23.

Example problems in PURCHASES AND APPLICATION

a.) A weight of 5 tons is to be lifted by a gun tackle rove to advantage with the use of one
lead block. Find the stress to be applied on the hauling part and minimum size of a 24
wire per strand to use regularly.

Solution: S x P = W - nw P=3
10
S x 3 = 5 – 3(5)
10
3S =5– 3
2
S = 6.5 = 2.166 tons
3
SWL = C2
b.) A weight of 6 tons is to be lifted with a 2-fold purchase rove to disadvantage with a
use of 2 lead blocks. Find the stress on the hauling part. If the above purchase is rove to
advantage, what is the stress on the hauling part?

c.) A weight of 16 tons is lifted with a 3-fold purchase. Find the pull in hauling part when
rove to advantage and when rove to disadvantage.
d.) A double purchase rove to disadvantage is fitted with a 12 wps wire of ½” diameter
using in lead block. Find the maximum weight that can be lifted.
 FINDING STRESSES

Cargo Spans – the tension on the pendant of a span between two masts can be readily arrived at
by constructing an appropriate parallelogram of forces.

Example: Two pendants for a span slung

between two mast making angles with the
vertical of 22 and 53 degrees. Find the
tension on each arm of the span when
supporting a weight of 2 1/2 tons.

Procedure: Draw 2 parallel vertical lines to

represent the mast; make angle AatM 22°
and 53° at M2.Points M1 and M2 represents
the position were pendants are made fast.
The lines of 2 ½ Tangles intersects at A.
Now draw AB upwards and equal in length
to 2 ½ ton units from a convenient scale.
Draw BC parallel to one span and BD parallel
to the other. The length AD represent the
tension (1 ton) on the arm from M2 and
AC the tension (2 tons)on the arm from M1.

Another method: Problem – The horizontal distance

between two vertical masts is 80 feet. One pendant
60 feet long, is made fast 100 feet up one mast and
the end of another pendant, 50 feet long, is made fast
70 feet up on the other mast. It is intended to lift a ten ton
load by using the pendants as span. Find the tension on
each.

Procedure: Make MN=80’ from scale and erect

perpendicular MX=70’ and NY=100’ with X as
center and radius of 50’ on a pair of compass divider,
describe an arc cutting the first one at A. Draw AB
upwards to ten equal parts to represent unit tons and the
weight suspended at A. BC now drawn parallel to
YA and parallel to XA. The length AD measured in same
units as AB gives the tension on the pendant Y(9 ¼ tons)
and AC the tension on XA(6 tons).
Derricks

Problem: A derrick 48 feet long is kept up ended by means of a span 24 feet long attached to a
point on the mast 40 feet vertically above the heel of the derrick. Find the tension on the span
and the thrust on the gooseneck of the derrick when a weight of 4 tons is hanging from its top
end.

Procedure: Draw XY=40’ with a convenient scale.

With Y as center and radius 24’ describe an arc
to cut the first at A. Join AX and AY. Draw AB
downwards from A in 4 units to another scale to
represent the weight. Draw BC parallel to the
span and CD parallel to AB.

The tension on the span is given by the

length of AD (2.5 tons). The thrust on
the gooseneck by AC(4.75 tons)

Cargo Slings
Problem A beam 10 feet long and weighing 20 cwts is
slung by means of two-legged sling shackled to the
ends of the beam. The legs are six feet long, find the
tension on each leg. Procedure: Make AB10 feet to
represent the distance between the shackles. Bisect AB at C and erect the perpendicular CD.
With centers at A and B and radius 6 feet describe two arcs cutting each other at D. Join AD and
BD. Using another scale make DG=20 units (20 cwts). Draw GF and GH parallel to BD and AD
respectively. The lengths of DF and DH from the same scale give the tension on each leg (18,1
cwts)

Exercises:
1. Length of a derrick is 50 feet. From the heel of the derrick to span on the mast, 40 feet. Angle
between derrick and mast, 30°. If a weight of 3 tons is suspended from the end of the derrick,
find the approximate thrust on the heel of the derrick and the stain on the span.

ANS: -3.8 and 1.85 tons

2. A span between two masts is formed by two pendants, one point make an angle of 40° with
the vertical and the other makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. A load of 6 tons is suspended
from the span, find by constructing the load on each pendant.
ANS: 5.5 and 3.9 tons

3. A derrick at angle of 50° is supported by a topping lift at angle of 40° to a vertical mast. Find
the thrust on the derrick and the tension on the lift when a weight of 6 tons is hanging from the
head of the derrick.
ANS: 3.5 and 4.5 tons

4. A beam weighing 30 cwt is supported in sling attached to shackles on upper flange of beam
and 12 feet apart. If the legs of the sling are 8 feet long, find the stress on each leg.
ANS:22 ½ cwt.

HYDROSTATICS

1. Hydrostatics – the science of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids as water.

2 Hydrometer – an instrument for finding the relative density or a specific gravity of liquids
(hydro meaning water, metro means measure).

3. Law of Archimedes – All floating bodies displaces quantity of liquid equal to their own
weight.

4. Construction of a hydrometer: The scale is graduated from 0 at the top to 25-40 at the bottom.
The simplest form of hydrometer but one inconveniently long, would consist of a rod of uniform
bore and the longer and the thinner the rod the greater would be the sensitivity in detecting
differences of density as measured by scale, the graduation of which will be proportional to its
cross sectional area. The scale indicates the specific gravity of liquid in which the instrument is
floating. Example when reading is 24, the specific gravity is 1.024 and its density is 1024 ounce
per cubic foot.

5. Density of a substance is its weight per unit volume

Density = Weight of substance

Volume of substance

6. Specific Gravity or Relative Density – is the number of times any volume of the substance is
heavier than an equal volume of pure fresh water a temperature of 4°C.

Specific Gravity = Weight of substance

 Weight of equal Volume of Water
7. Density of fresh water may be expressed as:
1000 ounces per cubic foot
or 62 ½ lbs per cubic foot
or 1 gramme per cubic centimeter
or 1 ton per cubic meter

8. The average density of sea water is 1025 oz. per cu.ft. or 64 lbs per cubic feet.

Specific Gravity of Sea Water = Weight of 1 cu.ft. SW

Weight of 1 cu.ft. FW

= 1.025

9. The density of mercury is 849 lbs per cubic foot and the

Specific Gravity of Mercury = 849 x 16 oz. per.cu.ft.

1000oz. per.cu.ft.
= 13.6

BUOYANCY
1. Buoyancy – is due to the supporting power of the water. All bodies when immersed in water
exhibit an “apparent” reduction in weight.

2. It is important to note the following information when working problems on buoyancy:

1 cu.ft.FW = 62 ½ lbs = 1000 oz 1 ton FW = 36 cu.ft.
1 cu.ft. SW = 64 lbs 1 ton SW = 35 cu.ft.
2240 lbs = 1 ton 1 cu.ft = 1782 cu.ins.

3. Example problems;
i) A sphere of radius 2 inch weigh 40 ounces on air, what will it weigh when suspended in
water?
Volume = 4 + r3 =4 x 22 x 8 = 33.52 cu.ins. or 19.4 oz
3 1 7 3

Sphere volume 33.52 cu.ins. weighs 40.0 oz in air.

Water volume 33.52 cu.ins weighs 19.4 oz
Sphere weighs in water 20.6 oz
 ii) A block concrete weigh 2 tons and measuring 30 cu.ft. is lowered by a crane into sea
water. What weight is the crane then supporting?

Weight of block in air (2x2240) = 4480 lbs

30 cu.ft. SW support (64x30) = 1920 lbs
Weight of block in air = 2560 lbs

iii) A rectangular tank 6’x4’x3’ floats on fresh water its draft being 1 foot, what does the
box weigh?

Volume of displaced water = 6’x4’x1’ = 24 cu.ft.

Weight of displaced water = 24’x62 ½ = 1500 lbs.

What weight must be put into the tank to sink it 6 inches to the water?
6’x4’x5’ =12 cu.ft; 12’x64 lbs = 768 lbs. the weight required.

iv) A tank measuring 3m x3m x 3m floats is SW at a depth of 2.5m, find the weight of the
tank if the same floats in FW find its draft.

1 meter = 3.281 ft. a. 3mx3mx2.5m = 22.5 cu. m. vol SW

1 cu. m. = 35.32 cu. ft. 22.5x35.32 = 794.7 cu. ft. vol. displacement
794.7 = 22.71 tons, the weight
35
22.71 x 36 = 817 . 56 cu.ft. vol in FW
817.56 = 23.14 cu.m vol. dispalcement
b. 3 x 3 x d = 23.14 35.32
9d = 23.14
d = 23.14
9
d = 2.57 meters , the draft in FW.

MARKING OF A SHIP
(a) Name on each side of the bows.
(b) Name and port of registry on her stern. The letters shall not be less than 4” in length and of
proportionate breadth. They must be light in color with dark background or dark color with
light ground.
(c) Official number and registered tonnage must be cut on her main beam.
(d) Draft marks on each side of her stem and stern post. The scale may be marked in Roman
Capital letters or in figures. The figures must not be less than 6 inches in length. They are
generally made exactly 6 inches length with a space of 6 inches between them.
Tonnage Measurement of a ship
(a) Under deck tonnage – is a measure of the internal space between the top of the ceiling or
double bottom in the hold and the under surface of the tonnage deck.

(b) Gross tonnage – is a measure of the total internal volume of the ship and is equal to the
under deck tonnage plus the tonnage of all enclosed spaces above the tonnage deck.

i. Exempted Spaces - are certain closed in spaces on or above the upper deck which
are not included in the gross tonnage. Examples: dry cargo spaces,
wheelhouse, radio and chart rooms, galley, etc.

ii. Deducted Spaces – are principally deducted from gross tonnage in order to assess
port and harbor dues. Examples: propelling spaces, crew spaces, Master’s
accommodation, pump rooms, etc. (These are none-earning spaces
but are included when determining the gross tonnage of the
ship).

(c) Net tonnage – is the residual tonnage after the various allowances for propelling power,
crew spaces, and navigation spaces, have been deducted from the gross tonnage.

(d) Displacement tonnage – is the total quantity of water displaced by the ship when floating at
her loaded draft.

(e) Deadweight tonnage – is the number of tons (of 2240 lbs.) of cargo, stores, etc. that a
vessel is capable of carrying when floating in her loaded draft.

(f) Load waterline – is the waterline corresponding to the maximum draft to which a vessel is
permitted to load, either by the free-board regulations, the conditions of classification or the
conditions of varvice.

(g) Draft – is the distance from the lowest part of the keel to the waterline of which the vessel
is floating.

(h) Coefficient of Fineness – is the ratio between the actual volume of the underwater shape
and the volume of a rectangular block having the same extreme length, breadth, depth. It is
expressed as a decimal and varies from .5 for fine lined yachts, .6 to .75 for passenger
vessels, and about .85 for slow, bluff cargo vessels.
3. Formula for Finding Coefficient of Fineness (Block Coefficient)

Coefficient of Fineness = Displacement (in cu.ft.)

Length x Breadth x Depth

Example: A vessel of 4114 tons displacement, length 300 feet, breadth feet, draft 20 feet,
the coefficient of fineness would be as follows.

Displacement = 4114 tons; Cubic capacity = 4114 x 35 = 143, 990 cu.ft.

Then Coefficient = 143, 990 = .5999 or .6

300 x 40 x 20

Problem:

(a) A vessel 400 feet long, 30 feet beam, 25 feet mean draft, displaces 5143 tons in SW.
Required the block coefficient. What type of vessel is it?

Displacement

Displacement = Length x Breadth x Draught x coefficient divided by 35 (cu.ft. of SW per

ton) when ship floats in sea water, and by 36 (cu.ft. of FW per ton) when
floating in fresh water.

Examples: (a) Find the displacement of a vessel, length 500 feet, breadth 40 ft, mean draft
in salt water 20 feet, block coefficient .7.

Displacement = L x B x d x coefficient
35
= 500 x 40 x 20 .7
35
= 8000 tons

(b) A vessel 500 feet, breadth 50 feet, mean draft 30 feet, block coefficient .8. Required the
vessel’s displacement in fresh water.

Ans. 16,666 tons

VARIATIONS IN DENSITY AND DRAFT

1. In order to find the density of harbor water, a hydrometer may be used so that corresponding
increase in vessel’s draft may be computed.
2. Note: i) If the density of a body is equal to the density of the water, it will neither sink or float.
ii) If its density be greater, the body will sink
iii) If less it will rise until weight of body is equal to the weight of the volume of water it
displaces. It can also be concluded that a ship of a given weight will displace more fresh water
than salt water because every cubic foot of fresh water can only support 62 ½ lbs.

3. Draft varies inversely as the density

New Draft = Old Draft
Old Draft New Density