Construction and Building Materials: Zhi Ge, Yuanyuan Wang, Renjuan Sun, Xinsheng Wu, Yanhua Guan
Construction and Building Materials: Zhi Ge, Yuanyuan Wang, Renjuan Sun, Xinsheng Wu, Yanhua Guan
Construction and Building Materials: Zhi Ge, Yuanyuan Wang, Renjuan Sun, Xinsheng Wu, Yanhua Guan
h i g h l i g h t s
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The influences of partially replacing cement with ground clay-brick on properties of fresh and hardened
Received 11 May 2015 concrete were investigated. In this study, three different replacement levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) and three
Received in revised form 6 August 2015 types of clay-brick-powder (CBP) with different particle sizes (Type A, B, and C) were adopted. The test
Accepted 10 August 2015
results show that CBP reduced the slump of fresh concrete significantly as the replacement level was over
10%. All concrete specimens had similar density around 2400–2500 kg/m3. As the replacement level
increased, the early age strength decreased. However, as the curing age increased, strength of concrete
Keywords:
with CBP was similar to that of reference concrete. Most concrete containing CBP had 90-day compressive
Clay-brick-powder
Workability
strength over 50 MPa, 28-day flexural strength in the range of 10–12 MPa, and 28-day splitting tensile
Mechanical properties strength of 2–4 MPa. Static elastic modulus was between 15 and 30 GPa. The specimens had low chloride
Static elastic modulus ion penetrability with total passed charge value was less than 1742 C. After 300 freezing–thawing cycles,
Chloride ion penetrability the strength deduction and mass loss were less than 16% and 1.6%, respectively. The water absorption
Autogenous shrinkage increased with the replacement level, while the autogenous shrinkage can be reduced significantly as
Non-evaporable water over 10% of cement replaced by CBP. The non-evaporable water decreased but not proportionally to
the substitution level.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.100
0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Ge et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 128–136 129
3. Experimental design
Table 3
Mix proportion of concrete.
Mix. Type of CBP Replacement level (%) Cement (kg/m3) CBP (kg/m3) Aggregate (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) HRWR (kg/m3)
1 – 0 496 0 1759 139 6.5
2 C 10 446 50 1759 139 6.5
3 C 20 397 99 1759 139 6.5
4 C 30 347 149 1759 139 6.5
5 B 10 446 50 1759 139 6.5
6 B 20 397 99 1759 139 6.5
7 B 30 347 149 1759 139 6.5
8 A 10 446 50 1759 139 6.5
9 A 20 397 99 1759 139 6.5
10 A 30 347 149 1759 139 6.5
4. Experimental results and discussion that, the strength of reference concrete became almost stable but
it increased continuously up to 90 days for concrete with CBP.
4.1. Workability and density of fresh concrete Concrete with Type C CBP had the lowest value. As for 20% substi-
tution, the compressive strength was 11.5%, 7.5%, 4.5%, 7.6%, and
Fig. 4 illustrates the effect of CBP particle size and replacement 5.2% lower than that of concrete with Type A CBP at 7, 14, 28,
level on concrete slump. In generally, concrete with coarser and 56, and 90 days, respectively.
lower dosage of CBP had higher slump. For concrete with 10% As shown in the figure, the replacement level had larger influ-
CBP, the slump was similar to the reference concrete with an aver- ence on strength than particle size. For concrete with Type B
age deduction of 27 mm. However, as the replacement level further CBP, when replacement level changed from 0 to 10%, 20%, 30%,
increased to 20% or 30%, there was an abrupt reduction in slump. the compressive strength decreased, respectively, by 8.2%, 18.3%,
The slump ranged from 23 mm to 50 mm only for concrete with 25.3% at 7 days, and 2.4%, 5.0%, 12.4% at 90 days.
Type A and B CBP. For type C CBP, the quick loss of slump happened The strength reduction could be caused by the dilution effect
as the content changed from 20% to 30%. The slump deduction was and low reactivity of CBP. Since the water to cementitious material,
mainly caused by high water absorption, angularity, and rough sur- including cement and CBP, ratio was kept constant in this study,
face of CBP. Since the finer CBP had higher water absorption, more when replacing cement with CBP, the effective water/cement ratio
water will be absorbed as more and finer CBP was added, resulting (w/c) increased due to the dilution effect, resulting in lower
in lower slump. Other research also found the workability reduc- strength. The dilution effect was less significant for finer CBP
tion caused by addition of recycled clay brick. One way to solve this because more water was absorbed due to higher water absorption
issue is to pre-soak the CBP or add extra water to compensate of finer CBP. Also, finer CBP had higher reactivity (Table 2).
absorbed water by CBP [16,26]. Therefore, the compressive strength of concrete with Type A CBP
Different from slump, the concrete with CBP had similar density was higher than that of concrete with Type B or C CBP. The contin-
as the normal concrete, regardless the particle size and replace- uous improvement of compressive strength of concrete with CBP
ment level of CBP (Fig. 5). The density was 2400–2500 kg/m3. could be caused by the internal curing and pore structure improve-
ment. Large amount of water would be absorbed by CBP at pre-
4.2. Compressive strength wetting time due to its high absorption. As the relative humidity
dropped with cement hydration, the CBP would release the stored
As shown in Fig. 6, the compressive strength was significantly water, increasing relative humidity inside concrete, promoting
influenced by CBP. In general, partial replacement of cement with cement hydration, and resulting in higher strength. As previous
CBP, regardless of particle size, resulted in a lower strength. The study showed the pore size of mortar with CBP could be refined
reduction increased as the replacement level and particle size with time due to possible pozzolanic reaction, resulting in higher
increased. The influence is more significant before 28 days. After strength at later age [19].
Z. Ge et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 128–136 131
200
140
Slump (mm)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30
Replacement level (%)
Fig. 4. Effect of CBP on slump.
2700
2600
Density(kg/m3)
2500
2400
2300
2200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mix No.
Fig. 5. Effect of CBP on density.
4.3. Flexural and splitting tensile strength 4.4. Static elastic modulus
As shown in Figs. 7 and 8, regardless of the replacement level Fig. 10 indicates that adding CBP reduced the static elastic mod-
and curing age, the particle size of CBP had non-significant influ- ulus due to the lower elastic modulus of CBP. The reduction was
ence on flexural strength. Increasing substitution of cement with proportional to the replacement level. Differently, the particle size
CBP resulted in progressively decreasing 7-day flexural strength, had non-significant effect on modulus. The average elastic modu-
which was 67.63% of the reference concrete. However, CBP had lus of concrete with Type A, B, and C CBP at replacement levels
non-significant influence on 28-day flexural strength. The 28-day of 10%, 20%, and 30% were 26.5 GPa, 21.5 GPa, and 17.0 GPa,
flexural strength for reference concrete was 11.7 MPa. The average respectively, which were 18.5%, 33.8%, and 47.6% lower than the
28-day flexural strength of concretes with Type A, B, and C CBP elastic modulus of reference concrete. Khatib also found that the
was 12.0 MPa, 11.1 MPa and 10.5 MPa at 10%, 20%, and 30% elastic modulus was reduced as more fine aggregate replaced by
replacement level, respectively. Same as the flexural strength, the recycled clay brick [14].
28-day tensile splitting strength was also similar for all different
concrete (Fig. 9). The high flexural and tensile splitting strength 4.5. Resistance to chloride ion penetration and freezing–thawing
could be caused by the shape and surface texture of CBP. The rough
surface could result in a larger adhesive force between the CBP and As shown in Fig. 11, concrete with 30% CBP had the lowest resis-
the cement matrix. Likewise, the larger surface area of angular tance to chloride ion penetration with average total passed charge
aggregate indicates that the adhesive force can be developed. of 1682 C. The higher penetrability could be caused by the high
132 Z. Ge et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 128–136
20% 30%
50
60
0% 10% 4.7. Autogenous shrinkage
55
20% 30%
Compressive strength (MPa)
the autogenous stresses and strains. This additional water will also
50
promote the hydration of the cement and pozzolans in the mixture.
45
Mansur et al. [26] also found that the shrinkage was reduced when
recycled clay brick aggregate was used in concrete, possibly due to
40 the water released from the clay brick aggregate slowly.
35
4.8. Non evaporable water
30
Fig. 13 shows that the neat cement paste had the highest NEW
25 value. The NEW values for pastes with different types of CBP were
7 14 28 56 90 similar. As the content of CBP increased, the NEW values decreased
Age (d) but not proportionally to the substitution level. On average, the
(c) Concrete with Type C CBP deductions were 4.2%, 9.8%, and 13.0% for 10%, 20%, and 30%,
respectively. It was obvious that the deduction in NEW values
Fig. 6. Effect of CBP on compressive strength.
was proportional to, but much less than the substitution level.
This phenomenon could be caused by the enhanced cement hydra-
absorption of CBP because the chloride ion penetration is directly tion due to the internal curing and the pozzolanic reactions of CBP.
related to concrete porosity [27]. However, the total charge passed
for all specimens was between 1196 C and 1742 C, which indicated
that all specimens had low chloride ion penetrability according 5. Conclusion
ASTM C1202-97.
Freezing–thawing resistance of three different concrete con- This paper studied the influence of CBP replacement level and
taining CBP and reference concrete was tested. Table 4 indicates particle size on concrete properties. The results indicate that the
that, after 300 freezing–thawing cycles, the mass of specimen CBP could be used to partially replace cement without reducing
was less than 2%. The strength change was increased with concrete properties significantly. The conclusions from experimen-
tal results are listed as follows:
Z. Ge et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 128–136 133
12
Type-A CBP
10 Type-B CBP
Type-C CBP
0
0 10 20 30
Replacement level (%)
Fig. 7. 7-day flexural strength.
16
Type-A CBP
14 Type-B CBP
Type-C CBP
12
Flexural strength (MPa)
10
0
0 10 20 30
Replacement level (%)
Fig. 8. 28-day flexural strength.
6
Type-A CBP
Splitting tensile strength (MPa)
5 Type-B CBP
Type-C CBP
4
0
0 10 20 30
Replacement level (%)
Fig. 9. 28-day splitting tensile strength.
134 Z. Ge et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 128–136
35
Type-A CBP
30 Type-B CBP
20
15
10
0
0 10 20 30
Replacement level (%)
Fig. 10. 28-day static elastic modulus.
Table 5
Table 4 Water absorption of concrete with CBP.
The mass and strength loss after 300 freezing–thawing cycles.
Mix. Type of CBP Replacement level (%) Water absorption (g/cm2)
Mix. Mass loss rate (%) Flexural strength loss rate (%) 24 h 72 h 96 h
1 0.92 1.13 1 – 0 0.105 0.136 0.137
3 0.93 10.83 2 C 10 0.093 0.118 0.123
5 1.53 6.79 3 C 20 0.118 0.134 0.139
10 0.52 15.17 4 C 30 0.162 0.181 0.184
5 B 10 0.091 0.113 0.116
6 B 20 0.139 0.163 0.168
7 B 30 0.177 0.217 0.223
8 A 10 0.083 0.105 0.109
1. CBP could reduce the slump of fresh concrete significantly as 9 A 20 0.138 0.160 0.163
the replacement level was over 10%, except for Type C CBP 10 A 30 0.104 0.122 0.122
which could be used up to 20% without large slump loss. All
specimens had similar density around 2400–2500 kg/m3.
2. As the replacement level increased, the early age strength Most CBP concrete had 90-day compressive strength over
decreased. However, as the curing age increased, strength of 50 MPa, 28-day flexural strength in the range of 10–12 MPa,
concrete with CBP was similar to that of reference concrete. and 28-day splitting tensile strength of 2–4 MPa.
Z. Ge et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 128–136 135
50
Type-A CBP Type-B CBP
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
3. The static elastic modulus decreased proportionally to CBP Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (20131792),
replacement level. The static elastic modulus ranged from 15 and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China
to 30 GPa. (ZR2013EEM025). Sincere gratitude is given to the research labora-
4. Concrete with CBP had low chloride ion penetrability and high tory in the School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University.
freezing–thawing resistance. The total passed charge value was Authors would also thank Ms. Li Zheng for her contribution.
less than 1742 C. The strength deduction after 300 freezing–
thawing cycles was less than 16%. References
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