Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)

Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017

ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Macrofungi Species Richness and Diversity in

Dagaga and Gambo Plantation and Natural Forests
of Arsi Forest Enterprise, Oromia, Ethiopia
Shasho Megersa1*, Abdella Gure1, Sisay Feleke2 and Melaku Alemu3
1*
Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources (WGCFNR), Shashemene,
Ethiopia
2
Wood Technology Research Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3
National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Holetta, Ethiopia
*
Author for correspondence

Abstract: The macrofungal diversity of the Dagaga- Macrofungi play fundamental roles in forest
Gambo plantation and natural forests was studied by ecosystems. Measuring the macrofungal species
plot-based macrofungal survey method for three richness and diversity helps to monitor the health of
years (2014-2016) during rainy seasons. Three forest a given natural system [3]. Since macrofungal
unit habitats (FUH): old plantation forest (OPF), biodiversity is closely correlated with the total
clear cut and replanted plantation forest (CPF) and biodiversity of a given site, its quantification also
disturbed natural forest (DNF) were selected for the helps for assessing priorities in sites of conservation
[24]
purpose. Fruitbodies of macrofungi in each plot were . According to Humphrey et al. [14] macrofungal
recorded. Diversity, abundance and similarity of the diversity of plantation woodlands are comparable to
macrofungal species were measured. More than 116 the macrofungal diversity of semi-natural woodlands.
macrofungal species were recorded and grouped Many authors have conducted studies on
under 16 orders, 44 families, and 78 genera. Species Ethiopian fungi and generated information on
richness in the two forests and the forest unit different aspects [7,6,10,11,12,21,31,37,39,40,42]. But only few
habitats (FUH) were varied. Total species richness authors conducted studies on macrofungal diversity
(S) was found to be the least in OPF Dagaga (OPFD) in Ethiopia [2, 5]. Assessment of plot based forest
(19) and the highest in DNF of Gambo (DNFG) (49). macrofungal diversity study in Ethiopian forests in
More macrofungal species number was recorded in general and in Dagaga-Gambo plantation and natural
Gambo forest (88) than in the Dagaga forest (81). forests in particular is not conducted so far. The
Both Simpson's diversity indices and Shannon objective of this study was, therefore, to enumerate
Wiener diversity indices showed different and document the macrofungal species diversity,
macrofungal species diversity across the FUH and richness and abundance of the Dagaga-Gambo
the two forests. The data presented here serve as a plantation and natural forests the Arsi forest
baseline for further macrofungal studies in Dagaga enterprise.
and Gambo forests.
2. Materials and Methods
Key words: Macrofungi, abundance, diversity,
evenness, similarity, Dagaga-Gambo.
2.1. Description of the study area
1. Introduction
The study was conducted at Dagaga and
Gambo plantation and natural forests (Picture 1). The
Fungi are the most diverse groups of forests are registered under Arsi branch of the
organisms on earth. The estimated fungal species are Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise (OFWE).
about 1.5 million (Hawksworth 2001). Only 80000- OFWE is an autonomous public enterprise which is
120000 species have been described [15]. Fungi are structured in nine branch offices and 38 forest
most diverse in forest ecosystems [16]. Peay et al. [28] districts in Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Arsi
reported that fungal species richness increases with branch is one of these branch offices having three
increasing forest area. Fungal species richness also forest districts (Dagaga/Munessa, Gambo and Sole)
increases with the increasing number of tree species with an estimated area of 23,000 ha [34]. The forest is
present in a forest [32]. Furthermore, forests also an important water catchment area for rift vally lakes
support more rare and threatened fungi [23]. (Langano, Abjata and Shalla) [18]. The altitudinal
gradient of the forest ranges from 1900 to 2700 m asl

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

and has a general bimodal rain pattern of a minor Wood Technology Research Center (WTRC) of the
rainy season (March-May) and a major rainy season Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute
(July-September). Its recorded mean annual (EEFRI).
precipitation and annual temperature are 1075 mm
and 15oC, respectively. There are natural and
plantation forests in the district. Its natural forests are
highly disturbed and dominated mainly by
Podocarpus falcatus, Celtis africana, Croton
macrostachys, Syzygium guineense, Maytenus
arbutifolia, Prunus africana, Schefflera abyssinica
and Allophyllus abyssinica [1]. The plantation forest
is mainly dominated Cuprusses lusitanica which is Picture 2: Photographs of some of the forest types
studied in Munessa/Dagaga and Gambo forests.
followed by Pinus patula. Different Eucalyptus
species are also planted in small plots at different
compartments of the forests. Plots for the present
study were established in the Dagaga and Gambo 2.3. Identification of the macrofungi
districts (Picture 1).
The macrofungi were identified at their natural
environment wherever possible. But most
macrofungi collected from the study plots were
brought to the laboratory and characterized. The
fungi were identified following the keys and colored
morphological features described by standard general
texts [20,30,22]. Identification of specimen was based on
both macroscopic and microscopic features. The
information of the various characters stated was used
to identify each specimen by comparison with
illustrations in color field guides and also by the use
of descriptions and keys. For identification of the
remaining fungi, the following mushroom websites
were also referred:
Picture 1: Site map of the study area http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74/mushrooms;http://
www.naturephoto-cz.com/mushrooms.html;
2.2. Macrofungal assessment http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/~id-
guide.php;http://www.mushroomexpert.com/taxono
Macrofungi of the Dagaga and Gambo my.html; http://www.mykoweb.com/photography/.
forests were assessed by establishing transact plots
[4]
. Three forest unit habitats (FUH) were selected 2.4. Statistical analysis
from the two forests based on their accessibility:
cleared and replanted plantation forest (CPF) (5-8 Total species richness (S). S was computed as the
years old), old plantation forest (OPF) (25-30 years cumulative number of macrofungal species recorded
old) and disturbed natural forest (DNF) (Picture 2). over the entire sampling period of three years [41]
Two sites were selected for each FUH and three with formula
transact plots were set up at each site (Table 1). ---- Equation 1, where X is the total
Hence, a total of 36 permanent transect plots of 150
species richness of each plot in forest type i.
X 20 m sizes were established.
All fruitbodies of the macrofungi in each
Simpson’s diversity index (D). D was calculated
plot were consecutively surveyed during the main
using the equation of Simpson [35].
rainy season (July-August) for three years (2014-
2016). The fruitbodies were photographed and their ---- Equation 2, where Pi = Ni/N, and
morphological features were characterized at their Ni=ni
natural habitat. Spore prints were obtained whenever
possible on daily visit basis. Fresh fruitbodies were Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H). H was
collected in separate paper bags and fungal cultures computed using the formula of Shannon and Weaver
were obtained at the mycology lab of Wondo Genet [33]
. ---- Equation 3, where
College of Forestry and Natural Resources (WGCF-
Pi is the ratio of individuals found belonging to the ith
NR) of Hawassa University (HU) and herbarium
species.
specimens were retained at the mycology lab of the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Evenness (E). E was calculated according to Pielou

[29]
. ---- Equation 4.

Jaccardʼs smilarity index (J). J was calculated

according to Chao et al. [9].
---- Equation 5, Where A and B are
the number of species in sample 1 and 2,
respectively, and C is the number of species in
common between A and B.

3. Results and Discussion Picture 3: Photographs of some macrofungi from the

forests studied in Munessa/Dagaga and Gambo. (A)
Trametes versicolor (B) Trametes gibbosa (C) Trichaptum
3.1. Total species richness and abundance biforme (D) Ganoderma applanatum (E) Lenzites betulina (F)
Bjerkandera adusta (G) Stereum rugosum (H) Thelephora
terrestris (I) Phellinus populicola (J) Onnia tomentosa (K)
A total of above 116 macrofungal species were Polyporus cinnabarinus (L) Climacodon septentrionalis (M)
identified from the Dagaga and Gambo plantation Lentinellus cochleatus (N) Catathelasma ventricosum (O)
and natural forests (species list not shown). These Gymnopus eucalyptorum (P) Polyporus squamosus (Q)
species were distributed among 16 orders, 44 Chlorophyllum molybdites (R) Macrolepiota procera (S)
Pholiota adipose (T) Termitomyces eurrhizus (U) Morchella
families and 78 genera. Most of the macrofungal esculenta (V) Geastrum triplex (w) Ramaria stricta)
species identified belonged to the Agaricales (50%)
which was followed by the Polyporales (21%). Most
species were collected from decaying woods in the
forests, i.e., saprophytic macrofungi. This could be
explained in terms of the biodegrading ability of
many recalcitrant substrates found in the forests.
Wood-based substrates have been shown to be a
major determinant of macrofungal diversity in
woodland vegetations [38]. When the number species
in families compared, Polyporaceae, Agaricaceae
and Tricholomataceae had 15, 8 and 7 species,
respectively. Macrofungal species diversity was
found to differ between the Dagaga and Gambo Fig. 1 Species richness in orders of the macrofungi of
forests in general, between the plantation and natural Dagaga and Gambo plantation and natural forests
forests and among the FUH (CPF, OPF and DNF).
The overall observation of the macrofungal
distribution of the forests showed that the Gambo
forest was richer in macrofungal species composition
(88 species distributed in 15 orders, 42 families and
59 genera) than the Dagaga forest (81 species
distributed in 13 orders, 37 families and 58 genera).
When the FUH compared, DNFG had the highest
species (49) and followed by CPFD (38) and DNFD
(37). OPFD had the least species accumulation (19).
Agaricales had the highest species composition
which was followed by Polyporales and Russalales
(Fig. 1.). Polyporaceae had the highest number of
species composition which was followed by
Agaricaceae and Tricholomataceae (Fig. 2.).
Photographs of some of the isolated fungi are
Fig. 2 Species richness in the macrofungal families of
presented in Picture 3.
Dagaga and Gambo plantation and natural forests

Many macrofungal species encountered

during the studies were not identified though some of
them were assigned to a family and/or a genus (data
not shown). Three years survey could not give a
guarantee of exhaustive assessment of the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

macrofungi in the forests. A complete knowledge of (Fig. 2). This could be explained in terms of the
the fungi for any locality requires continuous physiological capabilities of these fungi in degrading
observation and collection over many years. the recalcitrant wood remains in the forests [19, 25, 38].
Bolhassan et al. [8] and Lopez-Quintero et al. [17]
showed that species diversity and occurrence
increased with the increasing number of visits over a
longer period. Straatsma and Krisai-Greilhuber [36]
made 551 visits on 1500 m2 for 21 years on a Swiss
forest and recorded 71,222 fruitbodies representing
408 species. Therefore, long term studies should be
carried out to obtain sufficient information on type of
fungi present and diversity of the macrofungal biota
of the Dagaga and Gambo plantation and natural
forests.

3.2. Species diversity Fig. 3 Diversity of family, genera and species of the
macrogungi of Dagaga and Gambo plantation and
The macrofungal species diversity of the natural forests in their respective orders
Dagaga and Gambo plantation and natural forests
varied (table 1). The number of species in the
corresponding family (Fig. 3) and order (Fig. 4) were
different. The highest Simpson's diversity index (D)
was obtained in OPFD (0.088) and followed by CPFG
and OPFG. D value in DNFG was the least (0.027). D
values of the two forests showed lower D values
showing that the macrofungal species distribution of
the two forests are highly diversified and not
dominated by few species. Similarly, higher 1-D
values ranging 0.912-0.973 were obtained indicating
the presence diversified macrofungal species. D
values of the plantation forests were relatively lower Fig. 4 Diversity of orders, families, genera, species and
than the D values of the natural forests. Hence, sporocarps in the FUH of the Dagaga and Gambo
higher species number existed in natural forests and plantation and natural forests
plantation forests were dominated with lower number
Table 1 Species richness and diversity indexes of
of macrofungal species.
macrofungi of the Dagaga-Gambo plantation and
Shannon Wiener diversity indices (H) natural forests.
varied across the three FUH and the two forests
FUH Forest
(table 3). High Shannon diversity indices 3.778,
Test

3.355, 3.255 were obtained in DNFG, CPFD, DNFD,

Dagaga

Gambo
DNFG
DNFD

CPFG

OPFG
OPFD
CPFD

respectively (table 3). This indicates the higher the

diversity of the macrofungal species distribution in S 38 19 37 24 26 49 81 88
the indicated FUH. The least Shannon diversity D
1–D
0.04
0.96
0.09
0.91
0.05
0.95
0.07
0.93
0.07
0.93
0.03
0.97
0.02
0.99
0.03
0.97
index was found in OPFD (2.698). The FUH of the 1/D 23.51 11.41 19.91 13.63 14.99 36.53 43.48 37.04
H 3.35 2.69 3.26 2.87 2.98 3.78 4.03 3.78
plantation forests in both forests showed lower E 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.97 0.92 0.84

Shannon diversity indices except CPFD. This

exception could be explained in terms of the 3.3. Species evenness (E)
presence of more decaying woods as substrate for the
macrofungal species. When the two forests The calculated E values ranged from 0.902
compared, Dagaga forest with Shannon diversity to 0.971 (table 1, Fig. 5.). These values are near 1
index 0.917 was more diversified in species indicating even distribution of the macrofungal
composition than Gambo forest with Shannon species in the FUH and in the two forests studied.
diversity index of 0.844. This result agrees with the The species distribution in DNFG was relatively more
findings of Tibuhwa [38]. Wood based substrates have even than the other FUH. When the two forests are
been shown to be a major determinant of compared, E value of Gambo forest was less than E
macrofungal diversity in forest in both temperate and value of Dagaga forest indicating that distribution of
tropical regions [26]. The species composition of macrofungal species in Gambo is more diversified
Polyporaceae, Tricholomataceae, and Agaricaceae, than the Dagaga forest.
respectively, were higher than the remaining families

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Acknowledgment

The authors are greatly thankful to the Ethiopian

Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI),
Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural
Resources (WGCFNR) for the financial and logistic
support. We appreciate the chemical and lab facility
obtained from Wood Technology Research Center,
Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural
Resources and National Agricultural Biotechnology
Research Center. We are also grateful to the Dagaga
Fig. 5 Species richness, diversity and evenness of the and Gambo forests district management and staff for
macrofungi of each FUH of the Dagaga and letting us to conduct this study in their plantation and
Gamboplantation and natural forests natural forests.

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