Chapter 7 Notes

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Chapter

Chapter 77
Chemical
Chemical Reactions
Reactions
7.1 Describing
Reactions
Pretest
Chapter 7

1.Which of the following is an example of a physical change?


a. Wood burns and becomes ash.
b. A steel nail rusts over time.
c. Ice melts and becomes water.
d. Milk curdles when acid is added to it.
2.Which of the following characteristics can you determine about a
substance based on its chemical formula?
a. the number and types of atoms that make up the substance
b. the mass of an unknown sample of the substance
c. the melting point of the substance
d. the density and state of the substance at room temperature
Pretest
Chapter 7

(continued)
3. How do you find the atomic mass of an element?

4. Which conversion factor would you multiply 0.020 m by


in order to express the quantity in centimeters?
a. 1000 m/1 km
b. 1 km/1000 m
c. 1 m/100 cm
d. 100 cm/1 m
5. Which is the correct chemical formula for potassium
hydroxide?
a.POH b.KOH
c.P5OH d.K2OH
Signs of Reactions
• Production of a gas
• Production of a solid
(precipitate)
• Change in color
• Change in energy
Chemical Equations

The law of conservation of mass


states that mass is neither created
nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Chemical Equations
The substances that undergo change
are called reactants.
• The new substances formed as a
result of that change are called
products.
• Reactants  Products
Chemical Equations
To describe the burning of charcoal, you
can write reactants and products of the
reaction in the following word equation.

Carbon + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide

Write the reactants and products as


chemical formulas.
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is a
representation of a chemical reaction
in which the reactants and products
are expressed as formulas. You can
read the equation C + O2  CO2 as
• “Carbon and oxygen react and
form carbon dioxide,” or,
• “The reaction of carbon and
oxygen yields carbon dioxide.”
Chemical Equations
Conservation of Mass
During chemical reactions, the mass of
the products is always equal to the
mass of the reactants. This principle
is the law of conservation of mass.
Balancing Equations

Why must chemical equations be


balanced?
In order to show that mass is
conserved during a reaction, a
chemical equation must be balanced.
Balancing Equations
You can balance a chemical equation
by changing the coefficients, the
numbers that appear before the
formulas.
2H2O means there are two water
molecules; a total of 4 Hydrogen
atoms and 2 Oxygen atoms
Balancing Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
Write a balanced equation for the
reaction between copper and oxygen to
produce copper(II) oxide, CuO.

Cu + O → CuO
You must consider the oxidation numbers for
each element (Cu+2 and O-2) to determine how
many atoms of each are needed.
Examples
1) H2 + O2 → H2O2
2) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Examples
1) H2 + O2 → H2O2 is balanced

2) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O


Practice
1) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
2) P + O2 → P4O10
3) KClO3 → KCl + O2
4) Cu + AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
Practice
1) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
2) 4P + 5O2 → P4O10
3) 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
4) Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
1. Hydrogen chloride, or HCl, is an
important industrial chemical. Write a
balanced equation for the production of
hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and
chlorine.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
2. Balance the following chemical
equations.
a. H2O2  H2O + O2
b. Mg + HCl  H2 + MgCl2

3. Ethylene, C2H4, burns in the presence


of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water vapor. Write a balanced equation
for this reaction.
2. Balance the following chemical
equations.
a. 2H2O2  2H2O + O2
b. Mg + 2HCl  H2 + MgCl2

3. Ethylene, C2H4, burns in the presence


of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water vapor. Write a balanced equation
for this reaction.
C2H4 + 3O2  2 CO2 + 2H2O
Assessment Questions

1. Which of the following is a balanced


chemical equation for the reaction of
aluminium and ammonium perchlorate?
a. Al + NH4ClO4 —› Al2O3 + NH4Cl
b. 4Al + 3NH4ClO4 —› 4Al2O3 + 3NH4Cl
c. 8Al + NH4ClO4 —› 4Al2O3 + NH4Cl
d. 8Al + 3NH4ClO4 —› 4Al2O3 + 3NH4Cl
Assessment Questions

4. In the chemical equation below, the


reactants are carbon dioxide and water.

CH4 + 2O2 —› CO2 +2H2O

True
False
Question
5. Cooking an egg until it is hard-
boiled involves a chemical reaction.
Cutting a piece of paper into a
hundred does not involve a chemical
reaction. Explain the difference
between the two processes.
Questions
6. Why can’t you change symbols,
formulas, or subscripts to balance
equations?
7. How are chemical equations
related to equations found in
math?
Chapter
Chapter 77
Chemical
Chemical Reactions
Reactions
7.2 Types of
Reactions
Classifying Reactions

What are the general types of chemical


reactions?

Some general types of chemical


reactions are synthesis reactions,
decomposition reactions, single-
replacement reactions, double-
replacement reactions, and
combustion reactions.
Classifying Reactions
Synthesis
A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which
two or more substances react to form a
single substance.
• The reactants may be either elements or
compounds.
• The product synthesized is always a
compound.
• The general equation for a synthesis reaction
is
A + B  AB
Classifying Reactions
Decomposition
A decomposition reaction is a reaction in
which a compound breaks down into two or
more simpler substances.
• The reactant in a decomposition reaction
must be a compound.
• The products may be elements or compounds.
• The general equation for a decomposition
reaction is
AB  A + B
Classifying Reactions
Single Replacement
A single-replacement reaction is a
reaction in which one element takes the
place of another element in a compound.
Single-replacement reactions have the
general form
A + BC  B + AC
Classifying Reactions
Double Replacement
A double-replacement reaction is one in
which two different compounds exchange
positive ions and form two new compounds.
• The general form of a double replacement
reaction is
AB + CD  AD + CB
• Two replacements take place in this reaction.
A replaces C, and C replaces A.
Classifying Reactions
Combustion
A combustion reaction is one in which a
substance reacts rapidly with oxygen,
often producing heat and light.
The main component of natural gas is
methane. When methane burns in oxygen,
a combustion reaction occurs.
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Reactions as Electron Transfers

How did the discovery of subatomic


particles affect the classification of
reactions?
The discovery of subatomic particles
enabled scientists to classify certain
chemical reactions as transfers of
electrons between atoms.
Reactions as Electron Transfers
A reaction in which electrons are
transferred from one reactant to another
is called an oxidation-reduction reaction,
or redox reaction.
Reactions as Electron Transfers
Oxidation and reduction always occur
together.
• When one element loses electrons, another
element must gain electrons.
• A reactant is said to be reduced if it gains
electrons. A reactant is oxidized if it loses
electrons.
Assessment Questions
1. Which of these statements best describes a
double-replacement reaction?
a. Two different compounds exchange positive
ions and form two new compounds.
b. An element takes the place of another
element in a compound.
c. One compound breaks down into two or more
simpler substances.
d. Two or more substances react to form a
single substance.
Assessment Questions

2. Which of the following statements about


oxidation-reduction reactions is true?
a. Oxidation-reduction reactions always involve
a transfer of protons between atoms.
b. Oxidation is the process in which electrons
are gained.
c. Oxidation and reduction always occur
together.
d. Oxidation-reduction reactions always involve
oxygen as one of the reactants.
Classify the Reactions
1) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
2) C + O2 → CO2
3) BaBr2 + K2SO4 → 2KBr + BaSO4
Chapter
Chapter 77
Chemical
Chemical Reactions
Reactions
7.3 Energy
Changes in
Reactions
Chemical Bonds and Energy

What happens to chemical bonds during a


chemical reaction?
Chemical reactions involve the
breaking of chemical bonds in the
reactants and the formation of
chemical bonds in the products.
Chemical Bonds and Energy
The heat produced by a propane grill is a form
of energy.

When you write the chemical equation for the


combustion of propane, you can include “heat”
on the right side of the equation.
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O + Heat
Chemical Bonds and Energy
Chemical energy is the energy stored in
the chemical bonds of a substance.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

What happens to energy during a chemical


reaction?
During a chemical reaction, energy is
either released or absorbed.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Exothermic Reactions
A chemical reaction that releases
energy to its surroundings is called an
exothermic reaction.
In exothermic reactions, the energy
released as the products form is greater
than the energy required to break the
bonds in the reactants.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
In an exothermic reaction, the chemical energy
of the reactants is greater than the chemical
energy of the products.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
In a chemical reaction, the chemical energy
reaches a peak before the reactants change
into products.
• This peak represents the amount of energy
required to break the chemical bonds of the
reactants.
• Particles must collide with enough energy to
break these bonds, or the reaction will not occur.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reactions
A chemical reaction that absorbs
energy from its surroundings is called
an endothermic reaction.

In an endothermic reaction, more energy is


required to break the bonds in the
reactants than is released by the
formation of the products.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
In an endothermic reaction, the energy of the
products is greater than the energy of the
reactants.
Conservation of Energy
In an exothermic reaction, the chemical energy
of the reactants is converted into heat plus
the chemical energy of the products. In an
endothermic reaction, heat plus the chemical
energy of the reactants is converted into the
chemical energy of the products.
In both cases, the total energy before
and after the reaction is the same. This
principle is known as the law of
conservation of energy.
Assessment Questions

1. During a chemical reaction, an input of


energy is always required to
a. break chemical bonds in a molecule.
b. build chemical bonds as a molecule
forms.
c. separate products from reactants.
d. change reactants to the liquid phase so
they can react.
Assessment Questions

2. In an exothermic reaction, the total chemical


energy of the products added to the energy
released by the reactions is
a. less than the energy of the reactants.
b. equal to the chemical energy of the
reactants.
c. greater than the chemical energy of the
reactants.
d. not related to the chemical energy of the
reactants.
Assessment Questions

1. Combustion is always an exothermic


reaction.

True
False
Chapter
Chapter 77
Chemical
Chemical Reactions
Reactions
7.4 Reaction
Rates
Reactions Over Time

What does a reaction rate tell you?


A reaction rate is the rate at which
reactants change into products over
time.
Reaction rates tell you how fast a
reaction is going.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

What factors cause reaction rates to


change?
Factors that affect reaction rates
include temperature, surface area,
concentration, stirring, and catalysts.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
The reaction rate of a chemical reaction
depends on how often reactant particles
collide.
• If the collisions occur more frequently, then the
reaction rate increases.
• If the collisions occur less frequently, then the
reaction rate decreases.
• Reaction rates can be changed by varying
conditions.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Increasing the temperature of a substance
causes its particles to move faster, on average.
Particles that move faster are both more likely
to collide and more likely to react. If the
number of collisions that produce reactions
increases, then the reaction rate increases.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Surface Area
The smaller the particle size of a
given mass, the larger is its surface
area.
• Increased surface area increases
collisions that involve reacting
particles.
• With more collisions, more
particles will react.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Stirring
Stirring reactants increases their
exposure to each other.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Concentration
Concentration refers to the number of
particles in a given volume.
The more reacting particles that are
present in a given volume, the more
opportunities there are for collisions
involving those particles. The reaction rate
is faster.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
For gases, concentration changes with
pressure.
The greater the pressure of a gaseous
reactant, the greater is its
concentration, and the faster is the
reaction rate.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance that
affects the reaction rate without
being used up in the reaction.
Chemists often use catalysts to speed up a
reaction or enable a reaction to occur at a
lower temperature.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
The catalyst lowers the amount of energy required for
effective collisions between reacting particles.
Assessment Questions

1. Which of the following changes will


decrease the rate of a chemical reaction?
a. increasing the temperature
b. grinding a reactant into a fine powder
c. stirring the reaction mixture
d. decreasing the concentration of one of
the reactants
Assessment Questions

1. A reaction rate is the rate at which


reactants change into products over
time.

True
False
Chapter
Chapter 77
Chemical
Chemical Reactions
Reactions
7.5 Equilibrium
Types of Equilibria
Equilibrium is a state in which the forward
and reverse paths of a change take place at
the same rate.
When opposing physical changes take place at
the same rate, a physical equilibrium is
reached.
When opposing chemical changes
take place at the same rate, a
chemical equilibrium is reached.
Types of Equilibria
Chemical Equilibrium
When a chemical reaction does not go to
completion, a chemical equilibrium is
established between the forward and
reverse reactions.
Most reactions are reversible to some
extent.
A reversible reaction is a reaction in
which the conversion of reactants into
products and the conversion of products
into reactants can happen simultaneously.
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

How do equilibrium systems


respond to change?
When a change is introduced to a
system in equilibrium, the equilibrium
shifts in the direction that relieves
the change.
This rule was first observed by Henri
Le Châtelier. Today, the rule is known
as Le Châtelier’s principle.
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
The making of ammonia is an example of a
process in which chemists apply Le Châtelier’s
principle.

If a system containing nitrogen, hydrogen, and


ammonia is in equilibrium, you can predict how
the system will be affected by changes in
temperature, pressure, and
concentration.
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
According to Le Châtelier’s principle, if
you added heat to the system, the
equilibrium would shift in the direction
that removes heat from the system.
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Pressure
According to Le Châtelier’s principle, if you
increased the pressure, the equilibrium
would shift in the direction that decreases
the pressure of the system.
In order to decrease pressure, the system would
favor the reaction that produces fewer gas
molecules.
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Concentration
Le Châtelier’s principle tells you that if you
decreased the ammonia concentration by
removing ammonia from the system, the
equilibrium would shift in the direction
that produces ammonia.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
• Temp: increase favors side that
absorbs energy
• Pressure: increase favors side with
less moles of gas
• Concentration: increase of reactant
favors products and vice versa
Assessment Questions

1. In a chemical reaction that is at equilibrium,


which of the following is true?
a. All of the reactants have been converted to
products.
b. The reaction stops even though some
reactants remain.
c. Forward and reverse reactions occur at the
same rate.
d. All of the products are gases.
Assessment Questions

2. In the chemical reaction below, how could


you shift the equilibrium toward water?

a. increase the temperature


b. increase the pressure
c. decrease the amount of oxygen
d. add steam to the mixture

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