs along body length, 2 pairs per segment
4. Example : lulus or 火车虫
CLASS MEROSTOMATA
Normally the species within this class are in extinction, however, we should learn it when we have a
chance..

There are 3 only genera in this class, called as HORSESHOE CRABS

 They possess cephalothorax and abdomen to form hard shell

 Their growth based on Hemimorphosis by shedding its skin ,grow larger and larger
 The cephalothorax bears 6 pairs of appendages, chelirae and 4 pairs of legs
 EXAMPLE: LIMULUS WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA
VII) Phylum Mollusca

 Coelomate animals
 2nd largest in animal phylum
 Have soft body which covered by shell
 Normally CaCo3 shell/Calcareous shell secreted by epidermal shell (mantle)-which also
houses gills, anus, and excretory pores
 Outward segmented body
 Possesses radula(chitinous teeth) to scrap food and drill holes of prey’s shell
 Have open circulatory system
 Excretory system carried out by nephridia(tubule)
 Most have separate sexes
 External fertilisation
Have 3 classes Of Mollusca:

Class Gastropoda Pelycopoda Cephalopoda

Symmetr  Asymmetrical  Bilaterally  Bilaterally symmetrical
y symmetrical

Shell  Coiled  Flattened  internal/external/no

type shell

Presence  present  absent because  present along with

of radula they are filter horny beak
feeders

Example  Helix (snail)  Mytilus,  Octopus

Ostrea
Pictures
VIII) Phylum Echinodermata

 Marine mammals with 5-way radial symmetry

 Have water vascular system connected with numerous tube feet ;which help for
locomotion, respiration, and feeding
 Possess endoskeleton which composed by Ca plates called as ossicles
 Can reproduce both asexually and asexually but separate sexes and external fertilisation
 Example: Starfish

 There are 5 major classes in phylum Echinodermata:

Class Characteristics Example

Crinoidea  Mouth, anus faced  Sea lilies
upwards  Feather stars
 Suckerless tube feet
Asteroidea  Pentagonal shape  Starfish
 Sucker tube feet
Ophiuroidea  Star-shaped with  Brittle stars
slender branched arms
 Suckerless tube feet
Echinoidea  Similar arms  Sea urchin
 Tube feet sticked out
from endoskeleton
Holothuroidea  Armless  Sea cucumber
 Cylindrical shape (Holothuria)
 Few,small ossicles
 Tube feettentacles
around mouth
IX) Phylum Chordata

 has notochord (rod of ventilated tissue)

 has nerve cords, tail, pharyngeal gill slits (connect pharynx and oesophagus with
outside/respiratory openings)
 One of the subphylum called ‘vertebrata’ is distinguished from chordates due to possession
of vertebral column (bone/cartilage + distinct head)
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Metamerically segmented
 Triploblastic coelamates
 There are 6 major classes which are: Chrondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia,
Aves, and Mammalia

Class Chrondrichthyes
1. Have a soft,flexible skeleton made of cartilage
2. Ventral mouth
3. Flesh fins
4. Have gills with separate openings
5. Skin contains dermal denticles/placoid scalestooth-like structures with
enamel(outer)layer and dentine(inner) layer
6. Typically have heterocercal tail dorsal lobe tail fin is > than ventral lobe
7. Possess lateral line which is enriched with sensory cells for detection
Class Osteichthyes
1. Have skeleton made of bone
2. Have fins supported by bony or cartilaginous rays
3. Its gills covered with a bony flap (Operculum)
4. Usually have skin with scales
5. Have homocercal tail dorsal lobe tail fin = ventral lobe
6. Have swim bladders(modified air sacs) to regulate buoyancy

Class Amphibia
 Have 4 limbs
 Adult has lungs for breathing in drier environment
 Has soft, moist and water-permeable skin for gaseous exchange
 Their life cycle including aquatic larva stages with gills
 Has 3-chambered heart (2A 1V) OR closed, imcomplete double circulatory system
 EXAMPLE: rana (frog)
STRUCTURE and CHARACTERISTICS OF RANA

1. Smooth, moist skin

2. Has long hind leghigh jumping ability just like grasshopper
3. Webbed feet adapted for water movement
4. Has transparent eyelid(nictitating membrane)
5. External fertilisation
6. The fertilised egg will hatch into tadpoles and grow into adult(frog) eventually. However,
tadpole and frog acts differently from morphology, physiology and behaviour. That’s why
frog belongs to Class Amphibia which means ‘2 lives’…

A LOGICAL QUESTION: Why frog only can fertilise its eggs in water instead of in land?

ANSWER: because due to the water-permeable membrane of the eggs, it will undergoing dessication
by presence of air and eggs just like facing high temperature in microwave..

Class Reptilia
 Produce leathery amniotic eggs in shells to allow embryo develops within its aqueous
environment
 Dry, scaly skin which made up of keratin, watertight properties
 Has 3-chambered heart with partial septum helps to reduce mixing of bloods
 Normally have pendatactyl limbs which just like human’s hand bones, but this excluding
snakes…
  Ectothermicwhich makes reptilian become or continue to be strong, healthy, and
successful in warm climates compared to cold climate
 EXAMPLE: crocodiles, naja (cobra), lizard, snake

Characteristics of Snake [ORDER SQUAMATA)

1. does not have limbs but replaced with >200 ribs for movement
2. scaled ventrally
3. fork-shaped tongue
4. loose-fitting jaws for enable to swallow preys that are larger than its mouth
5. has paired copulatory organs/gonads in male

diagram below shows anatomy of snake:

CLASS Aves
 Before, they have 2 pairs of limbs but one of them modified to form wings
 4-chambered heart (2A 2V), or double complete circulatory system
 Produces amniotic eggs with shells
 Have feathers,lower legs full of scales
 Do not have teeth but beak (every shape of beak are modifies due to their daily food
feeding)
 Body composed of light bones, reduced number of organs to reduce , and well-developed
breast muscle
  Example, Columba(pigeon) , Hirundo (swallow)

External features of
Columba

Class Mammalia
 Have mammary glands
 Has four limbs, facing downward from body
 Have keratinised hairs which helps for 1.insulate against heat loss

2.sensory receptors

3.camourflage

 Endothermiccan regulate their own body temperature to be adapted in enviroments

 Have heterodont dentition(means different shapes and sizes of teeth due to the diet/food
they are consuming)
 There 3 orders in Mammalia 1. Marsupials (pouched) exp. Kangaroo

2. Monotremes (egg-layed) exp. Platypus

3. Eustarians (uterus) exp. Human, Pan (chimpanzee)

Diagram below shows one of the example of mammals, Rattus (ORDER RODENTIA)
Pan (chimpanzee)

↑kangaroo