1 - NOTES Reactions and Stoichiometry PreAP Review

Unit 4 - REACTIONS - PreAP Review
AP Chemistry, 20-21
A physical change is a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.
These typically involve only changes in intermolecular interactions such as going from a liquid to a gas.
Examples include grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling, all phase changes
A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical
change or chemical reaction.
● Chemical reactions are the result of a chemical change where atoms are reorganized into one or more
new arrangements. A chemical reaction transforms elements and compounds into new substances.
● Bonds are broken [requires energy] and new ones are formed [releases energy].
Indicators that a chemical change has occurred:

● Change in Temperature ● Noticeable Odor (after reaction has begun)
● Production of Light ● Formation of a Precipitate
● Change in Color ● Formation of a Gas
Examples of chemical changes include milk going sour, rust forming on metal, silver tarnishing,
gasoline combusting, taking an antacid to reduce stomach acid, digesting food.
Sometimes physical process can also involve the breaking of chemical bonds. For example, arguments could
be made for the dissolution of a salt in water as a physical or chemical process because it involves breaking
ionic bonds and the formation of ion-dipole interactions between ions and solvent.
TYPES OF REACTIONS:
Not all reactions will fall neatly into just one category, but we have to start somewhere! Let’s start with the
“terminology” you learned in Pre-AP chemistry:
Synthesis or Composition Chemical Reactions

In a synthesis or composition reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex
substance. These reactions are in the general form:
A + B → AB
Two or more reactants yielding a single product is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of
a synthesis reaction is the combination of magnesium and nitrogen to yield magnesium nitride:
Another example is combining hydrogen gas with oxygen gas to produce a more complex substance.
Decomposition Chemical Reactions

A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction, where a more complex substance breaks
down into its more simple parts. These reactions are in the general form:
AB → A + B
One example of a decomposition reaction is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:
Single Replacement Chemical Reactions
In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another element within a compound;
in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound. These reactions come in the
general form of:
A + BC → AC + B
One example of a single displacement reaction is when zinc metal replaces hydrogen in hydrochloric acid to
yield zinc chloride and hydrogen gas:
Double Replacement Chemical Reactions

In a double replacement reaction, the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two
entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form:
AB + CD → AD + CB
For example, lead(II) nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate:
Combustion Chemical Reactions

A combustion reaction involves a reaction between any combustible material and an oxidizer to form an
oxidized product. The most famous “oxidizer” of all is oxygen. The products of such a reaction are simply
oxides of that which is combusted.
The unfortunate thing is that until now, most of the examples you’ve encountered have involved hydrocarbons
like methane CH4, octane C8H18, etc. Why is that unfortunate? Because it’s an oversimplification - students
often think the only products of combustion are CO2 and H2O and write silly things on the AP Exam such as:
Example: Write a balanced chemical equation for the burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
Silly answer: Mg + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Correct answer: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Additionally, most folks think of combustion in the literal “burning” sense, but cell respiration involves one of the
most famous combustion reactions of all time: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
More Reaction Reminders:

The reactants are the substances that react in a chemical change.
The products are the substances that are formed by the chemical change.
s, l, g, aq—state symbols that correspond to solid, liquid, gas, aqueous solution
Balanced Chemical Equation – A balanced chemical equation shows the relative amounts of reactants [on
the left] and products [on the right] by molecule or by mole. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)—The Law of
Conservation of Matter: matter can be neither created nor destroyed...this is represented by the use of
balanced equations.
Exercise 1
Chromium compounds exhibit a variety of bright colors. When solid ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, a
vivid orange compound, is ignited, a spectacular reaction occurs. Although the reaction is actually somewhat
more complex, let’s assume here that the products are solid chromium(III) oxide, nitrogen gas, and water
vapor. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
Exercise 2
At 1000ºC, ammonia gas, NH3(g), reacts with oxygen gas to form gaseous nitric oxide, NO(g), and water
vapor. This reaction is the first step in the commercial production of nitric acid by the Oswald process. Write
a balanced equation for this reaction.
STOICHIOMETRY:
Stoichiometry – The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions.
When two substances react in a chemical reaction there is generally a limiting reactant. This reactant is the
one that is consumed (completely used up) and limits how much product can be made. The reactant that is not
entirely consumed is called the excess reactant.
Let’s use a famous process [meaning one the AP exam likes to ask questions about!], the Haber process.
This reaction is essentially making ammonia for fertilizer production from the nitrogen in the air reacted with
hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is obtained from the reaction of methane with water vapor. The reaction is
shown below.
Sample Problem: look at the balanced reaction of hydrogen gas with oxygen gas to form water:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
a. If you react 2.8 grams of H2 with 11.2 grams of O2, what is the theoretical yield of water, in grams?
b. A student goes into the lab and performs the above synthesis of water and only produces 10.3 grams of
water. What is the percent yield of the experiment?
c. How much of the excess reactant (in grams) is remaining after the reaction occurs?
Exercise 4
Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to remove exhaled carbon dioxide from the living
environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and liquid water. What mass of gaseous carbon dioxide can
be absorbed by 1.00 kg of lithium hydroxide?
Exercise 5
Baking soda (NaHCO3) is often used as an antacid. It neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid secreted by the
stomach:
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(aq)
Milk of magnesia, which is an aqueous suspension of magnesium hydroxide, is also used as an antacid:
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2H2O(l) + MgCl2(aq)
Which is the more effective antacid per gram, NaHCO3 or Mg(OH)2? Justify your answer.
Exercise 6
Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid copper(II) oxide at high
temperatures. The other products of the reaction are solid copper and water vapor. If a sample containing
18.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g of CuO, which is the limiting reactant? How many grams of N2 will be
formed?
Theoretical Yield: The amount of product formed when a limiting reactant is completely consumed. This
assumes perfect conditions and gives a maximum amount!! Not likely!
Actual yield: The actual product formed.
Percent yield: The ratio of actual to theoretical yield.
Exercise 7
Methanol (CH3OH), also called methyl alcohol, is the simplest alcohol. It is used as a fuel in race cars and is
a potential replacement for gasoline. Methanol can be manufactured by combination of gaseous carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. Suppose 68.5 kg CO(g) is reacted with 8.60 kg H2(g). Calculate the theoretical
yield of methanol. If 3.57 × 104 g CH3OH is actually produced, what is the percent yield of methanol?
Exercise 8
When aqueous solutions of Na2SO4 and Pb(NO3)2 are mixed, PbSO4 precipitates. Calculate the mass of
PbSO4 formed when 1.25 L of 0.0500 M Pb(NO3)2 and 2.00 L of 0.0250 M Na2SO4 are mixed. What is left in
the solution at the end of the reaction? Find the concentration of all remaining species.

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Unit 4 - REACTIONS - PreAP Review

Indicators that a chemical change has occurred:

Synthesis or Composition Chemical Reactions

Decomposition Chemical Reactions

Double Replacement Chemical Reactions

Combustion Chemical Reactions

More Reaction Reminders:

s, l, g, aq—state symbols that correspond to solid, liquid, gas, aqueous solution

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