P-1 Poblacion, Nabunturan, Davao de Oro: Assumption College of Nabunturan Graduate Studies

Republic of the Philippines
ASSUMPTION COLLEGE OF NABUNTURAN

Graduate Studies
P-1 Poblacion, Nabunturan, Davao de Oro
Ryan Christian T. Bustillo MAELT-1
Topic: CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT THEORY
Discussion:
Sociology, the scientific study of human social behavior. As the study of humans
in their collective aspect, sociology is concerned with all group activities: social,
economic, political and religious. Sociologist see education as one major institution that
constitutes the society. There are theories that help and guide research and policy
formation in the sociology of education. They also provide logical explanations for why
things happen the way they do. These theories help sociologists understand
educational systems. The two (2) of the most common social theory are Consensus
Theory and Conflict Theory.
Consensus Theory clearly defined as a general or widespread agreement among
all members of a society. Also, it is a social theory that holds a
particular political or economic system in a fair system, and that social change should
take place within the social institutions provided by it. It is also a sociological
perspective or collection of theories, in which social order and stability/social regulation
form the base of emphasis. In other words, consensus theory is concerned with the
maintenance or continuation of social order in society, in relation to accepted norms,
values, rules and regulations as widely accepted or collectively by the society – or within
1 | r y a n b u s ti l l o 7 0 @ g m a i l . c o m
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a society itself. It emerged out of the sociology of social order and social stability/social
regulation.
In contrast, conflict theories as per definition, it is a clash between ideas,
principles and people. Conflict theory, first claimed by Karl Marx, is a theory that society
is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. According
to this theory, those are wealthy and powerful try to hold on to it by any means possible,
chiefly by suppressing the poor and powerless. This means that this theory sees social
order as manipulated and control by dominant groups especially for some who are in
the position. A basic premise of conflict theory is that individuals and groups within
society will work to maximize their own benefits. The competition between groups within
society over limited resources is one of the focus of this theory. The changes in this
social theory occurs rapidly without making an agreement. Furthermore, it only focuses
on the heterogenous nature of society and the differential distribution of political and
social power (Horton and Hunt, 1984). A struggle between social classes and class
conflicts between the powerful and less powerful groups occur.
Now, therefore, social theory is utilized to form refinements and generalizations
among diverse sorts of societies, and to analyze modernity because it has emerged
within the past few centuries. Conflict theory deals with the emergence of conflict within
a particular human society while consensus is a concept of society in which the
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absence of conflict is seen as the equilibrium state of society based on a general or
widespread among all members of a particular society.
Topic: MULTICULTURALISM AND MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
Discussion:
Changes in culture that are originated by a group need cultural support from the
members of the group, or else they will not last long. A supportive cultural environment
is needed for lasting change. Each cultural environment provides a set of standards,
ethics, ideals, values to which we must acclimate. Our behavioral patterns change
dramatically from one cultural context to another. Our families, workplaces, and
communities all have cultures. These cultures have a great , though rarely recognized,
impact upon our behavior as individuals. We are expected to behave according to the
standards of the group. We may choose not to behave in accordance with our cultures,
but if we choose not to go along, we must prepare ourselves for the consequences that
may come. When we choose and select goals in life that may violate the culture, we
must either change our culture or face and endure a never-ending struggle.
Multiculturalism is a policy that emphasizes the unique characteristics of different
cultures, especially as they relate to one another in receiving nations. In addition, it is a
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situation, event, phenomenon of a multiple groups of cultures that exist in a society
because of the so called “migrants”. Based on its definition, the term “multiculturalism”
refers to the people in the community, in short it describes society or societies. When
we say multiculturalism, simple means that we all have different and distinct cultural
groups. Since we do have distinct cultural groups we do have also difference the way
we act and behave in accordance with the culture that was innate on us. Not only on our
behavior, but as well as in our traditions and cultures. Also, the variations in music,
dress, and in foods. Lastly, multiculturalism is a tool for instituting students with pride
and confidence in their unique and special backgrounds.
On the other hand, is multicultural education. This refers to the equality in
educational opportunities for students even with the presence of diversity in race,
ethnic, social-class, and cultural groups. Multicultural education supports the idea that
students and their backgrounds and experiences should be the center of their education
and the teaching and learning should be in a multiple way of thinking considering the
differences and the diversity of the learners. One main goal of this multicultural
education is to transform and change the classroom so that students from diverse
cultural, social class, racial, and ethnic groups will experience an equal opportunity to
learn. Another is that, this help all the students acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills
to function effectively in this democratic society to interact and communicate with
peoples from diverse groups. In addition to this, it will be a great help to provide
opportunities to students develop their faith in their ability to create changes in the
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institutions in which they live and situations to apply the learnings and knowledge they
have learned and acquired. Lastly, considering the diversity of the learners will help
them boosts their confidence and they may not be afraid to showcase their uniqueness,
talents, and intelligence on their chosen fields.
As a teacher, to become a multicultural educator, first, we must respect our
student’s diversity by considering their behaviors and actions. Also, always think that
each student’s having diverse culture, race, and ethnicity are unique. They should be
treated equally. Let us always remember that it’s more fun to learn new culture. Explore
and discover new teaching and learning styles appropriate to the students. Teachers
are the best position to understand and recognize that students have diverse cultural
backgrounds and can adapt their instruction to meet these diverse learning needs.
Education is for all. No matter who you are, and what you are, you are entitled to be
educated and to be respected.
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Topic: GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL EDUCATION
Discussion:
We don’t live and operate in isolated islands. As social beings, we are bound to
create a community where unity, harmony, and a genuine concern for another is a
universal everyday mandate.
Globalization is one of the most dominant forces facing education in the 21 st
century. Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples and it
also refers to an increasing interconnectedness and convergence of activities and forms
of life among diverse cultures throughout the world. Furthermore, this globalization
seeks to explain the integration of economies and societies around the world. They are
joined together by travel, values and ideas, language, trade, labor, communication, and
technology. With the use of internet, mass media, travel, etc., it addresses the political
interconnectedness of nations through global governance arrangements and expanding
cultural exchange. It also affects countries in terms of economic growth and cultural
identity. This links individuals and institutions across the world with unprecedented
interconnection. Globalization has become a widespread idea in national and
international dialogue.
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Global education extends students’ awareness of the world in which they live by
opening them to the diverse heritage of human thoughts and actions, as well as
creativity. Global education places an emphasis on the changes in communications and
relationships among people throughout the world, highlighting the issues on human
rights and justice, human commonality and diversity, literatures and cultures, and the
impact of the technological revolution. In addition, global education helps us Filipino’s to
become aware of what are the changes of other nations and countries especially in the
field of education. This provides us knowledge on how to become a globally competitive
teacher and globally equipped with the rapid change that our education system has. A
global teacher goes along with the trends that the country has.
Education systems is the core of the globalization process. Recent developments
in the education sector like widened education access for all, creation of new
educational network organizations point to the implications of the global information
society in the education system.
Today, the forces of globalization are affecting youth, families, and education
systems worldwide. All social systems are predicted on the need to impart values,
morals, skills, and competencies to the next generation. Education systems, therefore,
need both rethinking and restructuring if schooling is to best prepare the youth to
engage in globalization’s new challenges, opportunities, and costs.
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Topic: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Discussion:
Gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are
based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying
the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. It shapes
the lives of all people in all societies. It influences all aspects of our lives, the schooling
we receive, the social roles we play, and the power and authority we command.
Population processes – where women and men live, how they bear and rear child, and
how they die – are shaped by gender as well.
Gender roles are socialized primarily in the family and reinforced by other social
institutions. We do have the so-called “gender stereotyping”, means that the beliefs
humans hold about the characteristics associated with males and females. From an earl
age, people construct, form, and bare ideas of what males and females should be,
beginning to accumulate characteristics that they consider male or female, and
assigning labels to those categories. This progress and development simplify the ability
to deal with the world. Gender refers to the different ways men and women play in
society, and to the relative power they exercise and perform. While gender is expressed
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differently in different societies, there is no society where men and women perform
equal roles or hold equal positions of power.
Gender inequality. First, men and women are situated in society not only
differently but also inequality. Specifically, women get less of the material resources,
social status, power, and opportunities for self-actualization than do men who share
their social location – be it a location based on class, race, occupation, ethnicity,
religion, education, nationality, or any other socially significant factors. Second, this
inequality results from the organization of society, not from any significant biological or
personality differences between men and women. Third, although individual human
beings may vary somewhat from each other in their profile of potentials and traits, no
significant pattern of natural variation distinguishes the sexes. In today’s generation,
gender preference may affect the education. Men and women can act and behave
differently. Some says that men excel in Mathematics subjects while women can’t,
though it hasn’t been proven yet.
It has been said that around the world has shown that gender inequality tends to
slow down economic growth and make the rise from poverty more difficult. The reasons
for this link are not that hard to understand. Half of the population of the world is female;
hence, the extent to which women or girls benefit from development policies and
programs has a major impact on the countries’ overall development and success.
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Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the
sexes varies across cultures and time.
Topic: PEACE EDUCATION
Discussion:
The greatest resource for building a culture of peace are the people themselves,
for it is through them that peaceful relationships and structures are created. Hence,
educating people toward becoming peace agents is central to the task of peace
building. This refers and means generally to the long-term project of building peaceful
communities, a desirable goal.
A new way of thinking about peace is so important today. The power of our own
understanding and views of both as a condition and as a value cannot be
underestimated. It is because our ideas shape our feelings and our actions, as well as
how we live and how we relate with others. The simplest and most widespread
understanding was that of absence of death and destruction because of war and
physical or direct violence. It was realized that it was not only war and direct violence
that caused death and disfigurement. This violence led to death and suffering because
of the conditions that resulted from extreme poverty, starvation, avoidable disease,
discrimination against minority groups and denial human rights. It was then realized that
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a world marked by said conditions is a world devoid of peace and human security. It
breeds anger and generates tension leading to armed conflict and war.
This peace education also promotes anti-discrimination among men and women,
LGBTQ+ members, black and white person. Respect for others, one of the attitudes and
values that this peace education is concerned of. They want equality in every aspect of
life. Another concern of peace education is to uphold human dignity and well-being
because of the conviction that this is a foundation for peace. In education, the schools
are ought to educate citizens not to accept hateful propaganda about the diversity of
learners or of the different other and instead appreciate other cultures and respect
cultural differences.
As a teacher, we should have a peaceable classroom. This means, it is
characterized by affirmation, cooperation, communication, appreciation for diversity,
appropriate expression of feelings and peaceful conflict resolution. It is a classroom
where students feel safe and secure. It is a place where they grow as persons without
threats of being hurt. Even though learners differ from one another, let us make and
create an atmosphere of love and acceptance in our classroom. As the teacher, let this
peace begin with us. Let us declare a classroom as a zone of peace. We should
encourage our students to do so. Encourage respect for and acceptance of differences.
We should practice cooperative learning by encouraging cooperative learning tasks and
discouraging negative competition or exclusion among students.
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Peace education is an important educational response in the light of major social
problems that we currently face. It seeks changes in society’s attitude and philosophy,
values and structures which should eventually led us to a world that is more nonviolent,
just and sustainable. It is considered transformative education not only because of its
purpose and content but also because of the teaching learning process it upholds. The
knowledge, the skills, and the value-orientations that are cultivated are meant to inspire
personal and social actions towards a peaceable society.
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Topic: SOCIAL ISSUE (Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines)
Discussion:
The issue of teenage pregnancy is widespread in various parts of the country.
Today, we face the painful reality that at a very young age, most young people have
children of their own. It is the condition of being pregnant aged 10 to 19. The victims of
teenage pregnancy are the girl herself, her child, her parents and relatives and the
national society. It will also probably make her economically vulnerable. Also, it is a
communal problem, a family problem, and a personal problem all rolled into one. It
frequently goes hand in hand with premarital sex. Problems come when the news needs
to breach each parent’s party. A spring of thought flash before one’s eyes, and registers
only two; whether, to back the hell up – abort the child or carry on with the pregnancy
but sign up for adoption - or get the hell in – have the child with all its perks and
consequences alike.
After which, these impressions simply serve no purpose but to put them off, and
deduce to mere bother to them when the truth of their situation slowly sinks in. How do
they provide for the child if their parents cut them short financially? Will they be able to
go to grad school? What will become of their future? What will become of their child’s
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future? By this time, they would have to contend with the pressures of parenthood.
What’ll truly bother them in the long run is the reality of whether they can fulfill their
obligation as parents, and the security of their child’s future. Teenage pregnancy is
becoming a societal problem that branches out to other problems.
One of the reasons why teenagers are already aware with this topic is because
of media. They get a higher knowledge to sex from the magazines, TV shows, internet,
movies and other media. In media, they go to a website where pornography is present.
The immature and irresponsible behavior arising due to complex teenage mindset is
another important cause of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers often go through several
emotions because of their own transition from childhood and peer pressure.
Another reason behind this issue is teenager’s lack of sexual education causes
them to get abortions as they ultimately realize their inability to bear the responsibilities
of being a parent at such a young age. Furthermore, lack of attention and affection from
family resulting in depression forces them to seek love and support from other people,
especially members of the opposite sex. Next, overprotection gives rise to frustration
and a feeling of not being loved and cared for. Thus, balance is the key to avoid this
problem. Lastly, lack of affectionate supervision of parents or guardians result into the
adolescents or teenage girl’s becoming pregnant.
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What are the effects and might be the consequences of teenage pregnancy? The
issue of teenage pregnancy has several consequences. It is continually increasing the
population growth rate in the society. Many babies are being born through it. The issue
encourages dropping out from schools. Many pregnant female children end up dropping
out from school to avoid shame. Next, due to poverty, many of those involved in
teenage pregnancy die off prematurely because of lack of proper medical attention.
Sex education can reach teenagers through many ways, one of which is through
schools. The government can make it compulsory for school students to undergo at
least a certain number of hours of sex education. Instead of focusing on the dangers
and consequences of teenage pregnancy, schools can also educate teenagers on the
advantages of not having a baby when they are unprepared so that students may be
able to weigh out the pros and the cons. This can be enforced by getting students to
attend service learning trips and having them be exposed to the real world of teenage
pregnancy. Another way that teenagers can be educated about sex is through their
parents but for this to work, there must be a strong relationship between the child and
the parent. Also, with a strong relationship, parents can have more influence in their
child’s sex decisions and may be able to direct their decisions in the right way. So, in
other words, having a good parent-child relationship can help to decrease the affected
population.
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BRING HOME EXAM AND ACTIVITY
1. As a teacher, how would you develop your student’s knowledge and curiosity
about the world?
Answer: Being a teacher, it is a tough decision and a challenge to develop our
students’ knowledge and curiosity about the world, but it is need for us to do so.
Develop their knowledge and curiosity by encouraging valuable questions and
tinkering, looking for teachable moments, and building lessons around current
events and critical thinking. Furthermore, it is a need for the teachers to let them
explore variety of cultures and societies. Teach the students to be skeptics or to
inquire and look around. For learners, it is the joy of exploration – a hidden force
that drives learning, critical thinking and reasoning.
2. Seeing the many social issues confronting you as a teacher, what would you do?
Answer: As a teacher, we must be ready always with the issues that we are about
to face. The best thing a teacher would do is to take as an opportunity rather than
a problem.
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3. Do the attitudes, beliefs, values, and practices affect the performance of a
student?
Answer: Yes, because we have a diverse learner.
4. What do the following concepts imply about your role as teachers of the 21 st
century learners?
Answer: It simply means that a teacher must be aware of the diversity of the
learners. It is a need for the him/her to know varied teaching strategies that is
suitable for the learners with diverse needs and to boosts their confidence and
self-anxiety.
5. Behavior of the students indicates the diversity in their backgrounds. How would
you, as a teacher, respond to this diversity?
Answer: Students differ from one another. We would create varied strategies and
techniques. The good teacher communicates a deep regard for students' lives, a
regard infused with unblinking attention, respect, even awe. An engaged teacher
begins with the belief that each student is unique. Love for students just as they
are—without any drive or advance toward a future—is false love, enervating and
disabling. Also, to ensure effective learning for all students in the
classroom, teachers need to develop sensitivity to
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individual students' needs and respond to them by flexibly adapting
their teaching strategies and content.
July 9, 2020
Dr. Elizabeth Dioso

Professor, Socio-cultural Foundation of Education
Graduate Studies
Assumption College of Nabunturan
Poblacion, Nabunturan, Davao de Oro
Ma’am;
Good day!
I am Ryan Christian Tagal Bustillo, from Sta.Josefa, Agusan del Sur. It is my great
pleasure to be one of your lucky students in the Graduate School. Indeed! We are so
blessed to have you as our professor in Socio-cultural foundation of Education. You
have imparted and shared all the knowledge that we should learn with this course
despite of the current situation we are facing nowadays.
Ma’am, attaching herewith are my critique papers on the topics being discussed by my
classmates virtually. I would like to apologize because some of the ideas in this paper
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were came and taken from the internet and most of ideas were from my creative and
imaginative mind.
Sincerely,
Ryan Christian Tagal Bustillo

MAELT Student

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Republic of the Philippines

ASSUMPTION COLLEGE OF NABUNTURAN

Ryan Christian T. Bustillo MAELT-1

Topic: CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT THEORY

Theory and Conflict Theory.

Consensus Theory clearly defined as a general or widespread agreement among

all members of a society. Also, it is a social theory that holds a

particular political or economic system in a fair system, and that social change should

take place within the social institutions provided by it. It is also a sociological

perspective or collection of theories, in which social order and stability/social regulation

maintenance or continuation of social order in society, in relation to accepted norms,

In contrast, conflict theories as per definition, it is a clash between ideas,

is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. According

conflicts between the powerful and less powerful groups occur.

Now, therefore, social theory is utilized to form refinements and generalizations

a particular human society while consensus is a concept of society in which the

absence of conflict is seen as the equilibrium state of society based on a general or

widespread among all members of a particular society.

Ryan Christian T. Bustillo MAELT-1

Topic: MULTICULTURALISM AND MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION

Multiculturalism is a policy that emphasizes the unique characteristics of different

cultures, especially as they relate to one another in receiving nations. In addition, it is a

situation, event, phenomenon of a multiple groups of cultures that exist in a society

and confidence in their unique and special backgrounds.

On the other hand, is multicultural education. This refers to the equality in

to function effectively in this democratic society to interact and communicate with

talents, and intelligence on their chosen fields.

As a teacher, to become a multicultural educator, first, we must respect our

educated and to be respected.

Ryan Christian T. Bustillo MAELT-1

Topic: GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL EDUCATION

universal everyday mandate.

Globalization is one of the most dominant forces facing education in the 21 st

also refers to an increasing interconnectedness and convergence of activities and forms

interconnectedness of nations through global governance arrangements and expanding

interconnection. Globalization has become a widespread idea in national and

creativity. Global education places an emphasis on the changes in communications and

impact of the technological revolution. In addition, global education helps us Filipino’s to

field of education. This provides us knowledge on how to become a globally competitive

Education systems is the core of the globalization process. Recent developments

educational network organizations point to the implications of the global information

society in the education system.

engage in globalization’s new challenges, opportunities, and costs.

Ryan Christian T. Bustillo MAELT-1

Topic: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are

how they die – are shaped by gender as well.

beginning to accumulate characteristics that they consider male or female, and

equal roles or hold equal positions of power.

their social location – be it a location based on class, race, occupation, ethnicity,

significant pattern of natural variation distinguishes the sexes. In today’s generation,

though it hasn’t been proven yet.

sexes varies across cultures and time.

Ryan Christian T. Bustillo MAELT-1

Topic: PEACE EDUCATION

communities, a desirable goal.

understanding and views of both as a condition and as a value cannot be

As a teacher, we should have a peaceable classroom. This means, it is

characterized by affirmation, cooperation, communication, appreciation for diversity,