What Is Chemical Engineering?: Ways of Heat Transfer

‫ملخص أسئلة الهندسة الكيميائية‬
 what is chemical engineering?

is a discipline influencing numerous areas of technology. In broad terms,
chemical engineers conceive and design processes to produce, transform
and transport materials — beginning with experimentation in the laboratory
followed by implementation of the technology in full-scale production.
 The General Balance Equation :
In - Out + Generation - Consumption = Accumulation
 Ways Of Heat Transfer :

1- solid material (conduction)
2- liquids and gases (convection)
3- Electromagnetically waves (radiation).
 Bernoulli equation:
The principle of Bernoulli is:

((ideal fluid pressure decreases if its speed))
Bernoulli equation:
(total pressure and kinetic energy and the position power of
the volume unit is equal to a constant)
 What is the ideal gas equation :
 First , second and third laws of thermodynamics?

# The First Law of Thermodynamics : U = Q + W
(Power can't be generated or destroyed; energy can only be
transferred or changed from one form to another)
# The Second Law of Thermodynamics:

(A machine can't be built with everlasting motion.
Which works eternally without providing a card from outside)
# The Third Law of Thermodynamics:

(The temperature can't be reached to absolute zero)
 What is polymer ?
Polymers are materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules.
The materials have unique properties, depending on the type of
molecules being bonded and how they are bonded. Some polymers
bend and stretch, like rubber and polyester. Others are hard and
tough, like epoxies and glass.
 The Equation Reynolds number :

 What types of fluids:
 What are the methods of separation?
Distillation: A chemical process depends on the separation of liquids, each of

which is different in boiling degrees
Filtration: chemical process depends on the principle of separation of

substances
Chromatography: It depends on the separation of fluids that differ in their polar

physical properties
Extraction: This process is mainly based on the separation of different

materials in the way they dissolve and dissolve in organic solutions that are
difficult to mix, and also depend on the pH, which greatly affect the displacement
of materials, affecting their dissolution and transition.
Centrifugation: It is a chemical process based on the principle of

"centrifugal force" that arises as a result of accelerated circulation, in
order to separate a mixture of either liquid or gaseous substances that
vary in their density and in the way they separate molecules, droplets or
solid elements suspended in the liquid.
These were the most important methods of chemical separation, but there
are many other methods, such as centrifugal and deworming,
crystallization, sedimentation, drying, electrophoresis, evaporation,
buoyancy, sedimentation.
 draw a detailed distillation column and give an explanation?
 what’s Kinetic energy and its equation?

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the object and to
the square of its velocity
 What are the types of valves?
 Butterfly: A butterfly valve is a disk that sits in the middle of a pipe
and swivels sideways (to admit fluid) or upright (to block the flow
completely).
 Cock or plug: In a cock or plug valve, the flow is blocked by a cone-
shaped plug that moves aside when you turn a wheel or handle.
 Gate or sluice: Gate valves open and close pipes by lowering metal
gates across them. Most valves of this kind are designed to be either
fully open or fully closed and may not function properly when they are
only part-way open. Water supply pipes use valves like this.
 Globe: Water faucets (taps) are examples of globe valves. When you
turn the handle, you screw a valve up or down and this allows
pressurized water to flow up through a pipe and out through the spout
below. Unlike a gate or sluice, a valve like this can be set to allow more
or less fluid through it.
 Needle: A needle valve uses a long, sliding needle to regulate fluid
flow precisely in machines like car engine carburetors and central-
heating systems.
 Poppet: The valves in car engine cylinders are puppets. This type of
valve is like a lid sitting on top of a pipe. Every so often, the lid lifts up
to release or admit liquid or gas.
 Spool: Spool valves regulate the flow of fluid in hydraulic systems.
Valves like this slide back and forward to make fluid flow in either one
direction or another around a circuit of pipes.
 What are the types of Pumps ?

A positive displacement pumps: In which liquid and gaseous
materials are transported from one place to another, depending on the
so-called drag and drop through a mechanical change process that
occurs specifically for the size of the cylinder. This type of pump
includes other types
Rotary pumps: Liquid and viscous materials are injected

motor or steam turbine using an electric , such as (Transportation of fuel)
Frequency pumps : Such as (Pumps for feeding and fire)

The process of pumping liquid materials with medium viscosity
Central centrifugal pumps: Such as (sea water & boiler feed pumps)
The process of pumping liquid materials using centrifugal force
resulting from the rotation of the so-called feathers through which the
liquid material
 What is the difference between pumps & compressors?
 What Types Heat Exchangers?

 What is Chemical Reactors ?
 What is the Driving force for fluid flow?
Driving force for fluid flow is Energy per unit mass or total head available at
the point of location.
 What is entropy?
Entropy is a measure of disorderliness. It explains the system’s
closeness to equilibrium.
 What is Gibbs free energy?

It is the available energy or the greatest amount of mechanical
work done by a system at constant temperature and pressure.
 What is an isochoric process?
It is a thermodynamic process at constant volume.
Also called isovolumetric process
 What is a CSTR and what are its basic assumptions?
Continuous Stirred tank Reactor. Assumptions are steady state, constant

density, constant temperature, one irreversible first-order reaction.
 List the advantages and disadvantages of a PFR ?

Advantages: Continuous operation, high conversion rate, less cost for
operation.
Disadvantages: temperature gradients, high maintenance cost.
 Explain the functioning of a three-way catalytic converter?
Carbon monoxide oxidation, Nitrogen oxide reduction, uncombusted

hydrocarbon oxidation.
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‫ملخص أسئلة الهندسة الكيميائية‬

 what is chemical engineering?

 Ways Of Heat Transfer :

The principle of Bernoulli is:

 First , second and third laws of thermodynamics?

# The Second Law of Thermodynamics:

# The Third Law of Thermodynamics:

 The Equation Reynolds number :

 What are the methods of separation?

Distillation: A chemical process depends on the separation of liquids, each of

Filtration: chemical process depends on the principle of separation of

Chromatography: It depends on the separation of fluids that differ in their polar

Extraction: This process is mainly based on the separation of different

Centrifugation: It is a chemical process based on the principle of

 what’s Kinetic energy and its equation?

 What are the types of Pumps ?

Rotary pumps: Liquid and viscous materials are injected

Frequency pumps : Such as (Pumps for feeding and fire)

 What Types Heat Exchangers?

 What is the Driving force for fluid flow?

 What is Gibbs free energy?

 What is a CSTR and what are its basic assumptions?

Continuous Stirred tank Reactor. Assumptions are steady state, constant

 List the advantages and disadvantages of a PFR ?

 Explain the functioning of a three-way catalytic converter?

Carbon monoxide oxidation, Nitrogen oxide reduction, uncombusted

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