Electrical engineering

MSc full-time course

Practice no. 2
Analysis of AC circuits

Practice teacher:
Gábor BÉRCESI, assistant lecturer
bercesi.gabor@gek.szie.hu

1
 Complex generalization of Ohm's Law

• Ohm’s law:
𝑈 𝑈 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑈 −𝑗𝜑
𝑍= = = ∙ 𝑒
𝐼 𝐼 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝜑 𝐼
• If there is only a resistor in the circuit (ϕ=0°):
𝑈 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑈 −𝑗∙0°
𝑈 0
𝑈
𝑍= 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+0°
= ∙𝑒 = ∙𝑒 = =𝑅
𝐼 ∙𝑒 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
• If there is only a inductor (coil) in the circuit (ϕ= -90°):
𝑈 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑈 𝑗∙
𝜋
𝑍= 𝜋 = ∙ 𝑒 2 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋𝐿
𝑗 𝜔𝑡− 𝐼
𝐼 ∙ 𝑒 2
• If there is only a capacitance in the circuit (ϕ= 90°):
𝑈 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑈 𝜋
−𝑗∙ 2
𝑍= 𝜋 = ∙𝑒 = −𝑗 ∙ 𝑋𝐶
𝑗 𝜔𝑡+ 𝐼
𝐼 ∙𝑒 2 2
 Complex solution for series AC circuits

• Impedance:
I
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗 ⋅ 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗 ⋅ 𝑋𝐶 R

U L

Magnitude of impedance: C

𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2

Phase angle:
Im uC XC

u uL 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 Z XL
𝜑 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔
φ uR Re 𝑅 φ R
i
Complex solution for parallel AC circuits

Impedance and admittance: I

1 1 1 1
= +𝑗⋅ −𝑗⋅
𝑍 𝑅 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐿
U R L C
𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗 ⋅ 𝐵𝐶 − 𝑗 ⋅ 𝐵𝐿
Magnitude of admittance:
𝑌 = 𝐺 2 + 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝐿 2

Phase angle:
Im iC BL

i iL 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝐿 Y BC
𝜑 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔
φ iR Re 𝐺 φ G
u
Generalization of Kirchhoff Laws I.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

The vector sum of the currents
entering the node equals the vector
sum of the outgoing currents.

෍ 𝑖Ԧ = 0

5
Generalization of Kirchhoff Laws II.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

In a closed loop, the vector sum

of the partial voltages is zero.

෍𝑢 = 0

6
 Single phase powers and power factor

Active (real) power: 𝑷 = 𝑼 ∙ 𝑰 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋 = 𝑰 𝟐 ∙ 𝑹 [𝑾]

Reactive power: 𝑸 = 𝑼 ∙ 𝑰 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋 = 𝑰 𝟐 ∙ 𝑿 [𝑽𝑨𝒓]
Complex power: 𝑺 = 𝑼 ∙ 𝑰 = 𝑰 𝟐 ∙ 𝒁 [𝑽𝑨]
Apparent power: 𝑺 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 [𝑽𝑨]
Power factor: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋

φ The „ϕ” angle always means the

angle between the active and
apparent power vectors!

7
Single phase powers as complex values

Complex power: 𝑺 = 𝑷 + 𝒋𝑸 [𝑽𝑨]

Active (real) power: 𝑷 = 𝑹𝒆 𝑺 [𝑾]
Reactive power: 𝑸 = 𝑰𝒎 𝑺 [𝑽𝑨𝒓]
Apparent power: 𝑺 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 [𝑽𝑨]

Re

Im
8
 Exercise I

A voltage changes in time according to

the following equation. Give the value
of complex vector in algebraic form at
t=0.

𝑢 𝑡 = 311 ∙ sin 2 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 50 ∙ 𝑡 + 30° 𝑉

𝑈 = 269.3 + 155.5 𝑗 𝑉
9
 Exercise II

The momentary value of an alternating

current function at t=0 is given as
follows. Find the time domain function
for variation of current.

I = 40 + 30 𝑗 𝐴 ; 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧

𝑖 𝑡 = 50 ∙ sin 2𝜋 ∙ 50 ∙ 𝑡 + 36.87° 𝐴 10
 Conductance, susceptance, admittance

• Conductance:
1 1
𝐺= , 𝑆 , [mho]
𝑅 Ω

• Susceptance (reactive conductance):

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐵= , 𝑆 𝐵𝐿 = , 𝑆 𝐵𝐶 = , 𝑆
𝑋 Ω 𝑋𝐿 Ω 𝑋𝐶 Ω
• Admittance:

1 1
𝑌= , 𝑆
𝑍 Ω

11
 Exercise III

Data:
R = 100 Ω
XL = 62.8 Ω
U = 230 V
f = 50 Hz

+
L R
U
I = ? I R = ? IL = ? ϕ = ?

𝐼 = 2.3 − 3.66 𝑗 𝐴
𝐼 = 4.32 𝐴; 𝐼𝑅 = 2.3 𝐴; 𝐼𝐿 = 3.66 𝐴; 𝜑 = 57.865° 12
 Exercise IV

Connect a known impedance in series with an ideal

coil. Connect them to single phase AC network.
Calculate the resultant impedance, the current, the
effective, reactive and apparent power and the phase
angle in the circuit.
Data:
Z
Z = 100 – 12j Ω

+
L = 10 mH
L
U = 230 V f = 50 Hz U
Ze=? Ie= ? P = ? Q = ? S = ?

𝑍𝑒 = 100 − 8.858 𝑗 Ω; 𝐼 = 2.282 − 0.2021 𝑗 𝐴

𝑆 = 524.881 + 46.493 𝑗 𝑉𝐴; 𝑃 = 524.881 𝑊
𝑄 = 46.493 𝑉𝐴𝑟; 𝐼 = 2.29 𝐴; 𝑆 = 526.936 𝑉𝐴; 𝜑 = 5.058° 13
 Exercise V

Data:
U = 230 V
R
f = 50 Hz

+
R=6Ω C
U
L = 33 mH
L
C = 165 μF

I1 = ? I2 = ? I3 = ?
UC =? UL = ? UR = ?
𝐼1 = 9.617 − 4.695 𝑗 𝐴; 𝐼2 = 11.922 𝑗 𝐴; 𝐼3 = 9.617 − 16.617 𝑗 𝐴
𝑈𝑅 = 57.702 − 99.702 𝑗 𝑉; 𝑈𝐿 = 172.268 + 99.699 𝑗 𝐴
𝑈𝐶 = 230 𝑉; 𝜑 = 26.02° 14
 Exercise VI

Connect a known impedance in parallel with a

capacitor. Connect them to single phase AC network.
Calculate the resultant impedance, the current, the
effective, reactive and apparent power and the phase
angle in the circuit.
Data:

+
Z = 20 + j10π Ω
Z C
C = 33 μF U
U = 230 V
f = 50 Hz
Ye=? Ie= ? P = ? Q = ? S = ?
𝑌𝑒 = 0.01442 − 0.01229 𝑗 𝑆; 𝐼 = 3.3166 − 2.8267 𝑗 𝐴
𝑆 = 762.818 − 650.141 𝑗 𝑉𝐴; 𝑃 = 762.82 𝑊
𝑄 = 650.141 𝑉𝐴𝑟; 𝐼 = 4.3577 𝐴; 𝑆 = 1002.286 𝑉𝐴; 𝜑 = 40.44° 15
 Exercise VII
Calculate the resultant effective, reactive and
appearent power of the three motors with the
given nominal current and power factor operated
from single phase AC network.
Data:
U = 230 V

+
M1 M2 M3
f = 50 Hz
U
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨; 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
𝑰𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝑨; 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟒 𝑨; 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
Ie = ? I1 = ? I2 = ? I3 = ?
ΣP = ? ΣQ = ? ΣS = ? cos ϕ = ?
𝐼1 = 1.625 + 1.9 𝑗 𝐴; 𝐼2 = 2.975 + 1.843 𝑗 𝐴; 𝐼3 = 5.184 + 3.75 𝑗 𝐴
𝐼𝑒 = 9.784 + 7.493 𝑗 𝐴; 𝐼 = 12.323 𝐴; 𝑆 = 2250.32 + 1723.39 𝑗 𝑉𝐴;
𝑆 = 2834.433 𝑉𝐴; 𝑃 = 2250.32 𝑊; 𝑄 = 1723.39 𝑉𝐴𝑟; cos 𝜑 = 0.793 16
Calculation of series R-L circuit (HPF)
Calculate the RMS value of the voltage between points A and B and the
value of phase shift (phase angle) for sinusoidal input voltage at
different frequencies. Calculate the fundamental frequency of the
circuit. (UAB(f1) = ?, UAB(f2) = ?,
φ1 = ?, φ2 = ?, fh = ?)
Adatok: 𝐮𝐠 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 ∙ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚 ∙ 𝐭 V, f1 = 50 Hz, f2 = 200 Hz, R = 560 Ω,
L = 900 mH R
A
+

Ug

B
(Ugeff = 100 V, UAB(f1) = 45.07 V, UAB(f2) = 89.61 V, I(f1) = 159 mA
I(f2) = 79.2 mA, φ1 = 26.78°, φ2 = 63.65°, fh = 99 Hz)
Calculation of parallel LC circuit (oscillator)
Calculate the values of currents flowing on R – L – C components,
the voltage drop on L – C components, the resultant phase shift
and the fundamental frequency of the circuit. (I = ?, IL = ?,
IC = ?, UL = ?, UC = ?, φ = ?, f0 = ?)
Adatok: U = 230 V, f = 50 Hz, R = 470 Ω, L = 100 mH, C = 33 μF
R
+

L C
U

(I = 487 mA, IL = 722 mA, IC = 235 mA, UL = UC = 22.68 V,

φ = 5.65°, f0 = 87.61 Hz)